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    34 views38 pages

    PCS Mod3@AzDOCUMENTS - in

    Uploaded by

    Nikith Krishna
    21EC44 notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 38
    WRECS2 __. Peinciples of Communi ee ——e—— Noise In MeduleS: A): Noize Rd-Axatog rmoutarion 1 wee nr ae Systems SIT aS ® Define Noige. Mention Ty Various types (vtu@eP @ INTRODUCTION :- 6 Marky) Noige 14 a disturbance © unwankd Pr ueny Bignd which | AP REALE Within the requined Prequenty (signal , The Clasaif? @tion *f Noige-Sousces ate Shown ty F'G.4 ' | Noise : Externe) Noise Tartrned Noise Man Made Natuya! Shot Therma) White Noise Noise Noise Industria) Atrmospheric — Exha-terectral Solax Cosmic Figi: Claeai fs ion f Noise -Sousces [signals Shot Noid? Shod Noise appeaxg in attive devices due ts yandom wee —— behayiour of Charge Carsiera (Clem and holes). Thermal Noise: Thermo Noise 14 Generated % Tandem movenent of hermally induced &lechons - ARRAY NES White Noles The Noise which TA gaussian aden) and hag Ela @ e . Constant power pera density over wide rare of fresuenctes. De-Venkalesha M, ASsocak prefessar,Depl., of ECE Fail: Venkalesham*saividyaacin __|8EC 2, Principles of Communication Systems eee TOS P & Wide a Shord nole on shot Noize. Soe Lis Shot Noise appears in active devices due 45 Yandorn behaviow| ep charge Cartieya (electrons and holes), Example: * Tn Vaccumtubes, sho Noize Te generakd ue ts randeny Emission ef eleckons Prom Cathode ~ plate . * In gemiconduder akvices, Tandom dipeusion of minor’. BHreration and TeCombi radi ° In Photo deredorg /LED's , Emission eof Photons. Comider a Vaccum diode shown tn Higa. Ler’ TD’ be the Cumed Gad Shot noise Componed generated 14 Tyy(t) 9% Showa tw 459.2 Shot noige 14 generated due to ty charge Carriers @ Vander on sf electron -hle palta 1418 generated due to yandem | otk id) pet NSE J eps Ponty J) Coierot od vo=y- T (ocune-t) owt + FIg-4: Vaccumdiode Fig2) curred Variation fo Vaccum diode With ‘Tesped 40 F'G-2.thetojed Cured $n Varnes choke is, CG) = THE) 2 Ls shotnoise cured gene Ae Tondom 2 mission . lech: 23 The Mea Square Value of Pluchiating , 4 ctecons from Gtede, Shot noise Curved %) Vacuum diode iA given by ELIS ]=atiBy 2 whee 4ob6x16'T Coulumey = By= Noise Equivaled) Bardwi Ly Fur pn Guavion diodes, = Mi eed be. cued i E (TE J= 2¢ (I+Is)BN : Vacetim obi oole Tez Reverse Leakoge Curret Oy 2 enkatesha Mo) of ECT: Ti oo ly | 8ECS3 svt VTv Tuno|Fuly 2618 beclfaa- 2019 Principles of Communicati Re 3&2 Thermal Noiae *- (viu gp) DR RAS a> ride a Short wok On Terma Noise Ly thermal Noise 14 Jeneroded dur ts Yandow mement of- Thermally induced cawies (electng) In a conductor Ly The vaedor modion of thermally trduted elechory parduces elechic Current ushith ig Yandom fn nedure. TIA Tandem Cured 1& Ailed thermal noise” @ Tehoson Noige” G Fraud shows noie-Moded “s resistor, and Ty espa Valet Tthevenin's Circuss tH £19. 2 Tyye Thevmad noise Quire ape Vine TyaxR r Lo thermed noise Vollege x Noige Mode) Fig2 Ewiveled cintuul (To Leta Roa) Reg Fig4: Ls The Mean Value of trea) noise CusreAl 18 always Zero Ly Mean squoe Value ef the therma) noize Wa iteage ig Poe Eve = 4keyTR wher K= Boltgmann Gnslawt = 138x107 3), Ta tempertux od which registur 18 Opertivg = 240 k . CShandard ) Bys Noise equivalud Bandwidth in HE- R= Remsto in SL 6 The Maximum noise power, produced across noisy venshr Wedel dhown my $9.2 18 =fy> ECVi) _ 4 kBxTR _ = Tey bats ine aah = SE Noles Max: power delivered fo lod ikea RER & Avie Prax= 42 If Dr Venkatesha M, AsScale profe ssa, De} Principles of Communication Systems svir 1BECs2 KS ae 3.3 > White Noises- (vTv @.p) Tuce[Tuly-29'% | NS D Define Whise Noise . plod power Apectoa) density orl Comtlrtion Funding (Ace) of white Mo ite | b VTU TunelFuly 2017 - S Mares - | Whide Noize: | Ae “The Noise Which hag Gaussian dtaryi bution and have Plat Powes Apecha) density over a wide ote) ieg f. of Prequenci Called white Noise 4 ” ae + Td ig denoted by wid). + White Noize ig analogous 5 tha seem" white Atak" tn the Serse er i+ Das ow Poepuency components in eqyuod Ls The power spectra) density of sohile noize process, Wit) 1g _N boheae Sy(P=% —o TS SF) Te = Noise 24uiveled fempe sodure N Contant (F lod) PSD (Power Spectr ‘No denity) = fg igi: 3 F TREES Mee Spee death of kite Nia L, Auto- correbedion-fundion of Whit nvide, Wyct) ik NWloye= No 84) (it, See) Ss Hy) St BylO= te T=0 Tot) Ve elsewhere No a S(z) T Fig2t~Audo Comeloion-Punction f AShite Noire FVenkatesha M, ASSO Cras PafeSux, Dept. of FCF __ Principles of Communication Systems svit RECS gne 1 a 3-4 + Noise EYUrvoledt Bandwidth ve Bee's] faa-t wm wae nR~AmDnmn ® Whot 7a noise equivalent Bandwidts 7 Desive an expression for the Same YTV Jurel July - 201F (5 Mok) L> Noise equivald bandwidts tepresen the Prevuenuy Seledtvity op dhe FT itey . . : It i8 denoted by Bymbo) "By HE Mathemodi cally , 4 18 depined asthe watio of told moite — Output power Jo thal of Noise spectral density od FAPUE. Le, = Pn Say Where, Pro Toda) noige output power 7m Watts —& Snz= Input Noise spedval devaty 1™ Wet} equation ( ig AimpliPied4o, BN aR Hz “Preok consider a Low pass Fritex having, voltage Yodo trarsfer function |H(jw)|, a8 Zhown th Pig. and ib equivalent ciscuit in Fig.2. OF Vr Vin “TC ay Eig2s RO LPF Nit vil imped aod © sod or ut vallage 5 re __Principtes of Communication Systems _svt We Know that Noixe baed wits Bu, ia Given by By= Pho — (Dd Sy. v Tap noige SpeuroJ deviity , Sy = KT > K= Boltgmann)s Gnatanr To Pf i . Te fled ota) Noige output pacer: (.,) From Fig-4 the Vo l}oge trans Per-Puncion, HG) fatermnys of faput and outpur Noide Spectral denvity Snz & Sng 38 HOV= |S => |Mguy|S Soe Ni a2 Sno= HG} -S,, n= IHG KT? —> (9 Fron F¥9.2, RC- LPF the Voltage stransfer Pundion , Hisy= Mo 2 Vse Msc “a R+ Yeo SOREL TH ECR sc “ Hos) = ISR el H a Ua) \4jwer Take Mognitude on both aides eget I4Q)) = NTF Goce LHe) = Tea(wcaye —6 “URI ng equation (4) im (3) We get, - Venkatesha M, Aesocale prope soar, Dept, of FTE ~ Email: Venkalesha.masaividyaacin __ Principles of Communication Systems svi aa NPE CG? = aa KT Mo 14 (voce) Say = KT —©) \+ boca) “. The 4osed wise owpud power, in in bo ~ Sat - f° ce 0 Hecae Dk T we anf Ros f Ski re Cit@ntcay) __ (4) Ler QnFCR =X then (8% FcR) =X Si fferentiols “Pf? pith rerpe bb" tue gar QACRAP_ 4 _s = Ax Shot = dF QA CR 7 be ry = Ge Ta? BaF dx 0 (4X amca hacR ee =) ance fod oi) (° fs tain) 7 < Sar Fra = ean ances 3°) - KT ,X_ kT AT wy ance 2 Aer (t “Uatng equations @) 2 (@) 7 equnhen (1) Ne ee _P : lee By= to = KT Og 4 © Sq= KT) Su ACR XKT ACR (0 Sx I uns sh prop 7 Dr. Venkatesha M, Aeco@als Prke tar Dep, of ECE SORmail: Venkatesha.n _ Principles of Communication Systems svi en ee ee Noise Rador, ef an ony amplifier @ network I< defrusd ak Fhe redio of signa) 5 Nolae power tatio ot the Mpul- and bi that of Atgnay Ie Noise power od Hy ourpute Le, Noige fader, F= (SW) power rasta ad he ped (SIN) power Yatio ad the outpd _ = a £% |Rr) - PR. Pe (Bodh) Pap > Fuge Noise power ot Trp fn Watts i = Bégrod power af outpd bm Wat . in = Noise power ot oudpud tH Wa. nite Eigures CF) Noise Favor, F expressed ind@, 2A known a4 Noise Figure Noie Fiquee = {0 Jog CF) @ SIN) Noiae F7q-ux = 10 tog ( Dips A (Sit) udp Fag = lodog (S/n) —Io tog (Siw) ~~ Inpp Sot pat Sts “Cte oe Noize Pi qure ig Ode Venkatesha M, ASSoital: professor, Dept. of ECE mail Now. the ideal Value 08 ‘enkalesha.n Wwece3, Principles of Communication Systems svit NP ECS eee ene eee The equivaled Noise temperature 14 given by, Te=(F-1)T } vtshere | F = Nofse Fact-or T= Temperature on kelvin > 240K (Standard Verleee) Te Setsode Sonnedion ot tyse port rekuorks :- @ me), 2 pa, vtU QP SERIUS Formula for amplifiers cenpged fe ancadey “sean Consider Cagcade Connedton of Noléy two-part nehoorks (Amp Kies) Ahown tn $7q.4 Ba frmt | [Nea] fea]... fr], | 7 Ser G4 F Ga Ff] 98°F Gigs Fn f F'g- 42 Cascade Gnnecion =f N-noise nehooses (Ampli fie) Whee Gs Godn- of - Netwosk-N Fl = Noige fates of Network-N | The overall Note faciovs F for N- amplifiers (networks) Conneded m Cacade TR Given by Frtig- formula, mannan Peete sees eee ae G4 Gi Gig —> (1) and TH eqyuivalerd noisetemperahus Ts given by eee sohex (FF 16 Given Sy E4ntion (1) Nokes Fur Q- Amplifiers Conneded =f 4 Eel i) OKGede prs tel * Venkatesha M, AS: Prveessos Depl. of KCK renkaleshamneearv Taya: Principles of Communication Systems svi ISec53 Numerical problem’ s- | Liat of Formule %- ee toheve 4. Noise Figure: Fae= lo Rog (F) 2 FENoise fact 2 Noise eqttivaled TEmperstuae t+ Te =(F-1) T Fis fxmule for cogcaged Nemate amp piers += @) Fur Q- Netoores (Ampli Piers) Noise fauur: f= Fy + Reo! 4) Noise Figure: a= 10 log (F) OF 3 nena Cn ow Noize fats - eta, ae! a 5B! 4) G4x Noise Figuae : Fag = lo log CF) A+ Noize equivaled Band width? Re ee \ =—— Hz By ARC ae Mean Squax Vales of Shot Noize Cumentd ig E CTE) = AVIBH 2 YENExI5 Coulumabs 6 TREK note + Mean Sqtare Valio of Therma) Noize Voltege ig ELVEy] = AKByTR ond” ie=pollgvom's ; Grated) . Noige powers Py KTBy Ke tsexiga = ‘D.Venkatesha M, ASsocf ale prde see, Dept, of ECE Email: Venkatesha.mésaividya.ac.in Principles of Communication Systems svi (PEG 4. SuppoSe amplifies 4 hag a nvire Figuoe of qde and powes gain of ISdb- Td 18 Conneued tn Coscade te She Amp fier a WTLh nokse Piquac oF Qodw. Cobcututs the evesall noise Prgure Por thig Cascade Connection im decibel unit VTU. Dec- 2013[Jan- 201 b Even date G- Marky Rag 148 5 4,15 5 Ryzao > rye? Nb ay vb e . + 12 a 2 “Fe o's) | g- ne) 5 F< 10" G2) F, = 4-943) 5 G = Shea3| ; Fy = leo} Conneded ' Ga@ole , Ung Prii’s feamula for 2~ cmp Piers everal| noide Poctos _ Pes cK \o0-1 » Fa At o- = 49434 35 Fa W038 -s overall Noigs Figur, zy lolog CF) = tolog (1073) 2 Two post devices are cenneued tn G&Code. Far the firsin Breye sthe noise Prgux and aveilable powers gain are 5da and lade vespecs vely- For the Second Stage the Nose Prguse and available power gain are 'Sdis and lode respectively. Deakesming te Several) noize Figure ind@ aaa . Noh N 6 Marin) Ly Given dota ros “overall Noize factor, Figa= > > Fy= 10" ho) = 316Q Pe pa Ee) fo) = = FL +R = 3.1694 3h 6acl Giger !2 > Gz tot (Plo) = IS. 25° . a Te9c Fedac!S D> Faz oN Sho) = 31623 [ F=s.094 G.da=10 > y= 10% = 10 * Ovesal| Nolx Figuae , =~ 10 po Fyg= lolg(r)= t0tdey. St Ov Venkatesha M, Associa le Professor. Depl, of ECE — Frail Venkatesharm@saividyaacin : \SEce3 Principles of Communication Systems __svir - ——— G =) ee Rape - de i = 100 Fes 3 Nehaort, FHS formu Fae= § => Fy= 00) < 299 ne FeRt aa +3 GN) Lossy Goble =~ 5 GG, =-35 fa @ Fa3-4e+(2-1) 4 (Bq-2)-1) frag 3 => B=10*%o na Sco 106 + looxors “ Go=-E = gts. Fe 4.4662 sa | Geic te « Fyg> lolog(e)= 64848 | Lossy @ble ® Tf Pre- amplifier 3 Orminefe | Ci) Exped end Eber 2). Fe 4 fo! & 2 Saas & 60 => |= 10 / = Joo0 §, Feq%62 * Raa ee By =!§ 2 BE 8) 24.81 — Dr-Venkatesha M, ASwale Pree, Dept, of ECF fag slologe = (V0lda 12 mail: Venkatesha,me@saividya.acin svn 1 Principles of Communication Systems AY Te Signal power and nix power measured af the Tap op | ao cmplhifies are ISomw and IS pw vespectively - Te the Figna) powes at the outpul 14 | Spidand noise pones i6 4omW) calculole the amplifies noise Pados and noize figure b& &itveo dede : Seno Noige factor ta ere 4 Signal, WAC = opm | power vaho 14 givin bp Page (Shao cn Pry Pao = ISoxio*, doxio? Roe bsp Pai Ry Skee SxI64 P= domw Fa 2-666 Pe? “) Noise Figuie, Fy = lolog(F) = 4-a6da Fygr? _ S> The SNR ob Te mpd of am amplifier ig Goda. If the noise figuse of an amplifies 18 doda, Glcutute the Agradts Noize Yoko in d& at the omplifier output Ly Gite dod te kT aaa Noise facnas, F i8\-terms 9 (SNR) ratio aN = 4ods « © hapa FE = SNRDinpa ~ loleg = lolog (SNA —T Ss = lolog (SNA. Fg = 20 SAQ) ppd i (Se SNQ =? fa= = (sna, OPS oe se ox pte S653 Jo 20 = Ao SHR t6d ay *] Cie), 4= 20 de] 6> A Signa conceit 1 Eiveled 6 a parallel Combing -ton t R=lKn and C=0-44MF. Gleulsde the effec nose bandwidth + . gina, | SAT Mee ciated bands Oo CoOATHE | ENTART = axtearxGaTwe® ~ SALAS 13 ‘enkatesha M, AssoGal: parfessor,, Depl,, of CE Email: Venkatesham@saividyaacin Principles of Communication Systems svir > A noise Yenerator “Using diode % vequired te produce . IS BV noise Voliege ty a receiver hhich has an frput- | impedance ef 7S. (purely sesishw). The veceives has a noide power bandwidth of Qookwe ~ Caltulaks the Currenh wy rth ha diode . Dain’ ny => Veqarspy Tou] SRE 8A Bue ROOKHE yi< - Shot reise Caner) ty diode i4:Tsy2 Ma = Sat - axiotA The adual Cured, T therwgh the diode ig givea by ELIE] = £41 By ny (axie 17 = axle Gxi6"F xT xdeoxis ae eno @ $12 @xey gash ! AX1- 6X15 Fy Qodx 108 —. S > Galewbole the ring noise Vollege ard) thermal noise powey Apporing acxss a Sokn YeRaty ob AS°C temperature “Wit an eedive neige Bandwidth of loKWe Given: RaawKn 3 Tasco a93tac = etek 3 Bye loKHe (4) Tm nase voltage 7 EEA) pts ae Value) Vin her Elva je 4KT BYR E Luh) = 4x38 x1 23 x 298 x 10x 108 x Qoy 168 E (vp) = 3+8899x15* vor Veta = ts 8 13€ AV & Rois neiae Vo! beg (u) Therenod) rise poner: fy = KT By = 139x103 298 x Jore108 y= TVenkateshaM, ASocak poopesses, Dept, of ECE sv {2853 Principles of Comm Medule-3 > Noise So Avolog Medsletion 36 oon Introdudion -— RL : Any Unworded Prequency componed vshich appears within the eperading Frevuenny [& considered a4 “Nofge’ Ly Noige qek Added ts the srangniitied Algnod sc), during the Frangmission ever Communicdien channel. | ss Moduloded 4 noize Lodz? veiqrad 1 oi Moduloded Chand) Aigvod a Se) (set) + w0e)] Noise w(t) per formar In dhig module +e effed ef Noise on yeceiver ParametergZ Auch a CD pre-SNR @ channel signal fo Noise AHO (SNA) 4 a ngy Gi) post--sNr @ ouspud signed f Noise Tao (SNR), a Gi) Figuye-of-merit (Fom) , for analog moduladio dechniqued Auch a DSBSC, AM and FM are discussed fn deta?) Ly hg module alo giver the overview of pre-emphasiig and De-emphasig methods used ty {mprove signal b& Noise TOLIo at —trangmiter and recefver respectively Ly Higher the value of Figure - ef-Merit belterthe perform —ance of the recefver Ly om, For Varioug Analog modultion techniques 7& found e fr DsB@sc —> FOM=41 + for AM —> For =H + © for FM —> Foy Di-.Venkalesha M,-ASi0 alt PRR, Dep to be Principles of Communication Systems svit 3H: Receiver Model :- ae ee ® With Tele vant equations, Zxeplain how noize 14 produced ty @ TeceTver moded eel ace (S- Marks) xd) 0 ° can Denedutat} — ier Ww Fig-t< Receiver mode) 5 Su!) + Po BI Sta 7 = = 3 es Frequency CA?! Tediged charwpertattes of Gand pass Fe noite Fiqure.4Ahowg the -astc fos of Yeceiver model. Lek sch) => moduladed Bigna) Wd) => Noide Signal (wide-band neise) Ly The Yecetver inpud Aigno) ig the Sum ep SCH) and Wt). | LL, Te band pass pricy in the yecetves mode) tepsezenk the Combined FFidsIg acHon of the tuned amplifiers Used | fy the adud receiver. Ls The Bandwidth of a Bond pass FINEF CBPFD (8 Kept jusr wide Enough to pass the modulated Aignd sct) withoud dtatorsion. 16 osha M, ASSoctals poofessar, Dept, of FCF ~ Fail: Venkaleshamosaividyaacin IPEC 53, es of Communication Systems svir Ls The Demodutaser b Jock represenkdin Figue d , depend’ en the type P modulation tzed [5 generale modulated Aignal, Sa. LS the BPE, shown tn receiver mode) 7g aRUMed to be Tdead boitth charauesigica of band pass filtered noide as Ahown hm Frgure.2. Ly For the Tecetver model Bhown fm Prgure 4, we Can define Ihe Followtng Poramek rg + We denote No af the power Apectra) density of the noise WH) for both poarsive and Negative Prequencies where No = Average noige power per unit bandwidth + Mid-bond Prequenp %% eye 1 the Grier Preqreny and 14 denoted by "f. . TYPE cally the Carries Frequency, Pods Bz a6 Ahown fo Fique. 2. “5 We Consider the filler noide, NH) OR @ Nawrowband Noize and 7% depmed fr Canoni@a) form by NA) = NA) Cos C&R fet) — Nelt) Sin (8A Fe) (0 where, 4 (4) Te the Inphase noige Component and Natt) 38 the Quadrahare noise Grponed , both Componenly Gre measured sith Tespey to the Carrier Wave Ac Cos (ank+) Ls Tre filtered Aigna) xXC4) available Por demodulabion fq debtned by = + xh = st) +n(t) (a) The —Averoge Noise power 76 gfven bq "Nw CF NPxaw=ne Xt) 54 the oubpud Aigna) Obtained from channe) and 74 available for clemodulaton. Therepore Pte-SNR (SNR- before demodulae @® Channel signal fo Noise Fatio(SNR), f% defined o% " , OF ECE Fimail: Venkalesha.mésaividya.ac.in rVenkatehaM, ASSOUak pryfcGr, Der RECS Principles of Communication Systems SVT IReeg3 ® (ene) =-AVez9Ge Power of the Modulated signad “Average power of the noise in message Bandwidth 3) pThe Demoduladed &ignal Coudput Rigny> ep the yecetves mode Bhown tw Pigure 4, 1@ given by GH) = mach) tng) — a) where, my it) = demod ytoted Bignal Exheded fromsct) and Wtt) = demodulated oubput nvise Aignad ‘| eve fore , post-sng (SNR, aPHerdemodulaton) @ urea Aig nal. ~ Bonoise- ratio CSIR), te detined og * (SNR) =—Average power of the demodulated oudpud &igne) 0 Average power of Output Noise. fs) + Tesefore, the Fiqure-of- Merit ( eo DSBsc + ' ol ° pT Sana yee) ' ' 1 1 1 Coherend Deledor Figuee4 : Model of Dses c rece?ver “using Coherevd DekUor AAS TERNS OG LORE ROME Frguoed , Shows the mode) ep a Dsasc secetver “uring a Cohered Detector. + fo figured, the Prieved Bignod [acd = sch 4nc)] is applied 15 Product mod Ulater + The produg modulodes multiplies the fTHered Kigna) x14) voi tr decaily genesated Comics * cosanfed” % produces the produd Bignod VCA = XB). Cos CanFct) Vid is applied te Low- pass-filky 7 elminaksa Ligher frey - ~ Uency Componenti & produces oubput KignoJ yCt= myl)tnglt) . Peete oes eNe a Dr-Venkatesha M, Assocals pwofessa Depl., of ECE Email: Venkatesha.ma@saividy (@ec53 __Principtes of Comm Systems _ aki Le Dsesc Aigral 1 given by SC) = mid) x Ac coscanft) —@® “Therefore , the average power of the modulaked Bignal St#) i% E |isrgy)*] = a [sey] = E finery’ (ackesaateay’) = Bp Where = Frn= Average power of message signa) = EL (mit))?) p Average Powes of the noise tn message bandwidth 74 given by Now". these w= Bandwidts xf messoge Bignod, mct) ~ channe) Aigo) ty noise radio 14 (Sue) = Average power of the medulaled Signed sS¢4) © Averoge power of The noise fa message bandwidth Gna), = ACP RN Ww (a) 7 RARRE Sop SR SHA), :- Tota) signa) od the Mpud of Coherery detector (a x) = SH+NA) say We know thed the narrow band neise Aignod net) foi B Cononiitod Form i& repredented by MEH) = Ng 4)- CoslamFed) — NgSiIN(AMFA)__ sy where ng c+) = Inphate noise Componed ad Ngit)= Quadratuse Phase noicd Componer, measured sith zespep (6 Grrier Zigro Coscanfct). Subashtuh, equotion @) tm epuaton (2) We ger HCL) = SCH) F NgCF) COSCRAF. 4) — Ngl4): SiN (QAR 4) —_ evePore, the owpd- of. produd Modulates 14 given by ; VCH) = XC) x Cos(antd) ® Subatitub x(t) eustion(a fy (5) Ne ger WVenkatesha My ASocale profesor Dept, of CF mail Venkate Principles of Communication Systems svt a Principles of Communication E | Ved) = Bed) nyety coscanfed) —ngtt)Siavante)] cos Cente) “= s(a) COSCRA FCI) + Net) COS*Cenget) - N@ld)-Sinlanfcd). Cos Cants) | PSasc signn) Sc4)= mA! Ae COS Contes) , erphae | | VCH) = Ag mis) Cos(aafed) + ny'4) Cos*(entt) — ngld) sinlanged) seme) | | ©) Wing Trignomumc Idenbhes Cos*@ = 1460826 GJ — Sing coso = ened a = 4 v= Amey Cos (4m fr4)) +o casas) nat) sin (ATF) ves) = Acmit) a Aermit) ny (t) Vv ) + Sp costante) + De) matt cas(4fel)—"“O sinans) wre as — | Pub ef produd modulodor VO), i@ applied te low pags fi ier it allows only galt & "1 (t) Componente & elfminales ail other Aigher Prequengy tems. ° + The outpur signal f Cohererd dedecior °8 CH= Acm) nach) 7 re Nat a2 LAS a demodubkd — Butps Aigny nose “WerePore Averoge pony of Fecodalad 9 Ae. Pp Ouspud igroJ E [ae a)) 4 Averege power vf ovbpud Noize 1 — NoW. & Half of Cnpad nse E [ (my) 1 pee 2 “+ Oukpub Aigrad te Noise vatio i< (na) = Averege power oF Pe demodued sige 0 Averoge pores of oulpud noise Guay = Ala)P _ aap B o Mla) Np Ww) a8) 2 OeVenkateshaM, ASCotral Prfavr , Da Tanai: Venkatesha.m@saividya.ac.in Principles of Communication Systems svir __ _ 2. Figquse of Merit Pos DSBSC- FeCeiver epson 3 Frquxe f Mertt = GNX)o —> (8) (SNR) ¢ Subst AUT equadion(A) and equedon (8) tn Equahen® ae ACP. _ Gna), Ga) an Gala ARP = c Sa » - Figuee- of- Mert Obkin the expression For Figuee oF Mesit of AM recdvers “unig Envelope detector . Ly Lt med) be the message Aignad “sith Average power Pp pe Elway) = € [Ansiniangt)) = An a Cla) be tre Comriey Cigrod With cct)= Accosantd . Then the Amplitude wodulated (AM) - Signal sth) ig given by SCA) = AcLI+ Kamcty] Cos (an) — lacey ‘ OEE padttor AM Band and Pass 1 ol Aigrel Fi lte oir sa) ms Creny “ee 4: Rigue a: Mode pp AM vecever t “Ueing Envelope Dekctor Figura, Bhowa The mode) o& © AM receiver Using a En\eope ese cao Dy Venkalesha M~Nesotiale pisfe Sis, Dept, of KOE ~~~ Email: Venkatesha.m Rebs, Communication Systems svn Comides nvise in AM Tecervers Using Envelope cleecien | + To determine channe) SNR (SNR), *- ann ADR EE | G The AM Signa) & given by SH)= ALCI+ Kamit) Cos (amft) 30) & wThe Average powes et modulated aig). E [tsa] Sit) es [a AcL l+kamcty] Cos (anke4)}* | TER ARCH Kamct)™ Cos*(a.afer)) = E[fitkemy?). £ [recoe Gaga?) ret Kem 9 kami) (A ) QZ oO = ee + E[konta)te lage). fe 5 ce” HCA tip). ac “pore Sa 2 Aver 0 Wer . 7 te durlckey aa } = Ge fe —s ec a @ 1D Average ponies of the Noise in messoge band Widtty 74 Piven by “yw” whe W= Bandwidth xP message 29rd — mt). +s channy SigraJ b Noise YaHo ig (SNe) = Averege power of modulaked signed Cc Averege Poser ef Noise Tey MesSoge Bandwidth - (Gwe), = CORDA (a) 0 23 7Venkatesha M, ASSoc ale ProfeS¢a,Dept,, of ECE ~~~ ~Timailz Venkatesham@saividyaacin Principles of Communication Systems svi [Pees “Te Qelrerine pubput SNR (SNR), :- son Tre tora) Signs) ad the impud of Envelope AU 1A x)= SG)+n4) (3) where nit) TePregzenty narmowbard noise *m terms fr-phase and Quadrahite Gmponens (4) = NCH: CosCanket) —Ng tt)Sia (arf) —w SubaKhG s(t) & nlt) i equation (3) we gy- HO) = Ac [It Kqmnvt)] CosCarfet) + ngtt) C05 (eemf4) =n lt) Sintank) = [Act AcKamity] cos (ank.+) FnglH oSCaARd) —NaidSia(amks) 2) = P@ct he kamlt) ng (4) cos arf ~ Me sin(arfet) * Te output x the Envelope delector 74 . GE N Get Ackamtt) they) ne a) . ——_ a ee —>« Equation (6) gives the ole peer o* idea) envelope detects . Lous assume thot Ue Signa) 14 MUU) Larger Tan Noize. Phasos-di ra Then Vote wy a when awh. xc ~ YQ = Act AcKaintt) + nz (+) 3(2) Dé igre 4. Conpemed — Gomgorehd (Sam poren) The Dc- componerd (gi28t Foam) can be Yemoved wi Hy a Capa tor (HE-) placed next to envelope deren ag Shown Fx Figuxd , Tre vesultad demodubted igrod 1a yet) = AcKarn(t) + met) ‘Cea, aerated “Cle >© ‘Dr-Venkalesha M, ASsouale Prof essa, Depl., oF FCF ——~‘fmail: Venkelah>: | sof Communication Systems svi +'s Average powes of dlemoclulak o} _ atype | Owpd Aigeed $€ [Ate tu} t = ACK P Ave rege power f owpw) Noise PEE = NoxB . E tHe? ld oxBT : B=aW fur = ANyw Amplitude . = Modulation os Me output Signed & noise tatio i& Ne) = Ad ke P 6) o 2 Ny WW © Figuse of mest fur AM veceiver ig GNQo Frequne-¥- Mest = > (SNR) Sulostiduting equotion(A) ant (8) 1 eYiation ©) we de (Sit Figuse-of -mjesty = Se A (* (+k py ANow Fom — Ac Ke P Ae C 1+ ep) Fom = ep The “Average power ef ~ medulbng wave mis) is P= Aw Substindg Vols ofp’ Mm equahon (dD) ne ger Fom a Ae 2 MKT Modulabon Tadex of 4115 C4 Ke Abia) "1 BE Ky An ey _ a Bie 7 poms a Figuse f merit Pur AM reCeiver ig Fon] = SIRE ff 25 SF. Venkatesha M, AswGat: PioFeRar > Dept, of ECE ~~ Email: VenKatesha.mesaividya.acin svir 7 . Principles of Communication Systems pec-ig|San BIO > No’e to FM VeceivervA .— . anor on ornrt™“". nfaxics 3 Frequenup medu-| ~& prove that Figuae- of merit Per Single tone “lad Aigra 1& ISB b Te Binge tone Frequenry modulated wave SG) fa Given Py s (4) = Ac Cos (and + aTke | Prnat) a Where ry (+) = Message Aigrad . + Ler 404) = anky Fmmar, thea SCH) = Ac Cos (ane.4 + $(4)) oS Noise x) Ab Hg of (ED) wordy Fiqga: naode) of Fm recdiver Ting Freasnuy Figt, Ghows the mode) op Fmt TeCever sing Frequency Aracst mi nodoe - To detesmine Channe SNR (SNR), 1 - ae wm ——~— ¢ Wek 7 the FO AIGra) ig StH = ACos( antes + (4) __@ « Average power of Ys ae fad) Signa Sd) Moduloded Signed S(4) 2 Averoge power sf noise tn Messoge bard a ia }s MTS GR) = >(A) Dre-Vankalecha kt)” ASskctal Biiteuor , Dept. of FCE Principles of Communication Systems _ svi “Te Deeemine Capt SNR LENA, The odes ign od the put Pf Freyuency deacaiminator %, x) = STH +n(4) —>@ For owped SNR, analymds Let “Us express n(a) tr tesan of 7B magnitude frcs)) ang Phase [ip(9)) given by the epuahen NH = T+) Cos Gnkd + ytd) — (4) x) Nee) a) nz) where ot) = tay y may —-& Ya) = tear! (ta n7G) — ©) Tot) Aignod ot th ‘rpud of demodulatey iz XH = sth) nit) becomes 119) = Ac Cos(Anked + 49) +r) cos (artet +0)) —e The relatfve phase O(4) can be Sxpressed a OD nm dy Ne l(t » where es re - Nalt) = (4). Sin pit) ' ® With an Tea) prose iscsi minabyr, The ouput “yC?) 16 proporHons) 38 the phase deviation A Ott), ot be, the oupud Aigrod- od YQ = ze > Subshtui (+) trom equatien(® mm ewotiona) We ger ot F-Venkatesha M, ASD UAL profsar , Dept, of FOE ———~“Fimail: Venkalesha mésaividya.acin Principles of Communication Systems svn . ; ) x) yaye La Lea) 4 — . - ont, \mijdt | fmet a 74} 2 dot) a | | - Ld [anty Frnt + net) 2m dt Ac Ye) = pm) +i dre) | po She dt | demoted sign) olr . Noise vs Average powes ef demoed 9 Ke Sle Atgrod > (10) buhere P= power ia message Agra) a Reveas poet e J Pd pox Me (2) 1 oo | = Ny | : BAR 1 * Output signe) le noige voto 1h kp Pp aad ke Ney = FP = SA ke P 5 é ) (2 Now" Np wo i) BAC aver f Figua- op- Merid fur FM Veceiver a Fom = Gn __s Gre), Subs Bhat eqrabion (A) & ewotion(p) In equrtion (CO Mt Fer (282 KEP ky EP) Fom = CREP) ange 0) (4) . SubArthie psoas javeroge Power of message Signo) . 2 \ Sutin (D) “he ger Dr-Venkatesha M, flag : baak-Sow, Dept. of FCF Email: Venkates —> (9 | | Principles of Communication Systems svi (PE Fom = 3 3 Kp Am are 3 (Hany Qh — (©) We know thar the ee ‘lode x of pmM- Ziqred = SEL kp ey as vy Using the Valuo ofp’ fy rom equahen ©) he get Figuae- af - Meri} of FM receiver “Probleme on Figux- f- Mesid Calculation 2— res nS Ne OO VF Feymuee 44> Fom= Re for Amplitude Modulation At p> & Fom = bs B fer Frequenuy Modulator whex B= Modulebian fr lex +f FM. General definition ¢ Fom ls For = (SNe Gna), & Gua), daz (9 2°9 CNA), <> CMe) ee 1 Joa (SNA), — My ASo Gath prtessay , Dept, of ECE Fmail: Venkaleshameésaividya.a _Principles of Communication Systems. svi \REs 3, - 1 SD An Am Teceiver operating wits @ Stouzoida) Wave of 207, | Modulation hak An oubpud Zigna) te noise VAHO of Joda. Calculate the Corresponding Channel Slp-to - nvize Tatio, Prove the -Purmula “Used Gren dala 2 W-kK-T. Te Fom of AM YeCeived IZ 7 2 Pieces For = t—_ = 28 = 9,94 04 =apde | (sue) & oda WKT. Fos (Gre), Gun) = ? Ge), ” Gney. = Geo Fom Gn), = ton) = 1000 * Gog), = GuBe - 1000 - 4 196 For 0-24.24 = toLog 4 \8s) Ge) = 86-1548 de, For desiwodfon J Fow fr Am seleiver acer one Verkver Fom desivel on , 2. o> Fe average rivide perjunit Br measured ab the Front end of AM Teceiver is 10> uWblHz. The Modulating wave %& Sinusvidla) Wi ty a Carries power e FOkW and Sidebard Powers of lokw per Gide band. Tie messoga BW 1& AKHE. Dderminn i GUO, t te Aystin ond Fou. We Pp Is Gitven : Noo IGF Wahlha = P= AcH goKw <> Ac= 4o0v me Side bard power p = ADpe 0 is = CE = 2 O-Foqp Mie Ssage bardivat aan >| aan 0» = Ape Wec 3 aS a ~ — ] be Find Fom op AM veceiver When depth of Modular -fon f& (@woy, &) 50% © 20% ta Ly tke. FomM- op AM wecefver f& given by p> Fom= —— 0) at pm @) when pe l00% = 4 FOM = Be _ |} ad. 0-3333 athe at) (2) when p= BO% =O Fom = MTs os* © when f=30% =0-2 a Fom= 0-37 2th Qtoe 1s je % An pm Aligned wilh A mexi muUD Prequenyy Aeviation| of TSKHZ i applied ts on FEM demod uledur. when the frpus (channd) SNR 1a 1SdB and the modularfag Prequenuy 4 1OKHZ. Eatimel FoM and SNR ob demedudodte oudpu WTO RP bee T FONT, of FM seCiver 18 Given dots - _ 2 AP = ISKN de re k eee kee (n®). gg Ste P= = TK = Fo fins evoke |" fom = bs poss Crs) Snes? ea 3) phypetcw, Dept, of ECF ~Fmail: Venkatesha.mesaividya.ac.in Principles of Communication Systems To Bind cubped SNA‘ eT Genes) definihon of Figuac of-Mesit svi 185053 Fomc EN®)o — 3.0) Gna). Brom gfven dala Gua) =15de = lolog((sneX) ; Et (48 of (Ne) = 1p P/_ IS Gne) = 36 aQt Avo Lk -t Pom = #4345 + SulgsHsute Fomt= B4-sts & GNR)=3ICatin equation) RR ger (SNA), uo Fom x(GNQ). " PAHS X Bl 6a94 = Q6ER1G =o1see 2 An FM Wweceiver recieve, an FM Aigqnod SA = locos[@rxiF4) + 6 StaCam xié +) ). Corl cutout She Piguee- of- Merit for This Yecefver. Ly Given - epee axe StH) = lo Cos fanxidds + 6 Sta @axic) 1) —o Genered yuodion of FM iy SH) = Ae cos [amber + pia Car fest)) @ Compasing C2 a(4) We geb Moduledion index , p= 6 v Piquse- f- Merit = BS pe vTap = hs x &* = 34 “Wenkalesha M7 PS 0a pavfesias, Dept. of Cr _!ZEc53 __ Principles of Communication Systems svi Si) Capture effed eo Aen © writ a Short nok on Gphire ebbed in FM, (aris) r In FM Systm, the Signa) Can be appeued by another Frequency modulated Rignad whode Frequeny 16 cloge ie te Carrier Preqenuy of the deésited FM- aIgned Tren the receiver may tock Auch an takr ference Bigrod and Suppresses the desired FM- Bignod & faksference BignoJ becomes more Aktonger than the desired igre. S when the adrengty of Lia dlesized Aigna) and faferference Bigrol ave nearly equal, the teceiver Jocks snerference Signod for Sonutime and desired AignoJ for the gowe Hime and This Joes on Yardomly and recetver Caphures the Rforger Align. Thid ebed fe Known a “Gpture- ef bea? nr 3 4 _MTO &P ola: 3 A-2018 la: Fe Wrecbald EPRece geil fedaoion:- Jun-sew ey & explain pry threshold Efe ty FM-Splin- viru (6- marty) LG Tre GNR) op an Fm-ArgneJ 14 valid only Fe Are (Cn) mesured at Ge Preprency Ascriminabus fper fa Very much greoder than unity. Ce, Gag) = GACKFP is valid rep NR MA 9 BNy 3 = TE CNRK1 then Fm aignw ig Commuphd by nwige and Fe receiver breaks down. & if Glled Tseshold ef ber EFM es Treshold eed ie defined as He min’mum carrier +o noise Totio Cour) thar giver the Gra) not lead than te Value predited by He UU SNR formula asuming a Arrow nwise power. re: y F by Te Threshold eb be Gabe avoided by keepmg. - Br.Venkatesha M, ASSoccalk povfecsa, Dept., of FCE Email: Venkalesham@saividyaacin ‘Di-Venkatesha M, Associala Proressy, Depl, of Kcr Principles of Communication Systems svir Carrier be noide radio of Fm. 4yslion Muth Greoliy than 1. Ly when enrgd FM receiver breate down duw t Frt-threshold ebbed THis poi) A Gilled Tseshold point shold Teducien *— - EM TUS BEaRgign : mare izyrs

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