LTE-JD745A Nov2011

LTE Cell Site Characterization
JD745A Base Station Analysis
November 2011
Table of Contents
LTE Overview
Base Station Analysis
LTE Signal Analysis
Summary
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

LTE Overview
Framing
LTE layer 1 is bandwidth agnostic based on Resource Blocks (RB), allowing various spectrum
allocations.
Current LTE specification supports only a subset of 8 different system bandwidths:
Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Transmission Bandwidth (RB) 6 15 25 50 75 100
Transmission Bandwidth (Sc) 72 180 300 600 900 1,200
Transmission Bandwidth (MHz) 1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18
Frame Structure:
– Type 1 (FDD): supports full duplex and half duplex operation with a frame duration of 10ms consisting of 20
slots at 0.5ms. Two adjacent slots form one sub-frame.
– Type 2 (TDD): consists of two half-frames with a duration of 5ms each and containing each 8 slots of length
0.5ms and three special fields (DwPTS, GP and UpPTS) which have configurable individual lengths and a total
length of 1ms.
RB spans either 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 15kHz (Normal CP) or 24 sub-
carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 7.5kHz each over a slot duration of 0.5ms (Extended CP).
Page 3
LTE Overview
Frequency Bands and Channel Numbers
‑UTRA
E‑ Downlink (DL) band Uplink (UL) band Duplex
Band FDL_low FDL_High NOffs-DL Range of NDL FUL_low FUL_High NOffs-UL Range of NUL Mode
1 2110 MHz 2170 MHz 18000 18000 – 18599 1920 MHz 1980 MHz 0 0 – 599 FDD
2 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 18600 18600 – 19199 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 600 600 - 1199 FDD
5 869 MHz 894MHz 20400 20400 – 20649 824 MHz 849 MHz 2400 2400 – 2649 FDD
9 1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz 21800 21800 – 22149 1749.9 MHz 1784.9 MHz 3800 3800 – 4149 FDD
11 1475.9 MHz 1500.9 MHz 22750 22750 – 22999 1427.9 MHz 1452.9 MHz 4750 4750 – 4999 FDD
…
...
33 1900 MHz 1920 MHz 36000 36000 – 36199 1900 MHz 1920 MHz 36000 36000 – 36199 TDD
DL Center Frequency (FDL) = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL – NOffs-DL)
Channel Number (NDL) = (FDL - FDL_low )/0.1 + NOffs-DL

LTE Overview
Multiple Access – MIMO
LTE USER EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES
MIMO REFERENCE SIGNAL LOCATION

Signal Analysis
LTE Downlink Signal Format – OFDMA
1 Frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0.5ms)
POWER POWER POWER
Transmission
Bandwidth:
9 MHz
Channel
Bandwidth:
10 MHz
TIME
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 18 19
FREQUENCY Symbols (Sy)
Slot
Slot
Subframe
Frame
0 1 2 3
POWER
POWER
Resource
Subcarriers (Sc) Block
Resource TIME
Element
TIME
7 Symbol (Sy)
Symbol (Sy)
FREQUENCY 15 kHz FREQUENCY 12 Subcarrier (Sc) FREQUENCY
Subcarrier (Sc)
LTE 10 MHz : 9 MHz / 15 kHz = 600 Sc Resource Block (RB) = 12 Sc x 7 Sy = 84 Resource Elements

Signal Analysis
LTE Downlink Signal Map
TIME Resource Block Resource Element Reference Signal PDCCH PBCH PDSCH P-SCH S-SCH
FREQUENCY
15 kHz
Slot
Sub-frame
Frame

Signal Analysis
Modulation
Digital bits are transferred onto an RF carrier through modulation. Modulation

can be based on three components: amplitude, phase, or frequency.
AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY PHASE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE
Modulated signals can be analyzed by polar diagrams (magnitude and phase)

represented by its rectangular components: I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature).
Q Q Q Q
I I I I
AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY PHASE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE

Signal Analysis
Modulation
Modulation formats
000000
0000 00000
00 01 000
0 1
10 11
BPSK QPSK Zadoff-Chu 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM
Modulation quality metric (EVM)

– The Error Vector Magnitude is a measure of the difference between
the ideal symbols and the measured symbols. It is defined as the
square root of the ratio of the mean error vector power to the mean
reference power expressed in percent.
Error Vector
– I/Q Errors: Magnitude
Origin Offset Gain Imbalance Quadrature Error

Signal Analysis
LTE Downlink Channels
DL Modulation
Description Purpose
Channels Format
PBCH Physical Broadcast channel QPSK Carrier Cell specific information.
Physical Downlink Control Transports format, resource and hybrid-ARQ information
PDCCH QPSK
Channel related to DL-SCH, UL-SCH and PCH.
Physical Downlink Shared QPSK, 16QAM,
PDSCH User data payload.
Channel 64QAM
QPSK, 16QAM, Payload for multiple users, Multimedia Broadcast Multicast

PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
64QAM service (MBMS)
Physical Control Format Carries the number of symbols (1,2 or 3) used for control
PCFICH QPSK
Indicator Channel channels (PDCCH) in a subframe.
Physical Hybrid ARQ Carries the error detection (hybrid ARQ ACK/NAK) feedback to
PHICH BPSK
Indicator Channel the UE for the UL blocks received by the eNB.
Primary Synchronization Used for cell search and cell identification. Carries part of the
P-SCH Zadoff – Chu
Channel cell ID
Secondary Synchronization Used for cell search and cell identification. Carries the
S-SCH BPSK
Channel remainder of the Cell ID
Complex I+Q pseudo Used for DL channel estimation. Exact sequence derived form
RS Reference Signal (Pilot)
random sequence Cell ID. Enable UE to calculate transmission corrections.
MODULATION SCHEMES

Page 10
Table of Contents
LTE Overview
LTE Signal Analysis
Summary

JDSU Wireless Test Solutions
Spectrum Clearance Cell Site Performance Over the Air Analysis
JD740
4GHz
ANALYZER
Service Coverage JD7100 Call Performance
7.2 GHz
ANALYZER
JD720
CABLE AND
ANTENNA
ANALYZER J7830A
JD730
E6474A RF POWER
WIRELESS
DRIVE TEST TOOL SENSORS PROTOCOL
TEST
Network Entity Purpose Solution

User Equipment Service Coverage: signal strength, call quality, handover summary E6474A Drive Test Tool (LG, Samsung, Qualcomm)
JD7100 Base Station Analyzer, JD740 RF Analyzer,
Cell Site Base Station Performance: RF and modulation analysis JD720 Cable and Antenna Analyzer, JD730 RF
Power Sensors
S1 Interface Call Performance: call tracing, statistics, decoding J7830A Wireless Protocol Test

AIR INTERFACE
RADIO Spectrum
PERFORMANCE FEED LINE Analysis
Signal Cable &

Antenna BACKHAUL Interference
Analysis
Analysis Analysis
E1, T1, Ethernet
Spectrum
Testing Signal
Analysis
Analysis
Power
Measurements Multipath
Analysis
VALIDATION CONFORMANCE PERFORMANCE
SIGNAL SIGNAL
NOISE QUALITY POWER TRAFFIC SIGNAL
GENERATION UTILIZATION REFLECTIONS
CONTROL SIGNAL
TRAFFIC DATA BANDWIDTH
MULTI-SITE MIMO
CAPACITY
NOISE PRESENCE STRENGTH
USER DATA
GENERATION

Backhaul Analysis – E1, T1, Ethernet
Backhaul Test
T1 Test
– Tx Configurable pattern
– Rx Monitoring of alarm and errors
E1 Test
– Tx Configurable pattern
– Rx Monitoring of alarm and errors
Ethernet Test
– Trace-route
– Ping ETHERNET TEST
T1 ANALYZER E1 ANALYZER

Spectrum Analysis
Key Features
Multi-trace management (Min/Max Hold).
AM/FM audio demodulation
Configurable limit line with PASS/FAIL
indicator
RF Source (-30 to 0 dBm)
Store and Replay Capability (JDViewer)
MULTI-TRACE MANAGEMENT
JDVIEWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - REPLAY MULTI-SEGMENT LIMIT LINE

RF and Optical Power Testing
Power measurement methods:

Internal: RF power measurement
without external sensors.
External: with the assistance of
power sensors (RF or Optical).
INTERNAL RF POWER MEASUREMENT

Configurable min and max (WITHOUT POWER SENSORS)
limits for automated PASS /
FAIL Indication
Power Measurement
Histogram
EXTERNAL OPTICAL POWER MEASUREMENT EXTERNAL RF POWER MEASUREMENT

(WITH POWER SENSORS) (WITH POWER SENSORS)

Cable and Antenna Testing
The BSA measures the cell site’s feed line through its Antenna and Cable Analysis function.
Key Measurements:
– VSWR / Return Loss
– Cable Loss
– Distance to Fault
– Insertion Gain/Loss
VSWR - RL DISTANCE TO FAULT

Configurable limits
for automated PASS
/ FAIL Indication
JD745A
CABLE LOSS INSERTION GAIN/LOSS

Over the Air - Interference Testing
The interference analyzer is the most effective way to

identify periodic or intermittent interference, capturing:
positioning, frequency, power and time information.
Key Measurements
– Spectrogram: Power (Color ID), Time (Y-axis),
Frequency (X-Axis).
– RSSI: Measures power variation of up to 6 signals.
– Interference Finder: 3 point triangulation.
Visual SPECTOGRAM
Identification
of Intermittent
Interference
Tracks 6
signals with
configurable
power limits
and
automated
PASS / FAIL
indication
INTERFERENCE FINDER RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATOR

Table of Contents
LTE Overview
LTE Signal Analysis
Summary

LTE Signal Analysis
Measurements
POWER
Signal Analysis
6
LTE Measurements
4
Modulation Over The Air

RF Analysis
Analysis Analysis
1 6 8 TIME
Channel Power Constellation ID Scanner 1
2 4 6 9 3
Occupied
Data Channel Multipath
Bandwidth FREQUENCY
5 2 4 6 9 2
Control Control
SEM
Channel Channel 5
7
5 3 6 9
ACLR Subframe Datagram
8
7 3 6
Spurious
Frame
Emissions 9
3 6
Time
Power vs. Time
Alignment
1
CCDF

LTE Signal Analysis
Channel Power
CONFORMANCE
Definition Procedure
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.2 1
In normal conditions, the base station

maximum output power shall remain within
+2 dB and -2 dB of the rated output power
declared by the manufacturer.
Measurement
In extreme conditions, the base station
maximum output power shall remain within
+2.5 dB and -2.5 dB of the rated output
power declared by the manufacturer.
In certain regions, the minimum requirement

for normal conditions may apply also for
some conditions outside the range of
conditions defined as normal.

LTE Signal Analysis
Occupied bandwidth
CONFORMANCE
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.6.1 1
The occupied bandwidth is the width of a

frequency band such that, below the lower
and above the upper frequency limits, the
mean powers emitted are each equal to a
specified percentage β/2 of the total mean
Measurement
transmitted power.
The value of β/2 shall be taken as 0.5%.
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
Power vs. Time
PERFORMANCE
Power vs. Time 1
Power is analyzed in terms of symbols, slots

or frames differentiating control channels
from data channels.
Measurement
A D
B
A PDCCH
B
PBCH
C
P-SCH, S-SCH
C
D
RS

LTE Signal Analysis
CCDF
VALIDATION
CCDF 1
CCDF provides a quantitative measurement
of signal power behavior useful for
transmitters and linearity in amplifiers to
avoid out-of-channel distortion products.
Measurement
CCDF measurement indicates the probability
over time of the power over PAR (power
average ratio)
A B
A
10% of the time
the signal is
5.8dB over
average power
B
1% of the time
the signal is
6.5dB over
average power

LTE Signal Analysis
Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM)
CONFORMANCE
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.6.3 1

Operating band unwanted emission limits are
defined from 10 MHz below the lowest
frequency of the downlink operating band up
to 10 MHz above the highest frequency of
the downlink operating band. Measurement
Emissions shall not exceed the maximum
levels specified in 3GPP TS 36.104: 6.6.3
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
ACLR
CONFORMANCE
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.6.2 1
Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio

(ACLR) is the ratio of the filtered mean
power centered on the assigned channel
frequency to the filtered mean power
centered on an adjacent channel frequency
Measurement
The ACLR limit is 45 dB at a center frequency
offset of 1 x (Channel Bandwidth) and 2 x
(Channel Bandwidth).
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
Spurious Emissions
CONFORMANCE
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.6.4 1
The transmitter spurious emission limits

apply from 100 kHz to 7.2 GHz, excluding the
frequency range from 10 MHz below the
lowest frequency of the downlink operating
band up to 10 MHz above the highest
Measurement
frequency of the downlink operating band.
Emissions shall not exceed the maximum

levels specified in 3GPP TS 36.104 Section
6.6.4
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
Constellation
CONFORMANCE
Constellation
Constellation
1
Constellation measurement provides a
modulation quality test on data channels.
The acceptable modulation quality (EVM) of

data channels per resource block are user Measurement
configurable by the assignment of EVM limits
to each data channel (QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM).
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
Data Channels
VALIDATION
Data Channels
1
Data channel measurement provides a
resource block granularity in one subfarme.
Applicable for test models described on TS

36.141: 6.1.1 Measurement
The acceptable modulation quality (EVM) of
data channels per resource block are user
configurable by the assignment of EVM limits
to each data channel (QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM).
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
Control Channels
PERFORMANCE
Control Channels
1
Control channel measurement provides the
modulation quality (EVM) and constellation
on each control channel.
The acceptable modulation quality is defined Measurement

by the wireless provider assigning EVM limits
to each control channel.
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
Frame Summary
PERFORMANCE
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.5.2
The Error Vector Magnitude is a measure of 1

the difference between the ideal symbols and
the measured symbols after the equalization.
For all bandwidths, the EVM measurement

shall be performed over all allocated resource Measurement
blocks and subframes within a frame.
The EVM for different modulation schemes

on PDSCH shall be lower than the following
limits:
• PDSCH-QPSK: 17.5%
• PDSCH-16QAM: 12.5%
• PDSCH-64QAM: 8%
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
Subframe Summary
CONFORMANCE
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.5.1

1
The Subframe measurement provides the
error vector magnitude (EVM) expressed in
percentage, the power (dB or dBm) and
modulation quality of each control channel
(P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH, Measurement
PDCCH, RS) and data channels (PDSCH-
QPSK, PDSCH-16QAM, PDSCH-64QAM) on
a LTE subframe.
The modulated carrier frequency of the BS

shall be accurate to within ±0.05 ppm
observed over a period of one subframe
(1ms).
Automated
PASS / FAIL
Indication

LTE Signal Analysis
MIMO Time Alignment Error
CONFORMANCE
3GPP TS 36.104: 6.5.3

1
In Tx Diversity or spatial multiplexing, signals
are transmitted from two or more antennas.
These signals shall be aligned. The time
alignment error in Tx Diversity and spatial
multiplexing is specified as the delay between
Measurement
the signals from two antennas at the antenna
ports. This test is only applicable for eNode B
supporting TX diversity or spatial multiplexing
transmission.
The time alignment error shall be less than

65ns.

LTE Signal Analysis
Over the Air Analysis
PERFORMANCE
Power of Sync
channels for
up to 6 eNB
CELL ID SCANNER
PERFORMANCE TESTING

LTE Signal Analysis
PERFORMANCE
Traffic
Utilization over
time
Power
variation of RB
OTA DATAGRAM
PERFORMANCE TESTING

LTE Signal Analysis
PERFORMANCE
Profile of
multiple
Primary and
Secondary
Sync Signals
MULTIPATH PROFILE
PERFORMANCE TESTING

LTE Signal Analysis
PERFORMANCE
MIMO
power
variation of
RS0 and
RS1
MIMO time
alignment
of RS0 and
RS1
OTA CONTROL CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE TESTING

LTE Signal Analysis
Automated Testing
The Auto-Measure function performs the

RF and Modulation analysis presenting the
results in a summary and detailed modes.
Key Features:
– Multiple-Carrier capability.
– Configurable limits.
– Intervals definition with average or
maximum values.
– Stores all measurements for post-
analysis and report generation.
RF Analysis
Power vs. Time

Analysis
Modulation
Analysis
AUTMATED TEST

LTE Signal Analysis
New Features
JDVIEWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - REPLAY JDVIEWER MAPPING GOOGLE EARTH
JD740 REMOTE CONTROL JD740 LTE ALLOCATION MAP

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 39
Table of Contents
LTE Overview
LTE Signal Analysis
Summary

Summary
Spectrum Clearance
– Superior interference tracking for up to 6 signals.
– Comprehensive interference finding with triangulation
algorithm.

– Cell site RF conformance and LTE structure verification
(RB granularity and MIMO conformance).
– Complete modulation quality assessment for data and
control channels.

– MIMO performance (RS power and time alignment).
JD745A
– LTE traffic utilization over time.
Automatic Testing
– RF characterization and Modulation analysis with
configurable test limits.

LTE-JD745A Nov2011

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LTE Cell Site Characterization

JD745A Base Station Analysis

Base Station Analysis

LTE Signal Analysis

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Current LTE specification supports only a subset of 8 different system bandwidths:

Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

DL Center Frequency (FDL) = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL – NOffs-DL)

Channel Number (NDL) = (FDL - FDL_low )/0.1 + NOffs-DL

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

LTE USER EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES

MIMO REFERENCE SIGNAL LOCATION

POWER POWER POWER

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Digital bits are transferred onto an RF carrier through modulation. Modulation

AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY PHASE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE

Modulated signals can be analyzed by polar diagrams (magnitude and phase)

AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY PHASE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

BPSK QPSK Zadoff-Chu 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM

Modulation quality metric (EVM)

Origin Offset Gain Imbalance Quadrature Error

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

QPSK, 16QAM, Payload for multiple users, Multimedia Broadcast Multicast

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Base Station Analysis

LTE Signal Analysis

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Spectrum Clearance Cell Site Performance Over the Air Analysis

Network Entity Purpose Solution

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Signal Cable &

VALIDATION CONFORMANCE PERFORMANCE

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

JDVIEWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - REPLAY MULTI-SEGMENT LIMIT LINE

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Power measurement methods:

INTERNAL RF POWER MEASUREMENT

EXTERNAL OPTICAL POWER MEASUREMENT EXTERNAL RF POWER MEASUREMENT

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

VSWR - RL DISTANCE TO FAULT

CABLE LOSS INSERTION GAIN/LOSS

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

The interference analyzer is the most effective way to

INTERFERENCE FINDER RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATOR

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Base Station Analysis

LTE Signal Analysis

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Modulation Over The Air

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

3GPP TS 36.104: 6.2 1

In normal conditions, the base station

In certain regions, the minimum requirement

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

3GPP TS 36.104: 6.6.1 1

The occupied bandwidth is the width of a

The value of β/2 shall be taken as 0.5%.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Power vs. Time 1

Power is analyzed in terms of symbols, slots