Signals and Systems

17EL (Section-I and II), Fall-2019

Lecture-6

Systems Stability

Dr. Shoaib R. Soomro

Contents

▪ Stability of Continuous Time Systems

▪ Stability of Discrete Time Systems

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BIBO Stability of CT Systems
▪ If every bounded input produces bounded output, the system is (BIBO) stable.
▪ In contrast, if even one bounded input results in unbounded response, the system is (BIBO)
unstable.

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Internal (Asymptotic) Stability of CT Systems

▪ Because of the great variety of possible system behaviors, there are several definitions of
internal stability in the literature.
▪ We shall consider a definition that is suitable for causal, linear, time-invariant (LTI) systems.

If, in the absence of an external input, a system remains in a particular state (or condition)
indefinitely, then that state is said to be an equilibrium state of the system.

▪ Suppose an LTI system is in zero state and we change this state by creating small nonzero
initial conditions (small disturbance).
▪ These initial conditions will generate signals consisting of characteristic modes in the system.
▪ By analogy with the cone, if the system is stable it should eventually return to zero state.
▪ In other words, when left to itself, every mode in a stable system arising as a result of nonzero
initial conditions should approach 0 as t → ∞.

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Internal Stability of CT Systems

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Internal Stability of CT Systems

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Internal Stability of CT Systems

1. An LTIC system is asymptotically stable if, and

only if, all the characteristic roots are in the LHP.
The roots may be simple (unrepeated) or repeated.

2. An LTIC system is unstable if, and only if, one or

both of the following conditions exist: (i) at least
one root is in the RHP; (ii) there are repeated roots
on the imaginary axis.

3. An LTIC system is marginally stable if, and only if,

there are no roots in the RHP, and there are some
unrepeated roots on the imaginary axis.

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Stability of CT Systems

▪ Examples:

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BIBO Stability of DT Systems

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Internal (Asymptotic) Stability

▪ For the DT systems, the zero-input response consists of the characteristic modes of the
system.
▪ The mode corresponding to a characteristic root γ is γn.

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Internal Stability of DT Systems

▪ Real roots on complex plane

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Internal Stability of DT Systems

▪ Complex roots on complex plane

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Internal Stability of DT Systems

▪ Real and complex roots having unity magnitude

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Internal Stability of DT Systems

▪ Repeated Roots

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Internal Stability of DT Systems
1. An LTID system is asymptotically stable if and only if all
the characteristic roots are inside the unit circle. The
roots may be simple or repeated.

2. An LTID system is unstable if and only if either one or

both of the following conditions exist: (i) at least one
root is outside the unit circle; (ii) there are repeated
roots on the unit circle.

3. 3. An LTID system is marginally stable if and only if

there are no roots outside the unit circle and there are
some unrepeated roots on the unit circle.

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Internal Stability of DT Systems

▪ Examples

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Related Readings

▪ Signal Processing and Linear Systems, BP Lathi, Chapter-2 and Chapter-3

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