Solution Manual for Optics (5th Edition) 5th Edition

Solution Manual for Optics (5th Edition) 5th Edition

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Chapter 7 Solutions 59

Chapter 7 Solutions

7.1 E02  36  64  2(6)(8) cos  /2  100, E0  10; tan   8/6,   53.1  0.93 rad.
E  10 sin(120 t  0.93).

7.2 E1  E01 cos( t ); E2  E01 cos( t   2 ).

E  E1  E2  E01 cos  t  E01 cos( t   2 )

 E01 (2 cos 12 ( t   t   2 )cos 12 ( t   t   2 ))
 2 E01 cos( t   2 /2) cos( 2 /2).

Recall cos( )  cos  , so,

E  (2 E01 cos( 2 /2))(cos( t   2 /2))  E0 cos( t   ).

To show that this follows from (7.9) and (7.10), recall that cos   sin(   /2) so that
1  1   /2   /2,  2   2   /2.
7.3 In phase: 1   2 cos( 2  1 )  cos(0)  1.

(7.9) E02  E012  E022  2 E01 E02 cos( 2  1 )

 E012  E022  2 E01 E02  ( E01  E02 )2 .

Out of phase,  2  1   , cos( 2  1 )  cos   1.

(7.9) E02  E012  E022  2 E01 E02  ( E01  E02 )2 .

7.4 OPL  i ni xi  (c /i ) xi  i cti , where ti is the time spent in medium i. But cti is also the distance the
light would travel, in vacuum.
7.5 1 m/500 nm  0.2  107  2, 000, 000 waves. In the glass
0.05/0 /n  0.05(1.5)/500 nm  1.5  105 ;

in air
0.95/0  0.19  10 7 ;

total 2,050,000 waves.

OPD  [(1.5)(0.05)  (1)(0.95)]  (1)(1),
OPD  1.025 1.000  0.025 m,
 /0  0.025/500 nm  5  10 4 waves.

7.6 OPLB  nx  (1.00)(100 cm)  100 cm  1.00 m.

OPL A  i ni xi  (1.00)(89 cm)  2(1.52)(0.5 cm)
 (1.33)(10 cm)  103.82 cm  1.0382 m.
  OPL A  OPLB  1.0382  1.00  .00382 m.

(7.16)   k0   (2 / 0 )  2 (3.82  10 3 m)/5.00  10 7 m

 1.28  10 4  .

An integer multiple of 2 , so waves are in phase.

60 Chapter 7 Solutions

7.7 E1  E01 sin[ t  k ( x  x )], so 1   k ( x  x ). E2  E01 sin[ t  kx ],

So  2   kx.
(7.9) E02  E012  E022  2 E01 E02 cos( 2  1 )
 E012  E012  2 E012 cos( kx  ( k ( x  x )))  2 E012 (1  cos k x )
 2 E012 (cos(0)  cos( k x ))  4 E012 cos2 (k x /2),

(see Problem 7.2),

E0  2 E01 cos(k x /2).

E01 sin 1  E02 sin  2

(7.10) tan  
E01 cos 1  E02 cos  2
E01 sin(k ( x  x )  E01 sin( kx ))

E01 cos(k ( x  x ))  E01 cos(kx )
2 sin 12 ( k ( x  x )  kx ) cos 12 (k ( x  x )  kx )

2 cos 12 (k ( x  x )  kx ) cos 12 ( k ( x  x )  kx )
 tan(kx  (k x /2)),   k ( x  (x / 2)).

7.8 E  E1  E2  E01{sin[ t  k ( x  x )]  sin( t  kx )}. Since

sin   sin   2 sin(1/2)(    ) cos(1/2)(    ),

E  2 E01 cos(k x /2)sin[ t  k ( x  x /2)].

7.9 E  E0 Re ei ( kx  t )  ei ( kx t )   E0 Re eikx 2i sin  t 

 E0 Re[2i cos kx sin  t  2 sin kx sin  t ]  2 E0 sin kx sin  t.
Standing wave with node at x  0.
7.10 Ei  3cos  t  30, (1  0). E2  4 sin  t , but sin   cos(   /2), so

E2  4 cos( t   /2)  4   /2. E3  E1  E2 .

E  E  E  2 E01 E02 cos( 2  1 )
2
3o
2
01
2
02

 9  16  2(3)(4) cos( /2), E3o  5.

(7.10) tan   ( E01 sin 1  E02 sin  2 )/( E01 cos 1  E02 cos  2 )
 (3(0)  4(1))/(3(1)  4(0))  4/3;   53;

so   53  0.93 rad. Note that 1   , so E1 leads E3 .

7.11

This is a 3 – 4 – 5 right triangle, thus A  5, α  53°.

Chapter 7 Solutions 61

7.12

A  12 2  6 2  13.4
6
  tan 1  27
12
7.13 By Faraday’s law, E /x  B /x. Integrate to get

B( x, t )    (E /x ) dt  2 E0 k cos kx  cos  t dt

 2 E0 (k / ) cos kx sin  t.

But E0 k /  E0 /c  B0 ; thus B(x, t)  2B0 cos kx sin ω t.

7.14 Fringes are spaces  /2 vertically.

sin θ  (fringes/cm) vertical/(fringes/cm) on film;
(fringes/cm) on film  (1/( /2))/ sin 

   (1/5.50 × 107 cm)/ sin(1°)  1.04  108 cml.

7.15 Nodes are spaced at  /2 apart.

c   ,   c /  (3  108 m/s)/(1010 Hz)  0.03 m.

Node spacing is .015 m.
7.16 (7.30) E (standing wave)  2Eol sin kx cos ωt from two wave,
El  E0 l sin( kx   t ); E R  E0l sin(kx   t ),

so,
62 Chapter 7 Solutions

El  50 sin( 23  x  5 t ); E R  50 sin( 23  x  5 t ).

7.17 EI  E0 sin(kx   t )

E R   E0 sin(kx   t )

E  EI  E R  E0 sin(kx   t )   E0 sin(kx   t )
 E0 [sin kx cos  t  cos kx sin  t   sin kx cos  t   cos kx sin  t ]
 E0 [(1   )sin kx cos  t  (1   ) cos kx sin  t ]
 E0 [(1   )sin kx cos  t  (1   )(sin( kx   t )  sin kx cos  t )]
 E0 [(1   )sin kx cos  t  sin kx cos  t   sin kx cos  t  (1   )sin(kx   t )]
 2 E0  sin kx cos  t  (1   )E0 sin(kx   t )

7.18 Hear beat frequency   2  1  2 Hz.

7.19 One can see that the relative phase of the two waves varies, and that a maximum occurs
(positive or negative), and that a zero occurs when the relative phase is  n (n odd).

Also at the maxima, the relative phase between one wave and the net wave is zero.
At those zeroes where the relative phase between one wave and the net wave is
 / 2, the “faster” wave “laps” the slower one, and the relative phase changes abruptly.
7.20 E1  E01 cos[(kc  k ) x  (c   )t ];
E2  E01 cos[(kc  k ) x  (c   )t ];
1
E  E1  E2  2 E01 cos [(kc  k ) x  (c   )t  (kc  k ) x  (c   )t ] 
2
1
cos [(kc  k ) x  (c   )t  (kc  k ) x  (c   )t ]
2
 2 E01[cos(kc x  c t )cos(kx   t )]
so that kc  k , c   , k  km ,   m . Wavelength of envelope m  2 /km  2 /k.
Period of envelope Tm  2 /m  2 /. Speed of envelope m /Tm  (2 /k ) / (2 / ).

7.21 E  E0 cos c t  E0 cos m t cos c t

 E0 cos c t  ( E0 /2)[cos(c  m )t  cos(c  m )t ].

Audible range  m  20 Hz to 20  103 Hz. Maximum modulation

frequency  m (max)  20  103 Hz.  c  m (max)     c   m (max),
  2 m (max)  40  103 Hz.

7.22    /k  ak , g  d /dk  2ak  2 .

d  d   d  d  
g  
dk  d   d   
7.23
 dk 
d dk 2
Use the fact that  2 , and  2 :
d d 

 d     2 d
2
g  (2 )      
 d    2  d
Chapter 7 Solutions 63

d d (2 ) d d c 1
g    
d (2 / ) d (1/ ) d (1/ )  n  
7.24
dk
c c d (1/n)
g  
n  d (1/ )

c c d (1/n) c d ( n 1 )
7.25 g    
n  d (1/ )  d (1/ )
c dn
g    (1)(n 2 )
 d (1/ )

 1 dn 
g   1  
 n d (1/ ) 
 1 d dn 
g   1 
 n d (1/ ) d 

d
Insert  g  :
d (1/ )
 g dn 
g   1  
 n d 
 g dn   dn 
  g    g 1  
n d  n d 

g 
  dn 
1  n d 
 

c 2.99  108 m/s

7.26    2.063  108 m/s
n 1.449
c 2.99  108 m/s
g    2.045  108 m/s
ng 1.462
g  

7.27 1/g  d ( / )/d and the rest follows.

7.28 From the previous problem 1/ g  (n /c)  ( n 2 /c 2 )[ d (c /n)]/d and the rest follows.

k
7.29   g /k      kd /dk , where
 g

g 
d k2   
k k  
dk k
2 g /k 

g k

k  
 
k 2
2 g/k

64 Chapter 7 Solutions

7.30 We have   2 /k , d  /dk  2 /k 2   /k so that the term

kd /dk  k (d  /dk )(d /d  )  k ( /k )d /d    d /d  and the
expression for g follows.
7.31 g    kd /dk and d /dk  (d /d )(d /dk )   g d /d. Since   c /n,

d /d  (d /dn)(dn /d )  (c /n 2 ) dn /d ,

 g    ( g ck /n 2 ) dn /d   / [1  (ck /n 2 )(dn /d )]
 c /[ n   (dn /d )].

7.32 (7.40) ng  c / g . From Problem 7.31  g  c /(n  2(dn /d )), so

 dn( ) 
ng  n   (dn /d )  n( )  2 (dn( )/2 d )  n( )    .
 d 
7.33 Starting with:
dn( )
ng  n( )  
d
dn d 
 n 
d  d
d d 2  2  4 2
   2  2
dv  c  c  k  ck
 2  dk
 
c
using:   k
2
2 dn
ng  n 
k d
dn
ng  n  
d
7.34 Using dimensional analysis:
 1 dn 
g    1 
 n dk  
g: m/s
n: dimensionless
k: m1
then we have the following dimensional relationship which cannot be true:
 1 
m /s  m /s  1  1   m /s (1  m)
 m 
7.35 For   a / ,  g     d /d   a /   a / 2  2 a /  2 .
Chapter 7 Solutions 65

7.36 (7.38) v g  v  k (dv/dk )  c /n  (kc /n 2 )(dn /dk )

 c /n  (kc /n 2 )(dn /d  )(d  /dk )
 c /n  (kc /n 2 )(dn /d  )(2 /k 2 )
 c /n  (2 /k )(c /n 2 )(dn /d  )  c /n  ( c /n 2 )(dn /d  )

c  c dn
7.37 g  
n n2 d
2.99  108 m/s  c  n
g   2
n n 
n n
n  1 2  1.3321
2
1  2
  622.8 nm
2

2.99  108 m/s (622.8 nm)(2.99  108 m/s)  1.9  10 3 

g    9 
1.3321 (1.3321)2  67  10 m 
g  2.22  108 m/s
c
  2.25  108 m/s
n
  g

0 sin(kl /2)
7.38    /k   0 sinc(kl /2);
(kl /2)
l
g  d /dk  0 sin(kl /2).
2
7.39    /k therefore  2   p2  c 2 ( / )2 and

  c /[1  ( p / )2 ]1/ 2 ;  g  d /dk  c 2 k /  c[1  ( p / )2 ]1/ 2 .

7.40 For  2  i2 , n 2  1  ( Nqe2 / 2 0 me ) i fi  1  Nqe2 / 2  0 me . Using the

binomial expansion, we have (1  x )1/ 2  1  x /2 for x  1, so that

n  1  Nqe2 /2 2  0 me , dn /d   Nqe2 / 0 me 3 .

g  c /[ n   (dn /d )]  c /[1  Nqe2 /2 0 me 2 ]

and  g  c,   c /n  c /[1  Nqe2 /2 0 me 2 ]. By binomial expansion,

(1  x )1  1  x for x  1,   c[1  Nqe2 /2 0 me 2 ];  g  c 2 .

1
7.41 E1  2 E0 cos  t ; E2  E0 sin 2 t. E  E1  E2
2
1
 2 E0 cos  t  E0 sin 2 t  E0 (2  sin  t ) cos  t.
2
Resultant is anharmonic, but periodic with period ω.
7.42 (a) Both sine and cosine terms are required because the function is neither symmetric
nor anti-symmetric about the origin.
66 Chapter 7 Solutions

(b) Odd and even multiples are required because the waveform does not have half-wave or
quarter-wave symmetry.
(c) 1/3
(d) DC Term  A0/2, thus A0  2/3
(e) T  2/
  
7.43  akx sin bkx dx  (1/2 k )   cos[( a  b) kx ] k dx   cos[(a  b)kx ] kdx   0
0  0 0 

if a  b. Whereas if a  b,
 
 0
sin 2 akx dx  (1/2 k ) (1  cos 2 akx )k dx   /2.
0

The other integrals are similar.

7.44 Even function, therefore Bm  0.
/a
A0  (2/ ) dx  (2/ )(2 /a )  4/a,
 / a
/a /a
Am  (2/ ) (1) cos mkx dx  (4/mk  )sin mkx 0
 / a

 (2/m )sin 2 m /a.

8  x  1  3 x  1  5 x  
7.45 f ( x)  1  2 
cos    2 cos    2 cos    
   2  3  2  5  2  
7.46 A0  0, A1  A, and all other Am  0 moreover Bm  0 so f (x)  A cos(x/L).
7.47

2  cos(kx ) cos(2 kx ) cos(3kx ) 

f ( x)   4   
 
2 2 2
3 1 2 3

7.48 Am  4/m 2 , m  0; A0  8 2 /3; Bm  4 /m .

7.49 Am  2(1  cos m )/ (m 2  1) where m  1 and A1  0.

1 asin kL /2

7.50 f ( x)  E0 L cos kx dk
0 kL /2
E L a sin(kL /2  kx ) E L a sin(kL /2  kx )
 0  dk  0  dk.
2 0 kL /2 2 0 kL /2
Chapter 7 Solutions 67

Let kL /2  w,  L /2  dk  dw, kx  wx ,

E0 b sin(w  wx  ) E b sin(w  wx  )
f ( x) 
 
0 w
dw  0
 
0 w
dw,

where b  aL /2. Let w  wx   t , dw/w  dt/t, 0  w  b and 0  t  ( x   1) b.

Let w  wx   t in the other integral, 0  w  b and 0  t  ( x   1)b.

E0 sin t E ( x  1)b sin t

( x  1) b
f ( x) 
 0 t
dt  0 
 0 t
dt ,

E E
f ( x )  0 Si  b( x   1)  0 Si  b( x   1) ,
 
with x   2 x /L.

1 1 2 2 
7.51 E (t )  E0   cos  t  cos 2 t  cos 4 t   
  2 3 15 

1 1 2  cos(2 kx ) cos(4 kx ) cos(6kx ) 

7.52 f ( x)   sin kx      
 2   1 3 35 57 

7.53 (a) The envelopes of frequency spectra become more compressed as the wavelength increases.
This is because the angular spatial frequency, k, is inversely proportional to the wavelength.
(b) The Fourier expansion of the square wave consists of only of odd harmonics of the fundamental
frequency. Thus if one considers the number of frequency terms present in a range defined by a
multiple of the square waves’ fundamental harmonic, then there will be the same number of terms
present.
(c) There are no even terms present because the expansion of a square wave consists only of odd
harmonic terms.
7.54 By analogy with Eq. (7.61), A( )  (t /2)E0 sinc ( p   )t /2. From
Table 1 in the appendix, sinc(/2)  63.7%. Not quite 50% actually, sinc(/1.65)  49.8%.
( p   )t /2   /2 or  /t   p     /t ; thus appreciable values
of A() lie in a range   2 /t and t  1. Irradiance is
proportional to A2(ω), and [sinc ( /2)2 ]  40.6%.
68 Chapter 7 Solutions

7.55 xc  ctc , xc  c / . But  /k0   /k0  c; thus

 /0   /0 , xc  c0 /0 , xc  02 /0 . Or try using the
uncertainty principle: x  h /p where p  h / and 0  0 .

7.56 0  21  10 9 m
0  446  10 9 m
c c0  2 (446  10 9 m)2
lc    0   9.47  10 6 m
v 0 v 0 21  10 9 m

7.57 xc  ctc  3  108 m/s 10 8 s  3 m.

0  02 /xc  (500  10 9 m)2 /3 m,

0  8.3  10 14 m  8.3  10 5 nm,
0 /0   /  8.3  10 5 /500  1.6  10 7  1 part in 107.

7.58   54  103 Hz;  /  (54  103 )(10, 600  10 9 m) / (3  108 m/s)

 1.91  10 9. xc  ctc  c / , xc  (3  108 ) / (54  103 )
 5.56  103 m.

7.59  /  2/1010 ; c   , so

  c /  (3  108 m/s)/(632.8  10 9 m)  4.74  1014 Hz.

(7.64) lc  ctc .

Frequency range is ± 2(4.74 × 104 Hz) or 9.48 × 104 Hz, so

t  1.05  10 5 s. lc  (3  108 m/s)(1.05  10 5 s)  3.15  103 m.

7.60 xc  ctc  3  108  10 10  3  10 2 m,   1/tc  1010 Hz,

0  02 /xc (see Problem 7.35),
0  (632.8 nm)2 /(3  10 2 m)  0.013 nm.   1015 Hz,
xc  c  10 15  300 nm, 0  02 /xc  1334.78 nm.

7.61  /   / , (see Table 7.1)

 (1  10 10 m)/(600  10 9 m)  1.67  10 4.
c   , so   c /  (3  108 m/s)/(600  10 9 m)
 5.00  1014 Hz.   (1.67  10 4 )(5  1014 Hz)
 8.35  1010 Hz, so t  1.20  10 11 s.
(7.64) lc  ctc  (3  108 m/s)(1.20  10 11 s)  3.60  10 3 m.

7.62 lc  200 . (7.64) lc  ctc , so

tc  lc /c  200 /c  20(500  10 9 m)/(3  108 m/s)  3.33  10 15 sec.
v  1/tc  3  1014 Hz.
Solution Manual for Optics (5th Edition) 5th Edition

Chapter 7 Solutions 69

7.63  /   / , (see Table 7.1)  (1.2  109 m)/(500  109 m)  0.0024.

c   , so   c /  (3  108 m/s)/(500  10 9 m)  6.00  1014 Hz.

Δ  Frequency Bandwidth  (0.0024)(6.00  1014 Hz)  1.44  1012 Hz.

tc  1/  6.94  10 13 s.

(7.64) lc  ctc  (3  108 m/s)(6.94  10 13 s)  2.08  10 4 m.

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