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General Studies- IV: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

This paper will include questions to test the candidates' attitude and approach to issues relating
to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts
faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine
these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered :

❖ Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in - Human
Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships.
❖ Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and
Administrators; Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.
❖ Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour;
Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.
❖ Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality and Non-partisanship,
Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the
weaker-sections.
❖ Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and
Governance.
❖ Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.
❖ Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical
Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and
Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance;
Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; Ethical Issues in International
Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance.
❖ Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity;
Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics,
Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, Utilisation of
Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.
❖ Case Studies on above issues.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE……………………………………………………………………………5

• Ethics • Harm Principle • Moral Agent
• Normative Ethics • Deontology • Moral Muteness
• Virtue Ethics • Morality • Moral Myopia
• Meta Ethics • Hedonism • Moral Equilibrium
• Personal Ethics • Human Values • Moral Relativism
• Professional Ethics • Altruism • Moral Nihilism
• Ethical Dilemma • Altruistic Cheating • Veil of Ignorance
• Bounded Ethicality • Cognitive Bias • Benevolence
• Ethical Fading • Cognitive Dissonance • Veracity
• Law • Confirmation Bias • Humility
• Rule • Conformity Bias • Gratitude
• Utilitarianism • Incrementalism

2. ATTITUDE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14
• Attitude • Moral Attitude • Bureaucratic Attitude
• Behaviour • Social Attitude • Moral Policing
• Explicit and Implicit • Prejudice • Social Influence
Attitude • Stereotypes • Persuasion
• Opinion • Political Attitude
• Belief • Democratic Attitude

3. APTITUDE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
• Aptitude • Intelligence • Principles
• Skills • Ability • Proficiency
• Interest • Values • Achievement

4. FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES…………………………………………………………………..22

• Integrity • Acceptance • Temperance
• Honesty • Antipathy • Confidentiality
• Impartiality • Apathy • Openness
• Non-partisanship • Sympathy • Selflessness
• Conflict of Interest • Empathy • Accountability
• Harmony • Compassion • Responsibility
• Objectivity • Sincerity • Fiduciary Duty
• Neutrality • Perseverance • Diffusion of
• Anonymity • Courage Responsibilities
• Dedication to Public • Fortitude • Discipline
Service • Responsiveness • Character
• Tolerance • Prudence • Rationality

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5. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE…………………………………………………………………………………………………33
• Emotions • EQ vs IQ
• Emotional • Social Intelligence
Intelligence • Interdependence

6. ETHICAL GOVERNANCE………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
• Ethical Governance • Corporate • Red Tapism
• Conscience Governance • Nepotism

7. PROBITY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
• Probity • Citizen’s Charter • Preferential
• Transparency • Corruption Treatment
• Code of Ethics • Trustworthiness • Common Good
• Code of Conduct • Discrimination • Falsehood

8. MISCELLANEOUS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
• GandhiJi's seven sins • Plato’s virtues • Jainism
• Nolan’s Principles • Buddhism • Bhagavad Gita

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 1 Ethics and Human Interface

Ethics (PYQ: 2022|2020|2016|2015)

❖ Ethics is the systematic study of human actions from the point of view of their
Definition
rightfulness or wrongfulness, as a means for the attainment of ultimate happiness.

❖ Examples of being Ethical can be following rules, being Honest at work, being Loyal in
Example(s)
relation etc.

❖ “Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is
right to do.” (Potter Stewart). (PYQ 2022)
Quote(s)
❖ “In law a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics he is guilty if he
only thinks of doing so.” (Immanuel Kant).

Normative Ethics

Definition ❖ Normative ethics includes a set of Moral Standards that determine the Right or
Wrong conduct. It is also called Prescriptive Ethics.

Example(s) ❖ Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics, Immanuel Kant’s Deontological Ethics, J. S. Mill’s

Utilitarianism or Consequentialism, Bhagwat Gita’s Nishkama Karma.

Quote(s) ❖ “We should conduct ourselves towards others as we would have them act towards us”.
(Aristotle)

Virtue Ethics

Definition ❖ It aims to understand and live a life of Moral Character. It was given by Aristotle.

Example(s) ❖ Building a Honourable and Moral character by practising 4 Cardinal Virtues of Plato
like Courage, Temperance, Justice, Prudence etc.

Quote(s) ❖ "The good of man is an activity of the soul in conformity with virtue." (Aristotle)
❖ “He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north
polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.” (Confucius)

Meta Ethics

Definition ❖ It refers to the study of origin and meaning of Ethical Concepts. It is the study of what
Ethical terms and theories refer to.

Example(s) ❖ Addressing questions like “What is the meaning of Moral Judgements or terms”?

Quote(s) ❖ “Metaethics is more basic, since it studies how to select moral principles and thus how to
do normative ethics.” (Harry J. Gensler)

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 Personal Ethics (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It is specific to a person and determines the person’s moral standards and the code
of conduct.

Example(s) ❖ Mahatma Gandhi through his traits of honesty, sacrifice, truthfulness, discipline is an
embodiment of high personal ethics.

Quote(s) ❖ “Disciplining yourself to do what you know is right and important, although difficult,
is the highroad to pride, self-esteem, and personal satisfaction.” (Margaret Thatcher)

Professional Ethics (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It refers to the Moral Principles or Values that govern the way Businesses and
Individuals engage in business activities.

Example(s) ❖ Infosys, Tata are considered as the companies with the highest Business Ethics
consisting of Integrity and Transparency.
❖ Companies not using the data collected from the consumers without consent is an
example of professional ethics.
❖ Employee not misusing the company’s resources for personal use can be an example
of professional ethics.

Quote(s) ❖ “Work ethic is important because, unlike intelligence, athleticism, charisma, or any
other natural attribute, it’s a choice.” (Mike Rowe)

Ethical Dilemma (PYQ: 2021|2018)

Definition ❖ It is a situation when two Equally important Moral Values conflict with each other
and the person has a dilemma of choosing one over the other.

Example(s) ❖ A civil servant working against a sand mining cartel (being honest, dutiful, etc.) despite
repeated threats for harming his/her family (protecting lives of others) from the
cartel.

Quote(s) ❖ “Ethical dilemmas have a way of sneaking up on a person. If something smells funny,
stay away from it. Or help get rid of it.” (Price Pritchett)

Bounded Ethicality

Definition ❖ It refers to the systemic and predictable ways in which people make decisions
without realising the implications of their behaviour.

Example(s) ❖ Implicit Prejudice i.e., a person favouring Equality may discriminate based on Gender
or Race unknowingly.

Quote(s) ❖ “Living is Easy with Eyes Closed.” ( John Lennon)

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 Ethical Fading

Definition ❖ It occurs when the Ethical Aspect of a decision disappears from view and a person
focuses on other aspects of a decision more than its Ethicality. It helps minimise the
guilt one feels by violating the Ethical Standards.

Example(s) ❖ Focussing on profitability and ignoring the Ethical ways of making profits.
❖ Volkswagen (Ethical Scandal) Automobile makers had cheated on Air Pollution Tests
❖ Practice of Greenwashing by big corporations for profit.

Quote(s) ❖ “Remember, Ethical fading is about self-delusion. Anyone, regardless of their personal
Moral Compass, can succumb to it.” (Simon Sinek)

Law (PYQ: 2015|2016)

Definition ❖ It is a binding force and includes the set of Rules recognized by a particular country
or community to regulate the behaviour of its citizens.

Example(s) ❖ Constitution of India, Laws enacted by the legislatures for the benefit of the people
like POCSO, POSH, etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For
in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no
freedom.” (John Locke)

Rule (PYQ: 2020|2018|2017)

Definition ❖ It is generally the regulations or procedures that govern the conduct within the
specific area of activity. It may be a binding force if it is linked to the statutory
requirements.

Example(s) ❖ Rules of conduct of business in the Houses of the Parliament regulate the manner
and procedure governing the proceedings of the House.

Quote(s) ❖ “Rules are for the obedience of fools and the guidance of wise men.” (Douglas Bader)

Utilitarianism

Definition ❖ It considers an action to be Morally right if it is favourable to more people.

❖ Happiness of the greatest number of people is more important than the greatest
happiness of one Individual.
❖ It was advocated by Jeremy Bentham (Quantitative Utilitarianism) and J. S. Mill
(Qualitative Utilitarianism).

Example(s) ❖ Redistribution of income from rich to poor.

❖ Displacement of locals for public project of larger interest

Quote(s) ❖ “The greatest happiness of the greatest number.” (Jeremy Bentham)

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 Harm Principle

Definition ❖ It states that people are free to act as per their wish as long as their actions do not
harm other persons. It was given by J. S. Mill.

Example(s) ❖ Ensuring vaccination of persons during the spread of pandemic to prevent harm to
others.

Quote(s) ❖ “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a
civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others”. (J S Mill)

Deontology

Definition ❖ Deontology is duty based ethics. (It comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty)
❖ It deals with the actions itself and not with the consequences of the actions.

Example(s) ❖ Promises must be kept as it is right to keep them irrespective of the consequences.
❖ Satyagraha and Ahimsa as Deontological Principles used by Gandhiji during Indian
National Movement

Quote(s) ❖ “Always treat people as an end in itself, never as a means to an end.” (Immanuel Kant)

Morality (PYQ: 2020|2019|2018|2016)

Definition ❖ It refers to the set of commitments acceptable to an Individual even when they are
rejected by others.

Example(s) ❖ A Moralist may favour war even when others don't.

❖ Constitutional Morality
❖ A Moral Code of a person may appreciate or accept unmarried Mother or Live-in-
Relations.

Quote(s) ❖ "The most important human endeavour is the striving for morality in our actions. Our
inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions
can give beauty and dignity to life." (Albert Einstein)

Hedonism

Definition ❖ It refers to giving highest Moral Value to one’s own Pleasure - by minimising pain, in
terms of Ethical Philosophy.
❖ The belief that Pleasure, or the absence of Pain, is the most important Principle in
determining the morality of a potential course of action.

Example(s) ❖ A person indulging in reckless consumption of drugs only to derive pleasure.

❖ Any unhealthy practice done by the person just for pleasure, giving no or little other
benefits.

Quote(s) ❖ “My rule of life prescribed as an absolutely sacred rite: smoking cigars and also the
drinking of alcohol before, after and if need be during all meals and in the intervals
between them.” (Winston Churchill)

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 Human Values

Definition ❖ They are Individual Principles or qualities that guide judgement and behaviour of a
person or a group.

Example(s) ❖ Ideas of Equality and Justice, etc.

❖ Showing Compassion towards living creatures such as animals can be an example of
Human Value.

Quote(s) ❖ “In order to lead a meaningful life, you need to cherish others, pay attention to human
values and try to cultivate inner peace.” (Dalai Lama)
❖ " Try not to become a man of success rather try to become a man of values" (Albert
Einstein)

Altruism

Definition ❖ It refers to acting in the best interest of others rather than in one's own self-interest.

Example(s) ❖ Giving up your seat to someone in need in a metro, donating organs, etc.
❖ Akshaya Patra Foundation providing free food to underprivileged Children.

Quote(s) ❖ “Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the
darkness of destructive selfishness.” (Martin Luther King)

Altruistic Cheating

Definition ❖ It refers to cheating for the welfare of others as it is easier for people to rationalise
their wrong doing when it benefits others. It may or may not benefit the person
him/herself

Example(s) ❖ Spy keeping his identity secret to help his Country.

❖ Bribe given by Parents to get admission of their child in school/selection in Sports.
❖ Helping a close friend cheat in the Exam.

Quote(s) ❖ “Knowing that others will benefit from our actions does indeed motivate people to
cheat more.” (Dan Ariely)

Cognitive Bias

Definition ❖ The way a particular person understands events, facts, and other people, is based on
their own particular set of beliefs and experiences and may not be reasonable or
accurate.

Example(s) ❖ Stereotyping women as less competent for work due to motherhood responsibilities.
❖ Khap Panchayat legitimising Honour Killings.

Quote(s) ❖ “It is an acknowledged fact that we perceive errors in the work of others more readily
than in our own.” (Leonardo da Vinci)

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 Cognitive Dissonance

Definition ❖ It can also be referred to as a situation of mental discomfort when there is conflict
between one's Beliefs, Attitude, Values and Behaviour or Actions.

Example(s) ❖ An IPS Officer who believes in Non Violence has to give orders of Lathi Charge to
maintain Law and Order.

Quote(s) ❖ “He had very few doubts, and when the facts contradicted his views on life, he shut his
eyes in disapproval.” (Hermann Hesse)

Confirmation Bias

Definition ● It establishes that people naturally favour information that confirms their previously
existing beliefs.

Example(s) ● An Investor favouring Startups run by Jews, who are normally considered as more
enterprising and innovative.
● During the election campaign, people tend to look for information confirming their
perspectives on different candidates while ignoring any information contradictory to
their views.

Quote(s) ● “Confirmation bias is the most effective way to go on living a lie.” (Criss Jami)

Conformity Bias

Definition ❖ It is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using
their own personal judgement.

Example(s) ❖ Following a typical career path which is safer as per society, contributing to charity as
others are doing it, conserving water, etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.” (John F. Kennedy)

Incrementalism

Definition ❖ Incrementalism is the slippery slope that often causes people to slide unintentionally
into unethical behaviour.

Example(s) ❖ Accounting fraud begins by fudging small numbers.

Quote(s) ❖ “That was how dishonesty and betrayal started, not in big lies but in small secrets.”
(Amy Tan)

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 Moral Agent

Definition ❖ A Moral Agent has the ability to discern Right from Wrong and to be held
Accountable for his or her own actions.
❖ Ordinarily human beings are considered as Moral Agents, while animals are not.

Example(s) ❖ Any adult with a sound mind can be considered as a Moral Agent while infants are not
considered as moral agents.

Quote(s) ❖ “To be a fully functioning moral agent, one cannot passively accept moral principles
handed down by fiat. Moral principles require moral reasoning.” (Michael Shermer)

Moral Muteness

Definition ❖ It occurs when people choose to stay silent even on observing Unethical Behaviour.

Example(s) ❖ Most people witness corruption but only few have the courage to report it.
❖ Silence of People on evil acts of Domestic Violence, Dowry, Child Marriage

Quote(s) ❖ “What hurts the victim most is not the cruelty of the oppressor, but the silence of the
bystander.” (Elie Wiesel)

Moral Myopia

Definition ❖ It was coined by Minette Drumwright and Patrick Murphy, and can be understood as
the inability to see Ethical Issues clearly.

Example(s) ❖ Advertising industry usually promotes stereotypes like fair complexion, Warning signs on
cigarette packets etc.
❖ Brazil Government allowing deforestation activities in Amazon Rainforest for cattle
Ranching and Soya bean Production

Quote(s) ❖ “Most of us suffer from a kind of Myopia. We see only the things that fit in our beliefs
about the world.” (T. J. MacGregor)

Moral Equilibrium

Definition ❖ It is the idea that deals with most people running a mental scoreboard where they
compare their self-image as a good person with what they actually do. If they do
something consistent with their positive self image, they feel a surplus on the good
side of the scoreboard.

Example(s) ❖ Donating for charity or on a crowdfunding platform makes us feel good about
ourselves.

Quote(s) ❖ “The most important human endeavour is the striving for morality in our actions. Our
inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions
can give beauty and dignity to life.” (Albert Einstein)

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 Moral Relativism

Definition ❖ It holds that there are no universal or absolute sets of Moral standards. They are
Culturally defined. Though there may be a few values that seem nearly universal, such
as honesty and respect, many differences appear across cultures when people
evaluate moral standards around the world.

Example(s) ❖ Adopting a Vegan diet, etc.

❖ LGBTQ+ People enjoy Rights in the USA , France etc but are outlawed in Bangladesh,
Brunei, Afghanistan etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “A crime in one society can be a moral requirement in another society.” (Frank
Herbert)

Moral Nihilism

Definition ❖ Moral Nihilism is the meta-ethical view that nothing is objectively morally right or
morally wrong.
❖ It holds that there are no objective moral facts or true propositions - that nothing is
morally good, bad, wrong, right, etc - because there are no moral truths.

Example(s) ❖ Moral Nihilism would say that killing some one might not be wrong but it would also
not be right

Quote(s) ❖ “Nihilism is not only despair and negation, but above all the desire to despair and to
negate.” (Albert Camus)

Veil of Ignorance

Definition ❖ It helps people in establishing a Just and Fair Society as they are ignorant of their
personal circumstances.
❖ As explained by John Rawls, we must imagine ourselves sitting behind a Veil of
Ignorance that prevents us from knowing who we are.
❖ According to Rawls, Principles of Justice should be free from bias and should evolve
behind a Veil of Ignorance.

Example(s) ❖ Interviewer not knowing about social status, caste etc of candidates before awarding
marks in job interview.

Quote(s) ❖ “The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance.” (John Rawls)
❖ “Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought.” (John
Rawls)

Benevolence

Definition ❖ It refers to the acts of mercy, kindness, generosity, charity, altruism, love, humanity
and promoting the good of others.

Example(s) ❖ Amidst the Coronavirus Pandemic, a divyang beedi worker Janardhanan, from the
Kannur district in Kerala had donated all of his life savings – ₹2 lakh to the Chief
Minister's Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF). He is now left with just ₹850.
❖ Kailash Satyarthi and his team of Bachpan Bachao Andolan have liberated more than
86000 children in India from Child Labour, Slavery and Trafficking.

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Quote(s) ❖ “Benevolence is the characteristic element of humanity.” (Confucius)

Veracity

Definition ❖ It refers to the Moral Obligation of the individuals to inform others of the truth.

Example(s) ❖ In Doctor-Patient relationship, wherein the Doctor informs the Patient of the side-
effects of a particular treatment.

Quote(s) ❖ “Hope is the only universal liar who never loses his reputation for veracity.” (Robert
Green Ingersoll)

Humility

Definition ❖ It is the state of being Humble or to keep oneself free from Pride and Arrogance.

Example(s) ❖ Mahatma Gandhi- He always gave credit to others for their contribution and was
responsive to the needs of the people.
❖ Once during an Event , Dr Kalam ( Erstwhile President of India) refused to sit on a chair
that was designated to him, because the Chair was larger in size than the other Chairs.

Quote(s) ❖ “Humility is not thinking less of yourself, it's thinking of yourself less.” (CS Lewis)

Gratitude

Definition ❖ It is a feeling of Gratefulness or Thankfulness towards something or someone.

Example(s) ❖ To be happy one must be thankful for the little things like family, friends, good health,
job, etc.
❖ Students achieving Success in Academics show Gratitude towards their family and
Teachers etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “Joy is the simplest form of gratitude.” (PYQ Essay 2017)

❖ “Let us rise up and be thankful, for if we didn’t learn a lot today, at least we learned a
little, and if we didn’t learn a little, at least we didn’t get sick, and if we got sick, at least
we didn’t die; so, let us all be thankful.” (Buddha)

❖❖❖

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 2 Attitude

Attitude (PYQ: 2021|2020|2016)

Definition ❖ It is a psychological tendency of evaluating a particular object either in favour or

disfavour. It has three components namely- Cognitive (beliefs and thoughts),
Affective (feeling or emotions), and Behavioural (tendency or predisposition).

Example(s) ❖ Positive Attitude: Forgiving, generous, grateful, hardworking, honest.

❖ Negative Attitude: Resentful, Pessimist, lazy, Selfish, Arrogant.
❖ A Civil Servant with positive Attitude would Uphold Constitutional Ethos and Values
like Compassion towards the Downtrodden Sections .

Quote(s) ❖ “You can often change your circumstances by changing your attitude.” (Eleanor
Roosevelt)
❖ "Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference " ( Winston Churchill)
❖ "It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which, more than anything else,
will affect its successful outcome." (William James)

Behaviour

Definition ❖ It is the way a person conducts oneself. Our behaviour is largely shaped by our Attitude.
A positive Attitude manifests in good Behaviour.
❖ It is an individual’s reaction to a particular action, person or environment.

Example(s) ❖ Communication, Thinking, Motivation, etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “Human behaviour flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge.”
(Plato)

Explicit and Implicit Attitude

Definition ❖ Explicit Attitude: Also referred to as the “Self Reported Attitude”. This Attitude is
embedded in our conscious cognition or in simple words, the person involved is
aware of his/her Attitude.

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 ❖ Implicit Attitude: Mostly governed by past memories, this Attitude is embedded in
our unconscious cognition. It arises unintentionally due to our experiences.

Example(s) ❖ Explicit Attitude: A football fan would like to mingle with a person wearing a Messi
jersey in a gathering with strangers.
❖ Implicit Attitude: Involuntarily feeling uncomfortable around a person with a voice
similar to that of an abusive partner.

Quote(s) ❖ “The greatest impediments to changes in our traditional roles seem to lie not in the
visible world of conscious intent, but in the murky realm of the unconscious mind.”
(Augustus)

Opinion

Definition ❖ It is an individual’s thought or belief about something, whether good or bad. It can
vary from person to person.

Example(s) ❖ There are conflicting opinions on the possession of Nuclear Weapons, Historical
Responsibility of Climate Change in the Western and Eastern World.

Quote(s) ❖ “The greatest deception men suffer is from their own opinions.” (Leonardo Da Vinci)

Belief

Definition ❖ It is being certain about something that exists or is true.

Example(s) ❖ Theists believe in the existence of God while Atheists deny it.

Quote(s) ❖ “A belief system is nothing more than a thought you've thought over and over again.”
(Wayne W. Dyer)

Moral Attitude

Definition ❖ Moral attitudes are inclusive of Moral judgements (right and wrong) and depict the
Values of a person.
❖ It is an ethical predisposition which distinguishes one person from another.

Example(s) ❖ Socrates and Plato had Moral Attitudes in which they believed that it is better to
suffer Injustice than to do injustice.
❖ Gandhiji’s fundamental belief in Non violence as a tool to combat injustice.

Quote(s) ❖ “Morality is simply the Attitude we adopt towards people whom we personally
dislike.” (Oscar Wilde)

Social Attitude

Definition ❖ It is the outlook of a person towards social entities like society, culture, organisations,
institutions, etc.
❖ It is shaped by personal experiences and observations.
❖ It can be learned predispositions

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Example(s) ❖ Generally, there is an unfavourable social attitude in many sections of society towards
same sex or inter-faith marriages.
❖ A Person avoids unruly Behaviour at Public place.

Quote(s) ❖ “The crucial point in life is: are we living our 'own' life or simply a life for 'other' people.
Are we not playing a role on behalf of some social groups and masquerading for fear
of being excluded? ” (Erik Pevernagie)

Prejudice

Definition ❖ It is an unreasonable dislike towards a particular person or a group of persons and

preferences. It is generally a preconceived notion devoid of any reason or logic.

Example(s) ❖ Prejudiced Behaviour with People of colour in Western Countries.

❖ Rich person assuming that the poor people lack cleanliness is an example of prejudice.

Quote(s) ❖ “Prejudice is a burden that confuses the past, threatens the future, and renders the
present inaccessible.” (Maya Angelou)

Stereotypes

Definition ❖ It is a preconceived notion about a specific group based on sex, gender identity, race
and ethnicity, nationality, age, socioeconomic status, language, and so forth. It is
embedded within social institutions and wider culture.

Example(s) ❖ Associating the colour pink with girls and blue with boys.
❖ India being considered a poor country with Indians not fluent in English is a stereotype
attached to India.

Quote(s) ❖ “We must reject not only the stereotypes that others have of us but also those that we
have of ourselves.” (Shirley Chisholm)

Political Attitude

Definition ❖ It is our Attitude towards political objects like political institutions, leaders and is
largely shaped by our personality traits.

Example(s) ❖ A person favouring Freedom and Autonomy would favour political parties with
Libertarian Ideology.

Quote(s) ❖ “To abstain from politics is in itself a Political Attitude.” (Simone de Beauvoir)

Democratic Attitude (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It gives space to difference of opinion and appreciates participation of stakeholders.

In case of public service, it ensures participation of people at various stages of policy
formulation and implementation.

Example(s) ❖ Constitutional recognition to Panchayati Raj Institution.

❖ Anna Hazare, a social activist, in his fight for rural development, corruption depicted
democratic attitude.

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Quote(s) ❖ “Individual commitment to a group effort - that is what makes a team work, a
company work, a society work, a civilization work.” (Vince Lombardi)

Bureaucratic Attitude (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It refers to the Attitudes of Bureaucrats in the implementation of the schemes. It is

generally characterised by Red-Tapism, Top Down approach, strict adherence to Norms
with no room for any flexibility towards anyone.

Example(s) ❖ Giving more importance to procedure than the end result

Quote(s) ❖ “You will never understand bureaucracies until you understand that for bureaucrats
procedure is everything and outcomes are nothing.” (Thomas Sowell)

Moral Policing

Definition ❖ Also known as Vigilantism, it refers to actions by Vigilant groups to enforce a

particular Code of Conduct in society.

Example(s) ❖ Female attire, considered a distraction for men, is subjected to moral policing in some
societies.
❖ Discrimination and Harassment against Individuals who identify themselves as
LGBTQ+ based on Moral or Religious beliefs .

Quote(s) ❖ “It’s much easier to blow our moral police horns on all those transgressors running
around than it is to live penetrating lives of holiness.” (Kelly Minter)

Social Influence (PYQ: 2016)

Definition ❖ It is the influence of outside factors mainly social groups on thoughts, feelings, and
actions of an individual.

Example(s) ❖ On moving from a village to a city, a person may change his/her dressing sense under
the influence of peer groups.

Quote(s) ❖ “Peer pressure and social norms are powerful influences on behaviour, and they are
classic excuses.” (Andrew Lansley)

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 Persuasion (PYQ: 2016)

Definition ❖ It can be defined as

an attempt to bring
about a change in
the Attitude of a
person.

Example(s) ❖ Swachh Bharat Mission is persuading people to use toilets.

❖ Gautam Buddha was able to persuade Angulimala (dacoit and killer) to give up his
negative traits.

Quote(s) ❖ “Persuasion can go through obstacles that force cannot.” (Yusuf A. Leinge)

❖❖❖

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 3 Aptitude

Aptitude

Definition ❖ Aptitude refers to a

person's natural ability
or talent to acquire and
apply new skills,
knowledge, and
abilities.
❖ It is often seen as a
measure of a person's
potential for success in
a particular field or
occupation.

Example(s) ❖ Quantitative Aptitude, Musical Aptitude, Verbal Aptitude etc.

❖ Sachin Tendulkar 's Batting Aptitude made him a successful player of his generation.

Quote(s) ❖ "Genius is nothing but a greater aptitude for patience." (Benjamin Franklin)

Skills

Definition ❖ Skill is defined as the learned ability or expertise of effectively and efficiently
performing a task or a set of tasks. Practice, experience, and training help in
developing Skills.
❖ Technical or Hard skills are usually specific to a particular job or industry, while Soft
Skills are interpersonal and more transferable and can be useful in many different
contexts.

Example(s) ❖ Technical or Hard skills like Coding or Accounting

❖ Soft Skills like communication.

Quote(s) ❖ “The future belongs to those who learn more skills and combine them in creative
ways.” (Robert Greene)

Interest

Definition ❖ The natural inclination or liking for a particular activity, subject, or topic that
motivates a person to pursue and engage in the same.
❖ The attraction that draws an individual towards a particular activity, topic, or subject
matter.

Example(s) ❖ Everyone gets interested in success seeing successful people/celebrities but not
everyone has the necessary Aptitude and Skill.
❖ Some People have interest in Reading Books , Playing Chess etc.

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 ❖ Interest in playing football motivated players like Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo
to aspire for Excellence.

Quote(s) ❖ “One needs to pursue some sort of a creative interest in order to keep life from eating
us alive.” (Pawan Mishra)

Intelligence (PYQ: 2018)

Definition ❖ Intelligence is the outcome of a wide range of cognitive abilities like memory,
creativity, logical reasoning, understanding, problem-solving, situational/spatial
awareness and learning from experience.

Example(s) ❖ Emotional Intelligence, i.e. the ability to experience/comprehend, express and

control emotions.

Quote(s) ❖ “Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.” (Stephen Hawking)

Ability

Definition ❖ The natural or acquired competence to perform a particular activity or task is termed
as Ability. Physical, Cognitive, or Behavioural are some of its types.

Example(s) ❖ Ability to Motivate People, Ability to Control Mob, Analytical Ability etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “With realisation of one’s own potential and self-confidence in one’s ability, one can
build a better world.” (Dalai Lama)

Values (PYQ: 2020|2015)

Definition ❖ Values are the Guiding Principles and Beliefs that shape an Individual's Behaviour,
Decisions, and Attitudes. Values influence our perceptions of right and wrong, good
and bad, and what is meaningful and fulfilling.
❖ Factors like Upbringing,
Culture, Belief Systems,
Education, and Personal
Experiences all play
their role in shaping
Values for an individual.
Values can also change
over time as an
individual's beliefs and
perspectives evolve.

Example(s) ❖ Honesty, Respect, Responsibility, Compassion, Fairness, and Integrity.

❖ Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, Unity in Diversity, Respect for Elders, and Harmony, etc.
are the values associated with Indian culture.

Quote(s) ❖ “Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man a more clever
devil.” (PYQ Essay 2015)
❖ “Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be.” (PYQ Essay 2019)

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 ❖ “If you don’t stick to your values when they are being tested, they are not values: they
are hobbies.” (Jon Stewart)
❖ " Try not to become a man of success rather try to become a man of values" ( Einstein)

Principles (PYQ: 2020|2019|2017)

Definition ❖ Principles are guiding concepts that help individuals and organisations make
decisions, set priorities, and evaluate actions or outcomes.

Example(s) ❖ Sustainability: the principle of meeting current needs without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
❖ Fairness: Equitable and just treatment for others.

Quote(s) ❖ "The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and
convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy." (Martin
Luther King Jr.)

Proficiency

Definition ❖ A greater degree of competence for efficient, effective and accurate performance of a
particular task or activity is termed as Proficiency. Proficiency results from focused
extensive practice and experience.

Example(s) ❖ Language Proficiency, Proficiency in Coding, Mathematics etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “When you serve your passions, proficiency gradually takes over and becomes habitual.”
(Robert Genn)

Achievement

Definition ❖ Achievement can be defined as the successful accomplishment of a goal or task.

Skilled and focused effort, perseverance result in attainment of a desired outcome
which is termed as Achievement.
❖ Achievement leads to a sense of satisfaction, pride, and fulfilment, increased
confidence, motivation, and higher self-esteem.

Example(s) ❖ Completing a Project on time.

❖ Indian Cricket Team Winning 1983 and 2011 World Cups created a sense of
achievement in the whole Nation.

Quote(s) ❖ " Only those who dare to fail greatly, can ever achieve greatly." (Robert F. Kennedy)

❖❖❖

21
 Foundational Values for Civil
4
Services

Integrity (PYQ: 2021|2018|2017)

Definition ❖ It is the quality of being Honest, having strong Moral principles unwilling to change.

Example(s) ❖ Ashok Khemka (IAS) upheld his Integrity despite being transferred 50 times in 26
years.
❖ Sir M Visvesvaraya :Before accepting the position of Dewan of Mysore, he invited all
his relatives for dinner. He told them very clearly that he would accept the prestigious
office on the condition that none of them would approach him for favours. Such things
are unheard of these days. It is said that he used to have 2 set of candles. One privately
purchased which he used for his private work and other, provided by the government
which he used only for the official work.
❖ Lal Bahadur Shastri: On a visit to a textile mill as Prime Minister, when the owner
offered to gift him expensive sarees, Shastri insisted on buying and paying for only
those he could afford.

Quote(s) ❖ “Integrity is choosing your thoughts and actions based on values rather than personal
gain.” (Chris Karcher)

Honesty

Definition ❖ It is the quality of standing by the truth or being truthful.

Example(s) ❖ Being truthful with your partner in a relationship.

❖ Raju Narayana Swamy, Kerala Cadre, IAS is known for exposing corruption, even in
the government, and has been transferred 20 times.

Quote(s) ❖ “No legacy is so rich as honesty.” (William Shakespeare)

Impartiality (PYQ: 2021|2016)

Definition ❖ It is the quality of being fair, or not being biased or partial towards anything or
anyone.

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Example(s) ❖ Universal Adult Franchise provided voting rights to all above the age of 18, without
any partiality towards a group, sex, caste, religion, or social status.
❖ Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (6th President of India and twice Lok Sabha Speaker), was
the first ever Speaker to quit his party on being Elected as a Speaker. He also
conducted the proceedings so smoothly that not even once during his tenure,
opposition staged a walkout.
❖ Allocation of Tender to contractors on the basis of Objectivity.

Quote(s) ❖ “ It is wisest to be impartial. If you have health, but are attached to it, you will
always be afraid of losing it. And if you fear that loss, but become ill, you will suffer.
Why not remain forever joyful in the Self? ” (Paramhansa Yogananda)

Non-partisanship (PYQ: 2021|2016)

Definition ❖ It refers to lack of affiliation towards any political party or ideology.

Example(s) ❖ Non- Partisan media is one of the strongest pillars of Democracy.

❖ Dr A P J Abdul Kalam was looked up by the people and various political parties for
his simple living and Non-Partisan Conduct.
❖ T. N. Seshan’s brought changes in election process to ensure Non-Partisanship.

Quote(s) ❖ “Partisanship is our great curse. We too readily assume that everything has two
sides and that it is our duty to be on one or the other.” (James Harvey Robinson)

Conflict of Interest (PYQ: 2018|2017|2015)

Definition ❖ When an individual or organisation is faced with competing interests or loyalties

that may interfere with their ability to act in a Fair, Impartial, Just or Objective
manner, it is known as Conflict of Interest.
❖ It occurs when a person or organisation has a personal, financial, or other interest
that may conflict with their Professional or Ethical obligations.

Example(s) ❖ A Journalist who is reporting on a company in which they have a financial interest
may be seen as biassed or lacking Non-Partisanship.
❖ A Politician who is making decisions that could benefit their own business interests
may be seen as acting unethically or improperly or ignoring Conflict of Interest

Quote(s) ❖ “The most difficult thing is to recognize that sometimes we too are blinded by our
own incentives. Because we don’t see how our conflicts of interest work on us.” (Dan
Ariely)

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 Harmony (PYQ: 2020|2019)

Definition ❖ Harmony refers to a state of peaceful coexistence or agreement among individuals

or groups. It is a situation in which different elements or parts come together in a
way that is pleasing, balanced, and mutually reinforcing.

Example(s) ❖ Personal Harmony is a sense of inner peace or balance, where an individual's

thoughts, feelings, and actions are aligned and in sync.
❖ Social Harmony is a situation in which different cultural, ethnic, or religious groups
coexist peacefully and respectfully.
❖ Environmental Harmony is a balance between human activities and the natural
world, where the environment is preserved and protected.

Quote(s) ❖ “Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.”
(Mahatma Gandhi)
❖ “Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land.” (Aldo Leopold)

Objectivity

Definition ❖ It refers to adhering to facts rather than one’s own personal beliefs and feelings.

Example(s) ❖ Awarding contracts, Making appointments, Giving Rewards based on Merit and not on
the basis of Favouritism.

Quote(s) ❖ “Objectivity does not mean detachment, it means respect, that is, the ability not to
distort and to falsify.” (Erich Fromm)

Neutrality

Definition ❖ It is the state of not taking sides on any issue, conflict, or situation.

Example(s) ❖ Mother’s love is regarded as the Highest Manifestation of Neutrality, be it a boy or

girl child.
❖ Former Election Commissioner, T N Seshan, was known for his Neutrality and
ushered in Electoral reforms.

Quote(s) ❖ “There is no neutrality. There is only greater or lesser awareness of one’s bias.”
(Phyllis Rose)

Anonymity

Definition ❖ In terms of Public Service, it refers to staying behind the curtain. It is related to the
concepts of Permanence and Neutrality in civil services.

24
 ❖ It is necessary that civil servants (Permanent Executives) give advice freely and
without fear (Neutrality) to the Governments of different political parties.

Example(s) ❖ Several Doctors, Paramedics and Medical Staff have Anonymously contributed to
the fight against COVID-19 pandemic.
❖ It is said that Bureaucracy represents the Anonymous Fourth Lion in our National
Emblem.

Quote(s) ❖ “The better you feel about yourself, the less you feel the need to show off.” (Robert
Hand)

Dedication to Public Service (PYQ: 2017)

Definition ❖ It refers to commitment of a public servant towards his/duty to ensure the welfare
of the public.

Example(s) ❖ S. R. Sankaran, IAS, was known as the People’s Man as he led to the Abolition of
Bonded Labour and did a lot for the welfare of marginalised communities.
❖ Kiran Bedi (1st woman IPS) transformed the Tihar jail from a ‘Human Zoo’ to a
‘Human Dwelling’ through her Dedication towards Work.
❖ Metro Man E. Sreedharan

Quote(s) ❖ “The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the
determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to
the task at hand.” (Vince Lombardi)

Tolerance

Definition ❖ Tolerance is Respect, Acceptance and Appreciation of the rich Diversity of our
world's Cultures, our forms of expression and ways of being human. (UNESCO).

Example(s) ❖ Ashoka through Dhamma and Akbar through Din-i-Ilahi preached tolerance
towards all persons belonging to different faiths.
❖ Philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam is based on Tolerance

Quote(s) ❖ “Christian, Jew, Muslim, shaman, Zoroastrian, stone, ground, mountain, river, each
has a secret way of being with the mystery, unique and not to be judged.” (Rumi)

Acceptance

Definition ❖ It refers to accepting the circumstances of one’s life, both misery and joy.

Example(s) ❖ Buddha’s middle path theory suggests acceptance of reality and avoiding the extreme
in both good and bad phase.

25
 ❖ Goddess Sita had shown acceptance in every crossroads of her life- princess of Mithila
and wife of Lord Rama (joy), and also 14 years exile (misery).
❖ Sports Players accept defeats and learn from those defeats.

Quote(s) ❖ “Because one believes in oneself, one doesn't try to convince others. Because one is
content with oneself, one doesn't need others' approval. Because one accepts oneself,
the whole world accepts him or her.” (Lao Tzu)
❖ “Happiness can exist only in acceptance.” – (George Orwell)

Antipathy, Apathy, Sympathy

Definition ❖ Antipathy: It is the feeling of strong dislike or hostility towards someone or

something.
❖ Apathy: It is the state of being indifferent towards someone or something. It is
marked by absence of concern, feeling, emotions, inclination, etc. towards
something.
❖ Sympathy: It is the feeling of pity, sorrow, compassion for someone’s trouble. It can
also be understood as agreeing to a particular issue.

Example(s) ❖ Antipathy: The Rohingya Genocide depicted the Antipathy towards the Minority
groups in Myanmar.
❖ Apathy: The breakout of Russia- Ukraine War indicates the Apathy of those in
power towards the common people.
❖ Sympathy: The Candle Marches throughout the country post the Nirbhaya Incident
showed Sympathy towards the victim and all women in general.

Quote(s) ❖ Antipathy: “My pacifism is not based on any intellectual theory but on a deep
antipathy to every form of cruelty and hatred.” (Albert Einstein)
❖ Apathy: “The greatest danger to our future is apathy.” (Jane Goodall)
❖ Sympathy: “Pity may represent little more than the impersonal concern which
prompts the mailing of a check, but true sympathy is the personal concern which
demands the giving of one's soul.” (Martin Luther King, Jr.)

Empathy

Definition ❖ It is the ability to sense the emotions of others, look from the perspective of others,
keeping oneself in their shoes.

Example(s) ❖ IAS Jitendra Kumar Soni on seeing some unprivileged kids going to school barefoot
in harsh winters started the Charan Paduka Abhiyan, and distributed shoes to them.

Quote(s) ❖ “I call him religious who understands the suffering of others.” (Mahatma Gandhi)
❖ " Empathy is seeing with the eyes of another , listening with the ears of another and
feeling with the heart of another" ( Alfred Adler )

Compassion

Definition ❖ It is feeling the pain of others and wanting to help them in relieving their pain.

Example(s) ❖ Crowdfunding platforms like Ketto are based on Compassion.

❖ Mother Teresa is regarded as an icon of compassion for her service towards the
poor and downtrodden.

26
Quote(s) ❖ “Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a harder battle.” (Plato)
❖ “That's what I consider true generosity: You give your all, and yet you always feel as
if it costs you nothing.” (Simone de Beauvoir)
❖ "If u want others to be happy, practice Compassion
❖ if U want to be happy, practice Compassion" ( Dalai Lama)

Antipathy -> Apathy -> Sympathy -> Empathy -> Compassion

Antipathy E.g.: If a hungry person approaches you for food, you scold him rather than helping.

Apathy E.g.: If a hungry person approaches you for food, you remain indifferent to him/her.

E.g.: If a hungry person approaches you for food, you feel sorry for that persons
Sympathy condition. you provide him/her biscuits etc, whereas that person might need complete
meal.
E.g.: If a hungry person approaches you for food, you understand his condition and you
Empathy
provide him/her what he/she needs, i.e proper meal.
E.g.: If a hungry person approaches you for food, you provide him/her daal-roti but also
Compassion
ensure that he/she gets regular food and does not have to beg like this.

Sincerity

Definition ❖ Sincerity is the quality of being Honest, Genuine, and Truthful in one's thoughts,
actions, and communication with others.
❖ It is a virtue that involves being Authentic, Transparent, and Straightforward in
expressing oneself and in dealing with others.

Example(s) ❖ Sincerity may involve performing day to day activity with honesty e.g. Coming to
office on time, Maintaining record of all official transactions etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.” (Confucius)

Perseverance (PYQ: 2021)

Definition ❖ Perseverance is the quality of continuing to pursue a goal or task despite challenges,
obstacles, and setbacks. It involves a combination of determination, persistence, and
resilience in the face of difficulties or failures. It is an important trait for achieving
success in various fields.

Example(s) ❖ Thomas Edison continued, despites failing over 1000 times, in the invention of the light
bulb.

Quote(s) ❖ “It always seems impossible until it is done.” (Nelson Mandela)

❖ “Perseverance is not a long race; it is many short races one after the other.” (Walter
Elliot)
❖ “Every work has to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that
persevere will see the light, sooner or later.” (Swami Vivekananda, PYQs Ethics 2021)

27
 Courage (PYQ: 2017)

Definition ❖ Courage is the quality of being brave, fearless, and willing to confront and overcome
challenges, difficulties, or even danger.
❖ Standing up for what is right, taking risks when necessary to achieve a desired outcome
and countering fear are subject to Courage.
❖ Courage can take many forms, from physical acts of bravery to emotional resilience
in the face of difficult situations.

Example(s) ❖ Gandhiji’s defiant Salt March to Dandi.

❖ Narendra Kumar, the IPS officer of 2009 batch, fought with exemplary courage against
the Mining Mafias in Morena, Madhya Pradesh.

Quote(s) ❖ “Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success.” (Essay, 2019)
❖ “Courage is the most important of all the virtues because without courage, you can't
practise any other virtue consistently.” (Maya Angelou)

Fortitude (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ Fortitude refers to a quality that enables us to face life's difficulties with courage,
perseverance, and a deep sense of inner strength.

Example(s) ❖ A single parent juggling multiple responsibilities and battling financial, emotional, and
practical obstacles and associated stress.
❖ A soldier with disturbed personal life facing dangerous situations and risking his life to
protect his country and not giving up.

Quote(s) ❖ “Fortitude is marshal of thought, armour of the will and the fort of reason.” (Francis
Bacon)

Responsiveness

Definition ❖ Responsiveness refers to the ability to respond quickly and appropriately to a

situation, request, or stimulus.

Example(s) ❖ Shivdeep Waman Lande, the IPS officer of 2006 batch arrested many Criminals,
worked towards women safety and took on the Pharmaceutical Mafia, took strong
action against eve teasers and has been very easily accessible to the people. Received
hundreds of messages everyday and he made sure that each message is attended to.

Quote(s) ❖ “It seems to me that responsiveness is a better source for understanding what moral
claims are and how they work upon us.“ (Judith Butler)

Prudence

Definition ❖ Prudence refers to the quality of being careful, cautious, and wise in making
decisions and taking actions. Use good judgement and foresight to anticipate
potential risks and avoiding hasty or impulsive decisions make one prudent.

Example(s) ❖ A professional shows prudence when she prioritises the quality of her work, upskills
herself beforehand.

28
Quote(s) ❖ “It is a truth but too well known, that rashness attends youth, as prudence does old
age.” (Cicero)
❖ “No other protection is wanting, provided you are under the guidance of prudence.”
(Juvenal)

Temperance

Definition ❖ Temperance is a personality trait that refers to the ability to exercise Self-Control
and Moderation in one's behaviour and avoiding Impulsive Behaviour especially
when it comes to indulging. Temperance allows individuals to maintain balance and
avoid extremes.

Example(s) ❖ An individual not indulging in harmful/useless activities either due to peer pressure
or even otherwise.

Quote(s) ❖ “Temperance is moderation in the things that are good and total abstinence from
the things that are foul.” (Frances E. Willard)

Confidentiality

Definition ❖ Confidentiality refers to the practice/assurance of keeping sensitive or classified

information, data, or knowledge private and preventing its disclosure to
unauthorised individuals or unintended audience.

Example(s) ❖ Non-disclosure of the identity of the victims of sexual crimes: the identity is
protected so that they are not subjected to unnecessary ridicule, social ostracization
and harassment.

Quote(s) ❖ “Confidentiality is an ancient and well-warranted social value.” (Kay Redfield

Jamison)
❖ “Confidentiality is a virtue of the loyal, as loyalty is the virtue of faithfulness.” (Edwin
Louis Cole)
❖ “In intelligence work, there are limits to the amount of information one can share.
Confidentiality is essential.” (Gijs de Vries)
❖ “Confidentiality is the essence of being trusted.” (Billy Graham)

Openness

Definition ❖ Openness refers to the state of being Transparent, Inclusive, and Accessible.
Openness promotes a Culture of Trust, Accountability, and leads to social and
economic development by increasing access to knowledge and opportunities,
enhancing innovation, and creating more inclusive societies.

Example(s) ❖ Development of Cowin Platform during Vaccination drive for Covid-19.

❖ RTI Act 2005 enacted to bring Openness in Administration.
❖ Jan Soochna Portal of Rajasthan Government promotes Openness

Quote(s) ❖ “Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants.” (Louis D. Brandeis)

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 Selflessness (PYQ: 2020)

Definition ❖ Selflessness refers to the quality or state of being concerned more with the needs and
well-being of others than with one's own.
❖ Selflessness can manifest itself in many different ways, including acts of kindness,
generosity, patriotism and altruism.
❖ It is often associated with empathy, compassion, and a sense of social responsibility.

Example(s) ❖ Brave Soldiers of India laying off their lives for protecting their Motherland.

Quote(s) ❖ “We are formed and moulded by our thoughts. Those whose minds are shaped by
selfless thoughts give joy when they speak or act.” (Gautama Buddha)

Accountability (PYQ: 2021|2018|2017|2015)

Definition ❖ Accountability refers to the state of being responsible for one's actions, decisions, and
performance, and being answerable for the outcomes of those actions.
❖ It involves acknowledging and taking ownership of one's actions and being willing to
explain and justify them if necessary.

Example(s) ❖ Employees of an organisation are held accountable for their task by properly defining
the assignments to each employee i.e. with detailed standards and guidelines and
consequences to be faced in not meeting the said standards.
❖ CAG is Accountable to Parliament for his/her Actions

Quote(s) ❖ “It is wrong and immoral to seek to escape the consequences of one's acts.” (Mahatma
Gandhi)
❖ “Regulation is an imperfect substitute for the accountability, and trust, built into a
market in which food producers meet the gaze of eaters and vice versa.” (Michael
Pollan)

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 Responsibility (PYQ: 2017)

Definition ❖ Responsibility refers to the willingness and ability to accept the consequences of
one's choices and to fulfil the duties and expectations associated with a particular
role, position, or situation.

Example(s) ❖ Citizen’s responsibility to obey the law, pay taxes, and vote etc.
❖ Corporate Firm’s Corporate Social Responsibility

Quote(s) ❖ “The price of greatness is responsibility.” (Winston Churchill)

❖ “You can’t escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.” (Abraham
Lincoln)

Fiduciary Duty

Definition ❖ Fiduciary Duty refers to a legal obligation that one party has to act in the best
interest of another party. The party with the fiduciary duty is called the fiduciary,
and the party to whom the duty is owed is called the beneficiary.

Example(s) ❖ The Fiduciary Duty of a Civil Servant refers to their obligation to act in the best
interests of the public and to use their powers and resources in a Responsible and
Accountable manner.

Quote(s) ❖ “In banking or finance, trust is the only thing you have to sell.” (Patrikc Dixon)

Diffusion of Responsibilities

Definition ❖ Diffusion of responsibilities, also known as the Bystander Effect, is a social

phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to take responsibility for their actions
or intervene in an emergency situation when others are present.
❖ Diffusion of responsibilities can occur due to social norms, group conformity, and a lack
of personal responsibility, among other factors.

Example(s) ❖ If a group of friends witness someone being bullied, they may be less likely to intervene
if they each assume that someone else in the group will do it instead.

Quote(s) ❖ “What hurts the victim most is not the cruelty of the oppressor, but the silence of the
bystander.” (Elie Wiesel)
❖ “In the End, we will remember not the words of our enemies but the silence of our
friends.” (Martin Luther King, Jr.)

Discipline (PYQ: 2017)

Definition ❖ Discipline refers to a set of Rules or a Code of Conduct that one follows in order to
achieve a certain goal or maintain a certain standard and balance. It is the practice of
Self-Control and the ability to adhere to the accepted Rules or Standards even when
faced with distractions.

Example(s) ❖ Discipline is the backbone of Indian army. Through discipline it has maintained the
order and excellence over the years.

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Quote(s) ❖ “He who cannot obey himself will be commanded. That is the nature of living
creatures.” (Friedrich Nietzsche)
❖ “It is better to conquer self than to win a thousand battles.” (Buddha)

Character (PYQ: 2020|2019|2017)

Definition ❖ Character defines a person’s Moral and Ethical Identity as a result of certain
qualities, values, and traits that one possesses.

Example(s) ❖ People in positions of power following the code of ethics and not misusing their
position.

Quote(s) ❖ “Character is like a tree and reputation is like a shadow. The shadow is what we think
of it; the tree is the real thing.” (Abraham Lincoln)

Rationality (PYQ: 2020)

Definition ❖ Rationality refers to the ability to think critically, weigh different options, and make
informed decisions in a logical and reasoned way i.e. based on evidence and facts.

Example(s) ❖ People choose jobs that are more in sync with their skills and interests over jobs that
pay more.

Quote(s) ❖ “Rationality is the recognition of the fact that nothing can alter the truth and nothing
can take precedence over that act of perceiving it.” (Ayn Rand)

❖❖❖

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 5 Emotional Intelligence

Emotions (PYQ: 2016)

Definition ❖ Emotions are complex psychological and physiological responses generated due to
either some external stimulus or internal thoughts and feelings.
❖ Emotions are not inherently good or bad, but rather they are natural and necessary
aspects of our mental and physical well-being.

Example(s) ❖ Emotions can be positive or negative, and can range in intensity from mild to intense.
Some common positive emotions are happiness, contentment, and excitement,
while anger, fear, and sadness are common negative emotions.

Quote(s) ❖ “One ought to hold on to one's heart; for if one lets it go, one soon loses control of the
head too.” (Friedrich Nietzsche)

Emotional Intelligence (PYQ: 2021|2020|2019|2017)

Definition ❖ Emotional Intelligence is the ability to experience/comprehend, express and control

emotions.

Example(s) ❖ Maintaining composure during stressful activities or in tense situations like chasing a
target during a game, keeping calm and remaining focussed on the workplace despite
disturbance in personal life.
❖ Not being over-excited just before achieving a goal.
❖ Using emotions to energise efforts but not letting them overwhelm you.

Quote(s) ❖ "People may hear your words, but they feel your attitude." (John C. Maxwell)

EQ vs IQ

Definition ❖ IQ or Intelligence Quotient is an intelligence test score. The test is aimed at assessing
a person’s cognitive capacity of thinking and reasoning.
❖ EQ or Emotional Quotient is defined as a person’s capability of identifying his own
and other person's emotions. Emotional intelligence measures a person's ability to
perceive, control, evaluate, and express emotions.

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 EQ or Emotional Quotient
❖ Measure of emotional competency
❖ Involves identifying, controlling,
and using emotions
❖ Affects motivation, empathy,
relationships, self-awareness, and
self-control
IQ or Intelligence Quotient
❖ Measure of cognitive abilities
❖ Involves processing, knowledge,
memory, and reasoning
❖ Affects academics, expertise, critical
thinking, and logic.

Example(s) ❖ In a scenario where two individuals are applying for a high-pressure job, one has a
distinguished IQ i.e she possesses greater cognitive capacity and skills but gets easily
frustrated under pressure while the other one has an IQ which is comparable to many
but her high EQ makes her more suitable to the job.

Quote(s) ❖ “What really matters for success, character, happiness and life long achievements is a
definite set of emotional skills-your EQ, not just purely cognitive abilities that are
measured by traditional IQ tests.” (Daniel Goleman)

Social Intelligence

Definition ❖ Social intelligence is the ability to understand and navigate social situations and
interactions effectively. It involves being aware of and sensitive to the emotions,
needs, and perspectives of others, and being able to use that understanding to
interact with others in a positive and constructive way.

Example(s) ❖ A team leader notices that one of their team members seems upset and distracted
during a meeting. Rather than ignoring the behaviour or becoming critical, the leader
takes the team member aside after the meeting and asks if everything is okay. The
leader listens attentively and offers support and encouragement, which helps the
team member feel heard and valued.

Quote(s) ❖ “Feelings of inclusion depend not so much on having frequent social contacts or
numerous relationships as on how accepted we feel, even in just a few key
relationships.” (Daniel Goleman)

Interdependence (PYQ: 2021)

Definition ❖ Interdependence is defined as a relationship between two or more entities in which

each entity depends on the other(s) for support, cooperation, or mutual benefit.
Individuals, groups, or systems that are interconnected and influenced by each other's
activities and presence are said to be interdependent.

Example(s) ❖ Governance: Different ministries and departments depending on each other for
functional and technical support for smooth operation of service delivery.
❖ Social Setups: A situation in which different groups or communities depend on each
other for resources, services, or protection.
❖ Economics: A situation in which markets, countries or regions rely on each other for
trade, investment, or technology transfer.

Quote(s) ❖ “Global interdependence today means that economic disasters in developing countries
could create a backlash on developed countries.” (Atal Bihari Vajpayee)

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 6 Ethical Governance

Ethical Governance (PYQ: 2016)

Definition ❖ It refers to the set of Rules, Practices, and Processes driven by Moral principles like
Probity, Honesty, Integrity, Transparency, etc.

Example(s) ❖ Reforms like Mission Karmayogi aim to build efficiency, accountability, and
transparency in bureaucracy with the larger aim of providing ethical governance.
❖ CPGRAMS Portal of Union Government and Sampark Portal of Rajasthan Government
for Effective Grievance Redressal .

Quote(s) ❖ “I believe that as a part of good governance, all agencies should be reviewing
regulations and cleaning up those that may be outdated, redundant, or unnecessary.”
(Seth Moulton)

Conscience ( PYQ: 2021|2020|2016)

Definition ❖ It is an individual judgement regarding the morality of one's actions. It creates a

sense of guilt for committing something wrong and pride for right.

Example(s) ❖ A BSF jawan in Jaipur, Jitendra Singh refused to accept dowry worth Rs 11 lakh and
instead, took Rs 11 and coconut as a token.
❖ Durga Shakti Nagpal ( IAS Officer) was motivated by her Conscience to take actions
against politically supported Sand Mafia despite death threats .

Quote(s) ❖ “There is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It
supersedes all other courts.” (Mahatma Gandhi)
❖ "Labour to keep alive in your chest that little spark of Celestial fire, called Conscience
" ( George Washington)

Corporate Governance

Definition ❖ It is the set of rules,

practices, and processes
that are used to govern or
manage a company.
❖ According to Cadbury
Committee, the corporate
governance is the “system
by which companies are
directed and controlled.”

Example(s) ❖ Warren Buffett is known for his Ethical Business Strategy based on 3 Ps- Principal,
Purpose and People.

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 ❖ Companies Act, 2013: It regulates incorporation, formulation and functioning of
companies in India. It makes comprehensive provisions to govern all listed and
unlisted companies in India. It empowers shareholders and highlights higher values
for corporate governance

Quote(s) ❖ “Corporate governance should be done more through principles than rules.” (Adi
Godrej)

Red Tapism

Definition ❖ It refers to the excessive adherence to the rules or procedures that not only makes
the task complex but also delays the result or outcome.

Example(s) ❖ A complicated taxation structure and procedure of filing.

Quote(s) ❖ “Unfortunately, we are finding the bureaucratic inefficiencies and red tape have a
tendency to slow the efforts of individuals and communities working to rebuild.”
(Bobby Jindal)
❖ Red Tape has killed more people than bullets.” (Ben Bova)

Nepotism

Definition ❖ It refers to the misuse of one’s power or position to extend an unfair advantage to a
closed one.

Example(s) ❖ A political leader appointing his son as the president of party instead of internal
elections and fair chance to other party members.

Quote(s) ❖ “Despotism favours the despot, nepotism favours the despot's genes.” (Danielle
Tremblay)

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 7 PROBITY

Probity (PYQ: 2019)

Definition ❖ Probity refers to a strong commitment to Honest, Ethical, and Moral Conduct.
❖ It refers to a person's or an organisation's adherence to high standards of Integrity,
Transparency, and Accountability in their actions and decision-making.

Example(s) ❖ A Public Official with probity would act in the public interest, be transparent about their
financial dealings, and avoid conflicts of interest.
❖ A Journalist who adheres to Probity would report the truth and be transparent about
their sources of information. They would avoid sensationalism and bias, and ensure that
their reporting is accurate and fact-based.

Quote(s) ❖ “Recognized probity is the surest of all oaths.” (Suzanne Curchod)

Transparency (PYQ: 2022|2017|2015)

Definition ❖ Transparency refers to the Principle of Openness and Honesty in all types of human
interactions and communication, whether it is in personal relationships, business, or
government.
❖ It involves being open and truthful about one's actions, intentions, and motivations,
and providing access to information and processes that affect others.
❖ Transparency is an important principle for promoting Honesty, Trust, and
Accountability in all areas of human interaction.

Example(s) ❖ A social media platform that is transparent would publicly disclose its content
moderation policies, so users know what is allowed and what is not.
❖ A non-profit organisation that adheres to transparency would publish its annual
report, which provides information about its activities, finances, and achievements
over the past year.

Quote(s) ❖ “A lack of transparency results in distrust and a deep sense of insecurity.” (Dalai Lama)
❖ “Transparency is the key to good-governance and e-governance is the only effective
way of transparent governance.” (Narendra Modi)

Code of Ethics (PYQ: 2018|2016)

Definition ❖ A code of ethics is a set of guidelines or principles that outlines the ethical standards
and expectations for behaviour of an individual, organisation, or profession.
❖ It provides a framework for ethical decision-making and helps to promote integrity,
professionalism, and accountability.

Example(s) ❖ Medical Council of India (MCI) Code of Ethics and Regulations sets Ethical Standards for
physicians in India, including principles such as maintaining the dignity and honour of the
medical profession, prioritising the well-being of the patient, and avoiding conflicts of
interest.

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 ❖ Public Services Code

Code of Conduct (PYQ: 2018|2015)

Definition ❖ Code of Conduct is a set of Guidelines or Principles that outlines acceptable

behaviour for individuals or organisations.
❖ A Code of Conduct may also address issues such as conflicts of interest,
confidentiality, and compliance with laws and regulations.
❖ Many organisations and professions have their own Codes of Conduct, which are
often enforced through disciplinary actions or other consequences for violations.

Example(s) ❖ The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has a Code of Conduct for its
employees that outlines the ethical and professional standards to be followed.

Citizen’s Charter (PYQ: 2019)

Definition ❖ A Citizen's Charter is a document that outlines the commitments made by a government
or public service provider to its citizens or customers.
❖ The charter sets out the standards of service that can be expected from the organisation,
including the quality and level of service, the time it takes to complete tasks, and the
accessibility of services.
❖ It is a tool for citizens to hold public service providers accountable for their actions and
to demand better services.

Example(s) ❖ Citizen's Charters of various Ministries and Departments of government.

Corruption (PYQ: 2022|2019|2017|2016|2015)

Definition ❖ Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical behaviour that involves the abuse of
power for personal gain. Corruption can take many forms, including bribery,
embezzlement, nepotism, fraud.

Example(s) ❖ 2G Spectrum Scam 2008: This case involved the alleged irregularities in the allocation
of 2G spectrum licences by the Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology
❖ Commonwealth Games Scam: This case involved allegations of corruption and
mismanagement in the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi.

Quote(s) ❖ “ Corruption is a cancer, a cancer that eats away at a citizen’s faith in democracy,
diminishes the instinct for innovation and creativity.” (Joe Biden)
❖ Former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi remarked in 1985 about corruption in country
that only 15 paise of every rupee meant for welfare of downtrodden reaches them.

Trustworthiness (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ The quality of being Honest, Sincere, at all times which makes a person Reliable.

Example(s) ❖ The rampant spread of Fake News and Rumours have reduced the trustworthiness of
Social Media.

Quote(s) ❖ “No virtue is more universally accepted as a test of good character than
trustworthiness.” (Harry Emerson Fosdick)

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 Discrimination (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It is the unfair and prejudicial treatment of a person or group on the basis of their
race, sex, caste, etc.

Example(s) ❖ Racial discrimination- Mahatma Gandhi was thrown out of the first class
compartment in a train due to his skin colour.
❖ Caste based discrimination- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar faced discrimination in school as he
belonged to the Mahar caste considered as untouchable.

Quote(s) ❖ “No one is born hating another person because of the colour of his skin, or his
background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate,
they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its
opposite.” (Nelson Mandela)

Preferential Treatment (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It refers to the concession or the privilege granted to certain persons or groups of
persons thereby making certain benefits more accessible to them.

Example(s) ❖ Preferential treatment is given to persons with disability to help them access public
facilities with ease.

Quote(s) ❖ “There is nothing more unequal than the equal treatment of unequal people.”
(Thomas Jefferson)

Common Good (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It refers to those facilities which benefit the society at large and are naturally
shared by all the members of a community.

Example(s) ❖ Public transportation and recreational facilities, the judicial system, civil liberties like
the freedom of speech and the freedom of association, clean air and clean water;
and national defence.

Quote(s) ❖ “To desire the common good and strive towards it is a requirement of justice and
charity.” (Pope Benedict XVI)

Falsehood (PYQ: 2018)

Definition ❖ A non-true or inaccurate statement or assertion can be termed as Falsehood.

Intentionally or unintentionally the claim in the statement could be misleading or
deceptive like lies, rumours, misconceptions, and misrepresentations.

Example(s) ❖ Advertisers, many times, make false/exaggerated claims about their products in order
to increase sales.

Quote(s) ❖ “Truth is so obscure in these times, and falsehood so established, that, unless we love
the truth, we cannot know it.” (Blaise Pascal)

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 8 MISCELLANEOUS

Seven Sins and Sarvodaya Approach of Mahatma Gandhi (PYQ: 2016)

The Seven Principles of Public Life given by Lord Nolan/ Nolan Principles (PYQ:2017)

Four Cardinal Virtues of Plato (PYQ: 2020|2017)

Buddhist Ethics
It is based on the Five Moral Precepts given by Gautama Buddha.
❖ Abstain from killing.
❖ Abstain from stealing
❖ Abstain from sexual misconduct
❖ Abstain from wrong speech
❖ Abstain from the use of intoxicating substances that cause inattention.

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Jainism
It refers to the Five Moral Principles or Pancha Mahavratas:
❖ Ahimsa: nonviolence
❖ Satya: speaking and following truth
❖ Asteya- not stealing anything
❖ Brahmacharya- control over sensual pleasures
❖ Aparigraha – detachment from worldly luxuries
Bhagavad Gita
❖ Nishkama Karma or the performance of duty without any expectation for reward.

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