Professional Documents
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Laboratory Manual
Computer Organization & Architecture
(4350701)
[Computer Engineering, Semester V]
Enrollment No
Name
Branch Computer Engineering
Academic Term 231
Institute Government Polytechnic Bhuj
Institute vision:
“Produce competent diploma engineers to serve industry and society.”
Institute Mission:
1) Impart technical knowledge and skills through dynamic learning environment.
2) Mobilize institute resources for co – curricular and extra-curricular activities.
3) Create strong institute – industry linkages to enhance students’ employability and
entrepreneurship.
Department vision:
Envision to produce competent diploma computer engineers by achieving and professional
excellence as per the need of IT industry and society globally.
Department Mission:
1) To impart fundamentals of computer and related engineering fields among learners to
achieve skills using various teaching and learning methods.
2) To maintain and mobilize vital resources among students and faculty members for co-
curricular and extra-curricular activities.
3) Dedicate itself to create strong institute-industry linkages that will allow its students to gain
required skills, knowledge and attitudes to success as professional and entrepreneur.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr/Miss.
___________________________________________, Enrolment
No._____________________ of 5TH semester of diploma
course in Computer engineering has satisfactorily
completed his/her term work in COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE (4350701) in
Government polytechnic, bhuj during the year 2023-
2024
Place: ……………...
Date: ………………….
By using this lab manual, students can read procedure one day in advance to actual
performance day of practical experiment which generates interest and also, they can have idea of
judgement of magnitude prior to performance. This in turn enhances predetermined outcomes
amongst students. Each and every Experiment / Practical in this manual begins by competency,
industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well as practical outcomes which serve as a key role for
doing the practical. The students will also have a clear idea of safety and necessary precautions to be
taken while performing experiment.
This manual also provides guidelines to lecturers to facilitate student-cantered lab activities
for each practical/experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the
students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve outcomes.
It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing Rubrics.
Students are eventually going to become a computer engineer and will be placed in an
industry. If he/she only possess the knowledge about the languages and its programming then they
would have been lacking in some aspects like how the memory and I/O works as well as how the CPU
and its components work inside the hardware. By studying this curriculum and performing various
practical / exercises given in this manual they can gain the full knowledge of each component’s
working and their interconnection for communication hence providing full internal knowledge.
Although we tried our level best to design this lab manual, but always there are chances of
improvement. We welcome any suggestions for improvement.
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Following programme outcomes are expected to be achieved through the practical of the
course:
1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined
technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to
meet specified needs.
4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate
technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team
member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.
7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.
Practical Outcome - Course Outcome matrix
Course Outcomes (COs):
a. CO1: Analyse computer systems at the hardware level, including CPU components & circuits,
buses, and registers considering trade-offs and the evolution of processors.
b. CO2: Examine 8085 Architecture and its working.
c. CO3: Perform Assembly language programming using 8085 Instruction Set.
d. CO4: Characterize need of various Memory types in hierarchy.
e. CO5: Visualize CPU-I/O Communication and working.
Sr.
Experiment/Practical Outcome CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
No.
1 Processor Evolution √ - - - -
Outline intel processor evolution
2 8085 Architecture - √ - - -
Prepare 8085 Microprocessor architecture in diagram
and explain it.
3 Data Transfer Instructions - - √ - -
Summarize out Data Transfer Instructions and perform
minimum 3 to 5 programs associated with the said
concept.
4 Arithmetic Instructions - - √ - -
Summarize Arithmetic Instructions and perform
minimum 3 to 5 programs associated with the said
concept.
5 Logical Instructions - - √ - -
Summarize Logical Instructions of 8085 with example
and execute minimum 3 to 5 programs associated with
said concept.
6 I/O Instructions - - √ - -
List Input-Output Instructions of 8085 with example
and execute minimum 3 to 5 programs associated with
said concept.
7 Machine Control Instructions - - √ - -
Recall Machine Control Instructions of 8085 with
example and execute minimum 2 to 3 programs
associated with said concept.
8 Branching & Looping Instructions - - √ - -
List Branching and Looping instructions of 8085 with
example and execute basic 2-3 programs associated
with said concept.
9 Memory Hierarchy - - - √ -
Make a chart to represent all types of memory in
Memory Hierarchy.
10 Associative Memory - - - √ -
Paraphrase Associative Memory in details.
11 Input – Output - - - - √
Differentiate Programmed I/O and Interrupt initiated
I/O in detail.
12 CPU-IOP Communication - - - - √
List steps to carryout CPU-IOP Communication.
Industry Relevant Skills
The following industry relevant skills of the competency “Examine computer architecture and
explore assembly language programming using 8085 instructions set” are expected to be
developed in the student by undertaking the practical of this laboratory manual.
1. Prepare comparison table for various processors.
2. Depict processor architecture with all its components
3. Write code in assemble language using various instructions
4. Summarize various memories and their usage and working methodology
5. Explore IOP and CPU-IOP communication.
Guidelines to Teachers
1. Couse faculty should demonstrate experiment with all necessary implementation strategies
described in curriculum.
2. Couse faculty should explain industrial relevance before starting of each experiment.
3. Course faculty should involve & give opportunity to all students for hands on experience.
4. Course faculty should ensure mentioned skills are developed in the students by asking.
5. Utilise 2 hrs of lab hours effectively and ensure completion of write up with quiz also.
6. Encourage peer to peer learning by doing same experiment through fast learners.
11 Input – Output
Differentiate Programmed I/O and Interrupt initiated I/O in
detail.
12 CPU-IOP Communication
List steps to carryout CPU-IOP Communication.
Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Basic understanding of various aspects in which processors are termed as different in terms
of its architecture develops a sense of hardware and its working capability.
E. Practical Outcomes:
1. Differentiate and choose processor based on the current need.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Microprocessor is considered as the mind of the computer system which performs all
the computational task of Arithmetical, Logical or any other Nature. It is available in the
CPU of the computer system.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
H. Comparison:
Virtual
Size of
Sr. Microproce Invention Address Memory
Word Size Physical Data Bus
No. ssor Year Bus Supported
Memory
?
1 Intel 4004
2 Intel 8008
3 Intel 8085
4 Intel 8086
5 Intel 80186
6 Intel 80286
7 Intel 80386
8 Intel 80486
Intel
9
Pentium I
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Intel
10
Pentium II
Intel
11
Pentium III
Intel
12
Pentium IV
13 Intel Core i3
14 Intel Core i5
15 Intel Core i7
16 Intel Core i9
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
J. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (90-100%): Thorough understanding and precise
explanation with accurate and comprehensive
information.
Adequate (70-89%): Good understanding with accurate
C1:
presentation, covering essential aspects.
Content & 50 %
Accuracy Needs Improvement (50-69%): Basic understanding with
noticeable inaccuracies or missing details.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Significant lack of understanding
with major inaccuracies or misunderstandings.
Excellent (90-100%): Insightful analysis and logical
reasoning with coherent and well-developed arguments.
Adequate (70-89%): Reasonable analysis with logical flow
and coherent arguments, though lacking depth.
C2:
30 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Limited analysis or logical
Analysis & Logic
flaws, requiring improvement in depth and coherence.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Lack of analysis or significant
logical flaws, indicating insufficient understanding or
effort.
Excellent (90-100%): Clear and concise writing with
effective use of language and appropriate terminology.
Adequate (70-89%): Mostly clear with occasional
ambiguity, utilizing language appropriately.
C3:
Clarity & 20 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Lack of clarity and
Presentation confusing expression, requiring improvement in language
usage.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Poor clarity and confusing
expression, indicating significant issues in language and
presentation.
Total Marks for Practical = 0.5 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2) + 0.2 * (Marks of C3)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Understand the basic structure and components of the 8085 microprocessor, including its registers,
instruction set, and data transfer mechanisms.
Gain hands-on experience in programming and executing instructions using the 8085-assembly
language.
Learn how to design and implement simple programs using the 8085 microprocessor, including
arithmetic and logical operations, data manipulation, and control flow.
Develop an understanding of the timing and control signals involved in the execution of instructions
in the 8085 microprocessor.
Acquire practical knowledge of interfacing peripheral devices, such as input/output ports and
memory, with the 8085 microprocessor.
Enhance problem-solving skills and the ability to analyse and debug programs written for the 8085
microprocessor.
Overall, the objective is to provide students with a practical understanding of the 8085 architecture
and its applications in computer systems, enabling them to design and implement basic
microprocessor-based systems.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
E. Practical Outcomes:
1. Microcontroller Programming: Understanding the 8085 architecture prepares individuals to
work with similar microcontrollers and microprocessors, enabling them to program and
control these devices efficiently.
2. Embedded Systems Development: Knowledge of 8085 architecture provides a foundation for
designing and developing embedded systems that utilize microcontrollers. This includes
projects such as home automation systems, robotics, industrial control systems, and more.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
o Digital Logic: Understanding digital logic gates, Boolean algebra, and basic digital circuit
design concepts helps in comprehending the internal workings of the microprocessor.
o Number Systems: Familiarity with number systems, especially binary and hexadecimal, is
essential for understanding the representation of data and instructions in the 8085
microprocessor.
o Computer Organization: Knowledge of computer organization principles, including CPU,
memory, input/output devices, and the fetch-decode-execute cycle, provides a foundation
for understanding the overall structure of the 8085 microprocessor.
o Basic Electronics: Understanding basic electronic components and circuits, such as resistors,
capacitors, transistors, and flip-flops, is helpful in understanding the interface and
interaction of the microprocessor with the external world
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
➢ ALU:
➢ Flag register:
▪ The flag register in 8085 is an 8-bit register which act as status flags. From these 8-bit, only 5
flags are used, remaining 3 are left vacant to use in future versions of Intel processors.
▪ These five flags are of 1bit Flip-Flop and are known as zero, sign, carry, parity and auxiliary
carry.
▪ These flags are set or reset after the execution of an arithmetic or logic operation; according
to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. Data copy instructions
do not affect any flags.
▪ Flags are used extensively in programming (low level) to test a condition.
▪ For example,
o To test whether the previous instruction is making the accumulator zero, zero flag can be
tested.
o The instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the sequence of a program
when the CY flag is set.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Sr.
Flag Description Example
No.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
➢ Register array:
➢ Interrupt control:
8085 has five interrupts TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
J. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (90-100%): Thorough understanding and precise
explanation with accurate and comprehensive
information.
Adequate (70-89%): Good understanding with accurate
C1:
presentation, covering essential aspects.
Content & 50 %
Accuracy Needs Improvement (50-69%): Basic understanding with
noticeable inaccuracies or missing details.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Significant lack of understanding
with major inaccuracies or misunderstandings.
Excellent (90-100%): Insightful analysis and logical
reasoning with coherent and well-developed arguments.
Adequate (70-89%): Reasonable analysis with logical flow
and coherent arguments, though lacking depth.
C2:
30 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Limited analysis or logical
Analysis & Logic
flaws, requiring improvement in depth and coherence.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Lack of analysis or significant
logical flaws, indicating insufficient understanding or
effort.
Excellent (90-100%): Clear and concise writing with
effective use of language and appropriate terminology.
Adequate (70-89%): Mostly clear with occasional
ambiguity, utilizing language appropriately.
C3:
Clarity & 20 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Lack of clarity and
Presentation confusing expression, requiring improvement in language
usage.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Poor clarity and confusing
expression, indicating significant issues in language and
presentation.
Total Marks for Practical = 0.5 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2) + 0.2 * (Marks of C3)
15 | Page
Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Understand Data Transfer Instructions: Familiarize students with the various data transfer
instructions available in the assembly language of the given microprocessor (such as the 8085).
Gain Hands-on Experience: Provide students with practical exposure to writing assembly
language programs that involve data transfer instructions. This helps them develop proficiency
in using these instructions effectively.
Learn Data Movement Techniques: Explore different techniques and methods for moving data
within the microprocessor's registers, memory locations, and I/O devices using the data transfer
instructions.
Develop Programming Skills: Enhance students' programming skills by practicing the
implementation of data transfer instructions in assembly language. This includes understanding
addressing modes, syntax, and the overall structure of assembly programs.
Analyse and Debug Programs: Enable students to analyse, debug, and troubleshoot assembly
language programs that involve data transfer instructions. This helps them develop critical
thinking and problem-solving skills in the context of microprocessor programming.
Apply Knowledge to Real-world Scenarios: Encourage students to apply their understanding of
data transfer instructions to practical scenarios and real-world applications. This could include
tasks such as data copying, data manipulation, and interfacing with external devices.
Reinforce Understanding of Computer Organization: Strengthen students' understanding of
computer organization concepts, such as memory hierarchies, register utilization, and data
movement between different components of the microprocessor.
Document and Report: Develop skills in documenting and reporting the assembly language
programs, including program descriptions, flowcharts, and expected outcomes. This promotes
effective communication and presentation of the implemented solutions.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
E. Practical Outcomes:
1. Develop assembly language programs involving Data Transfer Instructions in 8085
microprocessors.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Register
Instruction Addressing
Instruction Usage Transfer Brief Description
Size Mode
Language
Move Instructions
MVI
Move immediate data (8-bit) into
MVI Rd, Rd <- data 2 bytes Immediate
the destination register (Rd).
data
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
LXI Rp, Rp <- data Load the register pair (Rp) with
LXI 3 bytes Immediate
data (16-bit) immediate 16-bit data.
Exchange Instructions
Stack Instructions
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
(SP-1) <-
PUSH RpH; (SP-2) Push the content of the register pair Register
PUSH 1 byte
Rp <- RpL; SP (Rp) onto the stack. Pair
<- SP-2
(SP-1) <- A;
Push the content of the accumulator
PUSH (SP-2) <-
PUSH (A) and the flags register onto the 1 byte Implicit
PSW Flags; SP <-
stack.
SP-2
Flags <-
Pop the content from the top of the
POP (SP); A <-
POP stack into the accumulator (A) and 1 byte Implicit
PSW (SP+1); SP
the flags register.
<- SP+2
PCHL Instruction
H. Resources Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Processor: Dual Core
1. Computer System RAM: 4 GB
Operating System: Windows 7
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Source Code:
Write an assembly language program to swap data on memory location 0005h & 0009h.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Write an assembly language program to load H and L registers direct from memory location
0005H, load 16-bit immediate data into register pair BC and store the contents of H and L registers
direct into memory location 0008H, stack pointer, and program counter.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Write an assembly language program to PUSH the contents of register pair DE onto stack and POP
the contents from SP 0002H into register pair HL.
Write an assembly language program to exchange the contents of registers H and L with the
contents of registers D and E, and with the contents of stack pointer.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
2. Which addressing mode is used by the LXI instruction in the 8085 microprocessor?
a) Exchange the content of register pair HL with the content of register pair DE
b) Exchange the content of the accumulator with the content of memory location 0
c) Exchange the content of register pair BC with the content of register pair HL
d) Exchange the content of the stack pointer with the content of the program counter
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
5. What is the size (in bytes) of the LDA instruction in the 8085 microprocessor?
a) 1 byte
b) 2 bytes
c) 3 bytes
d) 4 bytes
6. The LHLD instruction in the 8085 microprocessor is used to load data from:
7. Which data transfer instruction is used to push the content of register pair BC onto the stack in
the 8085 microprocessors?
a) PUSH B
b) PUSH BC
c) PUSH C
d) PUSH H
a) Store the content of register H at the memory location specified by the address stored in the
stack pointer (SP).
b) Store the content of register H at the memory location specified by the address stored in the
program counter (PC).
c) Store the content of register H at the memory location specified by the content of the
accumulator (A).
d) Store the content of register H at the memory location specified by the content of the HL
register pair.
a) Exchange the content of the stack pointer with the content of register pair HL
c) Exchange the content of register pair HL with the content of memory location 0
d) Exchange the content of register pair BC with the content of register pair DE
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
K. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (10-8 marks): Completed programs/scripts
correctly as per the requirements.
C1: Adequate (7-6 marks): Completed programs/scripts
Program correctly with approx. 70% requirements.
70 %
Completeness/ Poor (5-4 marks): Completed programs/scripts correctly
Correctness with 70% - 50% requirements.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): Completed programs/ scripts
correctly with less than 50% requirements.
Excellent (10-8 marks): The code is clean, well-organized and
well documented.
Adequate (7-6 marks): The code is fairly easy to read and
C2: understand and little documentation
Readability & 30 %
Comments Poor (5-4 marks): The code is readable only by someone who
knows what it is supposed to be doing.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): The code is poorly organized and
very difficult to understand with no documentation
Total Marks for Practical = 0.7 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
B. Objectives:
Understand Arithmetic Instructions: Gain a clear understanding of various arithmetic
instructions, such as ADD, SUB, INR, DCR, ADC, SBB, and others, and their usage in the 8085
microprocessors.
Develop Assembly Language Programming Skills: Enhance programming skills in assembly
language and learn to write efficient code using arithmetic instructions for the 8085
microprocessors.
Implement Practical Arithmetic Operations: Practice Register and Memory Manipulation:
Practice manipulating data stored in registers and memory locations to perform arithmetic
operations using arithmetic instructions.
Learn Flag Manipulation: Understand how arithmetic instructions affect the flag register and
how flags are used to interpret the results of arithmetic operations.
Apply arithmetic instructions to perform practical arithmetic operations, such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, on data stored in the 8085 microprocessors.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
F. Practical Outcomes:
1. Develop assembly language programs involving Arithmetic Instructions in 8085
microprocessors.
H. Prerequisite Theory:
Register
Instruction Addressing
Instruction Usage Transfer Brief Description
Size Mode
Language
Add Instructions
Subtract Instructions
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Increment/Decrement Instructions
I. Resources Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Processor: Dual Core
1. Computer System RAM: 4 GB
Operating System: Windows 7
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
Write an assembly language program to subtract two numbers stored at memory locations
0003H and 0005H and also store the result back into memory location 0007H.
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Write an assembly language program to increment a number stored in memory location 0003h
and store the result back into the same memory location using indirect addressing mode.
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
Write an assembly language program to decrement a 16-bit number stored in memory location
0005h and store the result back into the same memory location.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
Write an assembly language program to add 2 16-bit numbers stored in memory locations 0003h
and 0005h and store the answer at memory location 0008h.
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Write an assembly language program to add 2 16-bit numbers stored in memory locations 0003h
and 0006h without using DAD instruction and store the answer at memory location 0009h.
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
a) ADD R
b) SUB R
c) ADC R
d) INR R
2. Which instruction is used to subtract the 8-bit immediate data from the accumulator
in the 8085 microprocessors?
a) ADD
b) SUB
c) ACI
d) SUI
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
6. Which of the following instructions is used to add the 8-bit immediate data and carry flag
to the accumulator in the 8085 microprocessors?
a) ACI
b) ADD
c) ADC
d) SBB
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
9. Which instruction is used to subtract the content of register R and carry flag from the
accumulator in the 8085 microprocessors?
a) ACI
b) ADD
c) ADC
d) SBB
10. The instruction SBI 8-bit data in the 8085 microprocessor means:
a) Subtract the 8-bit immediate data from the accumulator and borrow
b) Subtract the 8-bit immediate data from the accumulator and carry
d) Subtract the 8-bit immediate data from the accumulator and add carry
L. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (10-8 marks): Completed programs/scripts
correctly as per the requirements.
C1: Adequate (7-6 marks): Completed programs/scripts
Program correctly with approx. 70% requirements.
70 %
Completeness/ Poor (5-4 marks): Completed programs/scripts correctly
Correctness with 70% - 50% requirements.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): Completed programs/ scripts
correctly with less than 50% requirements.
Excellent (10-8 marks): The code is clean, well-organized and
well documented.
Adequate (7-6 marks): The code is fairly easy to read and
C2: understand and little documentation
Readability & 30 %
Comments Poor (5-4 marks): The code is readable only by someone who
knows what it is supposed to be doing.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): The code is poorly organized and
very difficult to understand with no documentation
Total Marks for Practical = 0.7 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
B. Objectives:
Understand Logical Instructions: Students will learn about various logical instructions
available in the microprocessor's instruction set, including AND, OR, XOR, and NOT
instructions. They will grasp the significance of these instructions in manipulating data at
the bit level.
Perform Bitwise Operations: Students will practice using logical instructions to perform
bitwise operations on data stored in registers and memory locations. They will learn how
to apply these operations to specific bits within binary numbers.
Master Binary Calculations: Through hands-on programming exercises, students will gain
proficiency in using logical instructions to perform binary calculations, such as binary
addition and subtraction
Check Conditions: Logical instructions are often used to check specific conditions in data.
Students will learn how to utilize AND, OR, and NOT instructions to test and modify
specific bits to evaluate conditions.
Set and Clear Flags: The practical will involve using logical instructions to set or clear flags
based on specific conditions. Students will understand the importance of flags in the
control flow of a program.
Implement Shift Instructions: Students will practice using shift instructions (e.g., SHL,
SHR) to perform left and right shifts on data, which are essential for multiplication and
division operations in binary arithmetic.
Enhance Programming Proficiency: The practical will improve students' programming
proficiency by introducing them to a broader range of instructions and expanding their
understanding of assembly language programming.
Foster Appreciation for Low-Level Programming: Students will develop an appreciation
for low-level programming and its significance in optimizing code execution and improving
system performance.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
● Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing (PO4): Apply modern engineering tools
and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
● Project Management (PO6): Use engineering management principles individually, as a
team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-
defined engineering activities.
● Life-long learning (PO7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.
F. Practical Outcomes:
1. Develop assembly language programs involving Arithmetic Instructions in 8085
microprocessors.
H. Prerequisite Theory:
Register
Instruction
Instruction Usage Transfer Brief Description Addressing Mode
Size
Language
AND Instructions
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
OR Instructions
EX-OR Instructions
Set/Complement Instructions
Complement (NOT)
CMA CMA A <- !A 1 byte None
accumulator
CMC CMC CY <- !CY Complement (NOT) carry flag 1 byte None
Compare Instructions
Rotate Instructions
A = A << 1,
Rotate accumulator left
RLC RLC CY = MSB of 1 byte None
through carry
A
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A = A << 1,
Rotate accumulator left
RAL RAL CY = MSB of 1 byte None
through carry with MSB = CY
A, MSB = CY
A = A >> 1,
Rotate accumulator right
RAR RAR CY = LSB of 1 byte None
through carry with MSB = CY
A, MSB = CY
I. Resources Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Processor: Dual Core
1. Computer System RAM: 4 GB
Operating System: Windows 7
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Write an assembly language program to mask the lower nibble (4 bits) of the data stored at
memory location 0005h. Also store the result on 0006h.
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Write an assembly language program to set odd bits of the data stored at 0007h and store
the answer back on 0008h.
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
Write an assembly language program to multiply the number stored in the location pointed
by HL register pair by 4. Store the answer in 0005h.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
Write an assembly language program to clear the contents of an accumulator and set it to
00h without using any data transfer instruction.
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
Write an assembly language program to generate 2’s Complement of the number stored in
Register B and store the answer back in Register C.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
FLAGS
ADDRESS MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
L. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (10-8 marks): Completed programs/scripts
correctly as per the requirements.
C1: Adequate (7-6 marks): Completed programs/scripts
Program correctly with approx. 70% requirements.
70 %
Completeness/ Poor (5-4 marks): Completed programs/scripts correctly
Correctness with 70% - 50% requirements.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): Completed programs/ scripts
correctly with less than 50% requirements.
Excellent (10-8 marks): The code is clean, well-organized and
well documented.
Adequate (7-6 marks): The code is fairly easy to read and
C2: understand and little documentation
Readability & 30 %
Comments Poor (5-4 marks): The code is readable only by someone who
knows what it is supposed to be doing.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): The code is poorly organized and
very difficult to understand with no documentation
Total Marks for Practical = 0.7 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Introduction to I/O Operations: Introduce students to input and output instructions in
8085 microprocessors, enabling them to interact with external devices.
Understanding I/O Ports: Familiarize students with I/O ports and their addresses,
illustrating how data is read from and written to these ports.
Interfacing with External Devices: Demonstrate the process of connecting the
microprocessor to external devices such as sensors, displays, and LEDs for real-world
applications.
Input Operations: Teach students how to use input instructions (IN) to read data from
input ports, enabling them to receive external signals or data.
Output Operations: Educate students on using output instructions (OUT) to write data to
output ports, allowing them to control external devices and displays.
Data Transfer: Provide hands-on experience in transferring data between input and
output ports, highlighting the importance of data manipulation during I/O.
I/O Interfacing with Peripherals: Illustrate how I/O instructions play a crucial role in
interfacing with peripheral devices, enabling students to understand the broader
implications of I/O operations in embedded systems.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
E. Practical Outcomes:
1. Develop assembly language programs involving Input-Output Instructions in 8085
microprocessors.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Register
Instruction
Instruction Usage Transfer Brief Description Addressing Mode
Size
Language
Input-Output Instructions
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H. Resources Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Processor: Dual Core
1. Computer System RAM: 4 GB
Operating System: Windows 7
Write an 8085-assembly language program to read the data from PORT 03H and PORT 06H.
Display the input data from PORT 03H at output PORT 0AH and store the input data from
PORT 06H in register B.
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Source Code:
Write an 8085-assembly language program to read the data from PORT 01H and PORT 02H.
Perform the addition between them and display the result at PORT 05H.
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K. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (10-8 marks): Completed programs/scripts
correctly as per the requirements.
C1: Adequate (7-6 marks): Completed programs/scripts
Program correctly with approx. 70% requirements.
70 %
Completeness/ Poor (5-4 marks): Completed programs/scripts correctly
Correctness with 70% - 50% requirements.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): Completed programs/ scripts
correctly with less than 50% requirements.
Excellent (10-8 marks): The code is clean, well-organized and
well documented.
Adequate (7-6 marks): The code is fairly easy to read and
C2: understand and little documentation
Readability & 30 %
Comments Poor (5-4 marks): The code is readable only by someone who
knows what it is supposed to be doing.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): The code is poorly organized and
very difficult to understand with no documentation
Total Marks for Practical = 0.7 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Understanding Machine Control Instructions: Introduce students to the NOP (No
Operation) and HLT (Halt) instructions in the 8085 microprocessors, providing insights into
their roles in controlling the processor's behaviour.
Introduction to Interrupt Instructions: Familiarize students with the concept of interrupts
in 8085 microprocessors, enabling them to comprehend the need for handling external
events efficiently.
RIM and SIM Instructions Application: Educate students on using the RIM (Read Interrupt
Mask) and SIM (Set Interrupt Mask) instructions to read and set the interrupt mask,
respectively, understanding their significance in enabling or disabling interrupts.
Handling External Interrupts: Implement practical scenarios where the microprocessor
responds to external interrupts, emphasizing the need for interrupt service routines (ISRs)
to manage various interrupt sources.
Interrupt Priority Management: Illustrate the concept of interrupt priority management
using RST instructions, enabling students to comprehend the priority levels of different
interrupts.
Interrupt-Driven Data Transfer: Explore interrupt-driven data transfer techniques,
showcasing the efficiency of interrupts in handling real-time data acquisition and
processing tasks.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
E. Practical Outcomes:
1. Develop assembly language programs involving Input-Output Instructions in 8085
microprocessors.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Register Instruc
Instruc Addressi
Usage Transfer Brief Description tion
tion ng Mode
Language Size
SP ← SP - 1;
RST n Call a predefined subroutine at memory
RST (SP) ← PC; 1 byte Implied
(0-7) location 0000h.
PC ← n*8
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H. Resources Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Processor: Dual Core
1. Computer System RAM: 4 GB
Operating System: Windows 7
Write an assembly language program to execute a delay routine stored at location 0010h.
Load the counter for the delay from 000Ah.
Before Execution:
[000Ah]: 32h Delay Routine:
DELAY: NOP
DCR C
JNZ DELAY
Source Code:
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
Write an assembly language program Enable Interrupts and Clear all pending requests of
RST 7.5 as well as Mask RST 7.5 and RST 5.5.
Write an assembly language program to read the interrupt mask and interpret the answer.
Source Code:
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
After Execution:
[A]: 9Ch (1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0)
Interpret the above output bit by bit and write your answer below.
BIT BIT
INTERPRETATION
NO. VALUE
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K. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (10-8 marks): Completed programs/scripts
correctly as per the requirements.
C1: Adequate (7-6 marks): Completed programs/scripts
Program correctly with approx. 70% requirements.
70 %
Completeness/ Poor (5-4 marks): Completed programs/scripts correctly
Correctness with 70% - 50% requirements.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): Completed programs/ scripts
correctly with less than 50% requirements.
Excellent (10-8 marks): The code is clean, well-organized and
well documented.
Adequate (7-6 marks): The code is fairly easy to read and
C2: understand and little documentation
Readability & 30 %
Comments Poor (5-4 marks): The code is readable only by someone who
knows what it is supposed to be doing.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): The code is poorly organized and
very difficult to understand with no documentation
Total Marks for Practical = 0.7 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Understanding Control Flow: Introduce students to branching and looping instructions in
assembly language, enabling them to understand how these instructions alter the control
flow of the program.
Conditional Execution: Teach students how to use conditional branching instructions like
JMP, JZ, JNZ, JC, etc., to create decision-making structures and execute specific code blocks
based on certain conditions.
Loop Implementation: Provide hands-on experience in implementing loops using
instructions like DJNZ, LOOP, etc., to repeat a set of instructions multiple times, which is
crucial for executing repetitive tasks efficiently.
Enhanced Program Logic: Enable students to enhance program logic using branching and
looping constructs, making the programs more versatile and capable of handling diverse
scenarios.
Optimizing Code: Illustrate how to optimize code by using loops to reduce repetitive
instructions, leading to efficient memory utilization and faster program execution.
Understanding Assembly Language Constructs: Familiarize students with different assembly
language constructs like labels, jump instructions, and conditional flags, emphasizing their
role in creating structured programs.
Developing Efficient Code: Encourage students to design programs that minimize resource
usage, such as minimizing the number of instructions, avoiding unnecessary branches, and
ensuring proper loop termination.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
● Life-long learning (PO7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in
the context of technological changes in field of engineering.
E. Practical Outcomes:
1. Develop assembly language programs involving Input-Output Instructions in 8085
microprocessors.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Register
Instruction Addressin
Instruction Usage Transfer Brief Description
Size g Mode
Language
Jump Instructions
if (Z = 0)
JNZ Jump to the specified memory address if
JNZ then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address zero flag (Z) is not set
address
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if (Z = 1)
JZ Jump to the specified memory address if
JZ then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address zero flag (Z) is set
address
if (CY = 0)
JNC Jump to the specified memory address if
JNC then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address carry flag (CY) is not set
address
if (CY = 1)
JC Jump to the specified memory address if
JC then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address carry flag (CY) is set
address
if (P = 0)
JPO Jump to the specified memory address if
JPO then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address parity flag (P) is odd (0)
address
if (P = 1)
JPE Jump to the specified memory address if
JPE then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address parity flag (P) is even (1)
address
if (S = 0)
JP Jump to the specified memory address if
JP then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address sign flag (S) is positive (0)
address
if (S = 1)
JM Jump to the specified memory address if
JM then PC ← 3 bytes Direct
address sign flag (S) is negative (1)
address
Call Instructions
SP ← (SP -
CALL 1), (SP) ← Call the subroutine at the specified
CALL 3 bytes Direct
address (PC + 3), PC memory address
← address
if (Z = 0)
CNZ Call the subroutine at the specified
CNZ then CALL 3 bytes Direct
address memory address if zero flag (Z) is not set
address
if (Z = 1)
CZ Call the subroutine at the specified
CZ then CALL 3 bytes Direct
address memory address if zero flag (Z) is set
address
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
if (CY = 1)
CC Call the subroutine at the specified
CC then CALL 3 bytes Direct
address memory address if carry flag (CY) is set
address
Return Instructions
PC ← (SP),
Return from the subroutine to the
RET RET SP ← (SP + 1 byte Direct
calling program
1)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
H. Resources Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Processor: Dual Core
1. Computer System RAM: 4 GB
Operating System: Windows 7
Write an 8085-assembly language program to compare two numbers stored in the memory
location 0005H and 0006H. Clear the register B if both are equal, otherwise store FFh in the
register B.
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Write an 8085-assembly language program to transfer the entire block of eight bytes of data
to new memory location.
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Write an 8085-assembly language program to sum integers from 0 to 9. Store the result in
accumulator.
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Write an assembly language program that takes an integer 'N' as input from memory location
0005h and then reads 'N' numbers from memory locations 0006h to (0006+N) h. The program
should compute the sum of these 'N' numbers and store the result in memory location 000Eh.
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Develop an assembly language program that takes an integer 'N' as input from memory
location 0005h and calculates its factorial. The result should be stored in memory location
0006h.
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Write an assembly language program that reads an array of 'N' numbers from memory
locations 0001h to (0001+N-1) h. The program should classify each number as even or odd and
store the count of even numbers in memory location 000Dh and the count of odd numbers in
memory location 000Eh.
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Source Code:
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Write an assembly language program that takes an array of 'N' numbers as input from memory
locations 0001h to (0001+N-1)h. The program should find the largest number in the array and
store it in memory location 000Dh.
Source Code:
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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Write an assembly language program to multiply numbers stored in memory location 2050h
and 2051h. Also take care of the overflow if there’s any while multiplication.
FLAGS
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
S Z AC P C
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14. What is the purpose of the SIM instruction in 8085 assembly language?
a) Set the interrupt mask
b) Reset the interrupt mask
c) Save the interrupt mask
d) Load the interrupt mask
15. The instruction JC is used to:
a) Jump if the carry flag is not set
b) Jump if the carry flag is set
c) Jump if the zero flag is not set
d) Jump if the zero flag is set
K. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (10-8 marks): Completed programs/scripts
correctly as per the requirements.
C1: Adequate (7-6 marks): Completed programs/scripts
Program correctly with approx. 70% requirements.
70 %
Completeness/ Poor (5-4 marks): Completed programs/scripts correctly
Correctness with 70% - 50% requirements.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): Completed programs/ scripts
correctly with less than 50% requirements.
Excellent (10-8 marks): The code is clean, well-organized and
well documented.
Adequate (7-6 marks): The code is fairly easy to read and
C2: understand and little documentation
Readability & 30 %
Comments Poor (5-4 marks): The code is readable only by someone who
knows what it is supposed to be doing.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): The code is poorly organized and
very difficult to understand with no documentation
Total Marks for Practical = 0.7 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
B. Objectives:
Classification of various types of memories based on their characteristic and working.
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H. Prerequisite Theory:
Hardware fundamentals of storage element, bit, Nibble, Byte, word etc.
I. Resources Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Chart, Display Board, Model or module of various types of memories for Learners to get
1.
familiar with various types of memories their construction and working.
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K. Assessment Rubrics:
Learner’s outcome in form of Poster/PPT/Chart/Demo of Memory module
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (10-8 marks): Completed poster/ppt/chart
correctly as per the requirements.
C1: Adequate (7-6 marks): Completed poster/ppt/chart
Completeness correctly with approx. 70% requirements.
40 %
and Correctness Poor (5-4 marks): Completed poster/ppt/chart correctly
of outcome with 70% - 50% requirements.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): Completed poster/ppt/chart
correctly with less than 50% requirements.
Excellent (10-8 marks): The Outcome is clean, well-
organized and well documented.
C2: Creativity, Adequate (7-6 marks): The Outcome is fairly easy to read
Conciseness and understand and little documentation
and clarity of 60 %
Poor (5-4 marks): The Outcome is readable only by someone
outcome
who knows what it is supposed to be doing.
Unsatisfactory (0-3 marks): The Outcome is poorly organized
and very difficult to understand with no documentation
Total Marks for Practical = 0.4 * (Marks of C1) + 0.6 * (Marks of C2)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
B. Objectives:
Understanding Associative Memory: Gain an understanding of associative memory, a
type of computer memory that allows the system to perform high-speed searches based
on content rather than addresses.
Familiarity with Content Addressable Memory (CAM): Explore the concept of Content
Addressable Memory (CAM), which enables retrieval of data based on its content rather
than its physical address.
Working Principle of Associative Memory: Learn about the working principle of
paraphrasing associative memory, where a partial match of data with its paraphrased
version is considered a successful search.
Understanding Associative Memory Architecture: Study the architecture of associative
memory, including word lines, bit lines, match lines, and parallel comparison of data.
Optimization Techniques: Investigate optimization techniques to enhance the speed
and efficiency of the paraphrasing associative memory.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
F. Practical Outcomes:
1. Understanding of Associative Memory Concepts: Students will gain a clear
understanding of associative memory and its functioning as a content-addressable
memory, enabling high-speed data retrieval based on content matching.
2. Knowledge of Associative Memory Architecture: Students will learn about the
architecture of associative memory, including word lines, bit lines, and match lines, as
well as the mechanism of parallel data comparison.
H. Prerequisite Theory:
o Digital Logic: Understanding digital logic gates, Boolean algebra, and basic digital Basic
Computer Architecture: Students should have a solid understanding of the basic
architecture of a computer, including the CPU, memory units, and data storage.
o Binary Number System: Proficiency in the binary number system is essential, as
memory addresses and data representation in computer systems are based on binary
digits.
o Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra: Knowledge of logic gates (AND, OR, NOT) and
Boolean algebra is necessary to comprehend the fundamental building blocks of digital
circuits.
o Memory Hierarchy: Familiarity with the memory hierarchy, including cache, primary
memory (RAM), and secondary memory (hard disk, SSD), is important to grasp the role
of associative memory in the memory hierarchy.
o Data Representation: Understanding how data is represented in different formats
(e.g., binary, hexadecimal, decimal) is crucial for working with data in memory units.
o Pattern Matching Techniques: Basic knowledge of pattern matching techniques and
algorithms can aid in understanding how associative memory performs searches
based on content matching.
o Digital Circuits and Logic Design: A grasp of digital circuits and logic design is beneficial
for comprehending the underlying hardware implementation of associative memory
units.
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K. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (90-100%): Thorough understanding and precise
explanation with accurate and comprehensive
information.
Adequate (70-89%): Good understanding with accurate
C1:
presentation, covering essential aspects.
Content & 50 %
Accuracy Needs Improvement (50-69%): Basic understanding with
noticeable inaccuracies or missing details.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Significant lack of understanding
with major inaccuracies or misunderstandings.
Excellent (90-100%): Insightful analysis and logical
reasoning with coherent and well-developed arguments.
Adequate (70-89%): Reasonable analysis with logical flow
and coherent arguments, though lacking depth.
C2:
30 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Limited analysis or logical
Analysis & Logic
flaws, requiring improvement in depth and coherence.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Lack of analysis or significant
logical flaws, indicating insufficient understanding or
effort.
Excellent (90-100%): Clear and concise writing with
effective use of language and appropriate terminology.
Adequate (70-89%): Mostly clear with occasional
ambiguity, utilizing language appropriately.
C3:
Clarity & 20 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Lack of clarity and
Presentation confusing expression, requiring improvement in language
usage.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Poor clarity and confusing
expression, indicating significant issues in language and
presentation.
Total Marks for Practical = 0.5 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2) + 0.2 * (Marks of C3)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Visualize CPU-I/O Communication
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Hardware fundamentals related to various I/O interface and data communication
fundamentals are Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
1. Validate CPU-I/O Communication and working in programmed and interrupt driven mode.
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I. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (90-100%): Thorough understanding and precise
explanation with accurate and comprehensive
information.
Adequate (70-89%): Good understanding with accurate
C1:
presentation, covering essential aspects.
Content & 50 %
Accuracy Needs Improvement (50-69%): Basic understanding with
noticeable inaccuracies or missing details.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Significant lack of understanding
with major inaccuracies or misunderstandings.
Excellent (90-100%): Insightful analysis and logical
reasoning with coherent and well-developed arguments.
Adequate (70-89%): Reasonable analysis with logical flow
and coherent arguments, though lacking depth.
C2:
30 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Limited analysis or logical
Analysis & Logic
flaws, requiring improvement in depth and coherence.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Lack of analysis or significant
logical flaws, indicating insufficient understanding or
effort.
Excellent (90-100%): Clear and concise writing with
effective use of language and appropriate terminology.
Adequate (70-89%): Mostly clear with occasional
ambiguity, utilizing language appropriately.
C3:
Clarity & 20 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Lack of clarity and
Presentation confusing expression, requiring improvement in language
usage.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Poor clarity and confusing
expression, indicating significant issues in language and
presentation.
Total Marks for Practical = 0.5 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2) + 0.2 * (Marks of C3)
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Computer Organization & Architecture (4350701)
A. Objectives:
Visualize CPU-IOP Communication
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Hardware fundamentals related to various I/O interface and data communication
fundamentals are Required:
Sr.
Instrument /Components Configuration/Specification
No
Validate CPU-I/O Communication and working in programmed and interrupt
1.
driven mode.
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I. Assessment Rubrics:
% of
Criteria Rubrics Marks
point
Excellent (90-100%): Thorough understanding and precise
explanation with accurate and comprehensive
information.
Adequate (70-89%): Good understanding with accurate
C1:
presentation, covering essential aspects.
Content & 50 %
Accuracy Needs Improvement (50-69%): Basic understanding with
noticeable inaccuracies or missing details.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Significant lack of understanding
with major inaccuracies or misunderstandings.
Excellent (90-100%): Insightful analysis and logical
reasoning with coherent and well-developed arguments.
Adequate (70-89%): Reasonable analysis with logical flow
and coherent arguments, though lacking depth.
C2:
30 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Limited analysis or logical
Analysis & Logic
flaws, requiring improvement in depth and coherence.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Lack of analysis or significant
logical flaws, indicating insufficient understanding or
effort.
Excellent (90-100%): Clear and concise writing with
effective use of language and appropriate terminology.
Adequate (70-89%): Mostly clear with occasional
ambiguity, utilizing language appropriately.
C3:
Clarity & 20 % Needs Improvement (50-69%): Lack of clarity and
Presentation confusing expression, requiring improvement in language
usage.
Insufficient (Below 50%): Poor clarity and confusing
expression, indicating significant issues in language and
presentation.
Total Marks for Practical = 0.5 * (Marks of C1) + 0.3 * (Marks of C2) + 0.2 * (Marks of C3)
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