for 14.09.

2023

Legal
glossary

convention конвенция համաձայնագ

Convention is an
իր agreement between
nations for
regulation of
matters affecting
all of them
governed by
international law
agreement соглашение համաձայնությ an agreement can
ուն be informal,
meaning nothing
needs to be
witnessed or
written down.
An agreement is a
manifestation of
mutual assent by
two or more
persons to
one another.
contract контракт պայմանագի A written or spoken
ր agreement,
especially one
concerning
employment, sales,
or tenancy that is
intended to be
enforceable by law
treaty международны միջազգայ a formally
й договор ին concluded and
պայմանա ratified agreement
գիր, between
դաշնագիր states
legislation законодательство օրենսդրությո Laws,
ւն considered
collectively.
The collection
of legal
acts.
legal act правовой акт իրավական laws are
ակտ considered
legal acts
legal norm правовая норма իրավական A mandatory rule
նորմ of social behavior
 established by the
state. An example
of a legal norm
can be
an article of law
article of law/ статья закона օրենքի -
clause հոդված
of law
charter устав կանոնադրությ A charter is a
ուն formal document
describing the
rights, aims, or
principles of an
organization or
group
of people. A
charter is a type
of statute
constitution конституция սահմանադրու A body of
թյուն fundamental
principles
according to
which a state is
acknowledged to
be
governed
code of law кодекс օրենսգիրք a type of legal
act that
systematically
collects statutes
statute закон, գործող օրենք,
действующее current legislation,
законодательство գործող current law
օրենսդրությու
ն

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words or
collocations from the provided legal glossary. Some words and collocations may be
repeated.

1. This agreement was the first multilaterally negotiated disarmament

______________.
2. The international ______ convention________ could then be adapted, and the
derogation rule deleted.
3. Lease _______agreement_______ is more flexible than loan _____________
or credit _________________.
4. This ______________ replaces any other _____________that you may have
with us.
5. Such an _______________ can be reached much more easily than an
_________________ concerning some ideal form of social life.
6. Like all of law, a ______________ aims at developing certain social relations in
the interests of the ruling class.
7. The principle of equal opportunity for promotion is universally accepted in
Poland and is a _______________.
8. In addition, new _______________sets requirements to realization of such
economic activity tailored to specific of each its kind.
9. According to the 25th _____________of liberty of conscience, religious
organizations can’t arrange religious meetings (worships) in rented (not church)
buildings without permission of public authorities.
10. The _______________obliges gender pay bargaining in companies and sectors.
11. Any _____________ adopted on the basis of this Code or for the purposes of its
execution shall not contradict with the provisions of this Code.
12. A ______________ is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that
governs the legal entities of a city, state, or country by way of consent.
13. The court rules on the registration of an association after having established that
its ______________ is in accordance with the provisions of the law.
14. In order to achieve universal acceptance, its ____________should reflect all the
major legal systems.
15. The ______________ of the Republic has shall have supreme legal force and
the norms thereof shall apply directly. The laws shall conform to the
_____________.
16. Australia has no extradition ___________ with the Vatican.
17. Nezahualcoyotl designed a ______________ based on the division of power,
which created the councils of war, justice, finance and culture.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words and collocations from the provided legal
glossary. Some words and collocations may be used more than once, and others may not
be used at all.

1. The international ___________ on human rights was ratified by numerous countries to

ensure the protection of basic rights and freedoms.

2. In this case, the defendant argued that the ___________ they signed was not valid due
to duress during the signing process.

3. The new ___________ aimed to streamline immigration procedures, making it easier

for foreign nationals to enter the country.

4. The ___________ explicitly states that freedom of speech is a fundamental right.

5. The ___________ governing environmental protection was passed by the legislature to

combat pollution.

6. The ___________ was clear in its prohibition of discrimination based on race, gender,
or religion.

7. The ___________ states that in cases of child ___________, the court must prioritize
the best interests of the child.

8. Due to the ___________ of a quorum, the board could not vote on the proposed
changes to the company's bylaws.

9. The ___________ on extradition between the two countries allowed for the transfer of
criminal suspects.

10. The ___________ emphasized the importance of a fair trial and the right to legal
representation.

11. The ___________ included a provision allowing for the ___________ in cases where
the defendant could not be located.

12. The ___________ concerning tax evasion penalties was revised to increase fines for
offenders.

13. The defendant was convicted ___________, as they had fled the country before the
trial.

14. The defendant claimed that the ___________ had been violated when they were not
provided with the evidence against them.
15. The ___________ was called into question when it was discovered that the witness
had been coerced.

16. The ___________ to the court's decision was based on the alleged ___________ by
the plaintiff.

17. The ___________ provides guidelines for the conduct of ___________ against
government agencies.

18. The ___________ ensures that citizens have the right to request information held by
public authorities.

19. The ___________ to the relevant documents was essential for the defense to build
their case.

20. The plaintiff filed an ___________ against the defendant, seeking compensation for
the injuries sustained in the accident.

21. The ___________ of this law extends to all citizens, regardless of their status.

22. The ___________ of the new policy was questioned by several civil rights
organizations.

23. The ___________ party argued that the new regulation was unconstitutional and
violated the ___________.

24. The ___________ established a framework for addressing international disputes

peacefully.

25. The ___________ allows individuals to seek redress when their rights are violated by
the government.

26. The ___________ of the death penalty was a significant milestone in the country's
legal reform.

27. The court found that the ___________ had been violated when the defendant was not
given a fair opportunity to present their case.

28. The ___________ of the convention ensures that all member states abide by its
provisions.

29. The ___________ for holding a public hearing were not met, leading to concerns
about transparency.

30. The ___________ granted the defendant the right to access relevant documents for
their defense.
 Article 7

Full powers

1. A person is considered as representing a State for the purpose of adopting or

authenticating the text of a treaty or for the purpose of expressing the consent of the State
to be bound by a treaty if:

(a) he produces appropriate full powers; or

(b) it appears from the practice of the States concerned or from other circumstances that
their intention was to consider that person as representing the State for such purposes and
to dispense with full powers.

2. In virtue of their functions and without having to produce full powers, the following
are considered as representing their State:

(a) Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs, for the
purpose of performing all acts relating to the conclusion of a treaty;

(b) heads of diplomatic missions, for the purpose of adopting the text of a treaty between
the accrediting State and the State to which they are accredited;

(c) representatives accredited by States to an international conference or to an

international organization or one of its organs, for the purpose of adopting the text of a
treaty in that conference, organization or organ.

Article 8

Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization

An act relating to the conclusion of a treaty performed by a person who cannot be

considered under article 7 as authorized to represent a State for that purpose is without
legal effect unless afterwards confirmed by that State.

Article 9

Adoption of the text

1. The adoption of the text of a treaty takes place by the consent of all the States
participating in its drawing up except as provided in paragraph 2.
2. The adoption of the text of a treaty at an international conference takes place by the
vote of two thirds of the States present and voting, unless by the same majority they shall
decide to apply a different rule.

Article 10

Authentication of the text

The text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive:

(a) by such procedure as may be provided for in the text or agreed upon by the States
participating in its drawing up; or

(b) failing such procedure, by the signature, signature ad referendum or initialling by the
representatives of those States of the text of the treaty or of the Final Act of a conference
incorporating the text.

Статья 7

Полномочия

1. Лицо считается представляющим государство для целей принятия или

удостоверения аутентичности текста договора или для целей выражения согласия
государства на обязательность для него договора, если:

(a) он предъявляет соответствующие полномочия; или

(b) из практики соответствующих государств или из других обстоятельств

явствует, что их намерение состояло в том, чтобы рассматривать это лицо как
представляющее государство для таких целей и обойтись без полных полномочий.

2. В силу своих функций и без необходимости предоставления полных полномочий

следующие лица считаются представляющими свое государство:

(a) главы государств, главы правительств и министры иностранных дел - для

совершения всех действий, связанных с заключением договора;

(b) главы дипломатических представительств для целей принятия текста договора

между аккредитующим государством и государством, при котором они
аккредитованы;

(c) представители, аккредитованные государствами на международной

конференции, в международной организации или в одном из ее органов, - для
целей принятия текста договора на этой конференции, в этой организации или в
этом органе.
Статья 8

Последующее подтверждение акта, совершенного без разрешения

Действие, относящееся к заключению договора, совершенное лицом, которое в

соответствии со статьей 7 не может рассматриваться как уполномоченное
представлять государство для этой цели, не имеет юридической силы, если оно
впоследствии не подтверждено этим государством.

Статья 9

Принятие текста

1. Принятие текста договора происходит с согласия всех государств,

участвовавших в его составлении, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных в
пункте 2.

2. Принятие текста договора на международной конференции осуществляется

голосами двух третей присутствующих и участвующих в голосовании государств,
если только они тем же большинством не решат применить иное правило.

Статья 10

Установление подлинности текста

Текст договора признается аутентичным и окончательным

(a) в соответствии с процедурой, которая может быть предусмотрена в тексте или

согласована государствами, участвующими в его составлении; или

(b) при отсутствии такой процедуры - путем подписания, подписания ad referendum

или парафирования представителями этих государств текста договора или
Заключительного акта конференции, включающего этот текст.