Solution Manual For Terrorism and Homeland Security 9th Edition

Solution Manual for Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9th Edition
Solution Manual for Terrorism and Homeland

Security, 9th Edition
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ty-9th-edition/
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CHAPTER 7
Nationalistic and Endemic Terrorism
Learning Objectives
2-‐4 After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Define nationalistic terrorism.
2. Describe revolutionary strategy in Cyprus.
3. Compare the style of terrorism in Algeria’s struggle for independence with
Cyprus.
4. Explain the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya.
5. Summarize the terrorist issues facing Turkey.
6. Describe ethnic tensions in China’s Xinjiang province.
7. Explain the rationale behind China’s policy toward Uighar separatism.
8. Briefly summarize Sikh separatism in India.
9. Define the term endemic terrorism.
10. Describe political conditions in Nigeria and Somalia.
11. Explain the rise and current status of Boko Haram.
12. Describe al Shabaab’s regional operations and global ambitions.
Chapter Key Terms
David Galula, p. 151

Blind terrorism, p. 152
Pangas, p. 153
Habib Akdas, p. 156
Abdullah Ocalan, p. 158
Uighar nationalists, p. 160
Golden Temple, p. 162
Salafism, p. 163
Yusufiya, p. 165
Islamic Courts Union (ICU), p. 168
Transitional Federal Government (TFG), p. 168
African Union (AU), p. 169
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or
duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed
with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for
classroom use.
African Union (AU): an organization of 54 African states to promote peace, security,
and economic development. Combined AU military forces are sometimes deployed in
troubled areas of Africa and employed as peacekeepers.
Habib Akdas (birth date unknown): Also known as Abu Anas al Turki, the founder of
al Qaeda in Turkey. Akdas left Turkey to fight in Iraq after the American invasion. He
was killed in a U.S. air strike in 2004.
Blind terrorism: Tactic used by the FLN. It included indiscriminate attacks against
French outposts, which involved bombing, sabotage, and random assassination.
David Galula (1919–1967): French Captain who fought in Algeria in 1956–1958. He
returned to Paris to analyze the Algerian campaign, producing a critique of the strategy
used in the war. His work inspired the development of counterinsurgency doctrine in the
U.S. military.
Golden Temple: The most sacred shrine of Sikhism. Its official name is the Temple of
God.
Islamic Courts Union (ICU): A confederation of tribes and clans that sought to end
violence and bring Islamic law to Somalia. It was opposed by several neighboring
countries and internal warlords, but brought order to Mogadishu in mid 2006. It retreated
after the Ethiopian invasion of Somalia and eventually dissolved.
Abdullah Ocalan (1948–): The leader of the PKK. Ocalan was captured in 1999 and
sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted. He ordered the end of a suicide-
bombing campaign while in Turkish custody and called for peace between Turkey and
the Kurds in 2006.
Pangas: A heavy bladed machete used in agricultural work. It was the weapon favored
by people who took the Mau Mau oath.
Salafism: used by strict orthodox Muslims to follow the Prophet and the early elders of
the faith. Militants are willing to use violence to enforce Islamic law and confront other
faith traditions.
Transitional Federal Government (TFG): A group established to govern Somalia in
2004 that nominally remained in power until 2012. It was backed by the United Nations,
with American support, and the African Union.
Uighar nationalists: China’s ethnic Turkmen. Some Uighars nationalists organized to
revive an eighteenth-century Islamic state in China’s Xinjiang province. Using
Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as a base, they operate in China.
Yusufiya: followers of the Nigerian Mohammed Yusuf. He ordered his followers to
violently reject all ideas not contained in a strict, intolerant interpretation of Islam.
classroom use.
Chapter Outline
I. Nationalistic Terrorism
LO 1: Define nationalistic terrorism.
LO 2: Describe revolutionary strategy in Cyprus.
LO 3: Compare the style of terrorism in Algeria’s struggle for independence
with Cyprus.
LO 4: Explain the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya.
A. Background of conflict with Israel and Palestine; revolutionary theory as

developed in Cyprus and Algeria.
1. Terrorism is surrounded by sloganeering.
2. Each side believed it had moral authority.
3. Terrorists demonize their enemies, and governments publically degrade
terrorists.
5 Cypress, 1955-1959
A. UK established military headquarters in Middle East at end of WW II.
1. Cypriots of Greek descent deeply resented British control, and sought
unification with Greece.
2. Turkish Cypriots looked to Turkey.
3. Tensions rose; facing a much stronger army, Greek Cypriots
organized movement to overthrow Britain (EOKA).
4. Their leader, Georgios Grivas, developed a two-fold strategy.
a. Draw international sympathy to cause.
b. Tie up large numbers of troops in an urban environment.
c. Grivas reasoned that small groups of EOKA terrorists could strike in
d. Cypriot cities thwarting any potential military offensive against
rebel forces. In the end, his strategy worked.
1. Brought press coverage, sympathy, and international pressure.
2. Cypress gains independence.
6 The Battle for Algiers, 1954-1962

A. France invaded and occupied Algeria in the mid-19th century using
brutal, military force.
B. Administered it as if it were a French state; angering Algerians who
resented the loss of ethnic autonomy.
C. Algerians began political associations to advocate for independence in
1920s and increased activity with the fall of France to the Nazi’s in WW
II.
classroom use.
D. When France rejected overtures for independence, the Algerian National
7
Liberation Front (FLN) formed with the purpose of violent revolution.

1. Formed a two-fold strategy
2. Terrify the European population through brutal violence
3. Sought publicity and sympathy
4. Began with “Blind Terrorism” aimed at showing that French
could not control the social environment
5. Never had to move beyond first phase; women were used to
carry weapons and communiqués.
E. Algeria gained independence in 1962, as counterterrorist tactics drove
Algerian sympathy toward the FLN, and French citizens lost their taste
for a dirty war.
F. Counterinsurgency required more subtle form of strategy.
G. Parallels appear between French experience in Algeria and
American response to the Iraq insurgency.
The Mau Mau in Kenya, 1950-1960

8 A. The UK and Germany began vying for imperial control of East Africa in
the late 19th century.
1. Britain gradually pushed Germany out, established rule.
2. Displaced tribes from ancestral lands, land given to white
farmers
3. One tribe, the Kikuyu, forced to resettle deep in Kenya, in an
area that threatened its ability to support all families in the tribe.
B. The Mau Mau movement represents several factors that bear no
resemblance to the anti-colonial urban revolts in Cyprus and Algeria.
1. Based in rural areas.
2. Based on tribal rights and ceremonies—symbols solidified the
group.
3. Violence frequently typified by massacres.
C. Brought overwhelming military and police response with massive
detainment and torture.
D. The Mau Mau insurgents suffered the brunt of casualties, losing
militarily, but winning the political settlement, as British pubic grew
9 disgusted with government’s repressive violence.
E. Fueled by anger over the loss of land, they began burning fields of
European farmers.
F. The British responded with force, and what they believed to be unbridled
moral authority in the face of savagery—the colonial government
declared a state of emergency.
classroom use.
G. Unlike urban terrorist campaigns in Cyprus and Algeria, the Mau Mau
10 movement failed in the field.
H. The demise of the Mau Mau movement can be explained by breaking the
movement into three phases.
1. 1953-1953 gathered in camps in the lower forest of western
Kenya
2. 1954 devolved into forest gangs
3. 1954-1955 military and police units laid siege to the forest
4. Recruitment dropped and the gangs were isolated from one
another.
I. Kenya would gain its independence and a former suspected Mau Mau
exile would become its president.
Class Discussion/Activity
Compare the EOKA to the FLN in Algeria. What similarities and differences exist? In what way
were the FLN innovative?
What If Scenario
What if you had to discuss the lessons of the demise of the Mau Mau? What would you say?
What If Scenario
What if you were a terrorism expert and had to devise an anti-terrorism policy based on the
events from this section of the chapter? What would your policy look like?
Media Tool
Discuss the effects of failure of the FLN in Algeria.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ag5iv1vwTE
II. Turkey
LO 5: Summarize the terrorist issues facing Turkey.
LO 6: Describe ethnic tensions in China’s Xinjiang province.
LO 7: Explain the rationale behind China’s policy toward Uighar separatism.
LO 8: Briefly summarize Sikh separatism in India.
11 Turkey’s Struggle with Terrorism

A. Turkey has suffered 40,000 deaths from terrorism since 1980.
classroom use.
B. Turkey is 99 percent Muslim, and was the home of the last caliphate.
C. Turkey was accepted as a partner in NATO, and sought close trade ties
with Europe and the United States after World War II.
D. Turkey developed an internal jihadist problem after 1994.
E. In the mid-1980s a group known as Turkish Hezbollah appeared in
eastern Turkey.
1. Hezbollah expanded its targets in the 1990s to businesses and
other establishments that it deemed to be un-Islamic.
2. By 2001, a group of madrassa-trained young men placed
themselves under the leadership of Habib Akdas, who had
undertaken a task from Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden wanted to
punish Turkey for its partnerships with the United States and
Israel.
3. Abdas launched suicide attacks against two synagogues in
Istanbul on November 15, 2003. He struck the British consulate
and a British bank with suicide bombers less than one week later,
but the attacks backfired.
12
The Kurdistan Workers’ Party and Its Alter Egos
A. Turkey is currently facing a wave of religious terrorism.
1. The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) is a Marxist-Leninist terrorist
organization composed of Turkish Kurds.
2. Support turned out to be the key factor. Moving from base to base in
Turkey, the PKK also received money and weapons from Syria.
3. The relatively weak group of 1978 emerged as a guerrilla force in
1984, and it ruthlessly used terrorism against the Turks and their
allies.
a. Willing to fight for independence, but not willing to condone
massacres and terrorist attacks.
b. Limited attacks to security forces and economic targets.
13 c. Modified Marxist-Leninist rhetoric and spoke of nationalism.
4. The PKK represents the pejorative nature of terrorism: when the
terrorist label is applied to a group like the PKK, the whole
movement is questioned.
5. The United States Supreme Court declared that PKK was a terrorist
organization, upholding the State Department’s designation, and
ruled that it was a federal crime to support it.
6. Kurds in northern Iraq were empowered when free from Baghdad’s
oppression, and the area began to thrive. As economic power grew,
so did the threat to Turkey. PKK operatives and other Kurdish
nationalists saw an opportunity to renew their struggle.
classroom use.
China’s Problems in Xinjiang
14
A. After September 11, China was eager to join America’s “war on terror.”
B. Beijing claims that international jihadists, trained in Afghanistan and
Pakistan, are attempting to overthrow Chinese rule in the Xinjiang
province, and establish an Islamic state.
C. Uighars are China’s ethnic Turkmen.
1. Mostly Sufi Muslims who want independence
2. Inspired by collapse of Soviet Union, not Bin Ladin
3. China fights for Xin because of large oil and gas reserves.
D. Beijing has asked Washington to list militant Uighar organizations as
terrorist groups, and the United States has been sympathetic to Chinese
15
demands.
E. There are two problems with that classification:
1. Most Uighar terrorism is not part of the jihadist movement.
2. Many of the separatists are not violent and they do not endorse
terrorism; they only want independence.
Sikh Separatism in India

16
A. India has a variety of terrorist problems stemming from political,
religious, and ethnic strife..
B. After India was partitioned in 1947, some Sikhs sought independence in
Punjab.
C. In 1984, Indian military forces entered the Sikhs’ most sacred site and
engaged in a bloody battle with armed militants.
D. By 1988, more than a hundred people per month had lost their lives.
What are the claims of the Sikh separatists? How valid are they? How far should the right of self-
determination be extended? What are the potential pitfalls of extending this right too far?
What If Scenario
What if you were a Sikh or a Uighar? Would you resort to terrorism? Why or why not?
Media Tool
Discuss the components of Uighar culture. How might it not blend well with an
industrialized atheist communist China? What has been the effect of China’s
policies?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5IwwnP5e78
classroom use.
See Assignments 2 and 3
III. Endemic Ethnic Terror in Sub-Saharan Africa

LO 9: Define the term endemic terrorism.
LO 10: Describe political conditions in Nigeria and Somalia.
LO 11: Explain the rise and current status of Boko Haram.
LO 12: Describe al Shabaab’s regional operations and global ambitions.
A. Endemic terrorism describes the state of terrorist violence in Africa; this
17

form of terrorism is created by artificial divisions of tribes, families, and
ethnic groups.
1. War, famine, and disease are more pressing matters.
B. Ethnic cleansing, child armies, wars by self-appointed militias such as the
Lord’s Resistance Army, crime and corruption, and internal strife have
evolved into sub-Saharan Africa’s unique brand of nationalist terrorism.
C. Old colonization issues complicate relationships between tribes, and fuel
internal hostilities.
D. Sources of African Terrorism
1. It is difficult to single out terrorism because Africa is the source of
conventional and guerrilla wars, several revolutions, and criminal
violence.
2. Health conditions in Africa are also the worst on the planet, and the
AIDS pandemic is creating havoc.
3. Child armies, slavery, and starvation are part of the social problems
plaguing the region; terrorism is one problem among many in Africa.
4. The continent is not completely awash in violence; some believe the
long-term solution to most African violence, including terrorism, is to
bring economic development and stabilization.
Conditions in Nigeria
A. In Nigeria this resulted in an internal struggle among the country’s
Muslims about the purity of Islam; however, there is no evidence that
terrorist cells have formed, however, all of the predictive signs are there.
B. The International Crisis Group (2005b) sees western Africa as a region
that is delicately balanced between moderate Islam and an undercurrent
of jihadism.
C. The most violent area of the country is in the most southern part of the
North. It is known as the Middle Belt. Bouchat says this is an area of
transition.
D. It contains 180 ethnic groups and is subject to multiple cultural and
religion influences.
classroom use.
18 Boko Haram and Ansaru
A. Boko Haram is one of the most militant Salafi groups in the world, and it
is not controlled by any of Nigeria’s economic elites. It has kidnapped,
raped, burned, bombed, and murdered thousands of people in the past
decade (Bouchat, 2013, p. 20). Although it claims to be part of the global
jihadist movement and maintains loose connections with other militant
groups, it focus is regional.
B. Birth of group in 1995 when a number of Nigerian Salafis grew
disgruntled with ideas from secular education that seemed to contradict
the Quran. It morphed into a formal movement under the leadership of
Mohammed Yusuf in 2003
C. Yusufiya – followers of the Nigerian Mohammed Yusuf violently reject
all ideas not contained in a strict, intolerant interpretation of Islam.
D. Yusuf’s role in transforming the group was crucial. His magnetic
personality brought young militants under his sway. He converted and
wooed potential followers. Although he had contact with AQIM, his
focus was on Nigeria.
E. Spectacular violence was not always the trademark of Boko Haram.
Several sources indicate that the terrorist group’s tactics evolved
(Onuocha, 2012; Zenn 2014a and 2014b; Chothia, 2015). Boko Haram
regrouped from the devastating attacks of July 2009 after the mysterious
Shekau emerged in 2010 and claimed the mantel of leadership
F. It stepped up violence in 2012 with bombings of soft targets like markets
and churches.
1. From there the terrorists graduated to mass murders in villages and
schools. Killings became indiscriminant and many Muslims were
wounded or murdered.
19

2. They expanded to political kidnappings in 2013 and then turned to
kidnapping for profit.
3. They also began to take and hold territory, declaring a caliphate in
2014.
4. In the same year Boko Haram increased kidnappings of women and
girls for slave labor and sex, and the group also began using males
for conscripts.
G. Many were incensed at the killing of fellow Muslims, sometimes
numbering in the hundreds in village massacres. In January 2012 flyers
mysteriously appeared in the North announcing the creation of a new
group, Ansaru. The flyers stated that Ansaru was a more “humane” form
of Boko Haram.
classroom use.
20 H. Boko Haram is one of the most violent groups in a violent country. Most
Muslims in the North reject their presence and they have begun to take
action. The New York Times Sunday Edition Magazine (Okeowo, 2015)
reports that Muslim civilians in the North, fed up with inaction from the
Nigerian army, have created several Civilian Joint Task Forces.
Al Shabab’s Regional Jihad

21 A. Somali militants moved across the campus of Garissa University in

northern Kenya at dawn.
B. Al Shabaab is the product of a failed state. In 1991 revolutionaries
overthrew a long-term military dictator in Somalia, but never united to
form a government in a country where clans dominate social and
political structures. Competing clans created a power vacuum that was
eventually filled by a host of local warlords.
C. After more than a dozen attempts, the United Nations created the
Transnational Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. The TFG was
designed to unite rival clans and rid the country of warlords.
D. In 2004 Somali courts banded together to form the Islamic Courts Union
(ICU). The courts were strict and punishment was brutal, but they
offered an alternative to anarchy from the warlords.
E. As the ICU grew its militias became stronger, eventually gaining enough
power to challenge the warlords.
F. Christian Ethiopia, concerned because it was the target of much of the
rhetoric, invaded Somalia on Christmas Eve 2006. The ICU and its
militias melted before the invaders, but one small group stayed to fight.
That group was al Shabaab.
G. From 2007 to 2008 it waged a campaign of selective terrorism using
improvised explosive devices (IEDs), assassinations, and bombings in
southern Somalia.
H. AMISOM was more effective than the Ethiopian army.
I. As jihadist rhetoric replaced patriotic calls to duty, al Shabaab lost much
of its popular appeal.
22 J. One of the main reasons for paying attention to al Shabaab deals with the

Somali diaspora in the United States. Over the past few decades, over a
million Somalis have been displaced from their homeland, and many of
them are in the United States, especially in the Minneapolis area.
K. Stratfor (2015), a private information gathering and analysis company,
23-‐25 believes al Shabaab has been severely weakened. It has shifted from
guerrilla actions to terrorist attacks on soft targets that offer little or no
resistance.
classroom use.
IV. Emphasizing the Points
Do you agree or disagree that war, famine, and disease are more pressing issues than endemic
terrorism?
What can be done by the International community to address the group? Should the International
community become involved?
What If Scenario
What if you were asked to explain the advantages and disadvantages of extreme violence? What
would you say?
Media Tool
After a wave of attacks hit Nigeria, Inside Story asks what motivates the
Islamist group's increasing violence in Africa's most populous country.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VN_7A3mNKg&feature=player_embedded
See Assignments 1 and 4
Chapter Summary
•The EOKA followed an urban strategy using a small number of terrorists to bring
international support for Cypriot independence.
• Unlike the situation in Cyprus, most French people believed northern Algeria to
be a part of France, and they saw the separatist movement as an internal rebellion
instead of a revolt against a colonial power. As a result, both the FLN and French
security forces employed terrorism against each other.
• The Mau Mau uprising was a rural resistance movement by a tribe displaced by
colonial agricultural policies.
• Turkey has experienced several forms of terrorism based on religion, ideology,
and an ethnic separatist movement. The PKK is Turkey’s largest ethno-nationalist
terrorist threat.
• Ethnic tensions are prominent in China’s Xinjiang province because the native
Uighar population aspires for autonomy. The Uighars are ethnic Turkmen.
• China has introduced many ethnic Chinese to the Xinjiang province in an attempt
to exert political control. Uighars operating from Central Asia have resisted this
classroom use.
Solution Manual for Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9th Edition
policy. After 9/11, China eagerly endorsed the United States’ “War on
Terrorism,” claiming that the Uighar nationalists were part of an international
jihadist movement.
• Some Sikhs embraced terrorism after a deadly clash with Indian forces. The most
damaging attack was on an Indian airliner. They planned an international terror
campaign, but it fizzled by the mid-1990s.
• Endemic terrorism is a term used by J. Bowyer Bell to describe violence in sub-
Saharan Africa. It results from European imperialism and the creation of artificial
national boundaries that link unrelated tribal and ethnic groups.
• Nigeria is fractured because it is a conglomerated state created by British
imperialists. Oil provides the economic incentive for a diverse population to
remain united.
• Boko Haram represents a jihadist movement that began in the northern Muslim
region. It seeks a united Muslim caliphate.
• Al Shabaab is a jihadist group that arose from the Islamic Courts Union. It has
global aspirations but can only operate regionally.
Classroom Assignments
1. Describe the current political conditions in western and central Africa. Do you
foresee any changes in the situation in the next five years? Twenty years? Ever?
(LO 9)
2. Who are the Uighars? Detail the rationale behind China’s policy toward Uighar
separatism. (LO 6)
3. Should Turkey not have been allowed to join the European Union while they deny
the Kurds their human rights, do you agree or disagree with this statement? Have
the students discuss their views. (LO 5)
4. Is it probable that failure to address activities of the Boko Haram will provide an
avenue for this group to grow becoming a threat to the West? Break students into
groups and have students present a position paper representing the views of the
group. (LO 11)
classroom use.
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Chapter Key Terms

David Galula, p. 151

A. Background of conflict with Israel and Palestine; revolutionary theory as

6 The Battle for Algiers, 1954-1962

The Mau Mau in Kenya, 1950-1960

11 Turkey’s Struggle with Terrorism

Sikh Separatism in India

III. Endemic Ethnic Terror in Sub-Saharan Africa

Al Shabab’s Regional Jihad

See Assignments 1 and 4

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