COPERNICAN

REVOLUTION
Presented By Jarencio
Marianne
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543 CE) was a Polish astronomer
who famously proposed that the Earth and other planets
revolved around the Sun in a heliocentric system and not, as
then widely thought, in a geocentric system where the Earth is
the centre.
HISTORY
Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric
model and proposed the Heliocentric Theory where planets
revolve around the sun.
The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric
happened through the contributions of other important persons
such as:
· Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia · Kepler stated that
the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center ·
Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus · Isaac
Newton’s law of gravitation
The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in
cosmology, religion, physics, and philosophy.
How does it
WORK?
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a
Polish mathematician and astronomer,
challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a
new concept known as heliocentrism,
which suggested that the center of the Solar G e o c e n t ric M o d el
System was not the Earth but actually the
sun. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It
appalled many since their religious
belief had taught them that the Earth was
created first before all other things.
Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic
because his teachings were against what
was widely accepted by religion. After some
time, astronomers realized that the H e li o c e n t r i s m
Copernican model simplified the orbits for planets.
It also answered issues that could
not be explained using the geocentric model. This
era began what was known as the
scientific revolution which resulted in the
transformation of society's thoughts and
beliefs
CONCLUSION
Copernicus: The Sun-Centered
Revolution
Copernicus challenged the ancient belief that Earth was the center of the
universe and proposed a heliocentric model with the Sun at the core. His
revolutionary idea was published in 1543 in his book De Revolutionibus
Orbium Coelestium, which sparked a scientific and cultural
transformation. Copernicus faced opposition from the Catholic Church
and some astronomers who defended the geocentric system based on
Aristotle and Ptolemy. Galileo, Kepler, and Newton supported and refined
the Copernican theory with their observations, calculations, and laws of
motion and gravity. The Copernican revolution marked the beginning of
modern science and a new worldview that emphasized observation,
experimentation, and rationality. The Copernican revolution marked the
beginning of modern science and a new worldview that emphasized
observation, experimentation, and rationality. The Copernican revolution
also influenced philosophy, art, literature, and religion, as it challenged
the human place and role in the cosmos
THANK
YOU
 Freudian
Revolution

Presented by: Beneranda, Mary Joy V.

 Sigmund Freud
Austrian Neurologist
Father of psychoanalysis
Famous figure in the field of psychology
His method was unorthodox-focusing
on human sexuality and nature evil of
man.
Best known for psychosexual
developmental theory .
 What is Freudian Revolution?

This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with

Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of
Personality" that involves the human development
contributes to his/her personality and also his
"psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper
functioning if a human does not complete his/her
developmental stage.
 What is Freudian Revolution?
A relating to the ideas or methods of Sigmund Freud, especially
his ideas about the way in which people's hidden thoughts and
feelings influence their behavior especially with respect to the
causes and treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states, the
interpretation of dreams, etc.
relating to or influenced by Sigmund Freud and his methods of
psychoanalysis, especially with reference to the importance of
sexuality in human behavior.
 Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed
that people could be cured by making their unconscious a
conscious thought and motivations, and by that gaining
"insight".
The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed
emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious.
Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and
anxiety disorders. It is only by having a cathartic (i.e. healing)
experience can a person be helped and "cured".
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

ID

Id - The id is also kind of

stubborn, for it responds only
to what Freud called the
pleasure principle (if it feels
good, do it), and nothing else.
 EGO
Ego - is “that part of the id
which has been modified by
the direct influence of the
external world.
SUPEREGO
The "superego" incorporates the
values and morals of society which
are learned from one’s parents
and others. The superego is a part
of the unconscious that is the
voice of conscience (doing what is
right) and the source of self-
criticism.
 PSYCHOSEXUAL
STAGES

Freud's theory of psychosexual development is represented amongst five

stages. According to Freud, each stage occurs within a specific time
frame of one's life. If one becomes fixated in any of the four stages, he or
she will develop personality traits that coincide with the specific stage
and its focus.
 LET’S TALK ABOUT

Scientific Revolution
in Meso-America
Reporter: Bacudo, Josette C.
Today we'll discuss
MESO-AMERICAN
CIVILIZATION
OLMEC CIVILIZATION
MAYA CIVILIZATION
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
TEOTIHUACAN CIVILIZATION
 Meso-American Civilization

Meso-America is the region from Mexico to Guatemala, Belize

and parts of Honduras and El Salvador.
Mesoamerican civilization were isolated from the accumulated
scientific knowledge of Africa, Asia and Europe. It developed on
its own and became much more self-reliant.
Maya civilization was the most advanced Mesoamerican
civilization.
Olmec Civilization
The Olmec are probably
best known for the statues
they carved: 20 ton stone
heads, quarried and
carved to commemorate
their rulers.
 Olmec Civilization
OLMEC HEAD
STATUE

The Olmec colossal Olmecs were

heads are the most technologically
famous artifacts left advanced from the
behind by the Olmec gigantic stone
civilization. The Olmec sculptures they
people are believed to constructed
have occupied a large throughout
part of modern-day Southeastern,
Southern Mexico. Southern, and Central
Mexico.
Maya Civilization
The Maya civilization of the
Mesoamerican people is known by
its ancient temples and glyphs. Its
Maya script is the most
sophisticated and highly developed
writing system in the pre-Columbian
Americas. It is also noted for its art,
architecture, mathematics,
calendar, and astronomical system.
 Maya Civilization

Dresden Codex
They used pictorial contains predictions of
script called “Maya solar eclipses for
Hieroglyphs”. centuries and a table
of predicted positions
of Venus.
 Maya Civilization

The Maya made In architecture, the They developed the

predictions by aligning Maya were the first to most accurate
stars with two objects use pitched ceilings in calendar ever
that were separated their buildings. designed.
"Olmec Calendar"
by a large distance.
Aztec Civilization
The Aztecs were the Native
American people who dominated
northern Mexico at the time of the
Spanish conquest in the early 16th
century. A nomadic culture, the
Aztecs eventually settled on several
small islands in Lake Texcoco where,
in 1325, they founded the town of
Tenochtitlan, modern-day Mexico
City.
 Aztec Civilization

Their manuscripts Public latrines were found along

describe how the Maya all highways, and to prevent
performed their pollution of Lake Texcoco canoes
astronomical transported the sewage from
observations. Tenochtitlan to the mainland
every morning.
Aztec Civilization
They manufactured of
rubber and used a rubber
ball in the ball game
tlachtli.
Teotihuacan Civilization
Teotihuacan is known today
as the site of many of the
most architecturally
significant Mesoamerican
pyramids built in the pre-
Columbian Americas, namely
the Pyramid of the Sun and
the Pyramid of the Moon.
 Teotihuacan Civilization
THE GREAT PYRAMID
OF CHOLULA
It had a multi-ethnic The original purpose
society where people of the Pyramid of the
worshipped many Sun is unknown,
gods, was world's though archaeologists
largest exporter of believe it originally
obsidian tools, and had an altar on top of
grew to be one of the the Pyramid.
most powerful cities in Therefore, it most
its heyday. likely was built to
honor a deity.
 That's all!
Thank You!
NEXT REPORTER...
Scientific
Revolution
in Africa
by: Anne Malory Y. Asuncion
 AFRICAN
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
African civilization is considered the oldest civilization
on the earth. The African intellectual revolution is
known as the first societal intellectual revolution.
African development has vastly contributed to the
early knowledge used by humankind.
 Chemistry
-The early use of chemistry dates back to the ancient
civilization of Egypt. The Egyptians figured out the use of fire in
extracting copper from their ores. Through chemistry, they also
found a way to create synthetic pigment using crushed mineral
salt as their material.
Metallurgy
-The earliest ironworking site so far was discovered in
Carthage, North Africa. Archeological expeditions found iron
production that dates around the middle of the 8thcentury
BCE. The ever-growing production and trade of forged metal
started the iron age in the ancient world.
Engineering
-African developed a unique architectural development.
The stone architecture in Zimbabwe is the largest stone
structure south of the Sahara and was constructed
somewhere in the 11th century. One of the feats of these
structures is they are not constructed with the use of
mortar which is popular at that time. They also develop
the use of Cubit measurement.
Astronomy
-DOGON PEOPLE OF MALI UNDERSTAND THE
DETAILS OF THE STAR SYSTEM OF SIRIUS. THEY
FIGURED OUT THAT SIRIUS IS A BINARY STAR SYSTEM
COMPOSED OF TWO-STAR, SIRIUS A AND SIRIUS B.
THE DOGON PEOPLE ARE ALSO AWARE OF THE ORBIT
SYSTEM OF THE TWO STARS, AND THEY BASED THEIR
RITUALS ON IT.
 Mathematician
The Lebombo bone from the mountains between Swaziland and
South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication , division,
and simple mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is
consider to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from
35,000 BCE.
 KEY FIGURES IN AFRICAN
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION

The first legally elected prime minister of

the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(DRC). He attempts to unite and to
break free of the influence of the
European powers that once colonized
the continent. His assassination has an
impact on Congolese politics since then.
PATRICE LUMUMBA
 He was involved in armed
struggle to oust Idi Amin
Dada, the coup leader who
overthrew Milton Obote and
YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI ushered in an eight-year
reign of terror in Uganda.
ADVANCEMENT IN
MODERN SCIENCE
AFRICA’S INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS ARE
CONSIDERED AS THE BASE OF KNOWLEDGE IN
MODERN SCIENCE. MANY FUNDAMENTALS ARE
DERIVED FROM THE KNOWLEDGE OF ANCIENT
CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA. THIS INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION HELPS HUMANKIND TO ADVANCE AND
DEVELOP THEIR LIVES. IT IS ALSO USED IN SOLVING
COMPLEX PROBLEMS THAT HINDER HUMAN
CIVILIZATION TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT.
CONTROVERSIES MET
THE REVOLUTION
There are many factors that affects the progress of
intellectual revolution in Africa. Political, Social, and
economic issues may prevent the development in Africa.
AFRICAN Contributions from
Africa
Africa is known for the production of Kola nuts and coffee in
Ethiopia (Kola nuts are mostly found in West Africa and is the
basis of cola drink). Coffee was developed as a consumable drink
that spread to Arabia and then throughout the world Africa used
plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea
(Kaopectate). They are also highly advanced in medicine such
operating autopsies and caesarian. The technology involved
experimentation in drainage, construction of polders,
desalination, and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they
already mastered making steels.
THANK
YOU!
Intellectual Revolution that
defined society in

Asia
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home
of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many
cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of
all ages. In the field of science, technology and
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India,
China, and the Middle East civilizations.
Asia's contribution to the Development of Science and
Technology
•The general conception is that many of the cutting-
edge technological developments, and to a lesser
extent scientific advancements, emanate from Asia.
Japan is probably the most notable country inAsia
interms ofscientific and technological
achievement,particularly in terms of its electronics and
automobile products.
•Other countries arealso notable in other scientific fields
such as chemical and physical achievements.
•Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China produce90% of
the world’s digital gadgets.
•Nations across Asia are becoming increasingly important
to the global supply of digital content and services.
South Korea’s cultural popularity around the world has
caused a number of startup’s toemerge working within the
digital and technology sectors,including website viki.com.
Taiwan is focused on software and content development.
 Middle East
The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied
by Muslims. With the spread of Islam in the 7th
and8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or
what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until
the 13thcentury. The common language of Arabic,
access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire,
and their proximity to India were contributory to the
intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their
scholars knowledge to create innovations and
develop new ideas. But contrary to the Greeks,
Muslim scientist placed greater value on science
experiments rather than plain thought experiments.
 In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad
ibn Musa al Khwarizmi gave his name to the
concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is
derived from al-jabr. The beginning of the title of
one of his publications .Muslim chemist and
alchemists also played an important role in the
foundation of modern chemistry. In particular,
some scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be
the father of Chemistry
In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered
the science of experimental medicine and
was the first physician to conduct clinical
trials. His two most notable works in
medicine, the Book of Healing and The
Canon of Medicine, were used as standard
medicinal texts in both the Muslim world
and in Europe during the 17th century.
Among his many contributions are
discovery of the contagious nature of
infectious diseases and the introduction of
clinical pharmacology