ECE 740 A03 Advanced Topics in Signal and Image Proc.

Fall 2023
Assignment 2
Due: Friday, Oct 6, 2023, at 11.00 pm
(upload the assignment to eClass)

1. Consider a sampled signal fˆ ( x) with five samples at x  0,1, 2,3, 4 are shown below.
Express mathematically the interpolated signal f ( x) (as a function of x ) in the range
x  [0, 4] obtained using:
(i) nearest-neighbor interpolation
(ii) linear interpolation

2. Consider again the sampled signal fˆ ( x) in Question 1. We would like to obtain the
interpolated signal using cubic B-spline approximation.
(i) Determine the B-spline coefficients c[ x], x  0,1, 2,3, 4 using the method discussed in the
class.
[One way to verify the obtained c[.] values is to see if the relationship
f ( x)  16 c[ x  1]  64 c[ x]  16 c[ x  1], x  0,1, 2,3, 4 is satisfied (assume periodic extension
of c[.] at the border, i.e., c[1]  c[4] & c[5]  c[0] ).]
(ii) Using the B-spline coefficients c[ x] determined in step (i), calculate the interpolated
signal in the interval x  [2, 3] .

f ( x)  c[1]R3 ( x  1)  c[2]R3 ( x  2)  c[3]R3 ( x  3)  c[4]R3 ( x  4)

x [2,3]

3. In the following, a 4  4 image is shown, where only the corner pixel values are given. We
need to estimate the values at x locations by interpolating the four corner pixel values.
120 x x 90 
 x x x x 

 x x x x
 
100 x x 80 

(i) Using Nearest-Neighbor interpolation, calculate the values at x locations.

1
 (ii) Using Bilinear interpolation, calculate the values at x locations.
4. Consider the following x-y Cartesian coordinate shown below. The point P, at a distance of r
from the origin, is located at coordinate ( x, y ) . A new point P* with coordinate ( x* , y * ) is
obtained by rotating P clockwise, with respect to the origin, by angle  (see the following
figure).
x( )

y ()
(0, 0 )  y ( )
 r
P
( x, y)
r
P*
x( ) ( x* , y* )

Show that the transformed coordinate can be represented by

 x*   cos  sin  0  x 
 * 
 y     sin  cos  0  y 
 1   0 0 1   1 
 
5. Consider a geometric transformation (shear transform in horizontal direction) with input
image ABCD and output image ABC D as shown. Determine the 3  3 transformation
matrix to obtain the output coordinates from the input coordinates.

A B y ()
(0,0)
 x*  * * *  x 
 *   
 y   * * *  y  50
 1  * * *  1  ( x, y ) ( x* , y * )
   
transform.matrix
C D C D
x ()

6. Consider image enhancement using the power-law transformation: s  cr 3 . Assuming that

the both input and output images have the dynamic range [0,255], determine the value of the
constant c. How will the output image appear compared to the input image?
7. You are required to design an intensity transformation function s  T (r ) for converting a
wide dynamic range CT image (-1000 HU to +3000 Hu) to an 8-bit image. Compare and
contrast three transformations: linear, logarithmic and inverse logarithmic.

2
 1 0  r  1
8. Assume that a random variable r with pdf pr (r )   , goes through a
0 otherwise
transformation s  T (r )  r / 2 .
(i) Determine, intuitively, the pdf ps ( s ) of the output random variable s . Plot ps ( s ) .

(ii) Calculate the pdf ps ( s ) using the histogram modification equation given in the class.
Does it match with what you obtained in (i)?

1.582e r 0  r 1
9. Assume that an image B has the pdf, pr (r )   shown below.
 0 otherwise

(i) Find the transformation s  T (r ) that will accomplish histogram equalization. In other
1 0  s  1
words, the pdf of s should be ps ( s )   .
0 otherwise
(ii) Sketch the mapping function s  T (r ) .
(iii) Intuitively explain – why would the mapping function equalize the pdf (or histogram)?