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ສ ນລຂິ
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ສ ນລຂິ
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2 x3  14 x 2 x2  2x 2 x 2  10 x
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3
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u 2  uv  2u  2v 6 x 3  28 x 2  10 x 12 x 3  78 x 2  42 x
@&D @*D @(D
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x3  8 y 3  27 x 2  10 x  21
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ດິ
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8 x  12 x  1 12 x  15 3 x  3
!#D  . !$D  .
x  1 2x  3 x 1 4x  5
x 2  3x  2 1 y 2  3y  4 2
!&D  2 . !*D  .
x2 x  4x  3 y4 y 1
t2 s wv w5
!(D  . !)D  .
s 2
2t w vw
y y  3x a by  2bx
!_D  . @WD  .
3x  y x 2cx  cy ab

7
 t 2  3t  2 t 2  5t  6 s 2  3s  10 s 2  2 s  8
@!D  . @@D  .
t2  t  2 t2  t  6 s 2  3s  10 s 2  2 s  8
4a 2  4a  8 a 2  2a  15 3c 2  6c  3 2c 2  12c  18
@#D  . @$D  .
a 2  4a  21 4a 2  8a  12 2c 2  10c  12 3c 2  9c  6

@D@ 9qj’skoleo;o8+wxoUD
45 9 12 1
@&D  . @*D  .
x2 x x3 x2
b b x x2
@(D  . @)D  .
x x2 7 9
x  y x2  y2 3x  3 y x  y
@_D  . #WD  .
n n nm nm
20 5 n n
#!D  . #@D  .
n n 5 10
3x 4 x 5x 6 y
##D  . #$D  .
4 y 3y 6 y 5x

ດິ
ະສ
( x  3) 2 x 2  9 5( x  1) 2 x 2  1
#&D  . #*D  .

ສ ນລຂິ
x 2x x 5x 2
(t  5) 2 t 2  25
#)D ( s  3)  s  9 .
2 2

ສ. ຫງວ
#(D  .
3t 3t 5 5s
#_D 2 y y2  4
$WD 32  y  2y  9 .
2
ສະ
ວ.
 .
x 2  2x x 2  x  2 x  3x x  x  6
a  b a 2  2ab  b 2
$@D d  c  c 2  2cd  d 2 .
2 2
$!D  .
cd c2  d 2 d  c c  2cd  d
x 2  4 x  3 x 2  5x  6 x 2  2 x  15 x 2  2 x  15
$#D  . $$D 2  .
x 2  4 x  3 x 2  5x  6 x  8 x  15 x 2  4 x  15
y 2  5 y 2 y 2  13 y  15
$*D y 2  2 y  y  4 y  4 .
2 2
$&D  .
3y 2  y 3y3  y 2 6 y  3y 3y
3 x  3a cx  ac
$(D  . $)D ab  ac  bd2  cd2 .
cy  bc dy  bd ab  bc a  c
$_D vaf8klj;o ]ts;jk’goNvmuj0v’I6[9t85]af0t|kf s da[goNvmuj0v’;q’,qoco[.o
c,jo s 2   (s / 2) 2 D 9jq’Ivovaf8klj;ofaj’djk;D
&WD vaf8klj;o ]ts;jk’[=]y,kf0v’I6[dhvolkd0t|kf s da[|j;p,qoco[.o
c,jo s 3  (4 / 3) ( s / 2) 3 D 9qj’Ivovaf8klj;ofaj’djk;D

8
@D# 9qj’7yfcdh[qfg]d]5j,oUD
16 1
!D oadIPo7qo|bj’Ivog]dlj;o  phvo0hk * vvdD
64 4
g9Qk7yfwfh[+=;jk,ug]dlj;o.f lk,kfIvowfh7nco;oUvudL
3a 3
@D Ivo  phvo Ivo a vvdD gxaospa’[+cmo a fh;p !L 4h k ;j k cmo a
4a 4
fh;p W wfh[+L phvospa’L
11  4 11
#D Ivo  3fp 0hk $ vvdD 4nd[+L phvospa’L
1 4 1
$Dvkd-yc,f (Archimedes 278-212djvo7Dl) |bj’.ooad7toyflkf-k;gdiadmuj,u-nj
lP’3fj’fa’8ts^vfdkogxaoz6h7Qo7;hkwfhl6f[=]y,kfF l6fgoNvmujma’\qf0v’I6[m+ c]t
|j;p,qoD zqo’ko|bj’0v’]k;muj|hklqo.9mujl5fd=c,jovaf8klj;o]ts;jk’[=]y,kf
da[[=]y,kf c]t goNvmujda[goNvmju 0v’I6[m+da[|j;p,qoco[.o0v’,aogmqjkdaoD
4
.sh [=]y,kf0v’|j;p,qo VS   r 3.

ດິ
ະສ
3

ສ ນລຂິ
[=]y,kf0v’m+ VC   r 2 h.

ສ. ຫງວ
r h
goNvmuj0v’|j;p,qo AS  4 r 2 .
goNvmuj0v’m+ ສະ
AC  2 rh  2 r 2 .

ວ.
9qj’oe.-hl6f0hk’gmy’-vdlyj’muj]k;-vdwfh XcotoeG -vd h 8k,7jk0v’ r c]h;
.sh4n r gxao8q;xjPocxj’D
&D 9qj’7eo;oD
1 2 3 99
dD    .
2 3 4 100
1 2 3 999
0D    .
2 3 4 1000
1 2 3 999
7D     0 [+L phvospa’L
2 3 4 1000

9
 [qfmu # dkoskorts5rqf
dyf9tde

!D 9qj’-vdzqosko c]t lj;oglfg,njvsko !* .sh #D

@D 9q’j 0Po9eo;o8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af 16 = ….  3 + .…
.97;k,
#D! dkoskorts5rqfc[[mqj;wx

.sh A c]t B gxaorts5rqfD g,njv A  BQ  R gryjo;jk A sko.sh B wfh Q c]t

glf R.

8q;1jk’!G sko 2 x 2  5 x  12 .sh x  4.

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
2x 2  5 x  12 x 4

ສ. ຫງວ

2x 2  8x 2x  3 ສະ
ວ.
 3x  12

 3x  12
0 0

zqosko c,jo Q( x)  2 x  3.
glf c,jo R  0.

10
8q;1jk’ @G sko 3  7x  6x 2 .sh 3 x  1.

6 x2 7 x 3 3x 1

6 x2 2 x 2 x 3
9 x 3

9 x 3
0 6

zqosko c,jo Q( x)  2 x  3.
glf c,jo R  6.

#D@ dkoskoc[[-yogmmyd (Synthetic Division)

ດິ
ະສ
8q;1jk’!G 9qj’skoD

ສ ນລຂິ
dD 2 x 2  5 x  12 .sh x  4.

ສ. ຫງວ
0D x3  8 .sh x  2.
7D 3  7x  6x 2 .sh 3x  1. ສະ
dD ;ymusko 2 x 2  5 x  12 .sh x  4. ວ.
7jk0v’ x mujgIaf.sh
8q;skogmqjk WD
2 5 12 4
lextlyf0v’8q;8A’sko0Po
c8j-hkpsk0;k c]t 9af]P’ 8 12
8k,de]a’s^kpsk|hvpD
2 3 0

zqoskoc,jo Q( x)  2 x  3.
glfc,jo R  0.

11
 0D ;ymusko x3  8 .sh x  2. 7jk0v’ x mujgIaf.sh
1 0 0 8 2 8q;skogmqjk WD
lextlyf0v’8q;8A’sko0Po
c8j-hkpsk0;k c]t 9af]P’ 2 4 8
8k,de]a’s^kpsk|hvpD
1 2 4 0

zqoskoc,jo Q( x)  x 2  2 x  4.
glfc,jo R  0.

7D ;ymusko 3  7 x  6 x 2 .sh 3 x  1  3( x  1 / 3)
6 7 3  1/ 3
6 9 6
2 3
zqoskoc,jo Q( x)  2 x  3.
glfc,jo R  6.
[qfg/ydsaf

ດິ
ະສ
#D! 9qj’xt8y[afdkoskoma’ @ c[[D

ສ ນລຂິ
!D (3x 2  5 x  2) /( x  2). @D (2 x 2  x  6) /( x  2).

ສ. ຫງວ
#D (2 y 3  5 y 2  y  6) /( y  2). $D ( x 3  5 x 2  x  10) /( x  2).
&D (3x 2  11x  1) /( x  4). *D (2 x 2  3x  4) /( x  3).ສະ
ວ.
(D (8 x 2  14 x  3) /(2 x  3). )D (6m 2  5m  6) /(3m  2).
_D (6 y 2  y  12) /(2 y  3). !WD (6 x 2  11x  12) /(3x  2).
!!D ( x 2  4) /( x  2). !@D ( y 2  9) /( y  3).
#D@ 9qj’xt8y[afdkoskoc[[mqj;wxD
!#D (12 x 2  11x  2) /(3x  2).
!$D (9 x 4  2  6 x  x 2 ) /(3x  1).
!&D (4 x 4  10 x  9 x 2  10) /(2 x  3).
!*D (8 x 2  7  13x  24 x 4 ) /(3x  5  6 x 2 ).
!(D (16 x  5 x 3  8  6 x 4  8 x 2 ) /(2 x  4  3x 2 ).
!)D (9 x 3  x  2 x 5  9 x 3  2  x) /(2  x 2  3x).
!_D (12 x 2  19 x 3  4 x  3  12 x 5 ) /(4 x 2  1).
@WD ( x 4  x 3  4 x 2  7 x  2) /( x 2  x  1).
12
 [qfmu $ dko[;d c]t dko]q[leo;oxqddt8y
dyf9tde
9qj’7yfw]j
1 2 9 4
   
5 5 7 7
1 2 3 9 4
    
4 5 10 7 3

.97;k,
$D! dko[;d c]t dko]q[0v’leo;oxqddt8ymuj,ur6ffP;dao

A C AC A C AC
  c]t   D
B B B B B B

ດິ
ະສ
ba aba

ສ ນລຂິ
a b
8q;1jk’G dD    .
a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1

ສ. ຫງວ
1 2x  1 1 2x  1
0D  2  
( x  1)( x  1) x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1)
. ສະ

1  (2 x  1)
. ວ.
( x  1)( x  1)
1  2x  1
 .
( x  1)( x  1)
 2x
 .
( x  1)( x  1)

$D@ mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f XmI|l? LCM

8q;1jk’G -vd mI|l 0v’
dD 18 x 3 ; 15 x; 10 x 2 .
0D 2a 2  4a , 3a 2  3a  18 , a 2  6a  9.

13
;ymu-vdG
dD 18 x 3  2  3 2  x 3 .
15 x  3  5  x.
10 x 2  2  5  x 2 .
mI|l c,joG 2  3 2  5  x 3  90 x 3 .

0D 2a 2  4a , 3a 2  3a  18 , a 2  6a  9.
2a 2  4a  2a (a  2).
3a 2  3a  18  3(a 2  a  6)  3(a  2)(a  3).
a 2  6a  9  (a  3) 2 .
mI|l c,joG 6a (a  2)(a  3) 2 .

$D# dko[;d c]t ]q[leo;oxqddt8ymuj,ur6f8jk’dao

A C AD  BC
l6f[;d   .

ດິ
ະສ
B D BD
A C AD  BC
l6f]q[  

ສ ນລຂິ
.
B D BD

ສ. ຫງວ
2 3 2
ສະ
8q;1jk’G 9qj’7yfw]j  2  2 .
ວ.
a  2a a  3a a  5a  6
2

2 3 2 2 3 2
[qfcdhG  2  2   
a  2a a  3a a  5a  6 a(a  2) a (a  3) (a  2)(a  3)
2

2(a  3) 3(a  2) 2a
  
a(a  2)(a  3) a(a  2)(a  3) a(a  2)(a  3)
2(a  3)  3(a  2)  2a 2a  6  3a  6  2a
 .
a(a  2)(a  3) a (a  2)(a  3)
a
 .
a (a  2)(a  3)
1
 .
(a  2)(a  3)

14
$D$ leo;oxqddt8yla[lqo
1
.odhv’4jkpI6[F f w]ptc8jcdh;8kglnvXg]o? sk 95fl5, c,jo f  F
1 1

d a
g-yj’ d c,jow]ptc8j;af45 sk g]o c]t a c,jo w]ptc8jg’qk sk g]oD
a
d f

95fl5,

;af45 g]o g’qk

1
f  c,jo8q;1jk’ “leo;oxqddt8yla[lqo”

ດິ
ະສ
1 1

d a

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
1 1
! c,jo 9eo;or6f c]t  c,jo r6fD
d a ສະ
8q;1jk’ !D 9qj’Ivo
3 1
ວ.
2 4
1 2
dD 10 . 0D 3. 7D f 
1 1
. ’D M  .
4 5 1 1
1 3  
5 6 d a a b

M gvUo;jk “7jkltg]jp Ik3,oyd” (harmonic mean) 0v’ a c]t b.

3 20  3
2
[qfcdhG dD ;ymu !G 10  10  17  5  17  1  17 .
4 4  5 10 9 2 9 18
1
5 5

15
 3 4
;ymu @G r6fIj;, ( , )  10.
10 5
3 20  3
2
10  10  10  17 .
4 10 8  10 18
1
5 10
1 12  1
4
0D ;ymu !G 3  3  11  6  11  2  22 .
5 5  18 3 23 1 23 23
3
6 6
1 5
;ymu @G r6fIj;, ( , )  6. s^n LCM (3,6)  6.
3 6
1 12  1
4
6
3   3  22 .
5 6 5  18 23
3

ດິ
ະສ
6 6

ສ ນລຂິ
1 1 ad
7D ;ymu !G f    .
1 1 ad ad

ສ. ຫງວ

d a ad ສະ
1 5
ວ.
;ymu @G r6fIj;, ( , )  ad s^n LCM (d , a)  ad .
d a
1 ad 1 ad
f     .
1 1 ad a  d a  d

d a ad
2 2 2ab
’D ;ymu !G M    .
1 1 ba ab

a b ab
1 1
;ymu @G r6fIj;, ( , )  ab. s^n L C M (a, b)  ab.
a b
2 ab 2 2ab
M     .
1 1 ab b  a a  b

a b ab

16
8q;1jk’ @D 9qj’Ivo
2 1 1 1 2 1 3 y
   1
dD ab . 0D y x
. 7D 3 y
. ’D 2 x . 9D x .
1 1

y 5 1

7 5

y2
1
a b yx 6 y2 4 x2 x2
[qfcdhG
2 2
dD a  b  a  b  2  ab  2ab .
1 1 a  b a  b a  b ( a  b) 2

a b ab

1 1 x y

y x xy x  y x  y ( x  y) 2
0D     .
y y xy y xy 2
yx x y

ດິ
ະສ
1 2 y6

ສ ນລຂິ

3 y 6y 2
3y 3 y ( y  6)

ສ. ຫງວ
7D  2 2  .
5 1 6y 5y  6 5y2  6
 ສະ
6 y2 6y2

1 3 x6 ວ.

2 x  4x 
2
2 x( x  6)
’D 2x  .
7 5
 4 x 2
7 x 2
 20 7 x 2
 20
4 x2 4x 2

y yx
1
x 2
x( y  x) x
9D x  2 2x 2   .
y 2
x y x ( y  x)( y  x) x  y
1
x2 x2

17
 [qfg/ydsaf
$D! 9qj’7yfw]jD
2x x a b xa ax
!D  . @D  . #D  .
x2 x2 a b a b xa xa
1 2 5a 4a  b 5y 3
$D  . &D  . *D  .
n n ab ab xy x
a2 b2 x 1 x2 x( x  1) 1
(D  . )D   . _D  .
ab a b 3x 2 3x 3x 3 x  x x 1
2

$D@ 9jq’-vd mI|l

!D a , a 2  a. @D t 2  t , t 2.

#D 6u 2 , 3u (u  3). $D a 2  a , 2a  2.

&D y 2  yx , x 2  xy. *D 2t  6 , t 2  9 , t 3  3t 2 .

ດິ
ະສ
(D x  1, x 2  2 x  1, 2 x. )D 3  2a , 3  2 a , 9  4a 2 .

ສ ນລຂິ
_D 2( x  y ) , 3( x  y ) 2 , 4( x  y ) 2 . !WD p 2  q 2 , 2( p  q) , 3( p  q).

ສ. ຫງວ
$D# 9jq’7yfw]j
ສະ
ວ.
1 x
!D 1  . @D 1  .
a 1 x2
1 1 1 a a
#D   2 . $D 2 .
x  y x  y x  y2 a b ab
a2 a a x3 2x
&D   *D  2 .
a 1 1 a 1 a x  9 x  2x
2

(D 2 a  1  1 . )D 2 1  2
1
.
a a2 a3 x  x  12 x  2 x  3
2(5 x  6)
_D 2 2  2
3
. !WD 1  2 1  .
x  2 x  1 x  3x  4 x 2 x  x  3 5 x(2 x  3)
!!D 23 2  1  1 3 . !@D 1 3  32 2  2 2 .
9u v 6uv 12v 12 x 8x y 3 xy
4t  3 3 2t  1 3y  8 2 y 1 5
!#D   . !$D   .
18t 3 4t 6t 2 4y2 y3 8y

18
 t 1 x 1
!&D  1. !*D 2 .
t 1 x3
a a 1 2
!(D 5  . !)D 3 .
a 1 a 1 y2 y2
2 1 1 3
!_D  . @WD  .
3( x  5) 2
4( x  5)( x  5) 6( x  7)( x  7) 8( x  7) 2
3 1 2 1
@!D  2 . @@D  2 .
x  4 x  4x  4
2
x  6x  9 x  9
2

2 1 2x 2x 1 1
@#D   2 . @$D   .
x3 x3 x 9 x y
2 2
x y x y
x 1 1
@&D  2  2 .
x  x  2 x  5 x  14 x  8 x  7
2

m2 1 1 1 1 1
@*D   . @(D  2  2 .
m  2m  1 3m  3 6
2
3x  3x 4 x
2
3x  6 x  3

ດິ
ະສ
1 1 1 xy 2 y
@)D @_D

ສ ນລຂິ
 2  .  2 .
3m(m  1) m  2m  1 5m 2 x y
3 3
x  x y2

ສ. ຫງວ
x xy
#WD  3 .
ສະ
x  xy  y
2 2
x  y3
ວ.
$D$ 9qj’Ivo
4 3 3 1 1 1
3 1 5 3 
!D 5 . @D 8. #D 2. $D 4. &D 4 5.
3 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 6 
10 2 3 5 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
 a x a 5
y
*D 6 5. (D b. )D . _D b . !WD a .
1 1 1 2 1 2
 a x a 10 
4 3 b y 2b a
b b
a a
3 5 7
!!D a. !@D 2. !#D . !$D . !&D .
a a 1 2 3 6 3 5
b b   
b 3 a b a b a 2a

19
 3 1
x 5 8 x y x y
!*D . !(D . !)D . !_D . @WD .
3 1 1 3 4 2 1 2 1 2
    
x 2x a a2 n n2 x y x y
2 3

3

2 x y
 ab
@!D x y
. @@D 2x 3 y
. @#D y x
. @$D a b .
6 1 x y 1 1

xy xy x y a b
x 1 2 1 2 1
  
y x y ab a .
@&D . @*D @(D 3 n .
2 ab 3 1

x y ab 4 n2
1 2 1 1
1 
@)D m2 . @_D 1 n . #WD mn mn.
1 1 1 1
m 

ດິ
ະສ
2 n2 n m  n2
2

ສ ນລຂິ
a x2 a
2 1 1

ສ. ຫງວ
4y2 ab .
#!D b . #@D . ##D ສະ
a2 x b
1
4 1
ວ.
b2 2y ab
ab c 1
a 2 x
#$D ab . #&D d 1 . #*D 2x  4 .
ab c 1
b 2 2x 
ab d 1 x2
#(D 9jq’-vd;jk7jkltg]jpIk3,oyd0v’ * c]t !@ c,jo )D 7eg;Qk “Ik3,oyd”
“harmonic” ,aodjP;raoda[lP’fqo8iug-ajoG lkp7uu8k (Quitar) pk; !@ sq;|j;pF
g;]kfufgIqk9a[.shlAo]q’Ivf ) sq;|j;p gIqk9twfhlP’mu & “the fifth” g-yj’gxao
Ik3,oydda[lP’8Qo8= !@ sq;|j;pD 4hkgIqk9a[.shlAo]q’Ivf * sq;|j;p gIqk9twfh
lP’mu ) “Octave” g-yj’gxaoIk3,oyd g-ajofP;daoda[I6[dhvolkdg-yj’,u * |hkF )
9v, c]t !@ ]jP, 4ndgvUo;jk “dhvolkd Ik3,oyd”

20
 3
#)D 9qj’7yfw]j7jkltg]jp Ik3,oyd M  .
1 1 1
 
a b c
1
#_D 7jk.dh7P’0v’  c,jo 3 D 9qj’7yfw]jfh;pg7njv’7yfg]d c]h;xP[mP[
1
7
16
da[7jk0v’   3,141592 654 D

$WD gryjo.shG
1 1 1
1
,
1
c]t 1
D
2 2 2
2 1 1
2 2
2 1
2
2
2 5 12
dD 9jq’7eo;o.shwfh;jk # leo;ofaj’djk;,u7jk , , 8k,]efa[D
5 12 29

ດິ
ະສ
0D gIqklk,kf0Poleo;ofaj’djk; 1jk’[+lUol5fD ,ao,u-nj;jk “g]dlj;o8+gonjv’”

ສ ນລຂິ
g-yj’ltg|u3fpoad7toyflkf-k;va’dyf “9vo ;vo]yl” John Wallis .oxu !*_&D

ສ. ຫງວ
29
.shI6h;jk7jk0v’g]dlj;o8+gonjv’,uc[[0v’,aoF I6h;jk7jk8+wxc,jo ສະ D 4k,;jk
70

ວ.
7jk8+wxvudc,jospa’L
7D 4hkgIqk[;d ! g0Qkda[7jkfaj’djk; gIqk9twfh7jk.dh7P’0v’ 2D 9qj’-vd7jk
faj’djk; fh;pg7njv’7yfg]d c]h;xP[mP[da[ 7jk0v’ 2 D
$!D 9qj’Ivo
1 1 1
1
,
1
c]t 1
D
2 2 2
4 1 1
4 4
8 1
8
16

21
 [qfmu & dkocdhlq,zqoxqddt8yy
dyf9tde
gInv9ad]e|bj’4hk8k,o=hkmuj[+ws^9twxwfh 5 km 8+-qj;3,’D gInv9ad]eoU4nd.-hh8k,]eo=hk
csj’|bj’mujws^3fp.-hw]ptg;]kvaofP;dao0k]jv’wxwfh 9 km lj;o0k0BowxwfhrP’c8j
3 km D .sh c c,jo7;k,w;0v’o=hkmujws^F 9qj’0Polq,zqogrnjv-vdsk c.

.97;k,
A C
leo;oxqddt8y  ( B  0, D  0) g,njv AD  BC.
B D
oUgxaos^addkorNo4kogrnjvcdhlq,zqoxqddt8yD
8q;1jk’G 9qj’cdhlq,zqo8+wxoU.od5j,9eo;o9y’G

ດິ
ະສ
1 2 x 1 2 2 3 3
dD  . 0D  . 7D   .
x 1 x x 1 x x  1 3x  1 x

ສ ນລຂິ
[qfcdhG

ສ. ຫງວ
1 2  x  1  0, x  0 ສະ
dD  g,njv 
x 1 x  x  2( x  1)
9kdoUwfhG ວ.
 x  1  0, x  0

 x  2x  2
 x  1  0, x  0

 x2

x  2.
x 1 2
0D rkp.8hg’njvow0 x  1  0, x  0;  g,njv
x 1 x
x( x  1)  2( x  1)
x2  x  2  0
  (1)2  4(1)(2)  7  0
faj’oAoF lq,zqo [+,u.9zqomujgxao9eo;o9y’D
22
 2 3 3 1
7D   . g0fdeoqf D    {1; ; 0}.
x  1 3x  1 x 3
2(3 x  1)  3( x  1) 3

( x  1)(3x  1) x
9x 1 3

( x  1)(3 x  1) x
3( x  1)(3 x  1)  x(9 x  1)
9 x2  6 x  3  9 x2  x
5x  3
3
x  D
5
3
faj’oAo x .
5
[qfg/ydsaf

ດິ
ະສ
9qj’cdhlq,zqo.odj5, D

ສ ນລຂິ
1 4
&D!D  2. &D@D  2.

ສ. ຫງວ
x 1 3 x
ສະ
5 x2  2 x
&D#D  1 14  0. &D$D 
ວ.
.
3x  5 x 4 x2
2

5 33  x 3x 2  x 5  x 1
&D&D  2 . &D*D    .
x  3 x  6x  9 24 10 40 15
2x 3  x 2  x 1 5t  22 11 5
&D(D    . &D)D  2   0.
10 14 5 2 t  6t  9 t  3t t
2

2x  3 x  6 2x 6
&D_D  . &D!WD 5  .
6 x  1 3x  1 3 x x 3
3x 6 1 1 1
&D!!D   3. &D!@D   2 .
2x x2 3x  2 2 x  3 6 x  13x  6
x 1 1
&D!#D 1

1
 2
4
. &D!$D  1 .
2x  1 2x  1 4x  1 3x  4 3x  4
z 1 z 1 z2
&D!&D    . &D!*D 2 1 2
  
1
.
5 20 z  2 4 x  2 x x 3( x  2)

23
 &D!)D x  2  x  4  32x  1 .
2
1 1 2
&D!(D    0.
x 1 x  2 x  3 2x  3 x  2 2x  x  6
1 3 1
&D!_D  2  2 .
c  c  2 c  2c  3 c  5c  6
2

5t  22 11 5
&D@WD  2  . &D@!D 1  3  0.
t  6t  9 t  3t t
2
x  5 x  15
4 8
&D@@D  . &D@#D 2  3 .
x 1  x x 1 x 1
&D@$D 1

2
. &D@&D x  1  x  4 .
x  1 2x  2 x 3 x3
x2 x2
&D@*D  . &D@(D x  2  x  3 .
x  4 x 1 x3 x2
x5 x 4
&D@)D  . &D@_D 4 x  1  6 x  2 .
x4 x5 2 x  1 3x  2
3x  1 6x
&D#WD  . &D#!D 2 2  21 .
x  1 2x  2 x  x x 1
4 2
&D##D 2 3  2 21 .

ດິ
ະສ
&D#@D  2 .
x  x x 1
2
t  3t t  3t

ສ ນລຂິ
2 10
&D#$D  2 . &D#&D 2 1  2 .

ສ. ຫງວ
t  2t t  2t
2
r  r r 1
1 3
&D#*D  . &D#(D x  6  1. ສະ
r  r r 1
2

ວ.
x
3
&D#)D x   4. &D#_D 2 y  1  5 .
x 3y 3
2 7
&D$WD 2y   . &D$!D 1  2  212 .
3y 3 x3 x 9
2 4
&D$@D 1  2 . &D$#D 1  1  2 4 .
x2 x 4 x2 3 x 4
3 1 5
&D$$D   2 . &D$&D 3  2 11  2.
x 1 8 x 1 x  5 x  25
2 4
&D$*F  2  2. &D$(D 2  24  2.
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
3 12 3 x5 x7
&D$)D  2  1. &D$_D 2  2  2 .
x2 x 4 x  3x  2 x  5 x  6 x  4 x  3
x5 4 x 1
&D&WD  2  2 .
x  1 x  x  2 x  3x  2
2

24
 [qfmu * vaf8klj;o c]t vaf8klj;orq;raoD
dyf9tde
.oshv’IPooU ,uG
Xd? vaf8klj;o9eo;ooadIPopy’ 8+ 9eo;ooadIPo-kpgmqjk.fL
X0? vaf8klj;o9eo;ooadIPopy’ 8+ 9eo;ooadIPoma’\qfgmqjk.fL
X7? vaf8klj;o9eo;ooadIPo-kp 8+ 9eo;ooadIPoma’\qfgmqjk.fL

.97;k,
*D! oypk,vaf8klj;o
vaf8klj;oc,jog]dlj;o0v’dkoxP[mP[lyj’0v’ @ 1jk’.ofhkoxt]y,ko s^n
0t|kfmuj,usq;|j;pfP;daoD

ດິ
ະສ
1
8q;1jk’ !D ,kf8klj;o0v’czomuj s^n 1: 50 000 c,jovaf8klj;o]ts;jk’ czomuj

ສ ນລຂິ
50 000
c]t 8q;9y’D \kp7;k,;jk.oczomuj];’pk; gmqjk 8q;9y’ 1 km D

ສ. ຫງວ
2 cm

8q;1jk’ @D vkp5r+ $& c]t ]6d !!D vaf8klj;ovkp5r+8+]6dc,jo 45

s^n ສະ
45 : 11 c]t vkp5]6d

ວ.
11
11
8+r+c,jo s^n 11 : 45.
45
8q;1jk’ #D w]ptsjk’c8j3]dsk8kg;ao,u 149,6 ]hkody3]c,af c]t ! xucl’gmqjkda[
9 500 000 ]hkody3]c,afD vaf8klj;ow]ptsjk’c8j3]dsk8kg;ao8+ ! xucl’c,jo
149, 6
 1575 108 xucl’D
9500 000

8q;1jk’ $D 4hkgvqk3]dgxaosq;|j;p0v’[=]y,kfgIqkwfhfk;rtl5d 0,91 F fk;va’7ko 0,15 F

fk;rtsaf 1317 F fk;glqk 762 D wfhvaf8klj;o]ts;jk’[=]y,kf0v’G
0,91 91
fk;rtl5d8+fk;rtsaf c,joG  .
1317 131700
0,15 1
fk;va’7ko8+fk;rtsaf c,joG  .
1317 8780

25
 762 254
fk;glqk8+fk;rtsafc,joG  .
1317 439
1
3]d8+fk;rtsafc,joG .
1317

8q;1jk’ &D ]aflt\u0v’f;’9ao c,joG 3 476 km.

]aflt\u0v’3]d c,joG 6 378 388 m.
]aflt\u0v’8kg;aoc,joG 1391000 km.
vaf8klj;o]ts;jk’[=]y,kf0v’G
3467 3
f;’9ao8+8kg;aoc,joG ( )  155 1010.
1391000
6378,388 3
3]d8+8kg;aoc,joG ( )  946 1010.
1391000
8q;1jk’ *D ok.Ijj|bj’ mD 7e lk,kffeleg]afrkp.o 6 hF oD ]u leg]af 3h c]t mD lu
leg]af 4 h D

ດິ
ະສ
dD 4hk mD 7e c]t mD lu Ij;,daofe9t.-hg;]kgmqjk.f9bj’leg]afL

ສ ນລຂິ
0D 4hk ma’lk,7qo Ij;,daofe9t.-hg;]kgmqjk.f9bj’leg]afL

ສ. ຫງວ
;ymucdh !G lq,,5f;jk;Pdc,jo ! sq;|j;pD
1 1 ສະ
ວ.
dD .o 1 h mD 7e fewfh 0v’;Pd c]t mD lu wfh .
6 4
1 1 46
.o 1 h ma’lv’ fewfh   0v’;PdD
6 4 6 4
1 6 4
ma’lv’Ij;,daofe.-hg;]k t
  2 52 h.
46 46
6 4
0D .o 1 h mD 7e fewfh 1 0v’;PdF oD ]u 1 c]t mD lu wfh 1 .
6 3 4
1 1 1 3 4  6  4  6  3
.o 1 h ma’lk,fewfh    0v’;PdD
6 3 4 6  3 4
ma’lk,Ij;,daofe.-hg;]k
1 6  3 4 72
t    1 13 h.
3  4  6  4  6  3 3  4  6  4  6  3 54
6  3 4

26
;ymucdh @G lq,,5f;jk;Pdc,jo ! sq;|j;pD
;k’ t gxaog;]kmuj-vdD
1
dD .o 1 h mD 7e fewfh 0v’;Pd c]t mD lu f=kwfh 1 0v’;PdD
6 4
1 1
.o 1 h ma’lv’fewfh  0v’;PdD
6 4
1 1
wfhlq,zqo (  ) t  1.
4 6
24
cdhlq,zqo 10 t  24  t   2 52 h.
10
1
0D .o 1 h mD 7e fewfh 0v’;PdF oD ]u fewfh 1 c]t mD lu fewfh 1 .
6 3 4
1 1 1
.o 1 h ma’lk,fewfh   0v’;PdD
6 3 4
1 1 1
wfhlq,zqo (   ) t  1.
4 3 6

ດິ
ະສ
54 72
cdhlq,zqo t 1 t   1 13 h.
72 54

ສ ນລຂິ
\kpgsfG { 4hk gxaog;]kleg]af;Pd’ko0v’z6hmu 1, 2 , 3 8k,]efa[D

ສ. ຫງວ
a, b , c
1 ab
{ 4hk];,daolv’7qo9tleg]af.og;]k t  . ສະ
1 1 ab

ວ.

a b
1 abc
{ 4hk];,daolk,7qo9tleg]af.og;]k t  .
1 1 1 bc  ac  ab
 
a b c
8q;1jk’ (D Xoe.-h8q;1jk’ *?
dHvdoEmu ! c]t @ lk,kf.shoEg8a,4a’rkp.o 30 mn c]t 20 mn 8k,]efa[D
dHvdmu # lk,kfxjvpoEvvd\qf4a’ 40 mn D 4hkw0rhv,daoma’ # dHvd9t.-hg;]kgmqjk.f
oE9bj’g8a,4a’L
1 abc
[qfcdhG vu’8k,l6f t  .
1 1 1 bc  ac  ab
 
a b c

27
 1 abc
wfh t  .
1 1 1 bc  ac  ab
 
a b c
1 24000 240 120
t     17 17 mn.
1 1 1 800  1200  600 14 7
 
30 20 40

*D@ oypk,vaf8krq;rao
gxaovaf8krq;rao 8+
A, B, C 3, 4, 5 d=8+g,njv A: B : C  3: 4 : 5.
\kp7;k,;jkG
A 3 A 3 B 4 A 3 3 1
 ,  ,  ,    .
B 4 C 5 C 5 A  B  C 3  4  5 12 4

8q;1jk’ !D c[j’g’yo $& WWW du[ gxao # lj;o.ovaf8krq;rao 3: 5 : 7.

ດິ
ະສ
3
[qfcdhG lj;omu !G 45 000   9 000.
357

ສ ນລຂິ
5
lj;omu @G 45 000   15 000.

ສ. ຫງວ
357
7
lj;omu #G 45 000 
357
 21 000. ສະ
8q;1jk’ @D c[j’ @$W_ gxao # lj;o.ovaf8krq;rao ວ.
1 :1: 1 .
2 3

1 1 3 6 2
[qfcdhG ,u :1:  : :  3: 6 : 2.
2 3 6 6 6
3
wfh lj;omu !G 2409   657.
36 2
6
lj;omu @G 2409   1314.
3 6 2
2
lj;omu #G 2409   438.
36 2
8q;1jk’ #D 9jq’-vdvaf8klj;orq;rao ]ts;jk’f;’9ao8+3]d8+8kg;aoD
[qfcdhG vaf8klj;oc,joG 155 1010 : 946 1010 :1  155 : 946 :1010.

28
8q;1jk’ $D vaf8klj;orq;rao ]ts;jk’goNvmuj0v’]k;GwmG;Pfok,Gdex6g9p c,joG
236 800 : 514 000 : 329556 : 181035  1 : 2,17 : 1,39 : 0,76.

[qfg/ydsaf
*D! 9qj’-vdvaf8klj;o]5j,oUG
!D 8 cm :3 m. @D 12 km / h : 40 km / h. #D 12 km / h : 10 m / sec .
$D 2 pence :$12. &D $ 5,50 : $125. *D #W vaf 8+ ! du[D
(D 10 m :1 km. )D 4 cm 2 :10 mm 2 . _D 1 g :1 kg.
!WD 1 acre :1 hectare. (1 acre  4047 m 2 , 1 hectare 10 000 m 2 ).
*D@ g]d39fdjP;da[vaf8klj;o
!D 9qj’-vd7jkdt8;’0v’dko9qd.[wrh ! .[9kdwrh ! -5, X&@ .[? .shwfh cvafD
@D .ow]pt|bj’xuF xt-kdvo0v’xtgmf|bj’ ,uugfadgduf.\j # _!# WWW 7qo mP[.lj

ດິ
ະສ
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vaf8klj;ofaj’djk; gvUo;jkvaf8kdkogduf8+ !WWW 7qoxt9exuoAoD

ສ ນລຂິ
#D .ow]pt|bj’xuF xt-kdvo0v’xtgmf|bj’ ,u7qoglp-u;yf @ !(! WWW 7qomP[.lj

ສ. ຫງວ
xt-k-qo @$* ]hko7qoD 4k,;jkmP[.ljxt-k-qo !WW WWW 7qo,u7qoglp-u;yfgmqjk.fL
ສະ
ວ.
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$D oaddy]klto5dgdU7qo|bj’8hv’dko8u]6dfe]q’s^5, g-yj’]6d0k; c]t ]6dfesjk’9kd
0v[38tg[Nv’fP;dao 60 cm c]t 90 cm 8k,]efa[ c]t 95flkplkd.lj0v[38t
faj’djk;0v’ma’ @ ]6dsjk’dao 120 cm D 4k,;jk]k;8hv’8u]6d0k; 8e0v[38t
sjk’9kd95flkplkd0v’]6 d0k;gmq j k .fgrnj v .sh ] 6 d 0k;ltmh v o9kd0v[38t
8e]6 d fec[[dq ’ |h k L
&D oE]yocsj’|bj’]yooEwfh 12  / mn D 4k,;jk1kdwfhoE 390  9t8hv’]=4hk9adokmuL
*D s5’g0Qk ! 9vd.ljoE 1 23 9vdD 4k,;jks5’g0Qk # 9vd.ljoEgmqjk.f9vdL
(D vaf8klj;o ]ts;jk’dko;afcmdG
1 cm  0,3937 inch D 4k,;jk 1 inch ,u gmqjk.f cm ?
1 foot  0,3048 m D 4k,;jk 1 m ,u gmqjk.f feet ?
1 m 1,0936 yards D 4k,;jk 1 yard ,u gmqjk.f m ?

29
 1 km  0, 621 mile D 4k,;jk 1 mile ,u gmqjk.f km ?
1 gram  0, 03527 ounce D 4k,;jk 1 ounce ,u gmqjk.f grams ?
1 kg  2,2046 pounds D 4k,;jk 1 pound ,u gmqjk.f kg ?
1 gallon  3,78541liters D 4k,;jk 1 liter ,u gmqjk.f gallon ?
1 hectare  2, 470966 acres D 4k,;jk 1 acre ,u gmqjk.f hectare ?
1 hectare 10 000 m 2 D 4k,;jk 1 acre ,u gmqjk.f m 2 ?
)D .oczomuj muj,u,kf8klj;o 1 cm 8+ 150 km D
dD 4hk;jklv’g,nv’sjk’dao 3, 2 cm .oczomujF 8q;9y’sjk’dao9ad km ?
0D 4hk]qf7ao|bj’vvd9kdg,nv’|bj’ 1kdIvfg,nv’mu@ .og;]k17.00 h F 8hv’vvd
gfuomk’g;]k.fL I6h;jk7;k,w;ltg]jp0v’]qfc,jo 50 km / h.
7D 4hk]qf7aofaj’djk;dyooE,ao 12 km /  D 4k,;jk9t\qfg’yogmqjk.fdu[L I6h;jk]k7k
oE,ao 1  / 8000 k.
_D g7njv’vafgvdtlkogdqjkvafwfh @W |hk 8+okmuF g7njv’.\jvafwfh )W |hk 8+okmuD
dD vafgvdtlko )WW |hkD g7njv’gdqjk.-hg;]kgmqjk.fL g7njv’.\j.-hg;]kgmqjk.fL

ດິ
ະສ
0D 4hk.-h ma’ @ g7njv’rhv,dao9t.-hg;]kgmqjk.fL

ສ ນລຂິ
!WD gInv9ad]e|bj’.-hg;]kgmqjkdao]jv’8k,dtcloEws^ 20 km c]t 0Bom;odtcloE

ສ. ຫງວ
10 km.
ສະ
dD 4hkdtcloEws^ gmqjk 2 km / h D 4k,sk7;k,w; v 0v’gInvgmy’oE[+ws^D
0D c]jogInvm;odtcloE 16 km .-hg;]kgmqjk.fL ວ.
7D 4k,;jk.-hg;]kgmqjk.fgrnjvc]jowx 8 km da[ 8 km 3fp0qog7njv’g0Qk{vvdgInv
15 mn ?
!!D lv’dHvdlk,kfw0oEg0Qkg8a,4a’ wfh 20 mn c]t 15 mn 8k,]efa[D dHvdmu #
lk,kfxjvpoEvvd4a’\qfwfh 5 mn D 4hk4a’,uoEg7yj’4a’F 4k,;jkw0rhv,daoma’ #
dHvd.-hg;]kgmqjk.foE\qf4a’L
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4hk]k;4u[8k,dtcl]q,.og;]kfP;daowxwfh 15 km D 4k,;jk.ovaf8k7;k,w;
faj’djk;]k;9t.-hg;]kgmqjk.f4u[]qf 15 km l;odtcl]q,muj,u7;k,w; 4 km / h L

30
*D# vaf8klj;orq;raoD
!D 9qj’c[j’ @$* gxao # lj;o.ovaf8krq;rao 1 12 : 2 :3 13 .
1 1 1
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2 3 6
#D ];’Iv[0v’I6[lk,c9|bj’c,jo 3 600 m D ];’pk;0v’0hk’gxaovaf8klj;o
rq;rao da[ 3: 4 :5. 9qj’-vd];’pk;0v’c8j]t0hk’D
$D g’yo !# du[ xtdv[,us^Po &W vafF !W vaf c]t & vaf g-yj’,u9eo;ogmqjkdaoD
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3
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];,dao,u _! xuD 4k,skvkp50v’c8j]t7qo,ugmqjk.fL
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ະສ
]t7qowfh @ gmnjv0v’gfad-kpD
_D 4hk oD xk /kdg’yo $WW WWW du[ .o _ gfnvo c]t oD x6 /kdg’yo #WW WWW du[ .o

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
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ສະ
ວ.
!!D 4hk & 7qogIaf;Pd|bj’rkp.o 2 h leg]afD 4k,;jk !@ 7qo.-hg;]kgmqjk.f9bj’
leg]afL

31
 [qfmu ( gxug-ao c]t fvdg[hp
dyf9tde
!D .oshv’IPooU,uG
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X7? vaf8klj;o9eo;ooadIPo-kp 8+ ma’\qf gmqjk.fL gxao gxug-aoL
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#D fk;g7njv’ c]t 1n,g’yo8jk’daoco;.fL

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gxug-ao c,jovaf8klj;o lj;o !WW

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g-ajoG

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40% gmqjkda[vaf8klj;o $WG!WW s^n @G&D

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402
40% gmqjkda[g]dlj;o .s^n
1005
40% gmqjkda[9eo;omqfltoypq, 0,04.
ສະ
g]dlj;ogxaogxug-aomuj7;o9njG ວ.
3 2
 75%  0,75.  66 23 %  0, (66).
4 3
1 1
 50%  0,50.  33 13 %  0, (33).
2 3
1 1
 25%  0,25.  12 12 %.  12,5%  0,125.
4 8
1 1
 10%  0,01.  5%  0,05.
10 20

8q;1jk’ !D lq,,5fvaf8kdkogduf c,jo 56 : 4280 D 9qj’7yfgxaogxug-aoD

56 560 140
[qfcdhG  100    1,3084...  1,31%.
4280 428 107

32
 2
8q;1jk’ @D goNvmujo= hkmtg],uxt,ko 0v’goNvmuj3]dD 4k,;jkgoNvmuj0v’fyo,u9ad
3
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1.05 105

(D@ fvdg[hp/kd,udeoqf (Simple interest)

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9eo;og’yoma’|qfD

ສ ນລຂິ
A:

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R: vaf8kfvdg[hpD
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ວ.
PTR
l6f I  A  P.
100

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$ xuD

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100 100

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gxaog’yo &)F) ]hkodu[rkp.o # xuD

33
[qfcdhG ,u I  A  P  58, 8  52 ,5  6 ,3.
PTR 100 I
I R .
100 PT
wfh R  100 I  100  6,3  100  21  4  21  4%.
PT 52,5  3 525 21

(D# fvdg[hp/kdxt1af (Compound interest)

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P: 8QomboD
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r: vaf8kfvdg[hpD

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n: g;]kXxu?

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l6f A  P(1  r ) n

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ryl6fD ສະ
ວ.
9eo;og’yo.o[ao-umhkpxu mu ! A  P(1  r ).
@ A  P(1  r )(1  r )  P(1  r ) 2 .
# A  P(1  r ) 3 .
....................
n A  P (1  r ) n .

8q;1jk’ !D 9jq’-vd9eo;og’yo.o[ao-u9kddko/kdxt1af &W ]hkodu[ .ovaf8kfvdg[hp

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[qfcdhG A  P (1  r ) n
A  50(1  0, 04)3 ]hkodu[D
A  50(1,04) 3  56, 2432 ]hkodu[D

34
8q;1jk’ @D 9qj’-vdvaf8kfvdg[hp0v’g’yo/kdxt1af $F& ]hkodu[ .o @ xu ,ug’yo.o[ao-u
$F)*(@ ]hkodu[D
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A
 (1  r ) 2 .
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4,8672
 (1  r ) 2 .
4,5000
48672
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45000
2
 26 
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2
 25 
26
 1  r.
25
26
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25

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1
 r  r  4%.
25

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(D$ Ij;,mbo s^n fk;g7njv’

ສ. ຫງວ
8q;1jk’ !D -kpz6j|bj’Ij;,mboda[[=]ylafcsj’|bj’ !W ]hkodu[ m5d;aomu ! ,a’dvo0v’m5dxu
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.ovaf8kfvdg[hp $: 8+xuD 4k,;jk.o;aomu #! mao;kxumu # ]k;,ug’yoIj;,mbo
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8Qombo xumu @G 10  1,04  10  20,4 ]hkoD
8Qombo xumu #G 20,4  1,04  10  31,216 ]hkoD
g’yombo #! mao;k xumu #G 31,216  1,04  32,46 ]hkoD
8q;1jk’ @D py’7qo|bj’fk;]qfgd’ _W ]hkodu[ 3fp9jkplqf $W:D lj;opa’gs^nv9jkp’;f.ovaf
8kfvdg[hp #: 8+xuF 4hk]k;9jkpgfnvo]t & ]hkodu[D 4k,;jk deoqf9adgfnvo
9bj’9t\qf c]t gfnvol5fmhkp9jkpgmqjk.fL

35
[qfcdhG |Umuj8hv’9jkp 90  0, 6  54 ]hkodu[D
3%
vaf8kfvdg[hp gfnvo]t  0, 25%.
12
|U.o8Qogfnvomu !G 54 1, 0025  5  49,135
@G 49,135 1, 0025  5  44, 2578
#G 44, 2578 1, 0025  5  39,3685
$G 39,3685 1, 0025  5  34, 4669
&G 34, 4669 1, 0025  5  29,5531
*G 29,55311, 0025  5  24, 6270
(G 24, 6270 1, 0025  5  19, 6886
)G 19, 6886 1, 0025  5  14, 7378
_G 14, 7378 1, 0025  5  9, 7746

ດິ
ະສ
!WG 9, 7746 1, 0025  5  4, 7990

ສ ນລຂິ
gfnvol5fmhkpgfnvomu !! ]k;8hv’9jkp 4,7990  1,0025  4,811 ]hkodu[D

ສ. ຫງວ
[qfg/ydsaf ສະ
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52% 0v’lj;og’yomujgs^nvD 4k,;jkg’yogfnvo]k;gs^nv9adgxug-aoL
_D dew] 2% 0v’]k7k0kpgxao9adgxug-ao0v’]k7k-ND
!WD 4k,;jk 15% 0v’ @)F&W gxaogmqjk.fL

36
(D@ fvdg[hp/kd,udeoqfD
!D 9qj’-vdsk9eo;og’yomuj4vowfh9kdg’yo/kd &FW& ]hkodu[.ovaf8kfvdg[hp ):
deoqf $ xuD
@D 9qj’-vdsk9eo;og’yomuj8hv’.-h7no9kddko1n, @F@ ]hkodu[.ovaf8kfvdg[hp ):
deoqf 2 12 xuD
#D 4hk;jkfvdg[hpg’yo/kd,udeoqf !_@ WWW du[ .o 2 12 xuc,jo !@ WWW du[D 9qj’-vd
vaf8kfvdg[hp 8+ xuD
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ສະ
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(D# fvdg[hp/kdxt1afD
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37
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@W!W .ovaf8kfvdg[hp &: 8+xuD m5dmhkpgfnvomao;k0v’c8j]txu ]k;8hv’4vo

ສ ນລຂິ
g’yovvd & ]hkodu[ grnjv9jkp7jkgmu,xu8+wxD 4k,;jks^a’9kd9q[xumu ( 9kd7tot

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gs^nv.sh9jkp’;f * gfnvoD 4k,;jk9jkp’;fgfnvo]tgmqjk.fL gfnvol5fmhkp9jkp
gmqjk.fL
&D py’7qo|bj’fk;gInvo !)W ]hkodu[3fp9jkplqf #W: c]t 9jkp’;fgfnvo]t * ]hkodu[D
9jkp,kwfh & gfnvo]k;0kp7no.sh[]= ly af 3fpwfhdew] &: 0v’9eo;og’yomujwfh9jkp
c]h;D 4k,;jk[=]ylaf8hv’9jkpg’yo.sh]k;gmqjk.fL

38
 [qfmu ) dkocdh[aoskdjP;da[7;k,w;F w]ptmk’ c]t g;]k
dyf9tde
!D dkog7jnvomujlt\jeltg\uc,jodkog7njvomujco;.fL
@D 9jq’0Pol6fdkorq;rao]ts;jk’7;k,w;F w]ptmk’ c]t g;]kD

.97;k,
dkogfuomk’fh;ppkorkskot.f|bj’,aodjP;0hv’da[7;k,w;F w]ptmk’ c]t g;]kD
)D! 7;k,w;
7;k,w; wfh,k9kdg7njv’;afcmd7;k,w;g;]k;af46g7njvomujD
g-ajoG xu !_)# 7;k,w;l6’l5f0v’]qf Jet  powered car c,jo 1019 km / h.
xu !__W 7;k,w;l6’l5f0v’]qfw2 TGV c,jo 515 km / h.
.o-6,xu !_WW 7;k,w;l6’l5f0v’pqo Concord c,jo @ gmnjv0v’7;k,w;

ດິ
ະສ
0v’lP’D

ສ ນລຂິ
7;k,w;ltg]jpD

ສ. ຫງວ
7;k,w;ltg]j p c,j o zq o sko0v’w]ptmk’da [ g;]kG
ສະ
ວ.
S
v ,
t
vG 7;k,w;ltg]jpF S: w]ptmk’F t: g;]kD

g-ajo G 7;k,w;ltg]jp0v’ cl’c,jo 300 000 km / s.

7;k,w;ltg]jp0v’lP’c,jo 340m / s.
7;k,w;ltg]jp0v’3]dxyjovhv,8kg;ao 365 14 ;ao}Iv[D
7;k,w;ltg]jp 0v’ 3]d xyjovhv,8q;gv’ 15 h }Iv[D
23 14

8q;1jk’ !D .sh S  92 34 km, t  2h10mn. F 9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jp v.

371
S 92 34 92 34 371 6
[qfcdhG v   10  1  4    42 26
21 km / h.
t 2 60 26 13 4 13
6

39
8q;1jk’ @D -kp7qo|bj’4u[]qf4u[w]ptmk’ 10 km 0kwx0Bo7hvpfh;p7;k,w; 10 km / h.
0kda[]q’7hvpfh;p7;k,w; 15 km / h. 9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jpD
[qfcdhG ,u S  2  10  20 km.
10 10 2 5
t   1   h.
10 15 3 3
wfh v  S  20  20  3  12 km / h.
t 5 5
3
8q;1jk’ #D 9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jp0v’3]dxyjovhv,8kg;aoI6h;jkw]ptmk’0v’3]dxyjovhv,
8kg;aoc,jo 149 597 910 km D
S 149597910 47
[qfcdhG v   17113 km / h  17113, 235 km / h.
t 1 14 200
365  23
4 15

8q;1jk’ $D 9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jp0v’3]dxyjovhv,8qogv’F I6h;jk];’vhv,0v’3]dc,jo

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
40 009152 m.

ສ. ຫງວ
40 009152 69
[qfcdhG v  1671 km / h  1671, 69 km / h.
ສະ
14 100
23

ວ.
15

8q;1jk’ &D xu !_W# 16jltst]afvkg,]ydklv’vhkpohv’8td5owi X Wright ? gxaoz6hmevyf

mujzt]yfpqowfh.oltst]afvkg,]ydk3fp[yowfhwd 120 feet  37 m .og;]k
12 ;yokmuD 9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jpD
S 37
[qfcdhD v 
1
 3 m / s.
12
t 12

)D@ dik2 0v’ w]ptmk’{g;]k

8q;1jk’ !G ]qfg,7ao|bj’vvd9kdot7vos^;’;P’9aog;]k 11.00 3,’ Ivfg0njvooE’bj,
13.00 3,’ w]ptmk’ 95 km D ]qfg,vud7aovvd9kdg0njvooE’bj, 12.00 3,’
Ivfot7vos^;’;P’9ao 14.00 3,’D 9qj’oe.-hdik2-vd95f c]t g;]kl;o
mk’daoD

(0=h,6o9kd Wright brother-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht)
40
dik2G
w]ptmk’ (km) g0njvooE’bj,
95km

71km

50km

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ. g;]k
7o ( h)
11.00 12.00 12.30 13.00 14.00
95fl;omk’dao c,jo km 71 c]t g;]k 12.30 h
8q;1jk’ @G ]qfg,7ao|bj’vvd9kdot7vos^;’;P’9aog;]k 08.00 3,’F Ivfdklug;]k
12.00 3,’ g-yj’sjk’9kdot7vos^;’;P’9ao 200 km F raddyog0QkmjP’ 40 mn
c]t Ivfs^;’rt[k’g;]k 17.00 3,’ g-yj’sjk’9kdot7vos^;’;P’9ao
400 km D ]qfgd’7ao|bj’vvd9kds^;’rt[k’g;]k 10.00 3,’ Ivflk]kr676o
g;]k 12.00 3,’ g-yj’sjk’9kds^;’rt[k’ 140 km F raddyog0QkmjP’ 60mn
c]t Ivfot7vos^;’;P’9aog;]k 16.00 3,’D 9qj’oe.-hdik2-vd95f c]t
g;]kl;omk’daoD
41
dik2G
w]ptmk’ (km)
400km

300km

260km
230km
200km

100km

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
g;]k ( h)

ສ. ຫງວ
8.00 10.00 16.00 17.00
12.40
13.00 13.20
95fl;omk’dao c,jo c]t g;]k13.20 h D
ສະ
ວ.
km 230

[qfg/ydsaf
)D! 7;k,w; c]t 7;k,w;ltg]jpD
!D -kp7qo|bj’9tgfuomk’ 10 km 3fppjk’vvdxkdmk’ 2 km fh;p7;k,w; 4 km / h
1
c]h;0uj]qfg, hD 9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jp 0v’ dkogfuomk’D
2
@D py’7qo|bj’0a[]qf 12 km wxgfyjo[yofh;p7;k,w; 60 km / h F 0ujgInv[yo 1500 km
fh;p7;k,w; 1000 km / h c]h;0uj]qfggmd-u 40 km fh ; p7;k,w; 80 km / h.
9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jp0v’dkogfuomk’L
#D -kp7qo|bj’dt;jk9t0a[]qf 300 km fh;pg;]k 3h F c8j8q;9y’w]pt 100 km
mevyf]k;c]jowfhrP’ 50 km / h D 4k,;jklj;opa’gs^nv]k;8hv’c]jofh;p7;k,w;
gmqjk.f grnjv.shIvf8k,g;]kmujdtw;hL
42
 $D 767qo|bj’gfuomk’wxxt9edko.\jmujg,nv’leraoF zQ’lk]uD ]k;0uj]qfg, 400 km
fh;pg;]k 7 h F ovocI,7nomujs^;’rt[k’ c]t 4hkgInv3fplko 15 h F 0ujgInv
c]t radcI,7now]ptmk’ 150 km fh;pg;]k 30 h c]t 0uj]qf8Jvd8Jvd 5 km
fh;pg;]k 30 mn D 9qj’-vd7;k,w;ltg]jpdkogfuomk’D
&D oaddy]k,to5fgs^ad7qo|bj’g]uj,9kd]vpoE 1 km fh;pg;]k 15 mn F 4u[]qf 50 km
fh;p7;k,w; 40 km / h c]t c]jo 10 km fh;pg;]k 30 mn D 9qj’-vd7;k,w;
ltg]jp0v’oaddy]k7qooAoD
)D@ dik2 0v’w]ptmk’{g;]kD
!D ]qf[aom5d7ao|bj’vvdgfuomk’9kdot7vos^;’;P’9ao Xo7D ;P’9ao? g;]k
6.00h Ivfxkd-ao g-yj’sjk’9kd o7D ;P’9ao 150 km g;]k 8.00h F raddyog0Qk
30 mn F Ivfmjkc0d g-yj’sjk’9kd o7D ;P’9ao 300 km g;]k 10.00h F radfnj,
dkg2 15 mn c]t Ivflts;aootg0f g-yj’sjk’9kd o7D ;P’9ao 500 km g;]k

ດິ
ະສ
13h. ]qfg,7ao|bj’vvd9kd o7D ;P’9ao g;]k 6.30h Ivfxkddtfy’ g-yj’sjk’

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
9kd o7D ;P’9ao 200 km g;]k 9.00h raddyog0Qk 30 mn F Ivflts;aootg0f
g;]k 12.30h F 9qj’oe.-hdik2-vd95f c]t g;]k8k,maodaoD ສະ
ວ.
@D o7D ;P’9ao c]t ;a’;P’sjk’dao 150 km D 0t[;oc0j ’ 0a o ]q f 4u [ vvd9kd
o7D ;P’9aog;]k 7.00h Ivfclo-5,g;]k 9.00h g-yj’sjk’9kd o7D ;P’9ao
80 km 9kdoAod=4[ u 0Bor6rtfh;p7;k,w; 30 km / h ,5j’|hkl6j;a’;P’D ]qf86h7ao|bj’
vvd9kd;a’;P’g;]k 8.00h Ivfsuogsu[ g;] 9.00h g-yj’sjk’9kd;a’;P’
50 km F raddyog0Qkg-Qk 30 mn c]t Ivf o7D ;P’9ao g;]k 10.30h D 9qj’oe.-h
dik2-vd95f c]t g;]kl;omk’daoD
)D# ]qfg, # -toyf7n ]qfg,ohvpF ]qfg,dk’ c]t ]qfg,.spj vvd9kdlt4kou 8ts^kf
g-Qk X8s^-? wx{da[,tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf X,-? g-yj’,uw]ptmk’ 12 km
3fpzjkolt4kou]qfg,lkp.8h Xl8? muj,u8k8t]k’g;]kgfuo]qffaj’oUG

43
 w]ptmk’9kd 8s^- (km) g;]kgfuo]qf
]qfg,ohvp ]qfg,dk’ ]qfg,.spj
8s^- vvd 7.00 7.10 7.20
9 l8 Ivf 7.30 7.25 7.40
vvd 7.35 7.30 7.45
!@ ,- Ivf 7.45 7.35 7.50
vvd 7.50 7.40 7.55
_ l8 Ivf 7.55 7.45 8.00
vvd 8.00 7.50 8.05
8s^- Ivf 8.30 8.05 8.25

9qj’oe.-h dik2-vd95f c]t g;]k8k,mao s^n l;omk’daoD

)D$ ot7vos^ ; ’;P’9a o c]t mjk ]kfsj k ’da o 90 km D ]q f g,7a o |b j ’ vvd9kd
ot7vos^ ; ’;P’9ao g;]k 6.00 h Ivfmjk]kf 8.00 h D 4k,;jk]qfg,vud7ao|bj’

ດິ
ະສ
vvd9kdmjk]kfg;]k 6.00 h 1kdl;omk’da[]qfg,mujvvd9kdot7vos^;’16j

ສ ນລຂິ
km 45 8hv’c]jofh;pw;gmqjk.fL Xoe.-hdik2?

ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.

44
 [qfmu _ g]dIkd0Ao n
dyf9tde
1 2

!D 9qj’7eo;o dD 0D 27 .
9 2. 7D | 3| 3

@D leo;o7kf76j 0v’ (a  b) c,joleo;o.fL

#D 9qj’.-h[aomaflkdlhk’[aofkmjvo-njmuj,u];’pk; 2 , 3 ,...

.97;k,
_D! oypk, Ikd0Ao n
.sh gxao9eo;o4h;o[;dD
n y gvUo;jkIkd0Ao n 0v’9eo;o9y’ x g,njv
y n  x c]t 0Po.oI6[
1
y x n xn.

ດິ
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1
d=]tou n  2 F x0 Ikd0Aolv’0Po x  x2 D

ສ ນລຂິ
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1 1
8q;1jk’G 4
16  (2 )
4 4
2
4
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ວ.
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3
3
(2) 3
 [(2) ]
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2
4 42  (2 )
2 2
2 2.  2.
1 1 1
2
(3)  [(3) ]
2 2 2
 [(3) ]
2 2
3 2  3.
sn^  3 | 3 | 3.
2

_D@ 75o]adltot Ikd0Ao n

!D n xy  n x  n y . d=]tou x  0, y  0
x nx
@D n  .
y ny
m
#D  
n x m  n xm  x n .

45
 np
$D n x xp.
n p np
&D x  x.
km m
*D kn km
x  x  xn.
kn

 n x n  | x | , n  2k (k  ).

(D 
 n x n  x , n  2k  1 (k  ).

8q;1jk’G
!D 2  8  2  8  16  4 2  4.
8 8 2 2
@D    2.
2 2 2
4
#D ( 2)  2  4 4
22  22  4.
$F 2  23 .
6

ດິ
ະສ
&D 16  4 24  2.

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
*D (3)2  | 3 | 3.
(D 3
16  3 8  2  3 8  3 2  2 3 2.
ສະ
ວ.
3
8 8 2
)D 3 3  .
27 27 3
6
 2
6
_D 3 3
 2  6
23  22  4.
32 2
!WD 3
2 2  6 4.
23 6
!!D 3
64 
6
2  26  2.
32
32
!@D 3
2  2 3  22  4.
4 (3) 4  | 3 | 3.
!#D  5
 (3) 5  3.

46
_D# dko4vo Ikd0Ao @
8q;1jk’G 9kd0;ksk-hkp9afgxao
\;f]tlv’8q;g]d
!D 9qj’4voIkd0v’ 625.

625  6 2 5  2 5
 4 4 5 5  2 2 5
2 2 5
 2 2 5
0 0 0
9kd0;ksk-hkp0v’rkdlj;o4h;o c]t
9kd-hkpsk0;k0v’rkdlj;omqfltoypq,
@D 9qj’4voIkd 0v’ 6,25. 9afgxao\;f]tlv’8q;g]d

6, 25  6, 2 5  2, 5

ດິ
ະສ
 4 4 5 5  2 2 5

ສ ນລຂິ
2 2 5

ສ. ຫງວ
 2 2 5
0 0 0 ສະ
#D 9qj’4voIkd 0v’ 62,50 .o7jk-afg9omqfltoypq, 102. ວ.
62,50  6 2, 5 0 0 0 0 0  7, 9 0 5  7, 9 1
4 9 1 4 9  9  1 3 4 1
1 3 5 0 1 5 8 0  0  0 0 0 0
1 3 4 1 1 5 8 0 5  5  7 9 0 2 5
0 0 0 9 0 0
 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0
 7 9 0 2 5
1 0 9 7 5

47
 $D 9qj’4voIkd 0v’ 138384
138384  1 3 8 3 8 4  3 7 2
 9 6 7  7  4 6 9
0 4 8 3 7 4 2  2  1 4 8 4
 4 6 9
0 1 4 8 4
 1 4 8 4
0 0 0 0

&D 9qj’4voIkd 0v’ 1383,84

1383,84  1 3 8 3, 8 4  3 7, 2
 9 6 7  7  4 6 9
0 4 8 3 7 4 2  2  1 4 8 4
 4 6 9

ດິ
ະສ
0 1 4 8 4

ສ ນລຂິ
 1 4 8 4

ສ. ຫງວ
0 0 0 0
ສະ
ວ.
*D 9qj’4voIkd0v’ 138,384 .o7jk-afg9omqfltoypq, 102.
138,384  1 3 8, 3 8 4 0  1 1, 7 6
1 2 1  1  2 1
0 3 8 2 2 7  7  1 5 8 9
 2 1 2 3 4 6  6  1 4 0 7 6
1 7 3 8
 1 5 8 9
0 1 4 9 4 0
 1 4 0 7 6
0 0 8 6 4

48
 (D 9qj’4voIkd 0v’ 5 .o7jk-afg9omqfltoypq, 102.
5 5, 0 0 0 0 0 0  2, 2 3 6  2, 2 4
4 4 2 2  8 4
1 0 0 4 4 3 3  1 3 2 9
 8 4 4 4 6 6 6  2 6 7 9 6
1 6 0 0
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2 7 1 0 0
 2 6 7 9 6
0 0 3 0 4

)D 9jq’4voIkd0v’ 50 .o7jk-afg9omqfltoypq, 102.

50  5 0, 0 0 0 0 0 0  7, 0 7 1  7, 0 7

ດິ
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4 9 1 4 0  0  0 0 0
1 4 0 7  7  9 8 4 9

ສ ນລຂິ
0 1 0 0
 0 0 0 1 4 1 4 1  1  1 4 1 4 1

ສ. ຫງວ
1 0 0 0 0
 9 8 4 9 ສະ
ວ.
0 0 1 5 1 0 0
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0 0 9 5 9

[qfg/ydsaf
_D! 9qj’IvoD
!D 36 . @D 64. #D 81. $D 121. &D 32 .

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64. )D 3
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192.

27 64 16
!!D 3 . !@D 3 . !#D 4
32. !$D 4
162. !&D 4 .
125 343 81

49
 256 16 x 4 4x3
!*D . !(D 4x .2
!)D 4
8x y . 2
!_D . @WD .
625 y2 y4

18a 4 b 64a 5 8x 6
@!D . @@ . @#D 3
x3 y 6 . @$D 3
x7 y9 . @&D 3  .
c6 a8 y3

27 x 4 81x 8  32 x 5 243x 5 y 6
@*D 3 . @(D 4
16 x 4 y 4 . @)D 4 . @_D 5 . #WD 5 .
y9 y 12 y5 z 10

_D@ 9qj’4voIkd
!D 841. @D 1225 #D 5476

$D 10609 &D 21609

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.

50
 [qfmu !W dko7yfw]j\;f7eo;omuj,ug]dIkd
.97;k,
!WD! dko[;d c]t ]q[
8q;1jk’G
!D 5 3  3  2 3  4 3.
@D 27  108  12  32  3  62  3  22  3.
 3 3  6 3  2 3.
 7 3.
#D 2 3
xy 2  7 3
xy 2  5 3
xy 2 .
$D 3 x 2 3
x 4 x 7 3
x  7 x 9 3
x.
&D 4 8  2 18  4 4  2  2 9  2 .

ດິ
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 4  2 2  2  3 2.

ສ ນລຂິ
 8 2  6 2.

ສ. ຫງວ
 2 2.

*D 2 12 
1
 2 43 
1 3
 . ສະ
ວ.
3 3 3
3
 2 2 3  .
9
3
4 3 .
9
3
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3
 1
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 3
11 3
 .
3
1 1 3
(D 3
81  3 3
 33  3  3  .
9 9 3

51
 3
3 333 .
33
1
3 33 3
3.
3
1
 (3  ) 3 3.
3
8 3
 3.
3
!WD@ dko76o
8q;1jk’G
!D 3 
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 32  5 2  3
 3  5 6.
@D  5 2  
3  2  5  3  5  2  2  3  2  2.

ດິ
ະສ
 15  10  6  2.

ສ ນລຂິ
    3  5
2 2 2
#D 3 5  2 3  5 

ສ. ຫງວ
 3  5  2 15. ສະ
ວ.
3   3 5    2    2  .
2 2 2
$D 5 2 2 3 5
 9(5)  2  6 10 .
 45  2  6 10 .
 47  6 10 .

&D 3
2  3 4  3 2  4  3 8  23  2.
3

*D  3 m  3 n   3 m2  3 mn  3 n2  
3
m3  3 m 2 n  3 mn 2  3 m 2 n  3 mn 2  3 n3  m  n.

(D 3 6 6
2  22  23  24  23  24  26  2  2 2 .
6 6 6

)D 3 6
2  6 8  3 2  23  3 2  2  22  23  25 .
6 6 6

52
 3 3 1 2
n m 5 3  n   m  15  n   n  
n
_D 5 3           15  .
m n m  n  m m m

!WD# dko76o @ 9eo;o7kf76j

leo;o7kf76j 0v’ a b c,jo a  b.

3
a3b c,jo 3
a 2  3 ab  3 b .

8q;1jk’G !D (5  2 )(5  2 )  5 2  ( 2 ) 2  25  2  23.

@D ( 7  3 )( 7  3 )  ( 7 ) 2  ( 3 ) 2  7  3  4.

#D (2 3  1)(2 3  1)  (2 3 ) 2  1  12  11  1.

$D ( 3 3  3 2)( 3 32  3 6  3 22 )  ( 3 3)3  ( 3 2)3  3  2  1.

!WD$ dko7afIkd vvd9kdr6f

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
8 8 2 8 2
8q;1jk’G!D     4 2.

ສ. ຫງວ
2 2 2 2
3 3 52 3( 5  2)
@D
52 52

52
 
54
 3( 5  2). ສະ
ວ.
1 3 2 3 2
1
#D     3  2.
3 2 3 2 3 2 32
1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
$D      .
2 3  1 2 3  1 2 3  1 (2 3 )  1
2 2
12  1 11
3
1 1 22 3
4
&D 3
 3
  .
2 2 3
22 2
2 2 3
22 6
23  6 2 4 2 6 2 6
*D 3
 3
    2 ..
2 2 3
22 2 2
1 1 3
2 2  3 6  3 32
(D   .
3
2 3 3 3
2 3 3 3
2 2  3 6  3 32
3
2 2  3 6  3 32
 .
(3 2 ) 3  (3 3 ) 3

53
 3
2 2  3 6  3 32
 .
23
 (3 2 2  3 6  3 3 2 ).
!WD& dkosko
52 32 52 52
8q;1jk’G    .
3 1 52 3 1 32
52 52
  .
3  1 ( 3  1)  1
54
 .
3  1  ( 3  1)
1
 .
3 1
1 3 1 3 1
  . .
3 1 3 1 2

ດິ
ະສ
[qfg/ydsaf

ສ ນລຂິ
!WD! 9qj’7yfw]j

ສ. ຫງວ
!D 4 3  2 3  5 3. @D 7 2  9 2  2 2.
#D 8  32. $D 20  125  45. ສະ
ວ.
&D 27  108  12. *D 12  27 .
(D 125  5  80. )D 63  28  112.
_D 18  50. !WD 128  32  27 .
!!D 75  32  27 . !@D 75  48.
!#D 18  50  12  75. !$D 8  20  12.
1
!&D  8. !*D 180  28  2 5.
8
!(D 128  3 18  162. !)D 4 48  5 27 .
!_D 4 45  3 54  6 5. @WD 3 24  5 54 .
@!D 7 24  4 5  2 6 . @@D 3 32  2 50  8 18.
@#D 12  2 48. @$D 128  4 75  162.
@&D 147  4 3. @*D 2 363  5 243  192.

54
 @(D 5 a 6  4 5 a 6  2 5 a 6 . @)D 3 3 u 5  2 6 u 10  2u 3
u.
@_D 2 3 x 2  3 6 x 4  9 x 6 . #WD 5 5 y 2 5 y  3 y.
!WD@ 9jq’7yfw]j
@D  5  .
2
!D 3  3.
#D 3 3  5 3. $D 5  6.
&D 7  3. *D 2  3 6.
(D 4 5  2 2. )D 10 3  5 11.
_D 2 3  3 2  3. !WD 2 7  63.
!!D 27  1 3. !@D 8  5  125.
3
!#D 2 8  2 .   !$D 3  32 3 . 
&D 
7 3 7 2 . !*D 
2 3 4 3 5 3 . 
!(D  3  6 2 . !)D  8  32 . 

ດິ
ະສ
2 7 2

!_D  3 2  .  
2

ສ ນລຂິ
@WD 3 3 82 2 .

ສ. ຫງວ
@!D 2 6  3 3  5 2  . @@D  34  32 . 
@#D  2  3  5  3  . @$D  7 2  3 5 . ສະ

@&D  3  2  . ວ.
2
@*D ( 5  3) 2 .

@(D  7  2  .   
2
@)D 5 2 5 2 .
@_D (2 3  2 )(3 3  2 ). #WD (2 7  1) . 2

#!D (3 5  2 3 ) . 2
#@D ( 7  1)( 7  1).
##D (2 5  3)(2 5  3). #$D ( 7  2 3 )( 5  3 2 ).
#&D (3 5  2 2 )(2 5  2 3 ). #*D ( 3 4  3 9)( 3 2  3 3).
#(D 3
4 (3 2  3 16 ). #)D (3 x  3 y 2 )(3 x 2  2 3 y ).
#_D (5 u 2  5 v 3 )(5 u 3  5 v 2 ). $WD
(3 x  3 y )(3 x 2  3 xy  3 y 2 ).

$!D (3 x  3 y )(3 x 2  3 xy  3 y 2 ). $@D 3 48  75  1 147 .

7
$#D (2 3  5)(5  2 3 )  (4  5 )  8 5.
2

55
!WD# 9qj’7afIkdvvd9kdr6f
3 4 1
!D . @D . #D .
2 5 3
4 3 7
$D . &D . *D .
2 2 6 14
10 3 2 2 5
(D . )D . _D .
2 5 8 3 10
7 3 2 1 3 1
!WD . !!D . !@D .
2 6 3 3
3 2 3 2 5 4 32 2
!#D . !$D . !&D .
6 2 5 3 2
1 1 1
!*D . !(D . !)D .
2 1 2 3 3 2
3 2 6
!_D . @WD . @!D .
5 3 2 2 1 3 1

ດິ
ະສ
1 5 3
@@D . @#D . @$D .

ສ ນລຂິ
2 5 1 52 6 4 35

ສ. ຫງວ
2 3 2 7 2
@&D . @*D . @(D .
3 8  12 3 2 7 2 ສະ
ວ.
3 2 1 3 2 5 4 7 2
@)D . @_D . #WD .
3 2 1 2 5 1 2 7 1
x2 1 2y
#!D . #@D . ##D 3 .
y3 3 y x
1 8x 1
#$D . #&D 3 . #*D .
3
x 3 y y2 x y z
1 1 1
#(D . #*D . #_D .
3
a 2b 1 2  3 3
4 3 6 3 9

!WD$ 9qj’7yfw]j s^n Ivo

!D  3

 3

7 
 3 7 .
7
  @D 1300  2 52  12 1 94  5 3 14 .

33 1 0,4
#D 2 2 a 3 . $D 3
2a 2  6 32a 4 .
4 a
56
 &D 5
5  2  10 5  2 . *D 4x 3
x2  5 y 3 xy  xy 3 y2   2xy 3

xy .
2
 a  a
(D  3 ab  6a b
3 2 3 8
a 2b  a 4b3  
6
ab 2 .
b  b
2 2
 3 3  1 1 1 
)D  2m 4  3m 4  . _D x 2  x 6  .
   2 
   
3
 2 4  2  4 2  2 
!WD a a  .
3 3 !!D  a  1  a  a  1  a 9  1 .
3 9 9
     
     
 1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1
!@D  a 6  b 6  a 3  a 6 b 6  b 3   a 2  b 2  .
   
   
!#D 3
7. !$D 3 3
( 2a ) 9 .

4x3 y 2 8u 3 v 5
!&D !*D

ດິ
ະສ
. .
3
2 xy 2 3
4u 2 v 2

ສ ນລຂິ
3y 2 2ab

ສ. ຫງວ
!(D  2x 3 . !)D 6c 3 .
4x 9c 2
x y ສະ
ວ.
1
!_D . @WD .
3 x y 3
( x  y) 2

@!D 4
16 x 4  3 16 x 24 y 4 . @@D 3
8 16 x 6 y 4 .

@#D 4
3m 2 n 2  4 3m 3 n 2 . @$D 2 x 5 y 3  3 16 x  7 y  7 .

@&D x 3n ( x  y ) 3n  6 @*D n
2
3 n
x 2n y n .

23 3 2
@(D 3 . @)D 4
2 3 2 2.
3 2 3

@_D 6
a3 3
a a #WD x x x x.

!WD& 9qj’7eo;o 2 2 2 2 ...

57
 [qfmu !! dkocdhlq,zqoIkd0Ao @
dyf9tde
Iv[;Po0v’38ho3,’ (pendulum) 0Boda[g;]kmuj8hv’dko0v’38ho3,’wd; wx{da[
|bj’Iv[g-yj’g;]kgxao;yokmu c]t ];’pk;0v’38ho3,’ l gxao[kf8uo  30 cm 
l
g-yj’,ul6f faj’oUG T  2 D
32

9qj’-vd7jk0v’ l g,njv T 1 s X! ;yokmu?D

.97;k,
AB g,njv B  0, A  B 2 .
A B g,njv B  0, A  B.

ດິ
ະສ
8q;1jk’G 9qj’-vd.9zqo 0v’lq,zqo

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
dD 2 x  1  2  x
0D 2 x  1  2  x ສະ
ວ.
7D x  7  8  2 x  1.

[qfcdhG dD 2x 1  2  x

2 x  1  (2  x)2 , 2  x  0
2 x 1  4  4 x  x2
x2  6 x  5  0
x  1, x  5.
c8j;jk x  5 [+8v[lt|v’g’njvow0 2 x  0D
faj’oAoF .9zqoc,jo x  1.

58
0D 2x 1  2  x
2 x  1  2  x, 2  x  0
3x  3, 2  x  0
x  1, 2  x  0.
faj’oAoF .9zqoc,jo x  1.

7D x  7  8  2x  1

x  7  1 8  2x

   1  
2 2
x7 8  2x .

x  7  1 8  2x  2 8  2x
3x  2  2 8  2 x .

 3 x  2 2   2 
2
8  2x . c8j;jk8hv’wfhd;f7no

ດິ
ະສ
9 x 2  12 x  4  4(8  2 x).

ສ ນລຂິ
9 x 2  12 x  4  32  8 x.

ສ. ຫງວ
9 x 2  4 x  28  0.
ສະ
ວ.
( x  2)(9 x  14)  0.
14
x  2, x   .
9
d;f7no x  2 wfh 2  7  8  2  2  1.

9  4  1.
3 2 1 4nd8hv’D
14 14 28
x wfh  7  8  1.
9 9 9
 14  63 72  28
  1.
9 9
49 100
  1.
9 9

59
 7 10
  1.
3 3
 1  1. [+4nd8hv’D
faj’oAoF d5j,.9zqoc,jo S  {2}.

[qfg/ydsaf
9qj’-vdd5j,.9zqo 0v’lq,zqoD
!!D!D m  8  0 !!D@D 5 x  1  6  10.

!!D#D r 2  5  r. !!D$D x  7  x  5.
!!D&D x  7  3x  1. !!D*D x  1  x  2.
!!D(D x  3  x  3. !!D)D x  12  x  2.

!!D_D  x 2  21  x  3. !!D!WD 3 x  4  3 x  5  9.

ດິ
ະສ
!!D!!D 4 x  1  x  2  x  3. !!D!@D x  7  x  2  6 x  13.

ສ ນລຂິ
!!D!#D x  1  a. !!D!$D x  3  a  x.

ສ. ຫງວ
!!D!&D 4  2 x  x 2  x  2. !!D!*D 11  2 x  22  x .
ສະ
ວ.
20  x 20  x
!!D!(D   6. !!D!)D  2 x  x  9.
x x
!!D!_D 2 x  4  1. !!D@WD 3 x  3  5.
!!D@!D 2 x  3  0. !!D@@D x  1  2  2.
!!D@#D 5 x  1  1  4. !!D@$D 6 5  x  2  8.
!!D@&D 2 x  1  1  2. !!D@*D 4 x  3  7  17.
!!D@(D 3 5 x  1  3  2. !!D@)D 6 4 x  3  5  3.
!!D@_D x  6  x. !!D#WD x  20  x.
!!D#!D 15  2 x  x. !!D#@D 3  2 x  x.
!!D##D 8 x  12  2 x. !!D#$D 7  6 x  4 x.
!!D#&D 5 x  6  x. !!D#*D 7 x  12  x.

60
!!D#(D 2 x  9 x  2. !!D#)D 3 x  11x  2 .
!!D#_D 2  x  1  1 !!D$WD 4  2x  4  2
!!D$!D 1  x  3  5 !!D$@D 6  5  x  7.
!!D$#D 4  x  2  x. !!D$$D 5  x  5  x.
!!D$&D x  4  2  x. !!D$*D x  9  3  x.
!!D$(D 2  x  3  x  1. !!D$)D 3  x  2  x.

!!D$_D x  1  5  x  6. !!D&WD x  5  4  x  3.
x 1 x 1 3
!!D&!D | x | 1  | x |  a. !!D&@D   .
x 1 x 1 2
xa xa
!!D&#D   3.
xa xa
!!D&$D 4k,;jk ];’pk; l 0v’ 38ho3,’ g,njv T  0, 5 s.

ດິ
ະສ
!!D&&D oad2u-ydlkf“3ig[uf I5d” Robert Hooke (1635-1703) rq[;jkl6f

ສ ນລຂິ
m
T  2 lk,kf[vdIv[;Po0v’;a f 45 m u j , u , ;olko m

ສ. ຫງວ
(kg )
k
ສະ
muj1nf0Bo1nf]q’8k,lkpg-nvdmuj,af8yf,aog,njv,ao4ndxjvp]q’D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’

ວ.
m .shI6h;jk T  1 s c]t k  10 D
!!D&*D l6f7;k,w;0v’9ts^;f Rocket muj9tlk,kf0BoIvfvk;tdkfwfh3fp[+,cu I’
2GM e
fb’f6f0v’3]dc,jo v  F 3fp G c,jocI’4j;’|ad0v’3]dF Me
Re
c]t Re c,jo,;olko c]t ]aflt\u0v’3]dD 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ Re 8k,
G, Me c]t v D

61
 [qfmu !@ g]dde]a’ mujde]a’gxao9eo;oxqddt8y
dyf9tde
!D 34 vjkoco;.fL c,jog]dspa’L c8j]tlj;o gvUoco;.fL
3 ,u 7jkgmqjk.fL
4

30 ,u 7jkgmqjk.fL
2 2 ,u 7jkgmqjk.fL
1
42 0PovudI6[|bj’wfhc[[. fL ,u7jkgmqjk.fL
@D .sh a, b, m, n gxao9eo;o4h;o8jk’l6oD 9qj’8nj,.lj[jvo,ug7njv’\kp4k,
1
a0  ?.  a?.
n
a
am
a m  a n  a?.  a?.
n
a

ດິ
ະສ
m n ?
(a )  a . (ab) n  a ?b ? .
n n ?

ສ ນລຂິ
a a? a b
   .     .

ສ. ຫງວ
b b ? b a
4 x 2  4 x 1  1
#D 9qj’Ivo .sh,u8q;de]a’gxao9eo;o4h;o[;dD ສະ
ວ.
2 x  2  x 1

.97;k,
!@D! g]dde]a’muj,u8q;de]a’ gxao9eo;oxqddt8yD
oypk,G .sh a, p c]t q gxao9eo;o4h;o8jk’l6oD
p
q
a q
 ap.

q
\kpgsfG a  0, q 76j p 7ud  ap [+deoqfD
1 1 1 1
3
8q;1jk’ !G 83  8 2 2
3 3 3
s^n 83  (2 )
3 3
2 3  2.
1 1 1 1
3
(8) 3  8  (2)  2
3 3 3
s^n (8) 3  [(2) ]
3 3
 (2) 3  2.

62
!@D@ 75o]adltot0v’ g]dde]a’muj,u8q;de]a’gxao9eo;oxqddt8yD
a , b    {0}, p, m  , q , n  
p m p m

!D a a q n
a q n
.
p m p m

@D a a
q n
a q n
.
p m p m

#D (a ) n  a
q q n
.
p p p

$D (ab) q  a q b q .
p
p q
a a
&D ( )  p. q

b
bq
p p
a q b q
*D ( )  ( ) .
b a
8q;1jk’G

ດິ
ະສ
2 4 2 2
 

ສ ນລຂິ
!D 23 2 6  2 3
3  20  1.

ສ. ຫງວ
2 4 2 4

@D 23 2 6  2 6
3  20  1.
2 6 2 6 ສະ
ວ.
 1
#D 3
(2 ) 4  2 4
3  21  .
2
1 1 1
$D (8  27) 3  83  27 3  2  3  6.
2 2
2 3 3
8 83 (2 ) 22 4
&D ( )3  2
 2
 2
 .
27 3 9
3 3 3 3
(3 ) (3 )
1
1 1
8  27 3 3 3
(3 ) 3
*D ( ) 3 ( )  1
 .
27 8 2
3 3
(2 )
1 1 3 1
(D 3 6
(27a )  [(3a) ]
3 6
 (3a) 6  (3a) 2  3a .

63
 1 1 2 1

   
1 1 2  1 1
2 3 3 3
8ab 83 a 3b 3 2 b 2
3
2b 6  b 6
)D      .
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
a
  2 

2 2 4 4 4
16a b 16 4 a 4 b 4 a2 3 2a 6
1
1 1 1 1
 23  31
 
1 1
8
_D 3(5) 3  4(40) 3  (1600) 6  10(  3  5  4 8  5 
)3 3 3  10  2 
40 2 6
25 5 
 
1  
 
1 2
 2 
 3  5  3  4 2  5 3   40  6  10  2 
3

 3
5 
  
1
 1 1
 2   53 
 
1
 3  5  3  4  2  5 3   23  5 3  10  2   1 
   3  3 
   5  5 
1  1 1
 2   3 
1
 3  5   8 5  2  5  3  10   5
3  3 

ດິ
ະສ
   5   
 

ສ ນລຂິ
1  1 1  1  1
 3  5  3  8  5   2  5  3  4  5   7  5 3  .

ສ. ຫງວ
3 3
     
     
ສະ
ວ.
!WD 5 3 2  7 3  5 6 2 2  7 6 33  35 6 108.
1 1 1 1 3 1

!!D x3  x6  x3 6  x 6  x2.
1
1 1 1
y2 
!@D 1
 y2 3  y6.
y3
2 2 2 2

   
3 6
!#D 8x 6 3 3 6 3
2 x 2 3x 3  22 x 4  4 x 4 .
3 3 3 3

   
2 4
!$D 25x 4 2 2 4 2
5 x 5 2x 2  53 x6  125 x6 .
1 1 1
3
 27  3 3 3
3 3 3 3
!&D  6    6   1
 2
.
 
y  
y 6 y
y 3

64
 [qfg/ydsaf
!@D! 9qj’7yfw]jD
2  . 3  . 2  3  .
3 2 4
!D 23  22 @D 32  33 #D 2
$D 3
&D 3 2

27 54 36  34 54  56
*D (52  34 )3 . (D . )D . _D . !WD .
23 5 2
38 510
3   2
2
3 2 4 5 2 3 4 4
2 3 2 3 4 5
!!D     . !@D     . !#D     . !$D .
3 4 3 2 5 4
 2   3 
2 3
3 2

32  43 43  52 23  42 34  43

!&D . !*D . !(D . !)D .
34  24 47  23 52  4 5
25  35
2 4 5 3 3 4
2 3 1 4 4 2
!_D       . @WD       .
3 4 2 5 7 5

!@D@ 9qj’Ivo.sh,u8q;de]a’gxao9eo;o4h;o[;dD

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
!D (2a 2 )(3a 5 ). @D (3a m )(4a m  2 ) #D (4a 2 b 3 )(2ab) 2 . $D (x 2 )3 (x3 ) 2 .

ສ. ຫງວ
&D ( x
2 3
) 1
. *D (3x 3 ) 3  . (D (2a 2 b 3 c 4 )(2 2 a 1b 3 c 3 ).
( x )
3 2
3x 3 ສະ
ວ.
(ab 2 ) 2
)D (a 2 b) 2 (a 3b) 2 . _D (a 2 b 3 c 4 ) 2 (2ab 2 c 2 ) 3 . !WD .
a 2b
( 2a 2 b) 3 (c 2 d 3 ) 4 (3ab) 2 (2bc) 3
!!D . !@D . !#D .
8a 5 b 3 (c 3 d 2 ) 3 (a 2 )(b 2 ) 3 c 2
2a 3 b 5 a a b
!$D ( ) . !&D ( )4 ( )2 ( )6. !*D (3x 2 ) 0 . !(D (2 x 3 ) 2 .
b 8a 3 b b a
!)D ( xy 1 z 2 ) 3 . !_D ( x 2 y 1 ) 2 . @WD ( x 3 y 2 z 4 ) 1 .
@!D (3x 1 y ) 4 . @@D ( x 2 y 3 z ) 3 ( x 2 y 3 z 6 ) 1 . @#D (2 xy 1 2
) (5 x 2 y 2 ) 3 .
3x 2 y 4 2 33 5 1
@$D . @&D . @*D (12a 2 b 4 )( a 5 b 3 ).
32 x 4 y 2 3 5 2 0 2
1
@(D b 4 ( b 2 ) 2 (9b 8 ). @)D (a 5 b 7 ) 1 (a 5 b 7 c). @_D (2ab 4 )(ab 2 ) 2 .
3

65
 4
 1 3 2 
4
 1 
2
x9  2 x 
#WD  x y  . #!D  2 3  . #@D .
2   3m n  x5
2 3 4
 x 2 y 3   x2   xy 2 z 3 
##D  5 2  . #$D  4  . #&D  2 3 4  .
x y   2y   x y z 

 x y z  x y   xy 
2 3 1
3 4 2 3
 2 3 5 
#*D  3x 3 y 2 z 6  #(D . #)D .
 x y z
2 xy
 2x y z  4 6

1 2
 a 1bc 2   x 2 y 3 
x  x y z 
3 2
2 3
#_D  5 8  . $WD y z 2 3 6
. $!D  5 2  .
 b ca  x y 

 4x 
2 1
3 2 0
 3 x 2 y 3 z 5  y  xy 2 z 3d 1 
$@D  3 2 6  . $#D . $$D  2 5  .
 2x y z  41 x 2 y 3  x yz 

x y z  5x y z 
2 2
2 2 2 0 2 1 2
 xy 2 z 3 
$&D . $*D   . $(D .

ດິ
ະສ
 xy z 
4
1  xyz  52 x 4 y 3 z 4

ສ ນລຂິ
3x yz 
2
2 2

ສ. ຫງວ
x 2  1 x 2  3 x 1
$)D 3
. $_D . &WD .
 3xyz  x 2  x 1  2 x 2  7 x 1  12
ສະ
ວ.
!@D# 9qj’7eo;oD
3 3 1 3 2

!D (9) 2 . @D (16) 4 . #D (125) 3 . $D (81) 4 . &D (64) 3 .

1
3 2 5 3 
*D (32) . 5
(D (1000) . 3
)D (729) . 6
_D 2
(4) . !WD (25) 2.

2 5 3 3 2
  4 9  8 3
!!D (125) 3. !@D (64) 6. !#D ( )2. !$D ( ) 2. !&D ( ) .
9 49 125
2 3 2
32  5 16  1 7
!*D ( ) . !(D ( ) 4. !)D ( ) .
243 81 128
!@D$ 9qj’7yfw]j .sh,u8q;de]a’gxao9eo;o[;dD
2 1 1 1 1 1

!_D x 3
x . 2
@WD 2
(4 x )(3x ). 4
@!D 3
(2 y )(3 y ). 2

1 1
y3/ 4 y2/3
@@D x x .
3 4
@#D . @$D .
y1/ 2 y1/ 2

66
 3 2 3 2

@&D (16 x 4 ) 2 . @*D (8 x 3 ) 3 @(D (8 x 2 ) 3 .

1 1 2 1

@)D (16 y 4 ) 4 . @_D (16 y 4 ) 8 . #WD (x 3 y 3 )2 .

1 1 1 1 2
#!D ( x 2 y 5 )10 . #@D ( x 4 y 6 )12 . ##D (x6 y 3 ) 3 .
3 2 2

#$D (a 4 b 8 ) 4 . #&D (32 x 5 y 10 ) 5 . #*D (125a 3b 9 ) 3 .

1
x 2 2 x 3 3 x6 3
#(D ( ) . #)D ( ) . #_D ( ) .
y y2 y3
3 1 1
x4 4 x4  2 x4  4
$WD ( ) . $!D ( ) . $@D ( ) .
y8 y8 y8
1 2 1
  
$#D (x y ) 4 8 8
. $$D (x y 3 6
) 3
. $&D (x y ) 3 6 3
.
2 2 4
 
$*D (a b 5  10 5
c ) . 5
$(D 5 10
(a b c 5 5
) . $)D (x y 3 3
z 6
) 3
.
5 3 4/3 3 4 8 3
243 x  x  16 x y 
$_D 5
&WD &!D

ດິ
2 4
( 12 ) .

ະສ
( ) . ( ) .
32 y 5 y2/3 z

ສ ນລຂິ
128a  7  7
4 1 2
27 x 3  3 64 x 6  6
&@D ( 3 3) . &#D ( 6 ) . &$D ( ) .

ສ. ຫງວ
y z y b7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

&&D x ( x  x  1).
2 2
&*D x (x  x
2 2

2
). &(D x ( x  x ).
3 2 ສະ
3

ວ.
1 2 4 2 1 1 1 1

&)D x ( x  x ).
3 3 3
&_D x ( x  x  1).
3 2
*WD x ( x  x  x  2).
4 2 3

!@D& !D ryl6f;jk 2  8.
@D .-hg7njv’7yfg]d sk7jk0v’   c]t
2
2 .
33
 33 
 3 3 3  
2
 2  3
#D 9qj’7eo;o  5  c]t    .
    
 

67
 rkdmu @ 8e]k0Aolv’
[qfmu !# 8e]k0Aolv’.oI6[Ijk’ y  x2

dyf9tde
dD 9qj’8nj,9eo;omuj4nd8hv’.lj8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
yx 2 16 4 0 16

x  1  0,8  0,6  0,4  0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

y  x2 0,64 0,04 0,16 1

0D 9qj’;k’[aofk  x ; y  0hk’gmy’oU.ljczjorP’ Oxy ]j5,oUmuj,]u t[q[glAog7Qksq;|j;p

8A’lkd 9kdoAo.sh8+[aofkg,affaj’djk;.ljdao c]h;la’gdfglAoltcf’0v’8e]k

ດິ
ະສ
y  x2 .

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
Y
16

ສະ
15

ວ.
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

10-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
-1
-2

68
 { glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x 2 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD XgxaoglAo-nj s^n [+gxaoglAo-njL?D
{ glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x 2 gxaoglAo37h’muj16j.omjk DDDDDDDDDDDD X0;E s^n s’kpL?D
{ 8e]k y  x 2 DDDDDDDDDDDD X0Bo s^n cI,L?.os;jk’  sk W c]t DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
X0Bo s^n cI,L? .os;jk’ 0 sk  .
{ g0f7jk0v’ 8e]k y  x 2 c,jo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{ g,njvc8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x c]t y  x 2 .ljczjorP’fP;daowfhG
y  x2
Y
6
yx
5

ດິ
ະສ
1

ສ ນລຂິ
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X

ສ. ຫງວ
-1

-2
ສະ
ວ.
gsaoglAoltcf’0v’ y  x2 16jdhv’glAo-nj yx g,njv .....  x  ..... c]t 16jgmy’glAo-nj
y  x g,njv x  ......, x  .......

.97;k,
 glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x 2 gxaoglAo37h’muj,u-nj;jkxkik3[omuj16j.omjks’kp
s^n ,ulv’c0o-U0Bogmy’D
 8e]k y  x 2 cI, .os;jk’  sk W c]t 0Bo.os;jk’ 0 sk  .

 g0f7jk0v’ 8e]k y  x 2 c,jo [0; [.

 vq’xtdv[rNo4ko0v’xkik3[ooU,ulv’1jk’7nG g,af9v, c]t cdoD g,af9v,
0v’xkik3[oxtgrfoUc,jog,af8+kl5f s^n g,afl6’l5fD cdo0v’xkik3[oc,jo
glAo-nj mujzjkog,af9v, c]t xkik3[og7yj’7nmP[.ljcdo0v’,aoD
69
  g,af9v,0v’xkik3[o y  x2 16jg,afg7Qk c]t cdo0v’,ao,ulq,zqo x  0 s^n
cdo8A’Xcdo y ).
x2  x g,njv 0  x 1 c]t x2  x g,njv x  0, x  1.

8q;1jk’G cdhlq,zqo c]t vtlq,zqofh;pglAoltcf’D

x2  1 x2  4
Y Y
5
9
8
4
7
6
3
5
4
2
3
2
1
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6X
-1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3X
-2
x  1 -1
x  2

ດິ
ະສ
x 2  1

ສ ນລຂິ
Y
4

ສ. ຫງວ
3

ສະ
2

ວ.
1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3X [+,u.9zqo
-1

-2

x 2  100 xY 2  4
Y
11 6
10
9 5
8
4
7
6
3
5
4
2
3
2
1
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6X
-1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3X
-2
-1
-3
-4
10  x  10 x  2, x  2.

70
 [qfg/ydsaf
!#D! 9qj’oe.-hdkoxPjocx’0v’8e]k y  x 2 grnjv-vdg0f7jk0v’ y mjudq’da[7jk0v’ x
muj.sh,kD
dD x    4 ;  1 
0D x  1;10 
7D  1  x  3
’D x  2
9D x  1 D

!#D@ 9qj’oe.-hglAoltcf’ 0v’8e]k y  x2 grnjvcdhlq,zqo c]t vtlq,zqo]5j,oUG

4
!D x2  @D x 2  3 #D x2  0
9

ດິ
ະສ
$D x2  4 &D x2  4 *D x2  0

ສ ນລຂິ
(D x2  1 )D x 2  100 _D x2  1

ສ. ຫງວ
1 1
!WD 3x 2  !!D  x2  9 !@D 0  x2  5 D
3 4 ສະ
ວ.

71
 [qfmu !$ 8e]k0Aolv’.oI6[Ijk’ y  ax 2

dyf9tde
1 2
9qj’c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  2x 2 F y x c]t y  3x 2 .ljczjorP’ Oxy
2
fP;daomuj,u]t[q[glAog7Qksq;|j;p8A’lkd c]h;.sh0=hla’gdf]5j,oUG
g,af9v,0v’lk,xkik3[ooU 16jg,af DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
cdo0v’lk,xkik3[ooUc,jocdo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD muj,ulq,zqo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
1 2
glAoltcf’0v’ y  2x2 c]t y x gxaoxkik3[o DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD X0;E }s’kpL?D
2
1 2
xkik3[o y  2x 2 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD XIv, s^n s;kL? d;jkxkik3[o y x D
2
xkik3[o y  3x 2 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD X0;E s^n s’kp L?D

ດິ
ະສ
.97;k,

ສ ນລຂິ
8e]k f  x   a x 2 deoqf.o  D glAoltcf’0v’,aogvUo;jkxkik3[o mju,ug,af

ສ. ຫງວ
9v,16jg,afg7Qk O 0 ; 0 c]t ,ucdog7yj’7n c,jocdo y D ສະ
ວ.
myfxPjocx’ 0v’ f x   a x 2 G

a > 0 glAoxkik3[os’kp
x  0 
2
ax
0

a < 0 glAoxkik3[o0;E
x  0 

ax 2 0

72
 [qfg/ydsaf
1 2
!$D!D 9qj’oe.-hglAoltcf’0v’8e]k y x grnjv8v[7e4k,8+wxoUG
3

Y
11 !D 9qj’deoqfg0f7jk0v’ y g,jnv
x   3;  1
10
9
8
7 @D 9qj’deoqfg0f7jk0v’ y g,jnv
6
x  1; 5
5
4 #D 9qj’deoqfg0f7jk0v’ x g,jnv
y   5 ;  2
3
2
1
$D 9qj’deoqfg0f7jk0v’ y g,jnv
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
-1
-2 4 x5
-3 &D 9qj’deoqfg0f7jk0v’ x g,jnv
-4
y  2

ດິ
ະສ
-5

ສ ນລຂິ
!$D@D .shglAoltcf’0v’8e]k f x   2x 2 faj’]j5,oUG

ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
9qj’cdhlq,zqo]j5,oU3fp.-hglAoltcf’0v’8e]kG

ວ.
Y
5
1
4 !D  2 x 2  2 @D  2x2 
3 4
2 #D  2 x 2  91 $D  2x  4
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5X
&D  2 x 2  9 *D  2x2  3
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12

73
 [qfmu !& 8e]k.oI6[Ijk’ y  a x  b 2

dyf9tde
!D .shlv’8e]kG y1  2x 2 c]t y2  2 x  32 D
dD 9qj’8nj,.lj8k8t]k’]j5,oUG

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

y1  2 x 2 ……………… 18 8 2 0 2 8 18 ……

y2  2  x  3 ……… ………………… 18 8 2 0…….

2

0D .shlv’glAoltcf’]j5,oUG

9qj’;k’[aofkg,af1j68k8t]k’.ljglAoltcf’
Y
6

ດິ
ະສ
5
]j5,oUD

ສ ນລຂິ
4
9qj’deoqf-nj0v’c8j]tglAoltcf’3fpvu’.lj

ສ. ຫງວ
3
8e]kmuj.sh,kD ສະ
2
glAoltcf’ 0v’ 8e]k y2  2x  32
1
wfh9kd dkophkp0t|ko glAoltcf’0v’ວ.
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X 8e]k wx8k,cdoovo sq;|;jpD
glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y2  2x  32
-1

,ucdog7yj’7nF g-yj’,ulq,zqoc,jo x  D

 8q;xtlko g,af9v,0v’xkik3[o y2  2x  32 1j6 X F ?

 8e]k y2  2x  32 gxao8e]k0Bo.os;jk’.f c]t cI,.os;jk’.fL
@D 9qj’c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y3  2x  32 c]h;la’gdf;jk y3  2x  32
gxao8e]k0Bo.os;jk’.f c]t cI,.os;jk’.fL

74
.97;k,
glA A o ltcf’0v’8e]k y  ax  b 2 wfh 9 kddkoph k p0t|koglA o ltcf’
0v’8e]k y  ax 2 8k,cdoovo b sq;|j;pF g7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj x  b c]t g,af9v,
0v’,ao,u8q;xtlko  b;0  D
 4hk a  0 8e]k y  ax  b 2 gxao8e]k0Bo g,njv x 1j6.os;jk’c8j  b;    c]t
gxao8e]kcI, g,njv x 1j6.os;jk’   ; b  D
 4hk a  0 8e]k y  ax  b 2 gxao8e]k0Bo g,njv x 1j6.os;jk’   ; b  c]t
gxao8e]kcI,g,njv x 1j6.os;jk’  b;    D

[qfg/ydsaf
!&D! 9qj’8nj,9eo;omuj4nd8hv’.lj[jvo ]j5,oUG
{ glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x  12 wfh9kddkophkp0t|koglAoltcf’0v’

ດິ
ະສ
8e]k wx8k,cdoovo sq;|;jpD
{ glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x  12 ,ucdog7yj’7nF g-yj’,ulq,zqoc,jo x =

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
c]t 8q;xtlko0v’g,af9v,c,jo S ( , ).
ສະ
!&D@ 9qj’c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x 2 S 9kdoAo 9qj’vtmy[kp;ymuc8h,glAoltcf’
0v’8e]k y   x  2 2 vu’.ljglAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  x 2 D ວ.
!&D# 9qj’c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  3x 2 S 9kdoAo 9qj’cotoe;ymuc8h,glAoltcf’
0v’8e]k y  3  x  12 vu’.ljglAoltcf’0v’8e]kD 9qj’deoqfg,af9v,0v’
xkik3[o y  3  x  12 c]t lq,zqocdog7yj’7n0v’,aoD
!&D$ 9qj’c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  2  x  12 c]h;[vd8q;xtlko0v’g,af9v,
c]t lq,zqocdog7yj’7nD
!&D& 3fp[+c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]kF 9qj’[vd8q;xtlko0v’g,af9v,F deoqfs;jk’0Bo s^n
cI, 0v’c8j]t8e]k]j5,oUD
dD y  x  12 0D y  x  12
7D y  4x  12 ’D y  3x  22

75
!&D* .oc8j]td=]tou]j5,oU 9qj’deoqflq,zqo0v’ y2 D
Y Y
1 6

y1 5
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X
4
-1
y1 y2 3
-2

-3 y2 2

1
-4
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 X
-5
-1

y1   x 2 y1  2x 2
Y
1 Y
5

-2 -1 0 1 2 X
4
-1
y2
y1 -2 y2 y 13
2

ດິ
ະສ
-3

1
-4

ສ ນລຂິ
-5 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 X

ສ. ຫງວ
-1

y1  3x 2 y1  4x 2 ສະ

!&D( .o[aofk8k8t]k’dkoxPjocx’]5j,oUD 8k8t]k’.fdq’da[8e]k.fL ວ.

f : x  2 x2 S g : x   2( x  1) 2
h : x   x  12 S p : x    x  12

x -  -1 + x -  -1 +
y 0 y 0

x -  0 + x -  1 +
y 0 y 0

76
 [qfmu !* 8e]k.oI6[Ijk’ y  ax  p 2  q D

dyf9tde
9qj’c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y1  2x 2 F y2  2x  32 c]t y3  2x  32  1 D
9kdoAola’gdfG
{ glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y3  2x  32  1 wfh9kd dkophkp0t|ko xkik3[o
y2  2 x  32 8k,cdo8A’ sq;|j;p s^n wfh9kddkophkp0t|koxkik3[o
y1  2x 2 8k,cdoovo sq;|j;p c]t 8k,cdo8A’ sq;|j;pD
{ g,af9v,0v’xkik3[o y3  2x  32  1 16jg,af X F ?D
{ 8e]k y3  2x  32  1 gxao8e]k0Bo.os;jk’ c]t cI,.os;jk’ D
{ g0f7jk0v’8e]k y3  2x  32  1 c,jo D
{ 7jk|hvpl5f0v’8e]k y3  2x  32  1 c,jo D

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
.97;k,

ສ. ຫງວ
glAAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  ax  p 2  q wfh 9 kddkoph k p0t|koglA o ltcf’ສະ
ວ.
0v’8e]k y  ax 2 8k,cdoovo p sq;|j;p c]t 8k,cdo8A’ q sq;|j;pF
g7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj x  p c]t g,af9v,0v’,ao,u8q;xtlko  p, q  D

8q;1jk’D -vd8e]k0Aolv’mujg,af9v,16j (2 , 9) c]t glAoltcf’0v’,aozjkog,af (4 , 3).

[qfcdhG 9kd0=h,6odjP;da[g,af9v,F 8e]kmuj-vdc,jo y  a( x  2)2  9.
9kd0=h,6omuj;jkglAoltcf’0v’8e]koUzjkog,af (4 , 3) wfh
3  a (4  2)2  9 D

9kdoUwfh a  3 c]t y  3( x  2)2  9 c,jo8e]kmuj8hv’dkoD

77
 [qfg/ydsafD
!*D! 9qj’c8h,glAoltcf’0v’8e]k]j5,oU rhv,ma’[vdlj;oxtdv[0v’,ao Xg,af9v,F
cdog7yj’7n c]t g,af8afcdoovo).

dD y   x  12  3 0D y   x  12  3
7D y  4 x  12  1 ’D y  4  3 x  32

!*D@ y  3( x  2) 2  4 wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko y  .... x 2 F 8k,cdoovo DDDDDD sq;|j;p

c]t 8k,cdo8A’ DDDDDD sq;|j;pD
!*D# wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko
y  ( x  2)2  1 y  .... x 2 F 8k,cdoovo DDDDDD sq;|j;p
c]t 8k,cdo8A’ DDDDDDDDD sq;|j;pD
!*D$ wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko y  .... x 2 F 8k,cdoovo DDDDDD sq;|j;p
y  2( x  3)2  1

ດິ
ະສ
c]t 8k,cdo8A’ DDDDDDDD sq;|j;pD

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
!*D& 9qj’0Polq,zqo0v’xkik3[o mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|koglAoltcf’0v’ y  3x 2
c]t ,ug,af9v, S faj’]5j,oUG ສະ
dD S 4, 5 0D S  3, 1
ວ.
7D S  1,  5 ’D S 4,  2

78
 [qfmu !( 8e]k.oI6[Ijk’ y  ax 2  bx  c D

dyf9tde
9qj’8nj,9eo;o s^n leo;o.lj[jvo9Eg,af]j5,oUG
y   x  1  2  x 2  ...... x  ......
2

y  x 2  2 x  5   x  ......  ......
2

y  2  x  3  1  2 x 2  ...... x  ......
2

y  2 x 2  3 x  1  2( x  ......) 2  ......
y  ax 2  bx  c  a ( x  ......) 2  ......

.97;k,
2
 b  
dko0Po y  ax 2  bx  c  a  x    F g-yj’   b 2  4ac gvUo;jk
 2a  4a

ດິ
ະສ
dko0Pow8rqf y  ax 2  bx  c .oI6[Ijk’dk3ooydD 9kdoU wfhG

ສ ນລຂິ
 glAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  ax 2  bx  c gxa o xkik3[omuj9 v,,a o 16 j

ສ. ຫງວ
 b   b
g,a f  ,   c]t g7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj x D ສະ
 2a 4a  2a
 glAAoltcf’0v’8e]k y  ax 2  bx  c wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko glAoltcf’ ວ.
b 
0v’8e]k y  ax 2 8k,cdoovo  sq;|j;p c]t 8k,cdo8A’ 
2a 4a
sq;|j;pD
8q;1jk’ !D -vdg,af9v, c]t cdog7yj’7n0v’ y  x2  2 x  1 rhv,ma’c8h,
xkik3[ooUD
[qfcdhG 9kd y  x 2  2 x  1  ( x  1)2  2 wfh  1, 2  gxaog,af9v, c]t x  1

gxaolq,zqocdog7yj’7n0v’ y  x 2  2 x  1 D

79
 xkik3[o y  x 2  2 x  1 ,uI6[Ijk’faj’oUG
y

1 0 x

2

8q;1jk’ @D y  x 2  6 x  7 wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko y  x2  2 x  2 8k,cdoovo

9adsq;|j;p c]t 8k,cdo8A’9adsq;|j;pL
[qfcdhG y1  x 2  6 x  7  ( x  3)2  2, S1(3, 2) F
y2  x 2  2 x  2  ( x  1) 2  1, S2 (1,1).

ດິ
ະສ
y
y2

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
3
y1
2 ສະ
1

-2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4
x
ວ.
-2

faj’oAoF xkik3[o y  x2  6 x  7 wfh9kddkophkp0t|koxkik3[o

y  x2  2 x  2 8k,cdoovo $ sq;|j;p c]t 8k,cdo8A’ {# sq;|j;pD
8q;1jk’ #D -vd8e]k0Aolv’mujglAoltcf’0v’,aozjko # g,afG (-1,8), (2,2), (3,4).

[qfcdhG -vd8e]k y  ax 2  bx  c D
9kd0=h,6omuj;jkglAoltcf’0v’8e]koUG
zjkog,af (-1,8) wfh 8  a bc (1)
zjkog,af (2,2) wfh 2  4a  2b  c X@?
zjkog,af (3,4) wfh 2  4a  2b  c X#?
80
 9kd X!? g,njv4vogvqk c 8a b X$?
c]h;cmo.lj X@? c]t X#? wfh
 a  b  2
  a  1, b  3 F c  4.
2a  b  1
faj’oAoF y  x 2  3x  4 c,jo8e]kmuj8hv’dkoD

[qfg/ydsaf
!(D! 9qj’0Pow8rqf]j5,oU.oI6[Ijk’dk3ooydD
dD y  x 2  2 x  3 0D y  3x 2  6 x  3
1 2
7D y  4 x 2  2 x ’D y x  2x  4
2
c]h;c8h,glAoltcf’0v’r;d,aoD
!(D@ y   x2  3x  1 wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko y   x2  5 x  2 F 8k,cdoovo DDDDDD
sq;|j;p c]t 8k,cdo8A’ DDDDDD sq;|j;pD

ດິ
ະສ
!(D# y  3x2  9 x wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko y  3x2  6 x  5 F 8k,cdoovo DDDDDD sq;|j;p

ສ ນລຂິ
c]t 8k,cdo8A’ DDDDDD sq;|j;pD

ສ. ຫງວ
!(D$ 9qj’deoqf8e]k0Aolv’ y  ax 2  bx  c 8k,g’njvow0]j5,oUG ສະ
!D zjko # g,af (1, 2); (2, 7); (3,18).
@D zjko # g,af (1, 7); (0, 2); (1, 5). ວ.
#D glAoltcf’0v’,aozjkog,af (1, 1); (2, 0) c]t wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko
xkik3[o y  2 x2 D
$D glAoltcf’0v’,aozjkog,afg7QkF 9v,16jglAo-nj y  2 x  1 c]t wfh9kddkophkp
0t|koxkik3[o y   x 2  2 x  1.
&D glAoltcf’0v’,aozjkog,af (1,5) F 9v,16jglAo-nj y   x  2 c]t wfh9kddko
1 2
phkp0t|koxkik3[o y x .
2
!(D& 9qj’deoqf8e]k0Aolv’mujglAoltcf’0v’,aog7yj’7nda[xkik3[o y  x2  4 x  3
3fpmP[.ljG
!D cdo x. @D cdo y. #D g,afg7QkD $D glAo x  3. &D glAo y  1. *D g,af (1, 0).

81
 [qfmu !) 7jks^kpl5f c]t 7jk|hvpl5f0v’8e]k0Aolv’
dyf9tde
dD 9qj’c8h,xkik3[o y  x 2  2 x  3   x  ....  .....
2
c]h;la’gdfG
8e]k y  x2  2 x  3 cI,.os;jk’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDD c]t 0Bo.os;jk’ DDDDDDDDDDDD
0D 9qj’c8h,xkik3[o y  2 x 2  4 x  3  2  x  ....  .... c]h;la’gdfG
2

8e]k y  2 x 2  4 x  3 cI,.os;jk’ DDDDDDDDDDDD c]t 0Bo.os;jk’ DDDDDDDDDD

.97;k,
2
 b  
9kddko0Po y  ax 2  bx  c  a  x    F g-yj’   b2  4ac wfhG
 2a  4a

 g,njv a  0 gIqkwfh  gxao7jks^kpl5f0v’ y  ax 2  bx  c

ດິ
ະສ
4a


ສ ນລຂິ
ymax   .

ສ. ຫງວ
4a

 g,njv a  0 gIqkwfh  gxao7jk|hvpl5f0v’ y  ax 2  bx  c ສະ
ວ.
4a

ymin   .
4a
lyj’mu7;ogvqk.9.lj
y  f x  S c,joglAoltcf’0v’ .
Cf
ymax  Max f  x   f  x  mujg,af A  x , f  x   gxaog,afl6’l5f0v’ Cf

ymin  M min f  x   f  x  mujg,af A  x , f  x   gxaog,af8+kl5f0v’ Cf

8q;1jk’ !D -vd7jks^kpl5f c]t 7jk|hvpl5f0v’8e]kG

dD y  2 x2  8x  5 0D y   x2  6 x  4
3
7D y  x 2  2 x, 0  x  3. ’D y  x 2  2 x,  x  3.
2

82
[qfcdhG
dD ;ymumu !G 9kd y  2 x 2  8 x  5  2( x  2) 2  3 wfh ymin  3 D

 (8)2  4(2)(5) 64  40
;ymumu @G     3 c]t a0 wfh ymin  3 D
4a 4(2) 8
 (6)2  4(1)(4) 36  16
0D    5 c]t a0 wfh ymax  5.
4a 4(1) 4

7D y  x 2  2 x  ( x  1)2  1 wfhglAoltcf’0v’ y  x 2  2 x, 0  x  3
faj’oUG y

1 2 3

ດິ
ະສ
0 x
1

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.
9kdglAoltcf’gsao ymin  1, ymax  y (3)  3.
3
’D 9kdglAoltcf’0v’ y  x2  2 x rkp.8hg’njvow0  x3
y
2

3   3,3
3
0 2
x

1 1 2 3

2 2 2

2
ymin  y 3  3  2 3  9  3   3 ,
wfhG 4 4
ymax  y (3)  3.

83
8q;1jk’@D .sh ymin 7jk|hvpl5f0v’ y   x 2  6 x  c,1  x  4 gmqjkda[ ! g,njv c
gmqjkda[spa’ c]t ymax 7jks^kpl5f0v’8e]koUgmqjkda[spa’L
[qfcdhG y   x 2  6 x  c  ( x  3) 2  9  c F lextlyf0v’ x2 gxao7jk]q[ c]t x
0v’g,af9v,16j.os;jk’deoqf0v’8e]kwfhG
y (3)  9  c  ymax
c]t y (1)  5  c  ymin  1.
9kdoUwfhG c  4, ymax  9  4  5.

8q;1jk’ #D 4hk;jk x  2y  3D 9qj’-vdsk7jk|hvpl5f0v’ x2  2 y 2 c]t 7jk0v’ x, y

mujdjP;0hv’D
[qfcdhG 9kd x  2y  3 wfhG
x 2  2 y 2  (3  2 y )2  2 y 2  8 y 2  12 y  9  f ( y ).

ດິ
ະສ
 3 9
f ( y )  8 y 2  12 y  9  8  y 2  y  

ສ ນລຂິ
 2 8

ສ. ຫງວ
 3
2
9 9  3
2
9
= 8  y      =8  y    .
 4  16 8  

4 2 ສະ
ວ.
3 3 3
wfh 9 gxao7jk|hvpl5f0v’ x 2  2 y 2 g,njv y  , x  3  2    .
2 4 4 2

8q;1jk’ $D 9q j’ -vdsk7jk |h v pl5 f 0v’ x 2  4 xy  7 y 2  4 y  3 c]t 7jk0v’

x, y mujdjP;0hv’D

[qfcdhG x 2  4 xy  7 y 2  4 y  3  ( x  2 y )2  3 y 2  4 y  3

 2 4   2
2
4 
 ( x  2 y )  3  y  y  1  ( x  2 y )  3  y     1
2 2
 3   3 9 

2
 2 5
 ( x  2 y )2  3  y    .
 3 3

84
 5
wfGh gxao7jk|hvpl5f 0v’ x 2  4 xy  7 y 2  4 y  3 g,njv
3
 3
 y 0
 2
 x  2 y  0

3 3
s^n g,njv y  , x  2    3.
2 2

[qfg/ydsaf
!)D! -vd7jks^kpl5f c]t 7jk|hvpl5f0v’8e]k]5j,oUG
!D y   x2  2 x  3 @D y  2 x2  4 x  1

#D y  2 x 2  x $D y  3x 2  4 x  1

&D y  x 2  2 x  2, 1  x  2 *D y  3 x 2  4, 2  x  2

ດິ
ະສ
(D y   x 2  4 x  1, 0  x  1 )D y  x 2  4 x  2, 2  x  4

ສ ນລຂິ
_D y   x 2  6 x  1, 0  x  2 !WD y  2 x 2  4 x  3, x  2.

ສ. ຫງວ
!)D@ 7jks^kpl5f0v’8e]k]5j,oUgmqjkda[ ( g,njv c gmqjkda[9eo;o.f c]t 7jk|hvpl5f0v’ ສະ
ວ.
8e]koAoMgmqjkda[9eo;o.fL
!D y  3x 2  6 x  c, 2  x  1

@D y  2 x 2  12 x  c, 2  x  2.

!)D# 4hk;jk x  2 y  3 D 9qj’-vdsk7jk|hvpl5f0v’ x 2  y 2 c]t 7jk0v’ x, y mujdjP;0hv’D

!)D$ 4hk;jk 2 x  y  10,1  x  5 D 9qj’-vdsk7jk|hvpl5f c]t 7jks^kpl5f0v’ xy c]t
7jk0v’ x, y mujdjP;0hv’D
!)D& 9qj’-vdsk7jk|hvpl5f0v’ 6 x 2  6 xy  3 y 2  6 x  4 y  3 c]t 7jk0v’ x, y muj
djP;0hv’D

85
 [qfmu !_ g7njv’\kp0v’w8rqf0Aolv’
dyf9tde
9qj’0Pow8rqfmuj,uIjk’ y  ax 2  bx  c ]5j,oU.oI6[Ijk’dk3ooydF c8h,glAoltcf’
0v’,aoF 7yfw]j   b2  4ac c]h;la’gdfmuj8A’ X8afF 8yfF 16jgmy’ s^n 16j]5j,?
0v’glAoltcf’ mP[.ljcdoovo c]t la’gdfg7njv’\kp0v’w8rqfG
dD y  x 2  2 x 0D y   x2  2 x  3 7D y  x 2  2 x  1
’D y   x 2  2 x  1 9D y  x 2  x  1 lD y   x2  2 x  2 D

.97;k,
g7njv’\kp0v’w8rqf0Aolv’ y  ax2  bx  c g[yj’wfh9kd7jk0v’   b2  4ac
c]t g7njv’\kp0v’ a faj’oU X x   vjko;jkle]a[m5dM x mujgxao9eo;o9y’?G
a0

ດິ
a0

ະສ
0 ax 2  bx  c  0, x   ax 2  bx  c  0, x  

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
+ x
ສະ
ວ.
x
0 ax 2  bx  c  0, x   ax 2  bx  c  0, x  

x
+ +
0 x

0 y  ax 2  bx  c y  ax 2  bx  c

+ + x x

86
8q;1jk’G 9qj’lbdlkg7njv’\kp0v’w8rqf]5j,oUD Y
7

dD f x   2 x 2  3x  3 6

   3  4  2  3  15
2 5

  15  0 4

phvo;jkG 
a  2  0
3

faj’oAo f  x   0 , x  
2

1
c]t glAoltcf’1j6gmy’cdo x D
0D g x   3x 2  2 x  1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 X
-1

  22  4 3 1  8 -2

  8  0
phvo;jkG
-3

 a  3  0 -4

faj’oAo g  x   0, x   -5

glAoltcf’1j6]j5,cdo x D Y
5

7D f x   x 2  4 x  4

ດິ
ະສ
4

   4   4  1  4  0
3
2

ສ ນລຂິ
2

c]t a  0 faj’oAo

ສ. ຫງວ
1

f  x   0, x    2
’D g x   0,5 x 2  3x  4,5
-1 0 1 2
ສະ 3 4 5 X

ວ.
-1

  32  4 0,5 4,5  9  9  0

-2

c]t a  0 faj’oAo
-3

-4

g  x   0, x    3 -5

9D f x   x 2  3x  2 Y

   3  4 1 2  1  0
2 4

c]t a  0 wfhG 2

x  ! @  1

f x  + 0  0 + -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X

lD g x    x 2  x  2
-1

-2

x  2 !  -3

g x   0 + 0  -4

87
 [qfg/ydsaf
!_D! 9qj’lbdlkg7njv’\kp0v’[aofkw8rqf0Aolv’]j5,oUD
f  x   7 x 2  12 x  5
g  x   3x 2  5 x  2
h x   x 2  x  1
E  x   3x 2  8 x  11
k x    x 2  6 x  9 D
!_D@ 9qj’lbdlkg7njv’\kp0v’[aofk8e]kmju,uglAoltcf’]j5,oUD
Y Y
6 1

Cf 5
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X

4 -1

3 -2

2 -3

ດິ
ະສ
1 -4

ສ ນລຂິ
-5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 X

ສ. ຫງວ
-1 -6

glAoltcf’0v’ f x  glAoltcf’0v’ hx  ສະ

ວ.
Y Y
5

2
4

Cf 1
3
Cf

2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X

-1
1

-2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X
-3
-1

-4
-2

-5
-3

-6
-4

glAoltcf’0v’ g x  glAoltcf’0v’ k  x 

88
 [qfmu @W vtlq,zqo0Aolv’ c]t 9eo;o.9zqo0v’lq,zqo0Aolv’
dyf9tde 9qj’8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af.o8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
a0 a0
0 ax 2  bx  c  0, x   ax 2  bx  c  0, x  
x

0 ax 2  bx  c  0, x   ax 2  bx  c  0, x  
+ + x 0 x
0

ດິ
ະສ
0 y  ax 2  bx  c y  ax 2  bx  c

ສ ນລຂິ
 

ສ. ຫງວ
x
  x
ສະ
ວ.
.9zqo0v’ ax 2  bx  c  0 c,jo .9zqo0v’ ax 2  bx  c  0 c,jo
x  , x   D  x D
.9zqo0v’ ax  bx  c  0 c,jo
2
.9zqo0v’ ax 2  bx  c  0 c,jo
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
.9zqo0v’ ax2  bx  c  0 c,jo .9zqo0v’ ax2  bx  c  0 c,jo
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
.9zqo0v’ ax2  bx  c  0 c,jo .9zqo0v’ ax2  bx  c  0 c,jo
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

89
.97;k,
9kd8k8t]k’0hk’gmy’oUF gsaowfhG
{ xkik3[o[+8afcdo x s^n lq,zqo
ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 [+,u.9zqomujgxao9eo;o9y’ g,njv   0 D
{ xkik3[o8yfcdo x s^n lq,zqo
ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 ,u.9zqofP; g,njv   0 D
{ xkik3[o8afcdo x s^n lq,zqo
ax 2  bx  c  0 ,ulv’.9zqomujgxao9eo;o9y’8jk’dao g,njv   0 D

8q;1jk’ !D 9qj’cdhvtlq,zqo]5j,oUG
dD x2  3x  0 0D x 2  4 x  12  0
7D  x 2  7 x  10  0 ’D ( x  2)( x  3)  0

[qfcdhG dD g7njv’\kp0v’ x 2  3x ltcf’wfhfaj’oUG

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
W # x ສະ
ວ.
cdhvtlq,zqo x2  3x  0 c,jo-vd x ma’\qfmuj x2  3x ,u7jk]q[ s^n gmqjkda[l6oD
9kd g7njv’\kp0v’ x2  3x 0hk’gmy’oU wfh 0  x  3.

0D g7njv’\kp0v’ x 2  4 x  12 ltcf’wfhfaj’oUG

@ * x

faj’oAoF .9zqo0v’vtlq,zqo x 2  4 x  12  0 c,jo x  2, x  6.

90
 7D g7njv’\kp0v’  x 2  7 x  10 G

2 5 x

faj’oAoF .9zqo0v’vtlq,zqo  x 2  7 x  10  0 c,jo 2  x  5.

’D g7njv’\kp0v’ ( x  2)( x  3) G

2 3 x

faj’oAoF .9zqo0v’vtlq,zqo ( x  2)( x  3)  0 c,jo x  2, x  3.

8q;1jk’ @D -vdg0f7jk0v’ k grnjv.sh y  x2  2kx  k  6  0, x  .

[qfcdhG gonjv’9kdlextlyf0v’ x2 gxao7jk[;dF

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
grnjv.sh y  x 2  2kx  k  6  0, x  

ສ. ຫງວ
8hv’.shG   (2k ) 2  4(k  6)  0
ສະ
ວ.
k 2  k  6  0 2  k  3.

8q;1jk’ #D -vdg0f7jk0v’ k c]t m grnjv.sh

dD x2  kx  k  8  0 ,ulv’.9zqomujgxao9eo;o9y’8jk’daoD
0D mx2  (m  1) x  2  0 [+,u.9zqomujgxao9eo;o9y’D
[qfcdhG
dD   k 2  4(k  8)  0
k 2  4k  32  0
k  4, k  8.
0D m  0,   (m  1) 2  8m  0
m  0, m 2  10m  1  0
5  2 6  m  5  2 6.

91
8q;1jk’ $D -vd9eo;o4h;o x, y mujgxao.9zqo0v’lq,zqo
x 2  2 xy  2 y 2  2 x  8 y  10  0 D
[qfcdhG 0Polq,zqomuj.sh,kgxaolq,zqo0Aolv’ g-yj’8q;]a[c,jo x:

x 2  2(1  y ) x  2 y 2  8 y  10  0

lq,zqooU ,u.9zqog,njv
  4(1  y )2  4(2 y 2  8 y  10)  0
4 y 2  24 y  36  0
y2  6 y  9  0
( y  3)2  0 D
9kdoUwfhG y  3F
x 2  2(1  3) x  2(3)2  8(3)  10  0
x2  4 x  4  0

ດິ
ະສ
x  2.

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
[qfg/ydsaf
ສະ
ວ.
@WD! 9qj’cdhvtlq,zqo]5j,oU.odj5,9eo;o9y’D
dD 3x 2  11x  8  0 0D  x 2  4 x  5  0
7D 4 x 2  9 x  5  0 ’D  3x 2  4 x  2  0
9D 2 x 2  3x  2  0 lD x 2  x  3  0
@WD2 9qj’-vdg0fdeoqf0v’ k grnjv.sh x 2  kx  k  3  0, x  .
@WD# 9qj’-vdg0fdeoqf0v’ a grnjv.sh x 2  ax  a  3  0, x  .
@WD4 9qj’-vdg0fdeoqf0v’ k grnjv.sh kx 2  3kx  k  1  0, x  .
@WD5 9qj’-vdg0fdeoqf0v’ k grnjv.sh x2  2(k  2) x  2k 2  0 ,u.9zqomujgxao9eo;o9y’D
@WD* 9qj’;yrkd9eo;o.9zqo0v’ mx 2  (3m  1) x  2(m  1)  0 8k,7jk0v’ m.
@WD( -vd9eo;o4h;o x, y mujgxao.9zqo0v’lq,zqo
2 x 2  2 xy  y 2  12 x  4 y  20  0 D

92
 [qfmu @! muj8A’lezaf]ts;jk’glAo-njda[glAo0Aolv’ c]t muj8A’
lezaf]ts;jk’lv’glAo0Aolv’D
dyf9tde
!D 9qj’8nj,0=h7;k,muj,u.o;q’g]a[.lj[jvo9Eg,af.o8k8t]k’]5j,oUD
a0 a0
0 xkik3[o y  ax 2  bx  c xkik3[o y  ax 2  bx  c
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX8af}[+8af}8yf) cdo x DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX8af}[+8af}8yf) cdo x

0 xkik3[o y  ax 2  bx  c xkik3[o y  ax 2  bx  c

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX8af}[+8af}8yf) cdo x DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX8af}[+8af}8yf) cdo x

0 xkik3[o y  ax 2  bx  c xkik3[o y  ax 2  bx  c

ດິ
ະສ
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX8af}[+8af}8yf) cdo x DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX8af}[+8af}8yf) cdo x

ສ ນລຂິ
@D .shglAo-nj y   x  2 c]t xkik3[o y  x 2 .

ສ. ຫງວ
gIqkc8h,glAo-nj c]t xkik3[ooU .ljczjorP’fP;dao faj’]5j,oUG
ສະ
ວ.
Y
5 y  x2
4

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 X

-1
y  x  2

gsaoglAo-nj DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD X8af}8yf}[+8af ? da[xkik3[oD

g,njvcmo y   x  2 .ljlq,zqo0v’xkik3[o wfhlq,zqo0Aolv’G
 x  2  x2
x2  x  2  0
93
 la’gdfgsaoG
 le]a[lq,zqo0Aolv’oU DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Xs^kpd;jkl6o}|hvpd;jkl6o}gmqjkda[l6o?D

#D .shlv’xkik3[o
C : y  x2 ,
C ' : y  ( x  2)2  2

gIqkc8h,lv’xkik3[ooU.ljczjorP’fP;dao faj’]5j,oUG

4
С
3

ດິ
ະສ
1
С’

ສ ນລຂິ
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X

ສ. ຫງວ
-1

-2
ສະ
ວ.
-3

gsaolv’xkik3[ooU DDDDDDDDDDDD X8af}8yf}[+8af ? daoD

g,njvcmo y 0v’ C .ljlq,zqo0v’ C ' wfhlq,zqo0Aolv’G

la’gdfgsao
 le]a[lq,zqo0Aolv’oU DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Xs^kpd;jkl6o}|hvpd;jkl6o}gmqjkda[l6o?D

94
.97;k,
lk,kf[vdmuj8A’lezaf X8af}8yf}[+8af? ]ts;jk’glAo-nj da[xkik3[o s^n ]ts;jk’
lv’xkik3[owfh3fp.-h  X0v’lq,zqo0Aolv’le]a[dko-vdg,af8afdao]ts;jk’
lv’glAomujdjk;,k?:
 4hk;jk   0 c]h;lv’glAooAo[+8afdaoF
 4hk;jk   0 c]h;lv’glAooAo8yfdaoF
 4hk;jk   0 c]h;lv’glAooAo8afdao16jlv’g,afF
8q;1jk’ !D ;yrkdmuj8A’lezaf]ts;jk’xkik3[o y  x 2  2 x  2k  4 da[cdo x .
[qfcdhG   (2) 2  4(1)(2k  4)  8k  20 .

g7njv’\kp0v’  : 5/2 k

5
9kdoUwfhG y  x 2  2 x  2k  4 8afda[cdo g,njv k

ດິ
ະສ
x ,
2

ສ ນລຂິ
5
8yfcdo x g,njv k c]t

ສ. ຫງວ
2

[+8afda[cdo g,njv 5
k . ສະ
ວ.
x
2

8q;1jk’ @D ;yrkdmuj8A’lezaf]ts;jk’xkik3[o y   x2 da[glAo-nj y  2 x  k .

[qfcdhG lq,zqogrnjv-vdg,af8af]ts;jk’xkik3[oda[glAo-njmuj.sh,kc,joG
2 x  k   x 2
x 2  2 x  k  0.

  (2)2  4(1)(k )  4k  4  1 k

9kdoUwfhG y   x2 8afda[ y  2 x  k g,njv k  1 ,

8yfda[ y  2 x  k g,njv k  1 c]t

[+8afda[ y  2 x  k g,njv k  1.

95
8q;1jk’ #D -vd7jk0v’ a grnjv.shxkik3[o y  x2 8yfda[ y   x 2  ax  2.
[qfcdhG lq,zqogrnjv-vdg,af8af]ts;jk’lv’xkik3[omuj.sh,kc,joG
x 2   x 2  ax  2
2 x 2  ax  2  0.

  (a)2  4(2)(2)  a 2  16 ,

0 g,njv a 2  16  0 wfh a  4.

9kdoUwfhxkik3[o y  x2 8yfda[ y   x2  ax  2 g,njv a  4.

[qfg/ydsaf
@!D! ;yrkd muj8A’lezaf]ts;jk’xkik3[o y  2 x2  3x  a  1 da[cdo x .

ດິ
ະສ
@!D2 [vdmuj8A’lezaf]ts;jk’xkik3[oda[glAo-nj]5j,oUD

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
!D y   x 2  1, y  4 x  5.

@D y  x 2  x  4, y  2 x  2. ສະ
ວ.
#D y  4 x 2  6 x  1, y  2 x  4.

$D y   x2  1, y  2 x  3.
@!D# -vd8q;xtlkog,af8afdao]ts;jk’xkik3[oda[glAo-nj]5j,oUD
!D y  x 2  3x  3, y  2 x  1.

@D y  x 2  3 x, y  3x  9.

@!D4 -vd7jk0v’ k grnjv.sh glAo-nj y  2x  k 8yfda[xkik3[o y  x 2  4 x  5.

@!D5 -vd7jk0v’ a, b grnjv.shxkik3[o y  x 2  ax  b 8yfda[ y   x 2 16jg,af (1, 1).

96
 [qfmu @@ l6f ;ucvaf
dyf9tde
dD .sh  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x2  x  2  0 D 9qj’ltcf’.shgsao;jk     1
c]t   2 D
0D .sh  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo 2 x2  3x  1  0 D 9qj’ltcf’.shgsao;jk
3
   c]t   1 D
2 2
7D 9qj’c9dleo;o a( x   )( x   ) c]h;gvqk,kgmqjkda[ ax 2  bx  c 9kdoAo.sh0Po
    ? c]t   ? X0Po8k, a c]t b ?D
’D 9qj’-vd.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  x  2  0 3fp.-hzqo[;d c]t zqo76o0v’r;d,aoD
9D @ c]t # gxao.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  ..... x  ......  0 D
lD  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  ........ x  .......  0 D

ດິ
ະສ
.97;k,

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo ax 2  bx  c  0 9twfhG
  
b
c]t   c F ສະ
c]t xUo7noD l6foUgvUo;jk l6f ;ucvafD
ວ.
a a
mjko ;ucvaf /iaj’-q; (Viet FranÇois) (1540-13.12.1603)
oad7toyflkf/iaj’ muj,ulkppkok,;jk [yfkrbf-t7toyfD
vk-u[0v’mjko c,jooaddqf\kpD c8j;jkmjko,u7;k,lqo.9
fk]klkf9bj’wfhlbdlkw8,5,,y8y c]t rbf-t7toyfD zqo’ko
mk’fhko7toyflkf0v’mjkowfh0Pofh;prklkmujpkdgduowx
9bj’[+wfhIa[dkogzupczjg,njvmjko,u-u;yf16jD

9kd[aofkzqo’ko0v’mjko ;ucvafF rbf-t7toyf 9bj’dkpgxao;ymtpklkf];,

djP;da[lq,zqorbf-t7toyf muj.-hlaopt]ad X8q;vadlvo? gxaorNo4koF g-yj’ovd9kd
8q;]a[c]h; pa’.-hhda[8q;lextlyfvudD

97
8q;1jk’G
dD g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  4 x  7  0 c]h;G 4k,7no L
!D   3,   3 c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  .....x  ......  0
@D  2 ,  2 c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  .....x  ......  0 D
0D -vd7jk0v’ a, b grnjv.sh.9zqo0v’ x 2  ax  b  0 c,jo x  4, x  3.
7D -vd7jk0v’ a, b grnjv.sh.9zqo0v’ ax 2  9 x  a 2  0 c,jo 4  x  b.
[qfcdhG
dD 9kdl6f ;ucvaf wfhG     4,   7.
!D (  3)  (  3)  (   )  6  4  6  2,
(  3)(   3)    3(   )  9  7  3(4)  9  4.
faj’oAoF   3,   3 c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  2 x  4  0.
@D  2   2  (   )2  2  (4)2  2(7)  2,

ດິ
ະສ
 2  2  ( )2  7 2  49.

ສ ນລຂິ
faj’oAoF  2 ,  2 c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  2 x  49  0 D

ສ. ຫງວ
0D 9kd[qfg]dgsao 4 c]t # gxao.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  ax  b  0 c]t 9kdl6f
;ucvaf wfhG ສະ
ວ.
 4  3   a

(4)(3)  b
a  1, b  12.

7D 9kd[qfg]dgsao 4, b gxao.9zqo0v’lq,zqo ax 2  9 x  a 2  0 c]t a lextlyf

0v’ x 2 ,u7jk|hvpd;jk W X a  0 ?G

4 b
x
9kdoU c]t l6f ;ucvafwfhG
 9
 4  b 
 a
4b  a

98
  a
b 
 4
a  16a  36  0, a  0
2

1
a  2, b   .
2

[qfg/ydsaf
@@D! g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo 2 x 2  3x  4  0 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’G
 
!D  @D (   )2
 
1 1
#D  $D 3  3
 1  1

5.  4   4

ດິ
ະສ
@@D@ g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo 2 x2  4 x  5  0 c]h; (    1), (     1)

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
gxao.9zqo0v’ x 2  ..... x  ......  0
ສະ
ວ.
@@D# g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x2  x  2  0 c]h;  3 ,  3 c,jo.9zqo0v’
lq,zqo x 2  .....x  ......  0 D

3
@@D$ 1 x  c,jo.9zqo0v’vtlq,zqo x 2  ..... x  ......  0 D
2
1 2
@@D& x c,jo.9zqo0v’vtlq,zqo  x 2  ..... x  ......  0 D
3 3

@@D* x  1, x  2 c,jo.9zqo0v’vtlq,zqo x 2  ..... x  ......  0 D

@@D( x 2  ax  b  0 wfh x  3, x  3 g,njv a  ?, b  ?

@@D) -vd7jk 0v’ a, b grnjv.sh.9zqo0v’ ax 2  9 x  2b  0 c,jo 4  x  5.

99
 [qfmu @# ]t[q[vtlq,zqo0Aolv’ c]t g7njv’\kp0v’.9zqo0Aolv’
dyf9tde
9qj’0Pol6f ;ucvafle]a[lq,zqoG
!D x2  x  1  0 @D ax 2  bx  c  0
.97;k,
9kdl6f ;ucvafwfhG

 0

 c
   0,   0 c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo ax 2  bx  c  0 g,njv     0
 a
 b
     a  0

ດິ
ະສ
 0


ສ ນລຂິ
 c
   0,   0 c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo ax 2  bx  c  0 g,njv     0

ສ. ຫງວ
 a
 b
ສະ
     a  0

   0,   0 c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo 2
ax  bx  c  0 g,njv
ວ.
 0

 c
  a  0

l6f0hk’gmy’oUc,jo]t[q[vtlq,zqomuj[vdg7njv’\kp0v’.9zqolq,zqo0Aolv’D
8q;1jk’G
 x 2  4 x  1  0
dD 9qj’cdh]t[q[vtlq,zqo  2
 x  x  12  0
0D -vdg0f7jk0v’ q grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  (q  2) x  q  5  0 ,ulv’.9zqo c]t
gxao7jk[;dD
7D -vdg0f7jk0v’ a grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  ax  a  0 ,ulv’.9zqo8jk’dao c]t
16js;jk’ 1,1 .
100
[qfcdhG dD g[yj’g7njv’\kp0v’w8rqfmuj.sh,k c]h;0ufg0fmuj[+gxao.9zqo0v’vtlq,zqovvd
 
x
 x 2  4 x  1  0 2 3  2 3
 2
 x  x  12  0  x
 4 3 

g,njv,k0ufg0fmuj[+gxao.9zqo0v’vtlq,zqovvd .oglAo9eo;o9y’fP;daoF

4 2 3 3 2 3

lj;omuj[+4nd0ufc,jo.9zqo0v’]t[q[vtlq,zqoD faj’oAo.9zqoc,joG 4  x  2  3.

0D .sh  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  (q  2) x  q  5  0 D lq,zqooU9t,ulv’.9zqo

c]t gxao7jk[;dg,njvG

ດິ
ະສ
  (q  2)2  4(q  5)  q 2  16  0


ສ ນລຂິ
   q20


ສ. ຫງວ
   q  5  0
q 2  16  0   q ສະ
ວ.
 4  4

 2
 q20 q


 q  5  0 5 q

5 4 2 4
q
9kdoU wfh q  4.

7D .sh  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  ax  a  0 wfhG     a,   a.

grnjv.sh,u  ,  c]t 1    1, 1    1
s^n 1    0,1    0,   1  0,   1  0

101
 8hv’.shG
   a 2  4a  0

 (1   )  (1   )  2  (   )  2  a  0

(1   )(1   )  1  (   )    1  2a  0

 (  1)  (   1)  (   )  2  a  2  0
 (  1)(   1)    (   )  1  1  0

 a 2  4a  0  
 a

 0 4
 2a  0
 a
2


 1  2a  0 a
 1
2

 a  2  0 a

ດິ
ະສ
2

ສ ນລຂິ
a

ສ. ຫງວ
2  12 0 2 4

9kdoU wfh 
1
 a  0. ສະ
ວ.
2
[qfg/ydsaf
@#D! 9qj’cdh]t[q[vtlq,zqoD
 3x  8  4 x  3  2( x  4)( x  2)  0
dD  0D 
( x  1)( x  5)  0 (2 x  7)(3 x  5)  0
 x 2  3 x  2  0  2 x 2  5 x  3  0
7D  2 ’D 
 x  x  2  0 3 x 2  4 x  4  0

 x 2  4 x  2  0
9D 
4  7 x  2 x 2  0

102
@#D@ -vdg0f7jk0v’ a grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  2(a  1) x  2a  1  0 ,ulv’.9zqomuj
!D gxao7jk[;dma’lv’D @D gxao7jk]q[ma’lv’D #D g7njv’\kp8jk’daoD
@#D# -vdg0f7jk0v’ p grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  2( p  2) x  2 p  7  0 ,ulv’.9zqo8jk’dao
c]t gxao7jk[;dD
a
@#D$ -vdg0f7jk0v’ a grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  (a  2) x   5  0,1  x  5 ,ulv’.9zqo
2
8jk’daoD
@#D& .sh f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c,  c]t  c,jo.9zqo0v’ ax 2  bx  c  0 (   ) c]t
 
p D la’gdfI6[c]h;8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af]5j,oUG
2
d==]tou a0
y y y

f  0 
 f  0

ດິ
ະສ
p p
     
0       0 0 

ສ ນລຂິ
x x x
f  0 


ສ. ຫງວ
  0,   0   0,   0  0
ສະ
ວ.
g,njv   0, f (0)  0, p  0. g,njv   0, f (0)....0, p....0. g,njv f (0)....0.

d==]tou a0

y y
y

 0 f  0
0  
  
x x x
 p 
p  0 
f  0   f  0

  0,   0   0,   0  0
g,njv   0, f (0)....0, p....0. g,njv   0, f (0)....0, p....0. g,njv f (0)....0.

103
 d==]tou a0
y y y
p
f k 
f k    
p 
p   
      
  x x
f k    x
xk
xk xk
  k,   k   k,   k  k
g,njv   0, f (k )  0, p  k . g,njv   0, f (k )....0, p....k . g,njv f (k )....0.

d==]tou a0
y xk y y xk
xk
 f k  
 

ດິ
ະສ
        
p x  p  x  P x
f k  

ສ ນລຂິ
f k   

ສ. ຫງວ
  k,   k   k,   k  k
ສະ
ວ.
g,njv   0, f (k )....0, p....k. g,njv   0, f (k )....0, p....k. g,njv f (k )....0.
@#D* -vdg0f7jk0v’ m grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  2mx  m  2  0 ,ulv’.9zqo8jk’dao c]t
,u7jk]q[ma’lv’D
@#D( -vdg0f7jk0v’ m grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  8mx  8m  24  0
!D ,ulv’.9zqo8jk’dao c]t ,u7jk[;dma’lv’D
@D .9zqo,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daoD
@#D) -vdg0f7jk0v’ m grnjv.shlq,zqo x 2  (m  2) x  m  1  0 ,u.9zqo.os;jk’ ]  2, 0[ D

104
 [qfmu @$ ]t[q[lq,zqo0Aolv’muj,ulv’8q;]a[
dyf9tde
!D g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo 3x 2  x  3  0 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’G
   ,  ,  2   2 ,  3   3.

@D g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  (m  1) x  m  0 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ m

grnjv.sh  :   1: 3.

#D g,njv x  y  3, xy  2 c]h; x, y gxao.9zqo0v’ t 2  ...... t  .....  0 D

$D .sh]t[q[lq,zqo
 x 2  xy  y 2  1

 x  y  2

ດິ
ະສ
g,njvxjPocmo x fh;p y c]t xjPocmo fh;p xF gsao;jk]t[q[lq,zqooU

ສ ນລຂິ
y

ສ. ຫງວ
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD XxjPowx s^n pa’7ngdqjk?D
ສະ
ວ.
.97;k,
 x 2  y 2  2
]t[q[lq,zqo0Aolv’muj,u8q;]a[lv’8q; g-ajo  F g,njvxjPocmo x fh;p
 xy  x  y  3
y c]t xjPocmo y fh;p x ,aopa’7ngdqjkF gryjo;jk]t[q[lq,zqog7yj’7n c]t dkocdh]t[q[lq,
zqog7yj’7noUgryjo,adxjPoI6[ .shgxaodko-vd x  y c]t xy 9kdoAoc,jo.-hl6f0v’;ucvaf
grnjv-vd x c]t y D lk,kf0Po.9zqo.oI6[Ijk’c/f ( x, y) D
dkocdh]t[q[lq,zqo[+g7yj’7nlj;o.spjc,jo.-h;ymucmoD
8q;1jk’G cdh]t[q[lq,zqo
x  y  3  x 2  y 2  2 x  y  2
dD  0D  7D 
 x. y  2  xy  x  y  3  x. y  35

105
[qfcdhG
dD 9kd]t[q[lq,zqomuj.sh,k c]t 9kdl6f;ucvafwfhlq,zqogrnjv-vd x c]t y

faj’oUG t 2  3x  2  0

t  1, t  2.

faj’oAoF ( x , y )  (1, 2);(2,1).

0D .sh S  x  y, P  xy D lk,kf0Po]t[q [ lq , zq o mu j . sh , k.oI6 [ Ij k ’

 S 2  2 P  2

 P  S  3

9kdoUwfhG S 2  2(3  S )  2

S 2  2S  8  0
S  4, S  2

ດິ
ະສ
 S  4 S  2

ສ ນລຂິ
 F 
 P7 P 1

ສ. ຫງວ
 x  y  4 x  y  2
 F  ສະ
ວ.
 xy  7  xy  1

t 2  4t  7  0 F x  1, y  1.

  0D faj’oAoF x  1, y  1.

x  y  2 y  x  2
7D  
 x. y  35  x( x  2)  35
  x  5

 y  x  2 y  x  2   y  7
 2 
 x  2 x  35  0  x  5, x  7  x  7

  y  5

faj’oAoF ( x , y )  (5, 7);(7,5).

106
 [qfg/ydsaf
@$D! g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x2  x  2  0 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’
1 1 1 1
(  1)(   1),  ,  .
 2
 2
 3
3

@$D@ g,njv  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  ax  b  0 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ a, b grnjv.sh

1 1
2  2 1 c]t   1.
 

@$D# .sh  ,  c,jo.9zqo0v’lq,zqo x 2  (a  2) x  3a  1  0 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ a

grnjv.sh  2   2    1 D
@$D$ 9qj’cdh]t[q[lq,zqo8+wxoUD
 x 2  y 2  34  x 2  xy  y 2  7
dD  0D 
 xy  15

ດິ
ະສ
 xy  2( x  y  2)

ສ ນລຂິ
1 1 1
    x  2 y  1

ສ. ຫງວ
7D  x y 12 ’D  2
 x  y  1  x  3 y  3

ສະ
ວ.
 x  y 1  x  y  1
9D  2 lD  2
2 x  xy  y  53  x  xy  28
2

107
 rkdmu # w8,5,,y8y
[qfmu @& w8,5,,y8y.oI6[lk,c9lkd
dyf9tde
A
!D .shI6[lk,c9lkdmjP’ ABC lkd16j A
X AB  AC c]t A  90 ?D
9qj’-vdsk,5, B c]t C D
B C
A

@D .shI6[lk,c9ltg\u ABC c]t glAodk’lkd AE D

9qj’-vdsk,5, A F B F C F BAE
 c]t 
ABE D

ດິ
ະສ
.97;k, B
E
C

ສ ນລຂິ
!D 8a’0v’,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd

ສ. ຫງວ
8a’0v’,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd c,jozqosko0hk’dq’|hk.sh0hk’8yfcxtD ສະ
ວ.
.oI6[lk,c9lkd ABC lkd16j,5, C ,u0hk’ AB  c F AC  b c]t BC  a
BC a
8a’0v’,5, A \kpfh;p tan 
A g-yj’ tan 
A  D
AC b

B
0hk’dq’lkd
0hk’dq’|hk

c
a

0hk’8yfcxt A b C

108
8q;1jk’ !D .shI6[lk,c9lkdmjP’ ABC lkd16j C X AC  BC  1 c]t   90 ?D
C
9qj’-vdsk8a’0v’,5, A c]t B D
B
[qfcdhG
9kdoypk, 8a’0v’,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd
gIqkwfhG 1
BC 1
tan 
A  tan 45o   1
AC 1 A C
1
  tan 45o  AC 1
tan B  1
BC 1
B
8q;1jk’ @D .shI6[lk,c9ltg\u ABC muj,u0hk’gmqjk @
c]t ,u BD gxaoglAoc[j’g7yj’,5, 2 2

ດິ
ະສ
XglAodk’lkdF 9v,lkd s^n 9v,dk’?D

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
9qj’-vdsk,5, A F ABD F tan A c]t tan 
ABD D
A D C
[qfcdhG 9kdI6[lk,c9ltg\ugIqkwfhG
ສະ
  C
A B   60 c]t BD gxaoglAoc[j’
ວ.
g7yj’,5, 
B wfhG

ABD  30 D
AD  DC  1 D
BD  3 D
9kdoypk, 8a’0v’,5, .oI6[lk,c9lkd ABD gIqkwfhG
BD 3
tan 
A  tan 60    3D
AD 1
AD 1 3
tan 
ABD  tan 30    D
BD 3 3

109
@D -yo c]t 3d-yo0v’,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd
-yo0v’,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd c,jozqosko0v’0hk’dq’|hk.sh0kh ’dq’lkdD
3d-yo0v’,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd c,jozqosko0v’0hk’8yfcxt.sh0kh ’dq’lkdD

.oI6[lk,c9lkd ABC lkd16j,5, C gIqk,uG B

!D -yo 0v’,5, A \kpfh;p sin A
c
g-yj’ sin A  BC  a D a
AB c
@D 3d-yo 0v’,5, A \kpfh;p cos A A C
b
AC b
g-yj’ cos 
A  D
AB c

8q;1jk’ !D 9kdI6[lk,c9lkdmjP’ ABC lkd1j6 C gIqkwfhG B

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
BC 1 2
sin 
A  sin 45    D

ສ. ຫງວ
AB 2 2 2
1

cos 
AC 1 2 ສະ
ວ.
A  cos 45    D
AB 2 2 A C
1

8q;1jk’ @D 9kdI6[lk,c9lkd ABC lkd1j6 C F gIqkwfhG

BC 1
sin 
A  sin 30   D B
AB 2
AC 3
sin 
A  sin 60   D 2
AB 2
1
AC 3
cos 
A  cos 30  
 D
AB 2 A C
3
BC 1
cos 
A  cos 60  
AB 2

110
#D lts^5[

A 30 45 60
sin A 1 2 3
2 2 2
cos 
A 3 2 1
2 2 2
tan 
A 3 1 3
3

[qfg/ydsaf
@&D! .shI6[lk,c9lkd ABC lkd1j6 BF ,u0hk’ AB  5 c]t BC  3 D 9qj’-vdsk
8a’0v’,5, A D
3
@&D@ .sh A gxao,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd c]t sin 
D 9qj’-vdsk cos A c]t tan A D
A
7

ດິ
ະສ
@&D# .shI6[lk,c9 ABC F ,u 
AB  AC  2 F A  30 c]t BE 8A’lkdda[ AC D
9qj’-vdsk EBC  c]t tan15 D

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
@&D$ .sh A gxao,5,.oI6[lk,c9lkd 9qj’-uhc9’;jkG
d? sin  90  A  cos A D 0? 
cos 90    ສະ
A  sin 
AD

ວ.
sin A
7? sin 2 
A  cos 2 
A  1D '? tan 
A D
cos A
@&D& 9qj’-vdsk7jk];’l6’0v’8Qow,h .oI6[]5j,oUD

30 45
x 2m
10 m

111
 [qfmuu @* 3d-yoF -yo c]t 8a’0v’,5,]ts;jk’ 0 sk 180
dyf9tde
!D .sh;q’,qosq;|j;p X;q’,qomuj,u.9dk’16jg,afg7Qk c]t ]aflt\ugmqjkda[ !? c]t
g,af A, B, C faj’I6[G
1
C
B
60 A

45
1 O 1
30

ດິ
ະສ
1

ສ ນລຂິ
9qj’-vdsk8q;xtlko 0v’g,af A, B, C D

ສ. ຫງວ
@D .shg7yj’;q’,qosq;|j;p faj’I6[G ສະ
1 ວ.

A
1 O 1

9qj’\kpg,af A F B F C F D F E F F F G F H c]t I g,njvI6h;jk,5,   0 F

xOA
  30 F xOC
xOB   45 F xOD  60 F xOE   90 F xOF
  120 F   135 F
xOG
  150 c]t 
xOH xOI  180 D

112
.97;k,
!D lj;oluj8jk’.o;q’,qosq;|j;p
lj;oluj mu @ 1 lj;oluj mu !
;q’,qomuj.9dk’16jg,afg7Qk c]t
,u]aflt\ugmqjk ! sq;|j;p gvUo;jk
;q’,qosq;|j;p c]t ;q’,qosq;|j;p lj;oluj mu $
lj;oluj mu #
c[j’vvdgxao lujlj;o faj’I6[D

@D dkodeoqfw8,5,,y8y
.shg,af P  a, b  gxaog,af .o;q’,qosq;|j;p  
xOP g-yj’ 0    180

y
P  a, b 

ດິ
ະສ
b

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
 ສະ
ວ.
a O x

b
oypk,G cos   a F sin   b c]t tan   D
a

la’gdfG
!D 3d-yo 0v’,5,  , 0o    180o c,jo8q;xtlkoovo 0v’g,af P c]t ,u7jk
1 sk 1 F -yo 0v’,5,  c,jo 8q;xtlko8A’ 0v’g,af P c]t ,u7jk 0 sk 1
c]t 8a’ 0v’,5,  c,jo zqosko8q;xtlko8A’ .sh8q;xtlkoovo 0v’g,af P
X tan   b ?D
a
113
@D 4hk;jk P  a, b  16jlj;oluj mu !
y
P  a, b 

1 b


a
x

gsaoG cos   0 F sin   0 c]t tan   0 X3d-yoF -yo c]t 8a’

,ug7njv’\kpvaofP;dao c]t gxao3d-yoF -yo c]t 8a’ .oI6[lk,c9lkd?D

#D 4hk;jk P  a, b  16jlj;oluj mu @D

ດິ
ະສ
y

ສ ນລຂິ
P  a, b 

ສ. ຫງວ
b
1 ສະ
ວ.


a x

gsaoG cos   0 F sin   0 c]t tan   0 ?D

$D tan  [=jdeoqfg,njv   90 D

114
#D w8,5,,y8y 0v’,5, 90   X  gxao,5,cs^,?
y

P '  a ', b '

P  a, b 
 '

O x

la'gdfgsao a  b c]t b  a faj’oAoG

  
cos 90    sin  D

 sin  90     cos  D 

sin  90    cos 
 tan  90    
1

  D
cos  90    sin  tan 

ດິ
ະສ


ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
$D w8,5,,y8y0v’,5, 90   X  gxao,5,cs^,?
y
ສະ
ວ.
P '  a ', b ' 


P  a, b 
'

O x

la'gdfgsao;jk a   b c]t b  a faj’oAoG

  
cos 90     sin  D
 sin  90     cos  D

sin  90    cos 

 tan  90    
 1
 
cos  90     sin 
 tan 

115
&D w8,5,,y8y 0v’,5, 180   X  gxao,5,cs^,?
.sh    180   g-yj’  gxao,5,cs^,G
y

P '  a ', b ' P  a, b 

'

 
O x

la'gdfgsao P  a, b  c]t P  a, b  g7yj’7ndaomP[.ljcdo8A’ wfh a   a c]t

b  b faj’oAoG

  
cos 180     cos  D

ດິ
ະສ
 sin 180     sin  D

ສ ນລຂິ
sin 180    sin 
tan 180    

ສ. ຫງວ
 
   tan  D
cos 180     cos 
ສະ
ວ.
8q;1jk’D 9qj’7yfw]j7jk0v’leo;o
cos135  sin120  tan150
d? A D
cos 60
0? B  sin 80  cos110  sin160  cos170

[qfcdhG
d?  
cos135  cos 180  45   cos 45 D

sin120  sin 180  60   sin 60 D

cos 60
tan150  tan  90  60   
   1


tan 60 sin 60

116
 wfh A
  cos 45   sin 60    cos 60 sin 60 
cos 60
2
 cos 45  D
2
0?  
sin 80  sin 90  10  cos10 D

 
cos110  cos 90  20   sin 20 D

sin160  sin 180  20   sin 20 D

cos170  cos 180  10    cos10

wfh B  cos10  sin 20  sin 20  cos10  0 D

*D cdo3d-yoF -yo c]t 8a’

   ? faj’oAo cdo
9kd0=hla’gdf ! 3d-yo 0v’  c,jo8q;xtlko x 0v’ P X xOP
   ? faj’oAo
Ox gvUo;jk cdo3d-yoD -yo0v’  c,jo8q;xtlko y 0v’ P X xOP

ດິ
ະສ
cdo Oy gvUo;jkcdo-yoD

ສ ນລຂິ
sin  l

ສ. ຫງວ
1
ສະ
ວ.
 A
O
cos 

P
1

.sh A 1, 0  D l gxaoglAo-nj muj8yf;q’,qosq;|j;p 16jg,af A D

oypk,G cdo l gvUo;jkcdo8a’ 4hkg,afg7Qk0v’cdo16jg,af A c]t ,umyffP;da[ Oy D
la’gdfG dko9a[76j0v’c8j]tg,af P .og7yj’;q’,qosq;|j;pda[c8j]tg,af .ocdo8a’
c,jog,af8afdao]ts;jk’ OP c]t cdo8a’D
117
8q;1jk’G .sh 0    180 D 9qj’-vd  .olq,zqo8=jwxoUG
1 3
d? sin   D 0? cos    D 7? tan   1 D
2 2

[qfcdhG
d?
1

P P
1
2

1 1

1
la ’ gdf8k,g7y j ’ ;q ’ ,q o sq ; |j ; p c]t 8q ; xtlko 8k,cdo Oy
2
 3 1  3 1
gxao8q;xtlko y 0v’lv’g,af.o;q’,qooU 7ng,af c]t

ດິ
P  

ະສ
P  ,  , 
 2 2  2 2

ສ ນລຂິ
 
s^n x O P  30 c]t x O P ' 150 D

ສ. ຫງວ
faj’oAo   30 s^n   150 D ສະ
0? ວ.
1

P 1 P
2

1 1

3
la’gdf8k,g7yj’;q’,qosq;|j;p c]t 8q;xtlko  8k,cdo Ox gxao8q;xt
2
 3 1   150 D
lko x 0v’ P   ,  c]t xOP
 2 2
faj’oAo   150 D
118
 7?

P
135

1

l

la’gdfg,af P 8k,g7yj’;q’,qosq;|j;pmuj OP 8afcdo8a’16jg,af 1 wfh x O P  135 D
faj’oAo   135
1
8q;1jk’D .sh 0    180 c]t sin   D 9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’ cos  c]t tan  D
3

ດິ
ະສ
1
[qfcdhG 9kd sin   c]t 0    180 lk,kfg;Qkwfh;jkG
3

ສ ນລຂິ
0    90 s^n 90    180 D

ສ. ຫງວ
B
!? g,njv 0    90 c]h; cos   0 c]t tan   0 D
9kdI6[lk,c9lkd ABC gIqk,u ສະ
ວ.
BC 1 3 1
sin   
AB 3

wfhG AC  32  12  2 2 D
A C
2 2
9kdoU wfhG cos  
3
1 2
c]t tan    D
2 2 4
@? g,njv 90    180 c]h; cos   0 c]t tan   0 D
2 2 2
wfhG cos    c]t tan    D
3 4

119
8q;1jk’G .sh 0    180 D 9qj’cdhvtlq,zqo8=jwxoUG
3
d? cos   
2
0? tan   1 D

[qfcdhG
d? la’gdfg7yj’;q’,qosq;|j;p c]t cdo3d-yoF
g-yj’rkdlj;o0ufc,jo[=jgvqkF gonjv’9kd
3
8hv’dko.sh cos    D 9yj’wfh,5, 150
2
mujdjP;0hv’ da[rkdlj;o[=j0uffaj’oUG 
2
3 O

0    150 D

0? la'gdfg7yj’;q’,qosq;|j;p c]t cdo8a’ wfhG 0    90 c]t 135    180 D

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ

1
ວ.

[qfg/ydsaf
@*D! 9qj’8nj,.lj8k8t]k’]5j,oU .sh7q[4h;oD
 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180
cos 
sin 
tan 
120
@*D@ 9qj’7yfw]j7jk0v’leo;o8=jwxoUG
d? sin 2 40  sin 2 50 D
0? tan13  tan 77 D
7? cos2 15  cos2 30  cos2 45  cos 2 60  cos2 75 D
'? sin 75  sin120  cos150  cos165 D
9? sin160  cos 70  cos 20  sin 70 D
@*D# .sh 0    180 D 9qj’-vd  D
1
d? sin   1 D 0? cos   D 7? tan   3 D
2
'? 2sin   2 D 9? 2 cos   1  0 D l? 3 tan   1  0 D
@*D$ .sh 0    180 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ sin  F cos  c]t tan  g,njvI6hG
2
d? cos    D

ດິ
ະສ
3

ສ ນລຂິ
2
0? sin   D

ສ. ຫງວ
7
4
7? tan    D ສະ
ວ.
3
1
@*D& .sh 0    180 c]t sin   cos   D
2
d? 9qj’-vd sin   cos  D
0? 9qj’-vd sin 3   cos3  D
@*D* .sh 0    180 c]t 4 cos   2sin   2D 9qj’-vd tan  D
@*D( .sh 0    180 D 9qj’cdhvtlq,zqo8=jwxoUG
3 1
d? sin   D 0? cos   D 7? tan   3 D
2 2
'? 2sin   2 D 9? 2 cos   1  0 D l? tan   3  0 D

121
 [qfmu @( s^adgdo-yo
dyf9tde
!D .shI6[lk,c9lkd ABC lkd16j C muj,u0hk’ AB  3 c]t AC  1 D

gIqkwfhG sin 
A B


sin B

BC 3

sin 
A
AC


sin B A 1 C

ດິ
ະສ
@D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u0hk’ BC  a F AC  b c]t AB  c D
d=]toumu !G I6[lk,c9d;,gvqkg,af O .9dk’;q’,qoco[ovdD

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
A gIqkwfhG
a  2  BQ  2  ສະ
ວ.
O
R a
 
B
A
C sin 
A
Q

d=]toumu @G I6[lk,c9,u0hk’|bj’[ao95g,af O .9dk’;q’,qoco[ovdD

A
gIqkwfhG
a  2  R F sin 
A
R O
B C
a

sin 
A

122
 d=]toumu #G I6[lk,c9[+d;,gvqk g,af O .9dk’;q’,qoco[ovdD
gIqkwfhG
A
a  2  BQ  2 
Q
B C
 a
A O 
sin 
A

a b c
meov'fP;daowfhG  

 2 R D
sin 
A 
sin B sin C
.97;k,
s^adgdo-yoD
.shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u0hk’ BC  a F AC  b c]t AB  c 9twfhG
a b c
   2R
sin   

ດິ
ະສ
A sin B sin C
g-yj’ c,jo]aflt\u 0v’;q’,qoco[ovd 0v’I6[lk,c9 ABC D

ສ ນລຂິ
R

ສ. ຫງວ
A
ສະ
c b
ວ.
O
R

a C
B

8q;1jk’ !D .shI6[lk,c9ABC muj,u0hk’ AB  3 c]t AC  1 D 9qj’ltcf’.shgsao;jk

BC AC AB





D
sin A sin B sin C

123
[qfcdhG 9kddkorq;raow8,5,,y8y.oI6[lk,c9lkd c]t s^adgdoxu8kd= wfhG
  3
2
BC   12  2 D
B
 BC

2
 3D
sin 
A 2
3
 AC


1
1
 3D 3
sin B
3

 AB

3
 sin 90
 3D
sin C
A 1 C
BC AC AB
ltcf’;jk 




D
sin A sin B sin C

8q;1jk’ @D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC faj’I6[D

ດິ
ະສ
C

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
60
ສະ
A
75
ວ.
2 6 B
9qj’-vdsk BC c]t ]aflt\u0v’;q’,qoco[ovd0v’I6[lk,c9 ABC D
[qfcdhG
gIqk,uG A  B  C  180

A  60  75  180
wfh 
A  45
BC AC
9kds^adgdo -yoG   2R wfh
sin  
A sin B

 BC

AC
s^n BC

2 6
sin  
A sin B sin 45 sin 60

124
 2
 2 6
2 6  sin 45
faj'oAoG BC   2  4D
sin 60 3
2

 9kd AC

 2R s^n  2R
2 6
sin B sin 60
2 62 4 6
wfhG R  2 2D
sin 60 3
2

8q;1jk’ #D 9qj’7yfw]jw]ptsjk’9kd95f A sk P muj16jlv’/kdoEmujdq’dao0hk,daofaj’I6[D

g,njvphkp9kd A wxsk B w]pt 80 m wfh BAP  75 c]t  ABP  45

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
75 45
A 80 m B ສະ
ວ.
[qfcdhG
gIqk,uG  P
A B   180

  180
75  45  P
wfhG Pˆ  60
9kds^adgdo -yo gIqk,uG
AP AB AP 80

 sin P

s^n 

sin B sin 45 sin 60
2
80 
80  sin 45 2  80  6 m D
faj'oAo AP  
sin 60 3 3
2

125
8q;1jk’ $D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC g-yj’ A F B c]t C 
C
gxaovaf8klj;o 1: 2 : 9 D ]aflt\u0v’;q’,qo 9x
co[ovd 0v’I6[lk,c9 ABC gmqjk !D 2x x
A
9qj’-vd0hk’ AB D 
B

[qfcdhG A F B c]t C gxaovaf8klj;o 1: 2 : 9 c]t    180

 C
A B
wfhG C  2C  9C  180
 9
C  180  135 D
1 2  9
9kds^adgdo -yo gIqk,uG AB  2 R s^n AB   2 1
sin C sin135
2
faj'oAoF AB  2  sin135  2   2D
2
[qfg/ydsaf
@(D! .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u B  30 F b  3 2 c]t c  6 D 9qj’-vdsk C D

ດິ
ະສ
@(D@ .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u A  60 F B  45 c]t b  2 D 9qj’-vdsk a D

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
@(D# .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u C  45 F b  3 c]t c  2 D 9qj’-vdsk B c]t a D
@(D$ ສະ
.shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u A  60 F C  45 c]t a  3 D 9qj’-vdsk c c]t

ວ.
]aflt\u0v’;q’,qo co[ovd0v’I6[lk,c9faj’djk;D
@(D& .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u B  120 F C  15 c]t a  6 D 9qj’-vdsk b D
@(D* .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u c  3 2 F A  60 c]t ]aflt\u0v’;q’,qoco[ovd
0v’I6[lk,c9 ABC gmqjk 3 D 9qj’-vd a F C c]t B D
@(D( .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u A  45 F B  105 c]t a  8 D 9qj’-vd c c]t ]aflt\u
0v’;q’,qoco[ovd0v’I6[lk,c9 faj’djk;D
@(D) .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u b  3 2 c]t ]aflt\u0v’;q’,qoco[ovd 0v’I6[lk,c9
ABC gmqjk 3 D 9qj’-vd B D

@(D_ .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u a  21 F b  15 c]t c  9 D

9qj’-vd sin A : sin B : sin C D

126
 [qfmu @) s^adgdo3d-yo
dyf9tde
B
!D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,uG
0hk’ A  30 F AB  2 F AC  1 F 2
c]t BC  ?
30
A 1 C

@D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u0hk’ BC  a F AC  b F AB  c c]t];’l6’ CH

Xfaj’I6[c8h,?D 9qj’8nj,.lj .sh7q[4h;o c]t g\ktlq,D

y

C b cos 
A, 

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.
A H B x

a 2  BC 2  BH 2  CH 2

 
2 2
 c 




lts^5[G a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos 

AD

meov’fP;daowfh D
b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
D
c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

127
.97;k,
s^adgdo3d-yoD
le]a[I6[lk,c9 ABC gIqk,uG
 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A D
 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B D
 c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C D

8q;1jk’ !D [qfg]d.odyf9tde ! lk,kfcdhwfhfaj’oUG

BC 2  12  22  1 2  cos 30
3
 5  2  5 3
2

8q;1jk’ @D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u0hk’ BC  3  1 F A

ດິ
ະສ
AC  2 c]t C   120 D

ສ ນລຂິ
9qj’-vd AB F B c]t A D 2

ສ. ຫງວ
120
[qfcdhG
ສະ
ວ.
B C
9kds^adgdo3d-yo wfhG 3 1

   
2
AB 2  c 2  3  1  22  3  1  2  cos120  6

AB  6 D
AC AB 2 6
9kds^adgdo-yo wfhG 

 sin C
s^n 

sin B sin B sin120
3
 2
 2  sin120 2  2D
sin B 
6 6 2
wfhG B  45 s^n
  135 c8j C
B   120 c]t A B  C
  180 X B
  135

[=jg\ktlq,?F faj'oAo B  45 D

9kd A  B  C  180 wfh A  15 D
128
8q;1jk’ #D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u C
b 6 2F c2 3 c]t 6 2
? a?

A  45 D
45
9qj’-vdsk a c]t D
C
A 2 3 B
[qfcdhG
9kds^adgdo3d-yo a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos 
A

   2 3   
2 2
s^n a2  6 2 2 6  2 2 3 cos 45
 8  4 3  12  12  4 3  8 D
wfhG a 82 2D
  a 2  b2  c2
9kd c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C wfhG cos C
2ab


2 2    6  2   2 3
2 2 2

s^n

ດິ
ະສ
cos C
2  2 2  6  2 

ສ ນລຂິ
8  8  4 3  12 4  3  1

ສ. ຫງວ
1
  
8 3 8 8  3  1 2
ສະ
ວ.
faj'oAo   120 D
C
A
8q;1jk’ $D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u a  2F
b  6 c]t B   60 D
c? 6
9qj’-vd c D
[qfcdhG 9kds^adgdo3d-yo ,u 60

 6
2
  2   c 2  2  2  c  cos 60
2 C
B 2
1
6  4  c2  4  c  
2
c 2  2c  2  0
wfh c  1 3
faj'oAo c  1 3 D Xgonjv’9kd c  0?

129
8q;1jk’ &D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u   45
a  3F B c]t   15 D
C 9qj’-vd b F c
c]t A D
A

c? ? b?
45 15
B C
3
[qfcdhG gIqk,u 
 C
A  180  B   120 D

3 b
9kds^adgdo-yo 

sin120 sin 45
2
 3
3  sin 45
wfhG b  2  2D
sin120 3

ດິ
ະສ
2
 3   2
2 2
9kds^adgdo3d-yo  c 2  2 2c  cos120

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
c 2  2c  1  0

wfhG c
2  6
D ສະ
ວ.
2
2  6
faj’oAo c Xgonjv’9kd c  0 ?D
2

8q;1jk’ *D 9kdI6[c8h,]5j,oU 9qj’-vdsk AP  AQ c]t PQ D

P
Q

75
60
45

A 100 m B

130
[qfcdhG la’gdf9kdI6[lk,c9 ABP wfh 
APB  180  PAB
  PBA

  45 D

9kds^adgdo-yo wfhG
100 AP

sin 45 sin 60
100  sin 60
AP   50 6 m D
sin 45

la'gdf I6[lk,c9lkd ABQ wfh 

AQB  45 c]t AQ  100 2D
  PAB
la’gdf I6[lk,c9 APQ wfh PAQ   QAB
  30

9kds^adgdo 3d-yo wfhG

   100 2    
2 2
PQ 2  50 6  2 50 6 100 2 cos 30
 3
 502  6  8  8 3    50  2 
2

 2 

ດິ
ະສ
faj'oAo PQ  50 2 D

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
[qfg/ydsaf ສະ
@)D! ວ.
.shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u A  60 F c  5  5 6 c]t a  b  25 D 9qj’-vdsk a D
@)D@ .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u A  30 F b  2 c]t c  3  1 D9qj’-vdsk a F B c]t C D
@)D# .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u A  60 F B  45 c]t b  2 D 9qj’-vdsk a F c c]t C D
@)D$ .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u a  2 F b  3  1 c]t C  135 D 9qj’-vdsk A F B c]t c D
@)D& .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u B  30 F b  2 c]t c  2 D 9qj’-vdsk C F A c]t a D
@)D* .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u a  2 F A  45 c]t C  75 D 9qj’-vdsk b F c c]t

131
 [qfmu @_ goNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9
dyf9tde
dyf9tde ! C

d? goNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9lkd ABC c,joG

1
AB  BC  2
2

A 1 B

0? CH  C

goNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9 c,jo

ດິ
ະສ
ABC 2

ສ ນລຂິ
1 30
AB  CH 

ສ. ຫງວ
2 A 1 B H
ສະ
ວ.
dyf9tde @
C C

A H B A B H
CH   sin 
AD
1
goNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9 ABC  AB  CH 
2

132
.97;k,
goNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9D
le]a[I6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u0hk’ BC  a F AC  b c]t AB  c D
1 1   1 ac sin C
goNvmuj0v’,aoc,joG SABC  bc sin 
A  ac sin B D
2 2 2

8q;1jk’ !D .shI6[lk,c9lkd ABC muj,u b  4 F c5 c]t 

A  30 D
9qj’-vdgoNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9faj’djk;D
1 1
[qfcdhG gIqk,u A   4  5  sin 30  5 D
SABC  bc sin 
2 2

8q;1jk’ @D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u a  4 F b  5 c]t c  6D

ດິ
ະສ
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ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
C

5 4 ສະ
A
6
B ວ.
[qfcdhG
9kds^adgdo3d-yo gIqk,u a 2  b 2  c 2  bc cos 
A
b 2  c 2  a 2 52  6 2  4 2 3
wfhG cos A   
bc  5  6  4
9kddkorq;raow8,5,,y8y .oI6[lk,c9,uG
2
3 7
sin 
A  1  cos 2 
A  1    D
4 4
1 1  7  15 7
faj'oAo SABC  bc sin A   5  6     D
2 2  4  4

133
8q;1jk’ #D .shI6[lk,c9 ABC muj,u a  2 2F    20
A  10 F C c]t goNvmuj0v’,ao
gmqjk 3 D 9qj’-vdsk c D
[qfcdhG gIqk,uG B  
  180     150 D
AC

B  

  180  10  20  150
  

1 
9kd SABC  ac sin B
2

wfh 1
 
3  2 2  c  sin150
2
4 3
faj'oAo c  6D
2 2

8q;1jk’ $D .shI6[lujc9l;f ABCD muj,u A

AB  6 F BC  10 F CD  5 F D

ດິ
ະສ
 C
B   60 c]t BD 8ah’lkd 6

ສ ນລຂິ
5
CD D 9qj’-vdskgoNvmuj0v’,aoD

ສ. ຫງວ
60 30 60

B 10 ສະ C

[qfcdhG 9kd[qfg]doU wfhG ວ.

BD  102  52  5 3
c]t 
ABD  30 D
9kd S ABCD  SABD  SBCD
1 1 
 BD  CD  AB  BD  sin B
2 2
1
 1
 
  5  5 3   6  5 3 sin 30
2 2

wfh S ABCD  20 3 D

134
 [qfg/ydsaf

@_D! .shI6[lk,c9lkd ABC muj,u a  11 F b  7 c]t c  6 D 9qj’-vdsk cos B c]t

goNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9faj’djk;D
@_D@ .shI6[lk,c9lkd ABC muj,u a  2 F c  6 c]tgoNvmuj0v’I6[lk,c9 ABC
gmqjk 2 D 9qj’-vdsk b c]t C D
@_D# .shI6[7k’\6 ABCD muj,u AD 0t|ko BC F AB  5 F BC  6 F AD  2 c]t

ABC  60 D 9qj’-vsk goNvmuj0v’I6[7k’\6oUD
@_D$ .shI6[lujc9l;f ABCD muj,u AB  2 F BC  3  1 F CD  2 F B  60 c]t
C  75 D 9qj’-vdgoNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9oUD
@_D& 9qj’-vdgoNvmuj0v’I6[ 12 c9ltg\uco[.o;q’,qomuj,u]aflt\ugmqjk !D
@_D* 9qj’-vdgoNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9 ABCD mujco[.o;q’,qoF ,u AB  4 F BC  5 F CD  7
c]t AD  10 D

ດິ
ະສ
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ສ ນລຂິ
,ul6ffaj’oUG

ສ. ຫງວ
abc
d? S F
0?
4R
S  2 R 2 sin  D
 sin C ສະ
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1
,ul6f c,jo S r a  b  c D
2

135
 rkdmu $ g;adg8u
[qfmu #W 7;k,I6hmqj;wxdjP;da[g;adg8uF g;adg8u0t|kodaoF g;adg8ugmqjkdaoF
g;adg8udq’dao0hk,dao
dyf9tde
!D “gInv3fplko]e|bj’c]jowxwfh !&W dy3]c,af”,
“gInv3fplko]e|bj’c]jowxmk’myf.8hwfh !&W dy3]c,af”D
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@D 4hk ABCDEFGH gxaoI6[da[lkd c]t gvqksq;]6dlvogxaole7aoc]h;D
9qj’ry9k]tok;jk 7;k,lerao0v’ AB, AF, CB, GB, DA, DC, DE, CB, FG
c]t GH ,u76j.fcfjmju0t|kodaoF gmqjkdao c]t dq’dao0hk,daoL

ດິ
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ສ ນລຂິ
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gxao8QoD
136
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muj,uma’0t|kfF myf c]t ];’ gvUo;jkxt]y,kog;adg8u s^n gvUolAoM;jk <g;adg8u<D
xt]y,koltdkc]cmofh;p9eo;o9y’D lj;oxt]y,kog;adg8u.omk’g]0k7toyf
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A
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u u

I6[mu @ A

g;adg8umuj,umyf c]t ];’fP;dao gxaog;adg8umuj16j8k,

w
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
wxmyffP;daoD 9kdI6[mu # u c]t v ,umyf c]t
u  ];’fP;daoD
lj;og;adg8umuj,umyfdq’dao0hk,gxaog;adg8umuj16j8k,glAo-nj
v
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I6[mu # ,umyfdq’dao0hk,daoD

137
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oypk,D u c]t v 0t|kodao c,jog;adg8uma’lv’,umyffP;dao s^n myfdq’dao0hk,dao
0Pocmofh;p u // v XI6[mu $F I6[mu & c]t I6[mu *?

B D B D B D
u v u v u u

A C A A C
I6[mu $ C I6[mu & I6[mu *

#D g;adg8ugmqjkdao
oypk,D u gmqjkda[ v c,jog;adg8uma’lv’,u0t|kfgmqjkdaoF myf c]t ];’fP;dao
0Pocmofh;p u  v XI6[mu $?D

ດິ
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ສ ນລຂິ
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ສະ
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8q;1jk’!D 9qj’c8h,g;adg8umujltcf’dkog7njvomuj0v’]qf7ao|bj’g-yj’g7njvomujwxmyf8kg;aovvd
ljP’g|nvfh;p7;k,w; )W dy3]c,af8+-qj;3,’

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W E

138
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N
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W E

S
8q;1jk’ @D ABCDEF gxaoI6[sqdc9ltg\uD g;adg8umujdeoqf.sh76j.fcfjmujgmqjkdao c]t 76j.f
cfjgxaog;adg8udq’dao0hk,daoD
E D

F C

ດິ
ະສ
A B

ສ ນລຂິ
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ສ. ຫງວ
AF  CD ສະ
ວ.
BC   EF
ltoAo g;adg8umujgmqjkdaoc,jo AB da[ ED c]t AF da[ CD
g;adg8udq’dao0hk,daoc,jo BC da[ EF D

8q;1jk’ #D ABCDEFGH gxa o I6 [ da [ lkdD 9q j ’ ry 9 k]tok;j k g;a d g8u

 
AB, GB, DC , DA, CB, FG , AF c]t GH ,ug;adg8u.fcfjmujgmqjkdao c]t
g;adg8u.fcfjgxaog;adg8udq’dao0hk,daoD
E H
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G
F
A B
139
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GB   AF
DA  CB  GH
ltoAo g;adg8umujgmqjkdaoc,jo
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 
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ສະ
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B
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@ d,D myf8kg;aovvdljP’g|nvD

A
9kdI6[ ABC gxaoI6[lk,c9lkd9kdsa^dgdoxu8kd=9twfh;jkG
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 22  22  4  4  8
AC  8  2 2
faj’oAoF oqd38oU1js6 jk’9kd95fg]u,8Qogxaow]ptmk’ 2 2 dy3]c,af 16jmyfg|nv0v’95f
g]uj,8QoD
140
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ດິ
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ສ ນລຂິ
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C
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dD g;aadg8u0t|kodao $ 76jD
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7D g;adg8umuj,umyfdq’dao0hk,dao $ 76jD
’D g;adg8u8jk’];’dao $ 76jD

141
#WD& deoqf ABCDEFGH gxaoI6[da[lkdD
E F
D C

H G
A B
9qj’-vdskG
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#WD* .sh ABCD gxaoI6[lujc90hk’0t|koD 9kdI6[ 9qj’-vdskg;adg8umujgmqjkda[g;adg8u
mujdeoqf.sh8+wxoUG

ດິ
ະສ
D C

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
A B
ສະ
ວ.
dD AB 0D AE 7D  BC
’D BC 9D ED lD  AE

#WD( .sh ABCD gxaoI6[fvd9aoD 9kdI6[ 9qj’-vdskg;adg8udq’dao0hk,da[g;adg8umujdeoqf

.sh8+wxoUG D

E
A C

dD AB 0D AD
7D AE ’D BE

142
#WD) 4hkdeoqfmyfgxaovq’lkfh;pdko[vd7jk0v’,5,muj;afcmd9kdmyfg|nvwx8k,g0a,3,’
g-yj’,u7jk16j]ts;jk’ W g4y’ #*W vq’lk3fp.-h]t[q[8q;g]dlk,8q; g-ajoG 030, 125
.odko]t[5myfD 9qj’c8h,mjvo-njmuj,umyfcmoxt]y,kog;adg8u8+wxoUG
dD 120 c,af wxmk’myfg|nvD
0D 30 c,af wxmk’myf 060 D
7D 80 dy3]c,af wxmk’myf 300 D
’D 10 dy3]c,afwxmk’myf8kg;aovvdljP’g|nvD

#WD_ 4hk u cmodkogfuomk’ 300 dy3]c,af wxmyf 075. 9qj’rao]tokg4y’dkogfyomk’

mujcmofh;p  u D

#WD!W z6h-kp7qo|bj’gfuomk’wxmk’myf8kg;aovvdljP’g|nvgxaow]ptmk’ 3 dy3]c,af

9kdoAogfyowxmk’myf 315 gxaow]ptmk’ 3 dy3]c,afD 4k,;jk-kp7qooU

ດິ
ະສ
16jsjk’9kd95fg]uj,8Qogxaow]ptmk’9addy3]c,af c]t 16jmyf.f0v’95fg]uj,8QoL

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.

143
 [qfmu #! dko[;d c]t dko]q[g;adg8u
dyf9tde
.sh ABCD gxaoI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko
D C

A B

{ 9qj’8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
 
dD AB // ...... 0D AB  ......
 
7D AD // ...... ’D AD  ......
{ 9qj’c8h,g,af C 3fp.shg,af D 16j]ts;jk’dk’mjvo-nj CC  9kdoAo9qj’[vd;jk C ' A

ດິ
,u7jkgmqjkda[g;adg8u.f c]t DC ' gxaog;adg8udq’dao0hk,da[g;adg8u.fL

ະສ
{ 9qj’0Pog;adg8umujg\ktlq,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD

ສ ນລຂິ
  
dD AD  DC  AD  ......

ສ. ຫງວ
   
0D AD  DC '  AD    ......   AD  ......
ສະ
ວ.
.97;k,
!D dko[;dg;adg8uD
oypk,D .sh u c]t v gxaog;adg8umqj;wxD g]njvo v .shg,af8Qo0v’ v 16jg,afxkp
0v’ u D zqo[;d0v’ u c]t v 0Pocmofh;p < u  v < c,jog;adg8u
muj,ug,af8Qo16jg,af8Qo0v’ u c]t g,afxkp16jmujg,afxkp0v’ v Xfaj’I6[mu!?D


v
 
u v

u
I6[mu !
144
 ovd9kd;ymudkozjko,k gIqkvkf9t-vdskzqo[;d0v’ u c]t v 3fp.-h;ymudko
mujgvUo;jk dqf0v’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko faj’8+wxoU G g]nvdg,af A gxaog,af8Qo -vdskg,af B
mujgIaf.sh u  AB c]h;-vdskg,af D mujgIaf.sh v  AD 9kdoAolhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko
ABCD c]t vu’.ljoypk,0v’dko[;dg;adg8u9twfh u  v gxaog;adg8ug-yj’cmofh;pglAogoaj’
9v,0v’I6[lujc90hk’0t|kooAo 3fpg;adg8uoU9t,ug,af8QofP;daoda[g,af8Qo0v’ u c]t
v faj’I6[mu @D
C
v D
uv
B
v
u A u
I6[mu @
dkorq;rao-ko

ດິ
ະສ
le]a[m5dg,af A, B, C 16jgmy’|hkrP’gIqkwfh

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
AB  BC  AC D

      ສະ

ວ.
AB  BA  AA  0 g,njv AB   BA
B

AB BC

A
AC C
8q;1jk’G dko[;dg;adg8uD E D

AB  BC  CD  DE  AE
C

A B

0=hla’gdfD 4hk u c]t v gxaog;adg8umqj;wxc]h; uvvu

145
oypk,D g;adg8ul6o c,jog;adg8umuj,u0t|kfgxaol6o 0Pocmofh;p 0
0=hla’gdfG
!D d=]tou0v’g;adg8ul6o[+9egxao8hv’g;Qkg4y’myf s^n ];’0v’g;adg8u c8j4hk9tg;Qkg4y’
,u0=h8qd]q’dao;jk9t]t[5myfmk’0v’g;adg8ul6ogxaoc[[.fd+wfhD
@D g,af8Qo c]t g,afxkp0v’g;adg8ulo6 gxaog,affP;daofaj’8q;1jk’.oI6[mu # Xd? s^n X0?
C B

P D

A
Xd? I6[mu # X0?
PP  0 AB  BC  CD  DA  AA  0

@D dko]q[g;adg8u

ດິ
ະສ
oypk,D .sh u c]t v gxaog;adg8umqj;wxD zqo]q[ 0v’ u fh;p v \kpg4y’zqo[;d

ສ ນລຂິ
0v’ u c]t g;adg8udq’dao0hk,0v’ v 0Pocmofh;p < u  v <

ສ. ຫງວ
oAoc,jo u  v  u   v  Xfaj’I6[mu $?D ສະ
ວ.
 
v v

  
u u v

 
I6[mu $ uv

dko-vdskzqo]q[0v’g;adg8uvkf9tgIafwfhvud;ymu|bj’3fp.shg,af8Qo0v’g;adg8u
ma’lv’gxaog,affP;dao c]t lhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|kog-yj’g;adg8umujgxaozqo]q[9t,ug,af8Qo
c]t g,afxkp gxaog,afxkp0v’g;adg8uma’lv’mujdeoqf.sh 3fpg;adg8umujgxaozqo]q[da[
g;adg8umujgxao8q;8A’,ug,afxkp gxaog,affP;daofaj’8q;1jk’.oI6[mu &D
146
 v uv
v
u u
I6[mu &
0=hla’gdfD deoqf u c]t v gxaog;adg8umuj,ug,af8Qo16jg,affP;dao g-ajo16jg,af A 3fp.sh
AB  u , AD  v c]h;lhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCD faj’I6[mu *D
D
_ _C phvo;jk AB  u F AD  v
uv 9twfh CD  u F CB  v
v
faj’oAo AC  AB  BC  u  v
uv
BD  v  u
A
_ B
_
DB  u  v

ດິ
ະສ
u
I6[mu *

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
9tgsaoa ;jkg,njvdeoqfg;adg8u.shlv’g;adg8ulk,kf-vdskzqo[;d c]t zqo]q[0v’g;adg8u
ma’lv’wfh3fplhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|koF glAogoaj’9v,ma’lv’0v’I6[lujc90hk’0t ສະ
ວ.
|ko9tcmo.shzqo[;d c]t zqo]q[ muj8hv’dkog,njv]t[5myf c]t ];’.sh4nd8hv’D
     
8q;1jk’ &D 9kdI6[ 9qj’-vdsk AC , AD c]t BE .oI6[0v’ u, v c]t w D
E D

F C

A B v
u

147
[qfcdhG dko-vdskg;adg8umujdeoqf.sh lk,kfry9k]tokwfhfaj’oUG
!? AC  AB  BC  AB   CB   u   v   u  v D
@? AD  AC  CD  AC  FE  u  v   w D
#?    
BE  BA  AF  FE   AB   CB  FE

  u    v   w  w  u  v

8q;1jk’ *D .shI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCDF AB  a, AD  d D

     
9qj’0Pog;adg8u BC , CD, CA c]t BD 3fp.-h a c]t d D
D C

v E

ດິ
ະສ
u
A
B

ສ ນລຂິ
[qfcdhG gonjv’9kdI6[lujc9 ABCD gxaoI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko

ສ. ຫງວ
9twfhG AD = BC c]t AB = DC.
ສະ
ວ.
ltoAo BC  AD  d F
CD   AB   a F

CA  CB  BA   BC  AB   d  a F
BD  BA  AD  AB  AD  a  d  d  a D

[qfg/ydsaf
#!D! D C 9kdI6[ 9qj’0Pog;adg8u HF F CF F
b
a B EC c]t FD 8k, a, b, c
A
3fp[+8hv’c8h,D
c H G

E F

148
   
#!D@ B C 9kdI6[ 9qj’0Pog;adg8u AB, CA, BD,
    
DB, AF, FA, AE c]t EA 3fp.-h
a     
g;adg8u a, b, c, d , c]t a
A b D
c
-a
d F
E

#!D#D Q .sh PQRS gxaoI6[;jk; c]t glAogoaj’9v,

8afdao16jg,af O D 9qj’-vdskD
!? PQ  QS  SP 
P R
O

@? OR  QS   RO
#? PQ  QR   SR
S

ດິ
ະສ
#!D$ G F .sh ABCDEFGH gxaoI6[da[lkdD

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
9qj’-vdskD
B
C ສະ
H E
!? BC  DE  FA

ວ.
@? DC  GF  AB
A D #? g;adg8umuj[;ddaoc]h;wfh 0 D

#!D& F D .sh ABCDEF gxaoI6[m+lk,]jP,D

   
9qj’0Po AD, FD, BD c]t FC
  
E
w 3fp.-h u, v c]t w D
A C

u v

149
 [qfmu #@ dko76og;adg8ufh;pltdkc]
dyf9tde
Z

T Y

u
O
X v
U

ດິ
ະສ
9kdI6[0hk’gmy’9qj’cdh[aosk8+wxoUG

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
dD 9qj’c8h,g,af A grnjv.sh OA  2u g,njvI6h;jk 2u  u  u D
0D 9qj’c8h,g,af B grnjv.sh OB  3v g,njvI6h;jk  3v  3   v  Dສະ
ວ.
7D 9qj’c8h,g,af D grnjv.sh OD  2u  3v g,njvI6h;jk 2u  3v  2u   3v D
       
’D 9qj’0Poleo;o0v’ OX , OY , OZ , OT , OU c]t OV 3fp.-h u c]t v D
9D 9qj’c8h,g,af G c]t H grnjv.sh OG   2  3v  c]t OH  6v D
c]h;.sh0=hlts^5[D
.97;k,
.o[qfg;adg8u9t.-hvadlvo a, b, c, … cmoltdkc] X9eo;o9y’?D 7;k,\kp0v’
dko76og;adg8uf;h pltdkc]7nd[a dko76orbf-t7toyf g-yj’gxaodko0tspkp7;k,g0Qk.9dko
[;d.shd;hk’0BoD

150
 g,njvry9k]tokzqo[;d0v’ u  u 9tgsao;jk u  u
u u gxaog;adg8umuj0t|koda[ u c]t ,umyf c]t ];’fP;
daoc8j0t|kf0v’ u  u gxaolv’gmqjk0v’0t|kf u
u
faj’I6[mu ! 9kdzqoIa[faj’djk; gxaoco;mk’.shoypk,
I6[mu ! dko76og;adg8ufh;pltdkc] wfhfaj’oUG

oypk,D .sh a gxaoltdkc] c]t u gxaog;adg8u zqo76o0v’g;adg8u u fh;pltdkc] a gxao

g;adg8u 0Pocmofh;p au 3fpmujG
!D 4hk a > 0 c]h; au 9t,u0t|kfgmqjkda[ a u c]t ,umyffP;da[ u
@D 4hk a < 0 c]h; au 9t,u0t|kfgmqjkda[ au c8j,umyfdq’dao0hk,da[ u

#D 4hk a0 c]h; au  0 D

ດິ
ະສ
9kdoypk,9tgsao;jk 1 u  u

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
A B L ສະ K

C D J ວ. I

E F

H G

I6[mu @
ry9k]tokI6[mu @
.sh CD  u
1
ltoAo AB  u , EF  2u , GH   2u
2
   1
IJ  u c]t KL   u
2

151
 1
c]t gsaoG AB  CD c]t AB ,umyffP;da[ CD
2
EF  2 CD c]t EF ,umyffP;da[ CD

GH  2 CD c8j GH ,umyfdq’dao0hk,da[ CD

IJ  CD c8j IJ ,umyfdq’dao0hk,da[ CD
1
c]t KL  CD c8j KL ,umyfdq’dao0hk,da[ CD
2

8q;1jk’!D .sh u gxaog;adg8umuj,u0t|kf $ sq;|j;p c]t ,umyfmk’faj’I6[D

9qj’0tspkp]adltot0v’g;adg8u8+wxoUG
dD 4u 0D  4u
u 1 1
7D u ’D  u
4 4

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
[qfcdhG 9kdoypk, lk,kfvtmy[kp]adltot0v’g;adg8umujdeoqf.sh wfhfaj’oU
dD gonjv’9kd 4 > 0 faj’oAo 4u 9t,u0t|kflujgmqjk0v’0t|kf0v’ u s^n ,u0t|kf ສະ
ວ.

!* |j;p c]t ,umyffP;da[ u.
0D gonjv’9kd –4<0 faj’oAo { 4u 9t,u0t|kflujgmqjk0v’0t|kf0v’ u s^n ,u0t|kf

!* |j;p c8j,umyfdq’dao0hk,da[ u.
1 1
7D gonjv’9kd >0 faj’oAo u 9t,u0t|kfgxa|bj’.olugmqjk0v’0t|kf0v’ u
4 4

s^n ,u0t|kfgxao ! |j;p c]t ,umyffP;da[ u.
1 1
’D gonjv’9kd  <0 faj’oAo  u 9t,u0t|kfgxao|bj’.olugmqjk0v’0t|kf0v’
4 4

u s^n ,u0t|kfgxao ! |j;p c8j,umyfdq’dao0hk,da[ u.

152
8q;1jk’ @D
E 9kdI6[ ABCD gxaoI6[mkfluj]jP,mjP’ltg\u
     
c 4hk.sh AB  a , AE  b c]t CE  c D
  
b 9qj’0Pog;adg8u8+wxoU.o3fp.-h a , b c]t c D
D C dD BC
F 0D EF
A B
a
[qfcdhG dD 9kdI6[ BC  BA  AE  EC
    
gonjv’9kd BA   AB  a , AE  b
c]t EC  CE  c
faj’oAo BC   AB  AE  CE  a  b  c
0D 9kdI6[ EF  EA  AF
gonjv’9kd EA   AE  b

ດິ
ະສ
1 1
c]t AF  AB  a

ສ ນລຂິ
2 2

ສ. ຫງວ
1
faj’oAo EF   AE  AF  b  aD
2
ສະ
ວ.
s^adgdo[k’sa^dgdo.og]0k7toyfvkf9tryl6f3fp.-hg;adg8u faj’8q;1jk’8+wxoUG
8q;1jk’ #D 9qj’ltcf’;jkmjvo-njmuj8+g,afg7yj’dk’0v’0hk’lv’0hk’0v’I6[lk,c9mqj;wx
8hv’pk;gmqjkg7yj’|bj’0v’0hk’mulk, c]t 0t|koda[0hk’mulk,D
[qfcdhG
B

M N

A C

153
 .sh ABC gxaoI6[lk,c9muj,u M c]t N gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’0hk’ AB c]t BC
8k,]efa[F 9tltcf’;jkmjvo-nj MN pk;gmqjkg7yj’|bj’0v’0hk’ AC c]t 0t|ko
da[0hk’ AC:
.sh AB  u , BC  v
AC  uv
1 1
MB  u c]t BN  v
2 2
MN  MB  BN
1 1
 u v
2 2
  
1
2
uv

faj’oAo MN  1 AC
2
oAoc,jo MN  1 AC c]t MN 0t|koda[ AC D

ດິ
ະສ
2
lts^5[wfh;jk mjvo-nj MN pk;gmqjkg7yj’|bj’0v’0hk’ AC c]t 0t|koda[0hk’ AC .

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
8q;1jk’ $D 9qj’ltcf’;jkzqo[;d 0v’g;adg8umujgxaoglAo9v,dk’0v’I6[lk,c9
ສະ
ວ.
.f|bj’ ,u7jkgmqjkl6og,njvg,af9v,0v’I6[lk,c9gxaog,af8Qo0v’g;adg8umuj
gxaoglAo9v,dk’D
[qfcdhG .s A
h BC gxaoI6[lk,c9.f|bj’3fp,u AD, BE c]t CF gxaoglAo9v,dk’faj’I6[
A

F E

B D C

grkt;jk AD  AB  BD
1
 AB  BC
2
154
 1
.omeov’fP;dao BE  BC  CA
2
1
CF  CA  AB
2
faj’oAo AD  BE  CF 
2
3

AB  BC  CA 
 0D

lts^5[wfh;jk zqo[;d0v’g;adg8umujgxaoglAo9v,dk’ 0v’I6[lk,c9gmqjkl6oD

[qfg/ydsaf
#@D! .sh u faj’I6[D 9qj’-vdskdkorq;rao]ts;jk’ u da[
u g;adg8u8+wxoUG

ດິ
ະສ
dD v g,njv 3u  2v  v

ສ ນລຂິ
0D w g,njv 2u  w  2w  5u

ສ. ຫງວ
#@D@ .sh u c]t v gxaog;adg8umuj[+0t|kodao ສະ
ວ.
.sh w  a  4b  u  2a  b  1 v c]t s  b  2a  2 u  2a  3b  1 v
4hk 3w  2s D 9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’ a c]t b.

#@D# 9kdI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCD D

9qj’ry9k]tok;jk0=h7;k,8+wxoU0=h.fgxao9y’D
D w C
dD v  w 0D DB  u  v
s 7D 2s  u  v ’D 2 AE  u  v
u s
E u w
9D AE  w  s lD AE  
B 2 2
A
v

155
#@D$ G Z F .sh ABCDEFG gxaoI6[da[ Xfaj’I6[? ,u
X, Y gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’0kh’ AD c]t
B C
_ Y 1
CF 8k,]efa[ c]t GZ  GF
3
H E
4hk a  AB, b  AD, c  AH D
   
9qj’0Po AX , AZ , EY c]t XZ
A X D
3fp.-h a , b, c D

A
#@D& 9kdI6[ 4hk P gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’0hk’
 1  
P AB. 9qj’ltcf’;jk OP  OA  OB
2
 D
B
O

#@D* A
4hk G gxaog,af4j;’|ad Xg,af8afdao0v’

ດິ
ະສ
lk,glAo9v,dk’?0v’I6[lk,c9 ABC

ສ ນລຂິ
c]h; zqo[;d0v’ GA  GB  GC ,u7jk

ສ. ຫງວ
F E
G
gmqjk.fL
ສະ
ວ.
B D C

#@D( .sh A, B c]tgxaog,afmuj16jgmy’glAo-njfP;daoF

C Cc[j’ AB 8k,vaf8klj;o
AB : CD  m : n D .sh O gxaog,afg-yj’[+16jgmy’ AB c]t OA  v , OB  u D

9qj’ltcf’;jk OC 
1
mn

nv  mu D
#@D) .sh ABCD gxaoI6[9t85]af c]t M, N gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’0hk’ BC c]t CD 8k,
4 2
]efa[F .sh u  AM c]t v  AN D 9qj’ltcf’;jk AB  u  vD
3 3

156
#@D_

9kdI6[9qj’c8h,g;adg8u8+wxoUG

ດິ
ະສ
2
dD u 0D 2v

ສ ນລຂິ
3

ສ. ຫງວ
2 2
7D u  2v ’D u  2v
3 3
ສະ
ວ.

157
 [qfmu ## g;adg8u.o]t[q[glAog7Qk8A’lkd
dyf9tde
9qj’la’gdfg[yj’I6[ c]h;cdh[aosk8+wxoUG

Y
B
6
5
A
4

3 E

2 C

1 D

ດິ
ະສ
X

ສ ນລຂິ
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1

ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.
dD .shg,af A(3, 4) c]t g,af B(4, 6) g-yj’g,af B wfh9kddkophkp0t|kog,af A
8k, u D
la’gdfG B wfh9kddkophkpg,af A 8k,cdoovo (cdo x) 1 sq;|j;p c]t
 1 
8k,cdo8A’ (cdo y) @ sq;|j;pF gryjo0Po u  c]t vjko;jk
 2
1 
 2 c,jo8q;xtlko0v’ u D
 
0D .shg,af C(1, 2), D(3, 1) c]t v  CD D 9qj’-vdsk8q;xtlko0v’ v
1   2
7D .sh w  FB    F w1  GA    D 9qj’-vdsk8q;xtlko0v’g,af F c]t
3   2
g,af GD
’D 9qj’[vd8q;xtlko0v’g,af E c]t -vd8q;xtlko0v’ BE & AE D

158
.97;k,
!D g;adg8u.o]t[q[glAog7Qk8A’lkd
 x2  x1 
oypk,D .sh A  x1, y1  c]t B  x2 , y2  D 8q;xtlko0v’ AB c,jo y  y D
 2 1

a 
9kdoypk, la’gdfgsaog;adg8u b  gxaog;adg8umuj,ug,af8Qomujg,afg7Qk c]t g,afxkp
 
16jg,af (a,b) s^n ,ug,af8Qomuj (x,y) c]t ,ug,afxkpmuj (x+a , y+b).
 3
8q;1jk’ !D 9qqj’c8h,I6[ltcf’g;adg8u   2 3fp,ug,af8Qo16j O(0,0) ; A(1,3) c]t B(4,2).
 
[qfcdhG

ດິ
ະສ
4

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
2
ສະ
ວ. X
-4 -2 0 2 4

-2

 
8q;1jk’ @D .sh A(2, 3) c]t B(1, 1). 9qj’-vd8q;xtlko0v’ AB c]t BA.
[qfcdhG
 1  2   1 
AB      D
 1  3  4 
  2  1  1 
BA      .
3  (1)   4 

159
 le]a[g;adg8u.o]t[q[glAog7Qk8A’lkddkogmqjkdao0v’g;adg8uF dko[;dg;adg8u
g;adg8ul6oF g;adg8udq’dao0hk,F dko]q[g;adg8u c]t dko76og;adg8ufh;pltdkc] ,uoypk,8+
wxoUG
oypk, g;adg8u.o]t[q[glAog7Qk8A’lkd
dkogmqjkdao  a  c 
d+8+g,njv c]t
b   d  ac bd
   
dko[;dg;adg8u  a  c   a  c 
b   d   b  d 
     
g;adg8ul6o g;adg8ul6oc,jo 0 
0 
 
dko]q[g;adg8u  a  c   a  c 
b   d   b  d 
     
dko76og;adg8ufh;pltdkc] a  a 
     g,njv  gxao9eo;o9y’.f|bj’
b

ດິ
ະສ
 
b  

ສ ນລຂິ
a   1a   a 
.od=]toumuj   1 9tgsao;jk  1

ສ. ຫງວ
0=hla’gdfG !D    oAoc,joG
b   1b   b 
a   a  ສະ
ວ.
   
b   b 
g;adg8u   0t|koda[g;adg8u c 
a
@D d  d+8+g,njv ,u9eo;o9y’ 0
b   
mujgIaf.sh a  c c]t b  d

 2  1
8q;1jk’ #D .sh u    , v    c]t   3 D
3   4
9qj’-vdsk u  v , u  v ,  v ,  u D
2  1 2   1 2  1  1 
[qfcdhG uv         
3   4  3  4  3  4 7 

2  1 2   1 2  1   3 
uv         
3   4  3  4  3  4  1

160
  1  1 1  1 
 v   1     
 4   14    4

 2 32  6 
 u  3u  3     
3  33 9 

@D 0t|kf0v’g;adg8u.o]t[q[glAog7Qk8A’lkd

Y
_ faj’muwj fhdjk;,kc]h;;jk 0t|kf0v’g;adg8u.f|bj’
\kpg4y’ ];’pk;0v’mjvo-nj,umyfmk’ mujcmo
Q(_
_ x_2, _
y_2_
)
g;adg8uoAoD 4hk PQ gxaog;adg8u .o]t[q[glAog7Qk
PQ
8A’lkdF P  x1, y1  c]t Q  x2 , y2  9twfh
b
 x 2  x1 
P(_
_ x_1_
, y__1_
) PQ   
a  y 2  y1 
X
_ c]t PQ  x2  x1 2   y 2  y1 2 D

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
3   11
8q;1jk’ $D 9qj’-vd0t|kf0v’ u  c]t v

ສ. ຫງວ

 4  5 
[qfcdhG u  3 2  4 2  9  16  25  5 ສະ
 11   5  11  25  36  6 D ວ.
2
v 
2

#D g;adg8usq;|j;p
oypk,D g;adg8umuj,u0t|kf|bj’sq;|j;pgvUo;jkg;adg8usq;|j;pD
a 
gonjv’9kdg;adg8u b  ,u0t|kfgmqjkda[ a2  b2 D faj’oAoF
 

a 
g;adg8usq;|j;p c]t ,umyf c]t ];’fP;da[g;adg8u b  muj[+c,jog;adg8ul6oc,jo
 
1 a 
 D
a 2  b 2 b 

161
 Y 1  0 
g;adg8u|bj’sqq;|j;pmujle7aoc,jo 0 c]t 1 
   
1 
c]t grnjv7;k,ltf;d9bj’cmo 0 fh;p i c]t
 
N(0; 1) 0 
j
cmo 1  fh;p j faj’I6[mu *D
i M(1; 0)  
X

I6[mu *

a 
.sh u    gxaog;adg8u gIqklk,kf0Pog;adg8u u .sh16j.oI6[0v’ i c]t j faj’oUG
b 
 a   a  0  1  0
u           a    b    ai  b j
b  0  b  0 1 

ດິ
ະສ
0=hla’gdfG g;adg8u.orNo4ko i, j ,ufaj’oU

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
g;adg8urNo4komqj;wx g;adg8urNo4ko8A’lkd g;adg8urNo4kosq;|j;p8A’lkd
ສະ
ວ.
j j j

i i
i

i, j 8jk’];’dao i, j 8A’lkddao i , j gxaog;adg8usq;|j;p8A’lkddao

a 
.orNo4ko i, j m5dg;adg8u u  lk,kf0Porkp.8hI6[c[[ u  ai  b j wfh
b 

8q;1jk’ &D 9qj’-vdskg;adg8u muj,ug,af8Qomuj P1  2, 1 c]t g,afxkpmuj P2  3,1 c]t 0Po
g;adg8usq;|j;pmuj,umyf c]t ];’fP;da[g;adg8uoU 3fp.-h i c]t j D

162
 3  2  1 
[qfcdhG P1 P2      c]t P1 P2  12  2 2  5 9kdoU wfhg;adg8u
1   1 2
 1 
 1 1   5 
sq;|j;pmuj,umyf c]t ];’fP;da[ P1P2 c,jo   c]t
5  2  2 
 5 

 1 
 5  1 1  2 0 1 2
        i  j D
 2  5 0  5 1  5 5
 5 

 1 2
faj’oAoF g;adg8usq;|j;pmuj,umyfmk’fP;da[g;adg8u P1P2 c,jo i  j
5 5

[qfg/ydsaf

ດິ
ະສ
 
##D! 9qj’-vdsk AB c]t BA g,njvdeoqf A c]t B faj’8+wxoUG

ສ ນລຂິ
dD A(2,1); B(3,2) 0D A(0, 0); B(1,4)

ສ. ຫງວ
7D A(2, 8); B(1,2) ’D A(1, 2); B(2,3)
ສະ
ວ.
##D@ .sh A(2, 3); B(2, 4) c]t C(1, 3).
9qj’7yfw]j8q;xtlko0v’ AB , AC , BC , BA , CA & CB

##D# .sh A(3, 2) c]t TU 

2
.
1
   
9qj’7yfw]j8q;xtlko0v’g,af B c]t C 3fp;jk AB  TU c]t CA  TU D
 1 3 
##D$ .sh a  F b D 9qj’-vdsk
 3  4
dD a  5b
0D g;adg8udq’dao0hk,0v’ a  5b

163
 a  c  e 
##D& .sh u ,v ,w  gxaog;adg8u.f|bj’.o|hkrP’ c]t ,  gxao
b  d  f 
9eo;o9y’D 9qj’ltcf’;jk
dD u  v  v  u
0D  u  v    u   v
7D   v    v
’D    u   u   u
9D u  v  w  u  v  w
##D* g;adg8u8+wxoUg;adg8u76j.fcfjmuj0t|kodaoD
1  2  8  6 1  7  8  2
2, 1 ,  4, 3 , 3, 0 , 0, 4
               
 
##D( 9qj’0Pog;adg8u8+wxoU.o3fp.-h i c]t j D

ດິ
ະສ
1 
dD AO    g,njv O gxaog,afg7Qk

ສ ນລຂິ
 4

ສ. ຫງວ
0D AB 3fpmuj A(3,2) c]t B(4,1)
7D CD 3fpmuj C(3,4) c]t D(1, 2) ສະ
ວ.
##D) 9qj’-vdsk0t|kf0v’g;adg8u8+wxoUD
1   3   1  3 
dD  2 ,   4 ,   4 ,  2
       
0D AB g,njv8q;xtlko0v’ A c]t B c,jo (1,2) c]t (5,7) 8k,]efa[
##D_ 9qj’cdhlq,zqo.oc8j]t0=h8+wxouh
1  3  7  1   1 3 
dD x   y     0D x   y    
 2 4 8  3  1  2
##D!W 9qj’-vdskg;adg8usq;|j;pmuj,umyf c]t ];’fP;da[g;adg8umujdeoqf.sh 3fp0Po
 
.oI6[0v’ i c]t j D
 2   2
dD u  0D u  7D AB 3fpmuj A(1, 3) c]t B(4,5).
1   3
##D!! 9qj’-vdskg;adg8umuj,u0t|kf $ sq;|j;p c]t 0t|koda[g;adg8umjdu eoqf.sh.o0=h ##D!WD

164
 [qfmu #$ zqo76oltdkc] Xzqo76o[+,umyf? .oczjorP’
dyf9tde
9qj’[vd8q;xtlko0v’g,af A, B, C c]t -vdsk 
cos BAC .oc8j]td=]tou8+wxoUG
dD 0D
Y Y
B B
2 2
1 1 C
1 X X
-1 A 2 C 4 -1 A 1 2 3 4
-1 -1

.97;k,
zqo76oltdkc]\kpg4y’zqo76o0v’g;adg8umujwfhzqoIa[gxaoltdkc] g-yj’oypk,wfhfaj’oUG

ດິ
ະສ
oypk,D 4hk u  x1 i  y 1 j c]t v  x 2 i  y 2 j zqo76oltdkc]0v’ u c]t v c,jo

ສ ນລຂິ
x1 x 2  y1 y 2 c]t 0Pocmofh;p u  v D

ສ. ຫງວ
8q;1jk’ !D 4hk u  2i  3 j c]t v  3i  4 j 9qj’-vdsk u  v ສະ
ວ.
   
[qfcdhG   
u  v  2i  3 j 3i  4 j  2 3  34   6  12  6 D

75o]adltotmujle7ao0v’zqo76oltdkc]
  
!D .sh u,v c]t w gxaog;adg8u.f|bj’ c]t a gxaoltdkc] 9twfhG
!D! u v  v u
!D@  
u  v  w  u v  u w
     
!D#    
a u  v  au v  u av  
!D$ 0u  0
!D& u u  u  2
  
!D* i i  j  j  1
 
i j  0

165
  
@D 4hk  gxao,5,]ts;jk’ u c]t v g-yj’ A
0    180 c]h; u  v   u  v  cos  u
#D 4hk u, v  0 c]h;
!? u  v  u  v  0 S O 
B
@? u // v  u  v    u  v  u cos  v

ryl6f .sh u  x1 i  y 1 j c]t v  x 2 i  y 2 j

uv  x1 x 2  y1 y 2
v u  x 2 x1  y 2 y1
9kddkoxjPo[jvowfh0v’dko76o9eo;o9y’F 9twfh x1 x 2  y1 y 2  x 2 x1  y 2 y1
faj’oAo u v  v u D

ryl6f 4hk  gxao,5,]ts;jk’ u&v g-yj’ 0    180 c]h; u  v   u  v  cos 

ດິ
ະສ
ryl6f deoqf OP1  u c]t OP2  v

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
Y 9twfh P2 P1  u  v
P1
a1  a 2 
u -v 4hk ສະ
u   F v   

ວ.
u b1  b2 
P2
v
 a  a 2 
X 9twfh uv   1 
b1  b2 

3fp.-hdqfgdo3d-yo9twfh P2 P1 2  OP1 2  OP2 2  2 u v cos  oAoc,joG

 
a1  a2 2  b1  b2 2  a12  b12   a 22  b22   2 u v cos 
c]t a1  a2 2  b1  b2 2  a12  b12   a 22  b22   2a1a 2  b1b2 
9twfh a1a2  b1b2  u v cos  D faj’oAo u  v   u  v  cos  D
 
ryl6f .sh  gxao,5,]ts;jk’ u c]t v 3fpmuj 0    180 D
gonjv’9kd u  v   u  v  cos  c]t u  v  0 d=8+g,njv  u  v  cos   0D

166
 c8j;jk  u   0 c]t  v   0D faj’oAo u v  0 d+8+g,njv cos  0 oAoc,jo
  90 s^n u  v D lts^5[F u 8A’lkdda[ v d+8+g,njv u v  0D
   2  2
8q;1jk’ @D 9qj’-vdsk3d-yo0v’,5,]ts;jk’ u c]t v g,njv u  F v 
3  1 
[qfcdhG gonjv’9kd u  v   u  v  cos 
u v
faj’oAo cos  
uv

c8j u  v  22   31  4  3  7

u  2 2  3 2  4  9  13
v 2 2  12  4  1  5
7 7
faj’oAo cos     0.87 D
13 5 65

8q;1jk’ #D 9qj’ltcf’;jkglAo9v,dk’mujgoaj’9kd9v,0v’I6[lk,c9mjP’ 8A’lkdda[rNoD

ດິ
ະສ
[qfcdhG .sh ABC gxaoI6[lk,c9lkd3fpmuj AB=BC c]t,uglAogoaj’9v, BM c[j’g7yj’

ສ ນລຂິ
0hk’ AC mujg,af M faj’I6[9t8hv’ltcf’;jk MB 8A’lkdda[ AC  MB  AC 

ສ. ຫງວ
B
ສະ
ວ.
A C
M

.sh AB  u c]t BC  v 9twfh;jk u v

AC  AB  BC  u  v
 1  1  
MC  AC  u  v
2 2
 =
MB  MC  CB 
1
2
  1
uv v  uv
2
 
167
 MB  MC 
1
2
   
1
uv  u v
2

1
4
  
uv  u v
1
    
 u  v u  u  v v
4
1
 
 u u  v u  u v  v v
4
1 2 2
0
  u  v  Xphvo;jk u  v ?
4 
grkt;jk MB c]t MC 8jk’[+gmqjkda[ 0 faj’oAo MB
8A’lkdda[ MC D
ltcf’;jk glAo9v,dk’mujgoaj’9kd9v,0v’I6[lk,c9mjP’ 8A’lkdda[rNoD

[qfg/ydsaf

ດິ
ະສ
#$D! 9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’ u v g,njvdeoqf u c]t v faj’8+wxoUG

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
dD u  3i  4 j & v  2i  j 0D u  2i  5 j & v   j
#$D@ .sh ABC : Aˆ  90 , AB  2, AC  5, BC  3. ສະ
ວ.
     
9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’ BA.BC , AB.BC c]t AC.CA .
34.3 .sh ABC : Bˆ  45 , Cˆ  30 , AB  2, AC  2, BC  3  1.
       
9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’ BA.BC , CA.CB, AB.BC c]t CB.CA .
#$D$ 9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’,5, ]ts;jk’g;adg8u8+wxoUG
dD u  3i  2 j & v  9i  6 j 0D u  3i  j & v  2i  6 j

 2  4  1
#$D& .sh a   F b    F c    D 9qj’-vdsk
 3 3   1
dD a b  a c 0D a  b a  b
7D  
b a b ’D a  b a  b

168
#$D* 4hk a  0&b  0D 9qj’[vd-toyf0v’,5,]ts;jk’ a & b mujgIaf.sh
dD a b  0 0D a  b  0 7D a b  0

#$D( 4k,;jk lv’g;adg8u.o0=h.f8A’lkddaoL

 2  3  2  1
dD 3 ,  2 0D 6,  3
       

#$D) 9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’ m g,njvdeoqf u  1  m i  2 j & v  mi  m  2 j 3fpmuj

dD uv 0D u v

#$D_ 4hk u c]t v gxaog;adg8u.f|bj’D 9qj’ltcf’;jk

2 2 2 2 2 2
u  v  u  2u  v  v c]t u  v  u  2u  v  v D
2 2 2
#$D!W 4hk uv 3fpmuj u  0&v  0D 9qj’ltcf’;jk uv  u  v D

ດິ
ະສ
2 2 2
#$D!!D 4hk 3fpmuj u  0&v  0D 9qj’ltcf’;jk D

ສ ນລຂິ
uv uv  u  v

ສ. ຫງວ
#$D!@ .oI6[lk,c9 ABC ,u,5, A gxao,5,lkd AC  b, AB  c & BC  a
ສະ
ວ.
9qj’ltcf’;jk a 2  b 2  c 2 D
   
#$D!# .sh u  2, v  4 & u  v  6 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ u v D
     
#$D!$ .sh u 1, v  3 & u  v  13 D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ 2u  v D
#$D!& 4hk u 5, v  3& u  v  4 c]h; uv ,u7jkgmqjk.fL
#$D!* .sh u,v&w gxaog;adg8ug-yj’,udkorq;raodaofaj’oU u  w c]t u v  v w

4hk,5,]ts;jk’ u&v ,u0t|kf 36 c]h; ,5,]ts;jk’ v&w ,u0t|kfgmqjk.fL

169
 rkdmu & dkozaoxjPogmy’czjorP’ c]t dkooe.-h
dkozaoxjPomk’g]0k7toyfxtdv[fh;plv’lj;oG
!D I6[8Qoc[[c,joI6[g]0k7toyfdjvodkozaoxjPoF
@D I6[mujwfh9kddkozaoxjPoc,joI6[g]0k7toyfs^a’dkozaoxjPoD
dkozaoxjPomuj9tdjk;g4y’.orkdoUU c,jodkozaoxjPomk’g]0k7toyf.oczjorP’ #
c[[wfhcdj dkophkp0t|koF dkog7yj’7n c]t dko\5oD dkozaoxjPoma’ # c[[oU9twfhI[6
rk[muj,uI[6 Ijk’7ndao c]t 0t|kffP;daoda[I6[8Qoc[[m5d1jk’D .orkdoUgxaodko
mq[m;o75o]adltotmujle7ao0v’dkozaoxjPogs^qjkoAoD 9kdoAo oadIPo9twfhgsao8q;1jk’
dkooe.-hdkozaoxjPo.o;Pd’koly]txtF dkovvdc[[ s^n dkocdh[aoskD

[qfmu #& dkophkp0t|ko c]t dkooe.-h

dyf9tde

ດິ
ະສ
!D .shoadIPory9k]tok;jkI6[.f8+wxoU ltcf’dkophkp0t|ko

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.

I6[ d I6[ 0

I6[ 7 I6[ ’

170
@D 9qj’c8h,I6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|koI6[ljuc9 ABCD fh;p BB'
D
A

B B'

#D 9qj’gg8h, PQ 8k,dkophkp0t|kog,af P fh;p MN

Y
N
6

ດິ
ະສ
M
2 P

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
X
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-1
ສະ
ວ.
.97;k,
oypk,D
dkophkp0t|kogmy’czjorP’c,jodkozaoxjPomk’g]0k7toyfmuj,udkophkp
g,aafm5dg,afwxgmy’czjorP’8k,g;adg8u c]t gxaow]ptmk’gmqjkdao8k,mujdeoqfD
75o]adltotmujle7ao0v’dkophkp0t|ko,ufaj’oUG
!D lk,kfphkpI6[8Qoc[[g8a’I6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|kowfhr=fuD
@D mjvo-njmuj8+]ts;jk’g,afmujd’q dao0v’I6[8Qoc[[ c]t I6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|ko
c8j]t76j9t0t|kodao c]t pk;gmqjkdaom5dglAoD
#D mjvo-njgmy’I6[8Qoc[[ c]t I6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|komjvo-njoAo9t0t|kodao
c]t pk;gmqjkdaoD
8q;1jk’G de|qf.sh  A ' B ' C ' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|ko ABC fh;p AA '

171
 faj’I6[
A'
_

B'
_ C'
_ A
_

C
_
B
_

9kdlyj’mujdeoqf.sh9twfhfaj’oU
!D lk,kfphkp ABC wxg8a’Xma[?  A ' B ' C ' wfhr=fu
@D AA ' , BB' c]t CC ' 0t|kodao c]t pk;gmqjkdao
#D AB c]t A ' B' 0t|kodao c]t pk;gmqjkdao
BC c]t B' C ' 0t|kodao c]t pk;gmqjkdao
CA c]t C ' A ' 0t|kodao c]t pk;gmqjkdaoD
.odko[vdmyfF ];’ c]t w]ptmk’0v’dkophkp0t|ko 9t.-hg;adg8ugxao38deoqf

ດິ
ະສ
g-yj’dkodeoqfg;adg8u 0v’dkophkp0t|ko 9t.shg,afg]uj,8Qo16j.o s^n 16jovdI6[8Qoc[[d=wfhD

ສ ນລຂິ
8q;1jk’G .sh PQR c]t .sh AB gxaog;adg8u 0v’dkophkp0t|ko9twfh  P ' Q ' R '

ສ. ຫງວ
gxaoI6[0v’dkophkp0t|ko PQR faj’I6[D ສະ
9kdI6[9tgsao;jk
ວ.
P'
!D PP' , QQ' & RR' ]h;oc8j
R'
P
' B 0t|koda[ AB
Q
@D PP'  QQ'  RR'  AB
Q R A

8q;1jk’dkooe.-h0v’dkophkp0t|ko
.o-u;fy xt9e;aooadIPovkf9tg7upgsaodkophkp0t|ko,kcfjc]h;g-ajoG 8P’ovo7qog9a[
c[[xa[]tfa[wfhF 38tIv’]ufg7njv’F c,jcI’pqd]qfF xt86gs^adF g7njv’gIafdtc9leIv’gxao
8QoD 8P’xa[]tfa[gxaov5xtdvomk’dkocrfmuj.-hpqd7qog9a[.shl6’0Bo s^n 8je]q’grnjv7;k,
ltf;d.odkogIaf;Pd0v’crf s^n grnjvg7njvophkp7qog9a[D 0totmujxa[8P’lj;ogmy’0v’8P’
ovo7qog9a[9t0t|koda[rnho0v’8P’8ts^vfg;]k faj’I6[8+wxoUD
172
 4hkoadIPola’gdf38tIv’]ufg7njv’9tgsao;jkdkoxa[.sh]tfa[0v’38tIv’]uf
g7njv’16j8ec|j’8jk’Moahod=gxao8q;1jk’0v’dko.-hdkophkp0t|kog\nvodaoD

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.
c,jcI’pqd]qfgxaog7njv’,nvud1jk’|bj’muj.-hdkophkp0t|koda[lj;omujfao]qf.shl6’0Bo

173
 dkow0vafxt86gs^da 1nfmujgIqkgsao8yf8A’8k,gInvo s^n shv’c4;d+gxaodko.-hdkophkp0t
|kog-ajofP;daoD

ovd9kd9t.-hdkophkp0t|ko .odkogIafv5xtdvo c]t g7njv’,n8jk’Mc]h; gIqkpa’lk

,kfoegvqkdkophkp0t|ko ,k.-hvvdc[[];f]kp8jk’MD
.odkovvdc[[];f]kp9tlhk’I6[8Qoc[[w;h|bj’I6[c]h;.-hI6[8Qoc[[oAogxaoc[[
gIaf.shgdufI6[-EMdao8k,];’glAo0t|ko.omyfmuj8hv’dko g-ajoG ]kpczjocrD zhkw\
c]t ];f]kpgs^adfaf8+wxoUG

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.

ovd9kdoU gIqkpa’lk,kfoegvqk7;k,I6h dkophkp0t|ko,k.-hcdh[oa skmk’7toyf

lkfwfhvudfh;pg-ajoG dko-vdgoNvmujF dkoryl6fmk’g]0k7toyf c]t dko-vdw]ptmk’
mujlAomujl5f faj’8q;1jk’]5j,oUG
8q;1jk’ !D 9qj’-vdskgoNvmuj3fpxt,ko0v’lj;o[+mklu0v’I6[mujdeoqf.sh8+wxoUG

174
 D C

14 cm

A 20 cm B

co;7yf9kddko7kf7tgo g,njv8+ AD c]t BC 9twfh ABCD gxaoI6[lujc9lkdD

4hk.-hdkophkp0t|koglAodqj’ AD fh;p AB .shwx8+da[glAodqj’ BC 9twfhI6[;q’,qoXfaj’I6[?
goNvmuj0v’lj;o[+mklugmqjkda[goNvmuj0v’ ABCD ]q[vvdgoNvmuj0v’;q’,qooAoD

D C

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
14 cm
ສະ
ວ.
A 20 cm B

[qfcdhG 9kdI6[ ABCD ,u];’pk; 20 cm c]t ];’d;hk’ 14 cm 9twfhgoNvmuj0v’

ABCD gmqjk 20 cm  14 cm  280 cm 2.
22
;q’,qo,u]aflt\ugmqjk 7 cm 4hkgvqk7jk0v’ π xt,ko 9twfhgoNvmuj0v’I6[;q’
7
22 2
,qoxt,ko  7  22  7  154 cm 2 D
7
faj’oAo goNvmuj0v’I6[[+mklu,uxt,ko 280  154  126 cm 2

175
8q;1jk’ @D .sh AB // CD ,u EF 8af AB E
c]t CD 16jg,af X c]t Y 8k, ]efa[D A B
X
9qj’.-hdkophkp0t|koltcf’;jk
 
EXB=EYD C Y D

ryl6fG gonjv’9kd AB // CD
 fh;p XY
g,njvphkp0t|ko EXB
 gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|ko
9twfh EYD 
EXB
 g8a’Xma[? EYD
faj’oAo EXB  wfhr=fu
 D
oAoc,jo EXB=EYD

[qfg/ydsaf

ດິ
ະສ
#&D! .sh gxaoI6[8Qoc[[ A' B' C' D' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|ko

ສ ນລຂິ
ABCD
ABCD g-yj’,ug,af A' 7, 2  gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkophkp0t|kog,af A. 9qj’-vdsk

ສ. ຫງວ
8q;xtlko0v’g,af B' , C' c]t D' D ສະ
ວ.
Y

C
8

D
6

B 4

A 2

X
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

176
 #&D@ 6 cm
9qj’-vdskgoNvmuj3fpxt,ko0v’I6[
mujdeoqqf.shD

15 cm

#&D# A B 9kdI6[ 9qj’.-hdkophkp0t|ko

grnjvryl6f;jkI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko
ABCD ,ugoNvmujgmqjkda[ goNvmuj0v’
I6[lujc9lkd ABFE.

ດິ
ະສ
D E C F

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
#&D$ [hkog,nv’gdqjk8A’16jmuj8ec|j’ B c]t [hkog,nv’.\j 8A’16jmuj8ec|j’ AF lv’\6j[hkooU
ສະ
,uc,joEws^zjkofaj’I6[]5j,oUD 8hv’dkolhk’0q;0hk, grnjv.shxt-k-qo.olv’\6j[kh owx,k
ວ.
skl6jdaowfhltf;d0Bod;jkgdqjkD 9qj’-vdsk8ec|j’muj9tlhk’0q; grnjv.shw]ptmk’9kd
[hkog,nv’gdqjkg4y’[hkog,nv’.\jloA mujlf5 c]t 0q;8hv’8A’lkdda[c7,/aj’c,joED
_
A
[hkog,nv’.\j

B
_
[hkog,nv’gdqjk

177
 [qfmu #* dkog7yj’7n c]t dkooe.-h
dyf9tde
!D .shoadIPory9k]tok;jkI6[.f8+wxoUltcf’dkog7yj’7nD

I6[ d I6[ 0

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
I6[ 7 I6[ ’ ສະ
@D .sh ABCD gxaoI6[8Qoc[[ c]t XY gxaocdo XglAo? g7yj’7nD ວ.
9qj’c8h, ABCD g-yj’gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n ABCD D
D

C
A

B
X Y

178
#D .shglAo-nj l gxaocdog7yj’7n g,af P c]t g,af Q 16jg[Nv’fP;dao0v’cdog7yj’7n g,af
P' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7ng,af P F .sh PP' c]t P' Q 8afcdog7yj’7n l 16jmujg,af
M c]t g,af R 8k,]efa[D
9qj’8v[7e4k,8+wxoUD
!?  PMR   P' MR s^n[+ Q
phvospa’L P
@? PR  P' R s^n[+
phvospa’L l
#? PR  RQ  P' R  RQ M R
s^n[+ phvospa’L
P'

$? 4hk.sh S gxaog,af.f|bj’16jgmy’glAo-njn l muj[+g8a’da[g,af R faj’I6[ c]h;

ດິ
ະສ
dD PS  P' S s^n[+ phvospa’L
Q

ສ ນລຂິ
0D PS  SQ  P' S  SQ

ສ. ຫງວ
s^n[+phvospa’L P
7D P' R  RQ da[ P' S  SQ ສະ
ວ.
w]pt.flAod;jk phvospa’L l
’D PR  RQ da[ PS  SQ M R S N
w]pt.flAod;jkphvospa’L
P'

&? oadIPo7yf;jkw]pt9kdg,af P g4y’g,af.f|bj’16jgmy’glAo-nj l [;dda[w]pt

9kdg,afoAog4y’g,af Q lAomujl5fL

179
.97;k,
dkog7yj’7ngmy’czjorP’c,jodkozaoxjPomk’
g]0k7toyfmuj,u glAo-nj gxaocdog7yj’7nD l

.sh l gxaocdog7yj’7nF g,af A c]t g,af A' A E A'

g7yj’7ndaomP[.lj lF mjvo-nj AA ' 8af l 16jg,af E.
B B'
.od=]touoU AA '  l c]t E gxaog,afdk’0v’ A
c]t A' D
C C'
g,af B 9t,ug,af B' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n
g,af C 9t,ug,af C' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n

0=hla’gdfG
!D 4hkg,af A [+16jgmy’glAo-nj l c]h;glAo-nj l 9tc[j’g7yj’ c]t 8A’lkdda[ AA'

ດິ
ະສ
@D 4hkg,af C 16jgmy’glAo-nj l c]h;g,af C c]t g,af C' 9tgxaog,affP;dao

ສ ນລຂິ
\kpgsfG dko1no16j|kh c;jorP’0t|kf.spj gIaf.shgsaoI6[g8a,8q;D I6[mujxtdqf.oc;jo

ສ. ຫງວ
d+c,jodkog7yj’7n g-yj’gxaodkozaoxjPomk’g]0k7toyf3fp,uc;jogxaocdog7yj’7nD
75o]adltotmujle7ao0v’dkog7yj’7n,ufaj’oUG ສະ

!D lk,kfrydI6[8Qoc[[.shg8a’I6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7nwfhr=fu ວ.
@D cdog7yj’7nc[j’g7yj’ c]t 8A’lkdda[mjvo-njmujg-njv,8+]ts;jk’g,afmujdq’dao
#D mjvo-njmujg-njv,8+g,afmujdq’dao gmy’I6[8Qoc[[da[I6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n
0v’g,afoAo 9t0t|kodaom5d76j c]t [+9egxao8hv’pk;gmqjkdao

oadIPog7upI6h9adI6[g7yj’7n c]t cdog7yj’7n 0v’I6[g]0k7toyf,kc]h;;jkG I6[g]0k

7toyfmujlk,kf-vdskIvpra[ c]t ra[I6[ma’lv’0hk’8k,Ivpra[.shg8a’daor=fuD gryjo;jk
lv’I6[oUg7yj’7nmP[.ljcdo c]t gvUoIvpra[oAo;jk cdog7yj’7nD

180
lv’I6[g7yj’7ndaomP[.ljcdo vkf9t,u9eo;ocdog7yj’7n[+gmqjkdaog-ajoG

D P C A

E
F

C D B
A Q B

ABCD gxaoI6[9t85]af c]t gxao  ABC gxaoI6[lk,c9mjP’ c]t .sh D gxao

I6[g7yj’7nmP[.ljcdo g-yj’,u $ cdog7yj’7n g,afg7yj’dk’ 0v’ BC D 9kdI6[4hk.sh  ABD
oAoc,jo AC, BD, EF c]t PQ D gxaoI6[8Qoc[[c]h;9twfh  ACD gxaoI6[
mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n3fp,u AD gxaocdog7yj’7nD

ດິ
ະສ
8q;1jk’ !D .sh  A' B' C' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n  ABC fh;pcdog7yj’7n l faj’I6[

ສ ນລຂິ
l

ສ. ຫງວ
A D A'
ສະ
C E C' ວ.
B F B'

9kdlyj’mujdeoqf.sh9twfhfaj’oUG
!D lk,kfryd  ABC c]h;phkpwxg8a’  A' B' C' wfhr=fu
@D cdog7yj’7n l c[j’g7yj’ c]t 8A’lkdda[ AA', BB' c]t CC'
#D AA', BB' c]t CC' ]h;oc8j0t|kodaoD

181
 9kd8q;1jk’ ! 9tgsao;jkg,njvdeoqfI6[8Qoc[[ c]t cdog7yj’7n0v’dkog7yj’7n,k.sh
gIqklk,kf-vdskI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7noAowfhD .omk’dq’dao0hk,4hkdeoqfI6[8Qoc[[
c]t I6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n,k.shc]h; gIqk9tlk,kf-vdcdog7yj’7nwfh g-ajoG

8q;1jk’ @D .sh  A' B' C' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kd A'

dkog7yj’7n  ABC faj’I6[D
9qj’-vdskcdog7yj’7n XoadIPocdhgv’? A

C'
C B'

8q;1jk’ #D .sh PQRS c]t cdo Y gxaocdog7yj’7n faj’I6[D 9qj’-vdsk8q;xtlko0v’

ດິ
ະສ
g,af P' , Q' , R' c]t S' g-yj’gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7ng,af P, Q, R c]t S.

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
Y ສະ
ວ.
Q 4

P R
2

-4 0 X
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1

0=hla’gdfG 9kdI6[F g,af R c]t g,af S 16jcdo Y mjugxaocdog7yj’7n 9twfhg,af R

gxaog,affP;da[g,af R c]t g,af S gxaog,affP;da[g,af S.

182
 le]a[g,af P c]t g,af Q 9t,ug,af P c]t g,af Q gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n g-yj’
g,afc8j]t76jmjdu ’q dao9t,u8;q xtlkomu|j’b gxao9eo;odq’dao0hk,daogrkt16j7oq ]t2kd0v’cdo
Y gxaow]ptmujgmqjkdao c]t 9t,u8q;xtlkomulv’gxao9eo;ofP;daogrkt16jsjk’9kdcdo
X gxaow]ptmujgmqjkdaoD

Q(-2 ; 4) 4 Q'(2 ; 4)
P(- 4; 3) P'(4; 3)
R(0; 4) R'
2

X
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1

S(0; 2) S'

ດິ
ະສ
9kd0=hla’gdflk,kf-vdsk8q;xtlko0v’g,af P, Q, R c]t S wfhfaj’oUG

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
9kdI6[g,af RXWF#? c]t g,af SXWF{@?D gonjv’9kdg,af R c]t R c,jog,affP;dao
faj’oAoF RXWF#? c]t gonjv’9kdg,af S c]t S c,jog,affP;daofaj’oAog,af SXWF{@?D ສະ
ວ.
9kdI6[ g,af PX{$F#? c]t g,af QX{@F$? 9twfhg,af PX$F#? c]t g,af QX@F$?
8q;1jk’ $D .sh AXWF#? c]t B g,afg7uj’7nda[ A mP[.ljglAo-nj y=2x D 9qj’-vdsk
8q;xtlko0v’ B.
[qfcdhG

Y glAo-njmujzjkog,af AXWF #? c]t 8A’lkdda[ y=2x ,ulq,zqoG

y=2x 1 1  6 12 
A(0; 3) y  3=  x s^n
y=  x+3 D  ,  c,jog,af8afdao
2 2 5 5 
2
1
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2
 12 9 
-1 0 1 2
X
AB. faj’oAoF B  ,  .
 5 5
183
8q;1jk’dkooe.-hdkog7yj’7nG
.o-u;yfxt9e;aogIqkwfhoegvqkdkog7yj’7nwx.-hxt3spfs^kp1jk’ g-ajoG dkocp’c;joF
dko8afg7njv’o5j’F dkovvdc[[];f]kpczjocrF ];f]kpgs^adfafF ;Pd’ko-jk’w,h c]t
g7njv’,ng7njv’.-hvnjoMg-ajoG

ດິ
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ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
ວ.
8q;1jk’ &D [hkog,nv’gdqjk8A’16j8ec|j’ A c]t [hkog,nv’.\j8A’16j8ec|j’ B /aj’
fP;dao0v’7v’-qo]txtmkolkp|bj’muj-njD 8hv’dkolhk’lt4koul6[oE ! csj’grnjvlqj’oEwx
sk[hkoma’lv’D 9qj’-vdsk8ec|j’muj9tlhk’lt4koul6[oEgrnjv.shwfh.-hm+oElAomujl5fD

184
;ymucdhG lhk’c[[9e]v’mk’7toyflkf.odko-vd8ec|j’muj9tlhk’lt4koul6[oE
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B

m
O S

A'

9kdI6[.shglAo-nj m cmo0v[7v’oE c]t gxaocdog7yj’7n g,af A' gxaoI6[mujwfh9kd

dkog7yj’7ng,af A g-yj’gxao8ec|j’muj8A’0v’\6j[hkog,nv’gdqjkg-njv,8+g,af A' da[g,af B
8afglAo-nj m 16jg,af S. 9twfh AS  SB  A'S  SB gxaow]ptmujlAomujl5fD
ltoAog,af S gxao8ec|j’muj9tlhk’lt4koul6[oEgrnjv.sh.-hm+oElAomujl5fD

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[qfg/ydsaf

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
#*D! .sh  ABC c]t cdo X gxaocdog7yj’7nD 9qj’-vdskG
ສະ
dD 8q;xtlko0v’g,af A, Bc]t C g-yj’gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n A, B c]t C

ວ.
0D  ABC g-yj’gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddkog7yj’7n  ABC.
Y
4
A

-6 -4 -2 0 4 6 X
2

-2

B
-4

185
#*D@ 9qj’-vdskcdog7yj’7n0v’dkog7yj’7n.oc8j]t0=h8+wxoUG
dD

0D

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
ສະ
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7D
Y
B C

C'
A

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A'

B'

186
#*D# mk’s^;’lkp.\jlhk’,kzjko.dh[hko d c]t [hko 0 g-yj’8A’16j8ec|j’ A c]t
8ec|j’ B 8k,]efa[D 8hv’dkolhk’lk]koaj’4hk]qf3fplko.ljc7,mk’s^;’3fp
.shw]ptmk’9kdlk]ksk[hko d c]t w]ptmk’9kdlk]ksk[hko 0 [;ddao
c]h;lAomujl5fD 9qj’-vdsk8ec|j’muj9tlhk’lk]koAoD

A
[hko 0
[hko d B

#*D$ 9qj’-vdskgoNvmuj3fpxt,ko0v’I6[mujdeoqf.shG
dD 0D F
AB = DE = 3 cm
CE = 2 cm
BE = 1 cm
2 cm A E D
B

ດິ
ະສ
2 cm
goNvmuj0v’ ABCDEF
gmqjk.fL

ສ ນລຂິ
C

ສ. ຫງວ
#*D& I6[7k’\6mjP’ ,u75o]adltot1jk’|bj’ 7n glAo-njmuj0uf8+g,afg7yj’dk’0v’0hk’76j0t|ko
ສະ
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9t8A’lkdda[0hk’76j0t|kooAoD .sh ABCD gxaoI6[7k’\6mjP’ g,af E c]t g,af F
gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’ AB c]t CD 8k,]efa[D 9qj’.-h75o]adltotmujdjk;,k0hk’
gmy’oU c]t dkog7yj’7ngrnjvryl6f;jk
  ABC
dD BAD  D F C
  DCA.
0D BDC 

A B
E

#*D* .sh AX@FW? c]t B g,afg7uj’7nda[ A mP[.ljglAo-nj y=3x D

9qj’-vdsk8q;xtlko0v’ B.

187
 [qfmu #( dko\6oIv[ c]t dkooe.-h
dyf9tde
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oadIPog7upgsaodko\6o0v’lyj’8jk’Mg-ajoG dko\6o0v’g0a,3,’F dq’d;PoF dq’]=hF
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.omk’7toyflkfdko\6ogxaodkozaoxjPomk’g]0k7toyfvudc[[|bj’g-yj’deoqfwfhfaj’oUG
P
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O
188
 dko\6ogmy’czjorP’c,jodkozaoxjPomk’g]0k7toyfmuj,ug,af O 7q’mujgxao95f\6o
c8j]tg,af P gmy’czjorP’F ,ug,af P gxaoI6[mujwfh9kddko\6og,af P Iv[g,af O
8k,myfmk’mujdeoqffh;p,5, k 3fpmujG
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@D 4hkg,af P gxaog,affP;daoda[g,af O c]h; P gxao95f\6oD

8q;1jk’G
dko\6od=]tou95f\6o16jI6[8Qoc[[ dko\6od=]tou95f\6o16jovdI6[8Qoc[[
D' A
C' A'
B
A A'

D
B' B
C k C'
C
B' k

ດິ
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O
O

ສ ນລຂິ
9tla’gdfgsao;jkdko\6o,u75o]adltotmujle7aofaj’oUG

ສ. ຫງວ
!D lk,kfphkpI6[8Qoc[[g8a’I6[mujwfh9kddko\6owfhr=fuD
@D g,afgmy’I6[8Qoc[[ c]t I6[mujwfh9kddko\6og,afoAo c8j]t76j9t16jgmy’;q’,qomuj,u ສະ
95f\6ogxao95f.9dk’D c8j;q’,qogs^qjkoU[+9egxao8hv’,u]aflt\ugmqjkdaoD
ວ.
#D mj v o-n j g my ’ I6 [ 8Q o c[[ c]t I6 [ mu j w fh 9 kddko\6 o mj v o-n j o A o [+ 9 egxa o 8h v ’
0t|koda o m5 d 76 j D
C

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B A'
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189
 ABCgxaoI6[mujwfh9kddko\6o ABC Iv[95f\6o O 8k,myfg0a,3,’fh;p,5, k
  BOB
X AOA   COC  k ? 9twfhhG

!D lk,kfphkp ABC wxg8a’ ABC wfhr=fuD

@D g,njv95f\6o O gxao95f.9dk’0v’;q’,qo9twfh;jk OA=OA, OB=OB c]t
OC=OC s^n g;Qkvud1jk’|bj’;jkG
g,af A c]t A 16jgmy’;q’,qofP;dao
g,af B c]t B 16jgmy’;q’,qofP;dao
g,af C c]t C 16jgmy’;q’,qofP;dao
#D OA, OB c]t OC [+9egxao8hv’pk;gmqjkdaoD
4hk;jk ( x ', y ') gxaog,af mujwfh9kddko\6og,af ( x; y ) Iv[g,af O(0,0) 8k,myf
dq’dao0hk,dkogfuo0v’g0a,3,’fh;p,5,  F 9twfhG
 x '  (cos  ) x  (sin  ) y

 y '  (sin  ) x  (cos  ) y

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
8q;1jk’D 9qj’-vdskg,afmujwfh9kddko\6og,af A(-3,4) Iv[g,af O(0,0) 8k,myfmujdq’dao

ສ. ຫງວ
0hk,dkogfuo0v’g0a,3,’fh;p,5, $& vq’lkD
ສະ
ວ.
[qfcdhG .sh ( x ', y ') gxaog,afmujwfh9kddko\6og,af A(-3,4) Iv[g,af O(0,0) 8k,myfmuj
dq’dao0hk,dkogfuo0v’g0a,3,’fh;p,5, $& vq’lk wfhG
 x '  (cos 45o )(3)  (sin 45o )(4)

o o
 y '  (sin 45 )(3)  (cos 45 )(4)

 3 4 7 7 2
 x'     
 2 2 2 2

y'   3

4

1

2
.
 2 2 2 2

 7 2 2
faj’oAoF   ,  c,jog,afmuj-vdskD
 2 2 

190
8q;1jk’dkooe.-hdko\6o.
.o-u;yfxt9e;aoF 4hkla’gdflyj’0v’g7njv’.-h8jk’M 9tgsao;jk,uvx5 tdvos^kp1jk’mujwfh
oegvqkdko\6o,k.-h g-ajoG g7njv’8afg9hpF 3vjo-k c]t g7njv’s^oY [k’-toyf.olt4komuj
gfads^oY gxao8QoD
g7njv’8afg9hp,u.[,uf1bf8yfda[cmjoIv’8af c]t \6oIv[95f\6o95f|bj’ 0totmujpqd.[,uf0Bo
s^n dqf]q’.o8ec|j’8jk’MD dko\6o.[,uf0v’g7njv’8afg9hpgxaodkozaoxPjoc[[dko\6ogrkt
m5dMg,afgmy’.[,uf 9t\6oIv[95f\6ogxaoglAodqj’ muj,u]aflt\u7q’mujD

ດິ
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ສ ນລຂິ
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191
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192
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193
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194
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195
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199
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201
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5cm
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2
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3

202
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3 3 9

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ດິ
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205
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206
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ດິ
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rNopk; 14 cm.

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#)D!$ .shI6[c[0v’I6[9;p ສະ

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207
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c8j]tvao.shwfh9;prNogxuf $ vaoD

A C
90 80
160  210

B D

dD glAo.shdegoufma’ $ vaopk;gmqjkdaos^n[+ phvospa’L

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209
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ດິ
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210
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8q;1jk’ !D mkfluj]jP, rNogxaoI6[lujc9lkdd;hk’ 6 cm pk; 8 cm c]t l6’ 10 cm
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211
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213
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ດິ
ະສ
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ດິ
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215
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216
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ດິ
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217
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220
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221
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222
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223
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224
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227
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djvo-Ao4kooypq, c]t -Aomu & gvUo;jk-Aos^a’-Ao4kooypq,D .ooUG
L 0v[]5j,0v’-Ao4kooypq, c,jo $&F
c 7;k,d;hk’0v’-Ao4kooypq,c,jo 60  45  15,
1 zq o ]q [ ]ts;jk ’7;k,4uj 0 v’-A o 4kooy p q , da [ 7;k,4u j0 v’-A o dj v o-A o
4kooypq,c,jo 25  21  4 D
 2 zq o ]q [ ]ts;j k ’7;k,4u j 0 v’-A o 4kooy p q , da [ 7;k,4u j 0 v’-A o s^ a ’ -A o
4kooypq, c,jo 25  23  2.

4kooypq,7yfw]j8k,l6fG
 1 
Mode  L  c  ,

 1   2

ດິ
ະສ
g-yj’

ສ ນລຂິ
L 0v[]5j,0v’ -Ao4kooypq,F

ສ. ຫງວ
c 7;k,d;hk’0v’-Ao4kooypq,F
1 zqo]q[]ts;jk’7;k,4uj0v’-Ao4kooypq,da[7;k,4uj0v’-Aodjvo-Ao ສະ
4kooypq,F ວ.
2 zq o ]q [ ]ts;j k ’7;k,4u j 0 v’-A o 4kooy p q , da [ 7;k,4u j 0 v’-A o s^ a ’
-A o 4kooypq,D

9kd0=h,6o0hk’gmy’wfhG

 4 
Mode  45  15   55
 4  2 

g-yj’\kp7;k,;jk 7qolj;os^kp,ad0a[0uj]qffh;p7;k,w;xt,ko 55 Km / h D

231
 [qfg/ydsaf
!D 7tcoolv[gla’;y-k|bj’0v’oadIPo 20 .oshv’G
oadIPoz6hmuG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7tcooG 5 6 4 7 8 8 9 10 7 3

oadIPoz6hmuG 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
7tcooG 4 7 6 4 5 8 4 7 5 5

9qj’-vd4kooypq,0v’0=h,6o-5foUrhv,ma’.sh7;k,\kp7jkmujwfh,kD
@D 9kddkolv[4k,oadIPo;jkG gInvo0v’oadIPowd9kd3I’IPoxko.f c]t wfh7e8v[
faj’oUG
! & !W !& !W ) @ !W # _
( * !@ ) $ ! ) ( ) !

ດິ
ະສ
& ) * !@ ) _ $ * @ (

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
9qj’-vdsk4kooypq,D
#D ສະ
.odkola’gdf]qfmujc]jozjko0q;.og;]k ( 3,’ WW sk ( 3,’ #W rkp.o !W ,N wfh

ວ.
0=h,6ofja’oU !&F !)F !*F !@F !&F x F !@F !*F @WF !)D 9qj’-vdsk x g,njvI6h4kooypq,0v’
0=h,6o-5foU[=j,uD
$D .sh0=h,6ofaj’8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
.-g;]k 9eo;ooadIPo
WW { #W okmu *
#W { *W okmu )
*W { _W okmu !W
_W { !@W okmu (
!@W { !&W okmu *
!&W { !)W okmu &
9qj’-vdsk4kooypq,0v’0=h,6o-5foUD
232
&D .odkolv[gla’g]njvo-Ao0v’oadIPo !WW 7qo 16j3I’IPocsj’|bj’wfh7tcoofaj’]5j,oUG
() _W @W (@ @@ (_ ## &W @( *)
@& @* *_ )) _! @_ (* #@ #$ #*
*& #) ($ &_ $$ )$ $& &$ #& $#
#( $# __ $! && $# #@ )* $( &(
$_ &W &@ )_ (W @* _$ *W && *@
*# && *! $! &) (W && @( *W &&
&# $* !) @$ ** @( *) (W &$ ()
(@ (# $@ ($ #_ (W !) && )W (_
#( #_ (@ @& $$ #W $W )& @$ _@
)( _* &# _) @& )) $) @& )& )*
7tot;y-kdko wfh;k’,kf8t4kodkoc[j’]efa[xtgrffaj’oUG

ດິ
ະສ
 oadlv[gla’mujgla’wfh7tcoo #W sk #_ 9afgxaoxtgrf vjvos^kpD

ສ ນລຂິ
 oadlv[gla’mujgla’wfh7tcoo $W sk $_ 9afgxaoxtgrf vjvoD

ສ. ຫງວ
 oadlv[gla’mjugla’wfh7tcoo &W sk &_ 9afgxaoxtgrf r=.-hwfhD
ສະ
 oadlv[gla’mujgla’wfh7tcoo *W sk *_ 9afgxaoxtgrf fur=.-hwfhD
 oadlv[gla’mujgla’wfh7tcoo &W sk (_ 9afgxaoxtgrf fuD ວ.
 oadlv[gla’mujgla’wfh7tcoo )W sk )_ 9afgxaoxtgrf fus^kpD
 oadlv[gla’mujgla’wfh7tcoo _W sk !WW 9afgxaoxtgrf fug]ufD
d? 9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’7;k,4ujD
0? 9qj’-vdsk7jkltg]jpD
7? 9qj’-vdsk4kooypq,D

233
 [qfmu $# ,afmtpt4ko
dyf9tde
0=h,6o]5j,oUc,jo7tcoolv[gla’;y-k|bj’0v’oadIPo 20 .oshv’G
oadIPoz6hmuG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

7tcooG 5 6 4 7 8 8 9 10 7 3 4

oadIPoz6hmuG 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

7tcooG 7 6 4 5 8 4 7 5 5

 g,njv9af]Po]efa[7tcoo 0v’oadIPo !_ 7qomevyfG

ດິ
ະສ
3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
gsao0=h,6omuj16j8ec|j’dk’g7yj’ X8ec|j’mu !W? c,jo DDDDDD
ສະ
ວ.
 g,njv9af]Po]efa[7tcoo0v’oadIPoma’ @W 7qoG
3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …

gsao,u8ec|j’dk’g7yj’ @ 8ec|j’7n8ec|j’mu !W c]t 8ec|j’mu !!D

7jkltg]jp0v’0=h,6o @ 8ec|j’dk’g7yj’c,jo DDDDDDDD

.97;k,
g,njv9af]Po0=h,6oxt]y,koc8j|hvpsks^kpF 0=h,6omuj16j8ec|j’dk’g7yj’ s^n 7jkltg]jp
0v’0=h,6o @ 8ec|j’dk’g7yj’gvUo;jk,afmtpt4ko (Median) s^n 7jkdk’0v’0=h,6o
-5foAoMF g-yj’gxao7jkmujc[j’0=,h o6 vvdgxao @ lj;o7nG lj;omuj,u7jk|hvpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[
,af4tpt4ko c]t lj;omuj,u7jks^kpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[,afmtpt4koD

234
8q;1jk’D -vd,afmtpt4ko0v’0=h,6o @ -5f ]5j,oUG
-5fmu !G 10 ; 6 ; 5 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 6 ; 10 ; 7
-5fmu @G 4 ; 7 ; 5 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 6 ; 8 ; 6 ; 5

[qfcdhG 9af]Po0=h,6o-5fmu ! c8j|hvpsks^kp

5 ; 6 ; 6 ; 7 ;
 
8; 9 ; 10 ; 10 ; 10


$ 7jk $ 7jk
faj'oAo7jk,afmtpt4ko0v’0=h,6o-5fmu ! c,jo )D
9af]Po0=h,6o-5fmu @ c8j|hvpsks^kp
4 ; 5 ; 5 ; 6 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10
    

& 7jk & 7jk

ດິ
ະສ
67
faj'oAo 7jk,afmtpt4ko 0v’0=h,6o-5fmu @ c,jo  6,5 D

ສ ນລຂິ
2

ສ. ຫງວ
g,njv0=h,6o16j.oI6[8k8t]k’7;k,4ujF g-ajo9kd0=h,6o]5j,oUg-yj’ltcf’g4y’7;k,w;0v’dko
0a[0uj]qf0v’ !WW 7qoD ສະ
-Aomu 7;k,w; X Km / h ? 7;k,4uj 7;k,4ujltlq, ວ.
! W { !& $ $
@ !& { #W !W !$
# #W { $& @! #&
$ $& { *W @& *W
& *W { (& @# )#
* (& { _W !& _)
( _W { !W& @ !WW
0=,h o6 ma’\qf,u !WW 7jkF g7yj’|bj’0v’ !WW c,jo &W g-yj’0=,h 6o8ec|j’mu &W 16j-Aomu $ -AooU
gvUo;jk-Ao,afmtpt4koD .ooU G

235
 L 0v[]5j,0v’-Ao,afmtpt4ko c,jo $&F
c 7;k,d;hk’0v’-Ao4kooypq, c,jo 60  45  15,
 f 7;k,4ujltlq,djvo-Ao,afmtpt4ko c,jo 35 c]t
L

f med 7;k,4uj0v’-Ao4kooypq, c,jo 25.

4kooypq,7yfw]j8k,l6f

n 
 2   fL 
Med  L  c  
 f med 
 

9kd0=h,6o0hk’gmy’wfhG

ດິ
ະສ
 50  35 
Med  45  15   54

ສ ນລຂິ
 25 

ສ. ຫງວ
ltoAoF 7jk,afmtpt4ko 0v’0=h,6ooUc,jo &$D ສະ
ວ.
[qfg/ydsaf
!D 7tcoolv[gla’;y-k|bj’0v’oadIPo 20 .oshv’G
oadIPoz6hmuG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

7tcooG 5 6 4 7 8 8 9 10 7 3 4

oadIPoz6hmuG 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

7tcooG 7 6 4 5 8 4 7 5 5

9qj’-vd7jk,afmtpt4ko0v’0=h,6o-5foUrhv,ma’.sh7;k,\kp7jkmujwfh,kD
236
@D 9kddkolv[4k,oadIPo;jkG gInvo0v’oadIPowd9kd3I’IPoxko.f c]t wfh7e8v[
faj’oUG
! & !W !& !W ) @ !W # _
( * !@ ) $ ! ) ( ) !
& ) * !@ ) _ $ * @ (
9qj’-vdsk7jk,afmtpt4koD
#D .sh0=h,6ofaj’8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
.-hg;]k 9eo;ooadIPo
WW { #W okmu *
#W { *W okmu )
*W { _W okmu !W
_W { !@W okmu (

ດິ
ະສ
!@W { !&W okmu *

ສ ນລຂິ
!&W { !)W okmu &

ສ. ຫງວ
9qj’-vdsk7jk,afmtpt4ko 0v’0=h,6o-5foUD ສະ
ວ.
$D 8k8t]k’]5j,oUltcf’g4y’ 9eo;o|hkxB, mujoadIPo9eo;o !&W 7qo vjko8=jvkmyfD
9eo;o|hk 9eo;ooadIPo 7;k,4ujltlq,
WW { W) !&
W) { !* $W
!* { @$ &W
@$ { #@ DDDDDD
#@ { $W !W
];,
9qj’8nj,.lj8k8t]k’.sh7q[4h;oD
9qj’-vdsk7jk,afmtpt4koD

237
&D .odkolv[gla’g]njvo-Ao0v’oadIPo !WW 7qo 16j3I’IPocsj’|bj’wfh7tcoofaj’]5j,oUG
() _W @W (@ @@ (_ ## &W @( *)
@& @* *_ )) _! @_ (* #@ #$ #*
*& #) ($ &_ $$ )$ $& &$ #& $#
#( $# __ $! && $# #@ )* $( &(
$_ &W &@ )_ (W @* _$ *W && *@
*# && *! $! &) (W && @( *W &&
&# $* !) @$ ** @( *) (W &$ ()
(@ (# $@ ($ #_ (W !) && )W (_

ດິ
ະສ
#( #_ (@ @& $$ #W $W )& @$ _@

ສ ນລຂິ
)( _* &# _) @& )) $) @& )& )*

ສ. ຫງວ
7tot;y-kdko wfh;k’,kf8t4kodkoc[j’]efa[xtgrffaj’oUG
 oadlv[gla’ mjugla’wfh7tcoo #W sk #_ 9afgxaoxtgrf vjvos^kpD
ສະ
 oadlv[gla’ mujgla’wfh7tcoo $W sk $_ 9afgxaoxtgrf vjvoD ວ.
 oadlv[gla’ mujgla’wfh7tcoo &W sk &_ 9afgxaoxtgrf r=.-hwfhD
 oadlv[gla’ mujgla’wfh7tcoo *W sk *_ 9afgxaoxtgrf fur=.-hwfhD
 oadlv[gla’ mujgla’wfh7tcoo (W sk (_ 9afgxaoxtgrf fuD
 oadlv[gla’ mujgla’wfh7tcoo )W sk )_ 9afgxaoxtgrf fus^kpD
 oadlv[gla’ mujgla’wfh7tcoo _W sk !WW 9afgxaoxtgrf fug]ufD
9qj’-vdsk7jk,afmtpt4koD

238
 [qfmu $$ 7jk;afcmddkoc9d1kp0v’0=h,6o
dyf9tde
grujo.sh0=h,6o # -5f]5j,oUG
-5fmu !G !W !W !W !W !W !W !W
-5fmu @G _ !W _ !! !W !! !W
-5fmu #G _ _ !W ) !! !@ !!
9qj’-vd7jkltg]jp0v’0=h,6oc8j]t-5fD

.97;k,
gsao;jk0=h,6o # -5f0hk’gmy’oU,u7jkltg]jpgmqjkdao7ngmqjkda[ !WD c8j;jk]adltot0v’0=h
,6o,u7;k,c8d8jk’daoF 0=,h o6 -5fmu ! ,u7jkgmqjkdao\qfD 0=,h o6 -5fmu @ 7jk[+gmqjkdaoc8j;jk,u7;k,

ດິ
ະສ
c8d8jk’dao|hvpd;jk0=h,6o-5fmu #D faj’oAoF dko;yg7kt0=h,o6 3fp.-h7jk;afcmdmjkvP’0v’0=h

ສ ນລຂິ
,6o 1jk’fP;9t[+rP’r=F gryjo,ad.-h7jkmuj;afcmddkoc9d1kp0v’0=h,6o8nj,vudD

ສ. ຫງວ
7jk;afcmddkoc9d1kp0v’0=h,6owfhcdj7;k,d;hk’0v’0=h,6oF 7jkzaoxjPo c]t 7jk
ສະ
ວ.
zaoxjPo,kf8t4koD
7;k,d;hk’0v’0=h,6o
7;k,d;hk’ (Range) 0v’0=,h o6 c,jozqo]q[]ts;jk’7jks^kpl5f0v’0=,h o6 da[7jk|hvpl5f
0v’0=h,6oD

7;k,d;hk’0v’0=h,6o = 7jks^kpl5f0v’0=h,6o - 7jk|hvpl5f0v’0=h,6oD

8q;1jk’D 7;k,d;hk’0v’0=h,6o-5fmu ! c,jo W

7;k,d;hk’0v’0=h,6o-5fmu @ c,jo 11-9 = 2
7;k,d;hk’0v’0=h,6o-5fmu # c,jo 12-8 = 4.

239
7jkzaoxjPo
7jkzaoxjPo0v’0=h,6o8q;1jk’ s^n 0=h,6omujgxao8q;cmolyj’mujlbdlk,ul6f7yfw]jfaj’oUG

( x1  x ) 2  ( x2  x ) 2  ....  ( xn  x ) 2
s2  D
n 1

8q;1jk’D 7jkzaoxjPo0v’0=h,6o-5fmu @ .odyf9tdec,joG

(9  10)2  (10  10) 2  (9  10) 2  (11  10) 2  (10  10) 2  (11  10)2  (10  10) 2
s2 
6
= 2/3 = 0,67.

7jkzaoxjPo0v’0=h,6o-5fmu @ .odyf9tdec,joG

(9  10)2  (9  10)2  (10  10) 2  (8  10) 2  (11  10) 2  (12  10) 2  (11  10) 2
s 
2

ດິ
ະສ
6
= 2.

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
g,njv0=h,6o16j.oI6[8k8t]k’7;k,4ujF g-ajo9kd0=h,6o]5j,oUgxao0=,h 6oxt]y,kooE/qomujgda[de
16jg,nv’|bj’w]pt @W xuG ສະ
xt]y,kooE/qoXmm)
0-7
xi 7jkdk’0v’-Ao
3,5
fi 7;k,4uj
2
ວ.
( xi  x )2 fi
648
8-15 11,5 6 600
16-23 19,5 3 12
24-31 27,5 5 180
32-39 35,5 2 392
40-47 43,5 2 968
x  21,5. ];,G 20 2800

( x1  x )2 f1  ( x2  x )2 f 2  ...  ( xk  x )2 f k 2800
s 
2
  147,37.
( f1  f 2  ...  f k )  1 20  1

240
7jkzaoxjPo,kf8t4ko
7jkzaoxjPo,kf8t4ko0v’0=h,6o8q;1jk’ c,joG

s  s2
( x1  x )2  ( x2  x )2  ....  ( xn  x )2

n 1
( x1  x )2 f1  ( x2  x )2 f 2  ...  ( xk  x )2 f k
 .
( f1  f 2  ...  f k )  1

[qfg/ydsaf
!D 9kd0=h,6olv’-5f]5j,oU 0=h,6o-5f.f,u7jkdkoc9d1kps^kpd;jkL
0=h,6o-5fmu ! * ( ( ) ) _ !W

ດິ
ະສ
0=h,6o-5fmu @ & * ( ) ) _ _

ສ ນລຂິ
@D 9qj’-vd7jkltg]jp c]t 7jkzaoxjPo0v’v5jostr6,.oxu|bj’D

ສ. ຫງວ
gfnvo W! W@ W# W$ W& W* ສະ
ວ.
v5ostr6, Xvq’lk? !& !* !) @@ @) #W
gfnvo W( W) W_ !W !! !@
v5ostr6, Xvq’lk? ## ## @( @$ @@ @W
#D 9qj’-vdsk7jkzaoxjPo c]t 7jkzaoxjPo,kf8t4ko0v’0=h,6o8=jwxoUD
0=h,6o 7;k,4uj
@! { @* $
@( { #@ !W
## { #) @!
#_ { $$ @&
$& { &! @#
241
$D .sh0=h,6odko.-hg;]kg[yj’3m]trk[0v’oadIPofaj’]5j,oUG
.-hg;]k 9eo;ooadIPo
WW { #W okmu *
#W { *W okmu )
*W { _W okmu !W
_W { !@W okmu (
!@W { !&W okmu *
!&W { !)W okmu &
9qj’-vdsk7jkzaoxjPo c]t 7jkzaoxjPo,kf4ko0v’0=h,6o-5foUD
&D .odkolv[gla’g]njvo-Ao 0v’oadIPo !WW 7qo 16j3I’IPo csj’|bj’ wfh7tcoo
faj’]5j,oUG
() _W @W (@ @@ (_ ## &W @( *)

ດິ
ະສ
ສ ນລຂິ
@& @* *_ )) _! @_ (* #@ #$ #*

ສ. ຫງວ
*& #) ($ &_ $$ )$ $& &$ #& $#
#( $# __ $! && $# #@ )* $( &( ສະ
$_ &W &@ )_ (W @* _$ *W && *@ວ.
*# && *! $! &) (W && @( *W &&
&# $* !) @$ ** @( *) (W &$ ()
(@ (# $@ ($ #_ (W !) && )W (_
#( #_ (@ @& $$ #W $W )& @$ _@
)( _* &# _) @& )) $) @& )& )*
9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’7;k,4ujgrnjv-vdsk7jkltg]jpD
9qj’-vdsk7jkzaoxjPo c]t 7jkzaoxjPo,kf4koD

242
 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf
[qfmu !
!D! !D x  2. @D x  3. #D x  0. $D x  0. &D y  2.
2
*D x  2. (D [+,u )D z . _D x  2. !WD [+,u F
3
!!D y  3. !@D y  3, y  1.
1 3 2x a 4n 4
!D@ !D . @D . #D . $D . &D .
2x 2 u 3y b 3m

*D ax . (D 2 x . )D x  y . _D ab. !WD x( x  1) .
b 3 2 x 1
!!D x  7 . !@D a  b . !#D x  y . !$D 2(3a  7) . !&D 3( x  9) .
x 1 ab x  2y a y
!*D x . !(D x . !)D x . !_D x  2 . @WD x  2 .
3 2 2 3x 2x
@!D x  3 . @@D a  4b . @#D x  2 . @$D 2 x  3 y . @&D u  2 .

ດິ
ະສ
x3 4b x2 2 xy uv

ສ ນລຂິ
x5 3( x  7) x2  2 x  4 y 3
@*D . @(D . @)D . @_D .

ສ. ຫງວ
2x 4 x2 x2 2y

#WD x3
. #!D 0Bo]k7k 20%. ສະ
ວ.
x2
#@D dD ]q’]k7k 5 95 %. 0D [+deoqfg,bjv C 0  0. 7D s^kp[+deoqfD ’D ]q’]k7k 100%.
[qfmu @
18 3
@D! !D . @D 30 y 4 . #D . $D  1. &D 1.
x2 11
*D 5 . (D 1
. )D 1
. _D 2x 2 . !WD 18
.
b 16 x 7x2 y y8

!!D 32 . !@D y2. !#D 4. !$D 9. !&D 1 .

x x3
1
!*D 2 !(D  . !)D  w 4 . !_D  y . @WD  1 .
s x c
@!D 1. @@D ( s  5)( s  4)
. @#D (a  2)(a  5) . @$D (c  1)(c  3) .
( s  5)( s  4) (a  7)(a  3) (c  2)(c  2)

243
 5 12 9 1
@D@ @&D . @*D . @(D x. @)D . @_D .
x x 7x x y
2
#WD 3. #!D 4. #@D 2. ##D 9
. #$D 25x 2 .
16 36 y
2( x  3) 25 x( x  1) t 5 s ( s  3) x 1
#&D . #*D . #(D . #)D . #_D  .
x3 x 1 t 5 s 3 x( y  2)
x2 cd cd ( x  1)( x  2)
$WD  . $!D . $@D  . $#D .
x( y  3) ab cd ( x  1)( x  2)
( x  3)( x  5) y2 y
$$D . $&D . $*D .
( x  3)( x  5) 2y  3 (2 y  1)( y  2)
3d ( y  b) a (a  c) 4
$(D . $)D . $_D . &WD 6 .
c 2 ( y  b) b  
@D# !D oadIPortpkpk,7yfgv’D
@D cmo a fh;p ! d=wfhgrktIvofh;p a d=7n sko.sh a D cmo a fh;p W [+wfh grkt
Ivofh;p a d=7n sko.sh a [+c,jo ]q[vvd a D

ດິ
ະສ
VC AC 3
#D [+4ndgrkt 11  15  3. $D   . &D dD 1
. 0D 1
. 7D 0

ສ ນລຂິ
5 VS AS 2 100 1000

[qfmu #
#D! !D zqoskoc,jo 3x  1 F glf c,jo 0.
#D Q( y )  2 y 2  y  3 F R  0.
&D Q( x)  3 x  1 F R  3.
(D Q( x)  4 x  1 F R  0.
_D Q( x)  3 x  5 F R  3.
!!D Q( x)  x  2 F R  0.
#D@D !#D Q( x)  4 x  1 F R  4.
!&D Q( x)  2 x3  3x 2  5 F R  5.
!(D Q( x)  2 x 2  3x  2 F R  0.
R  186 x  170.
@WD Q ( x )  x 2  2 x  3 F R   x  5.
ສ. ຫງວ
@D zqoskoc,jo Q( x)  2 x  3 F R  0.
ສະ
ວ.
$D Q( x)  x 2  3 x  5 F R  0.
*D Q( x)  2 x  3 F R  5.
)D Q(m)  2m  3 F R  0.
!WD Q( x)  2 x  73 F R   503
.
!@D Q( y )  y  3 F R  0.
!$D Q( x)  3x3  x 2  2 F R  4.
!*D Q( x)  4 x 2  2 x  1 F R  2.
!)D Q( x)  2 x3  6 x 2  32 x  84 F
!_D Q( x)  3x3  4 x  3 F R  8x.

244
[qfmu $
x 1 2 1 x
$D! !D . @D 1. #D 0. $D  . &D 1. *D . (D a  b. )D . _D .
x2 n x 3x x 1
$D@ !D a ( a  1). @D t (t  1). #D 6u 2 (u  3). $D 2a (a  1). &D xy ( x  y ).
*D 2t 2 (t  3)(t  3). (D 2 x( x  1) 2 . )D (3  2a )(3  2a ).
_D 12( x  y) 2 . !WD 6( p  q)( p  q ).
#D 22 x  12 . $D 22b 2 . &D a .
2 2
$D# !D a
. @D 2 .
a 1 x2 x y a b a 1
 x8 1 3 5x  5
*D . (D . )D . _D .
( x  3)( x  2) (a  2)(a  3) ( x  1)( x  3)( x  4) ( x  1) 2 ( x  4)
1 3u 3  6u 2 v 2  8v 2 y 2  9 x  16 x 2
!WD . !!D . !@D .
5 x( x  1) 36u 3 v 3 24 x3 y 2
15t 2  14t  6 y2  8 3x  5 5a 2  2 a  5
!#D . !$D . !&D 0. !*D . !(D .
36t 3 8y3 x3 (a  1)(a  1)

ດິ
ະສ
3 y 2  y  18 5 x  55 13 x  35
!)D . !_D . @WD .
y2 12( x  5)( x  5) 2 24( x  7)( x  7) 2

ສ ນລຂິ
2x  8 x9 3
@$D 2 .

ສ. ຫງວ
@!D . @@D . @#D .
( x  2)( x  2) 2
( x  3) 2 ( x  3) x3 x y
x 2  5x  1 5m 2  1 7x  3 ສະ
ວ.
@&D . @*D . @(D .
( x  1)( x  2)( x  7) 6(m  1) 2 12 x 2 ( x  1) 2
17 m 2  m  3 xy 2  xy  y 2 x2
@)D . @_D . #WD 3 .
15m 2 (m  1) 2 x3  y3 x  y3

$D$ !D  22 . @D 1 . #D 51 . $D 65 . &D 27 . *D 22 . (D ab  1 . )D xy  1 .
17 4 10 116 50 35 ab  1 xy  2
2( ab  1) 1 b( a 2  b ) 3(2a  b) 3ab 5ab
_D . !WD . !!D . !@D . !#D . !$D .
2ab  1 2 a (b  a )
2
2(3b  a) b  2a 3b  6a
14 a 2x 2 5a 2 4n 2 3xy
!&D . !*D . !(D . !)D . !_D .
11 5 a3 2n  1 ( x  y )( y  2 x)
xy 2 y  3x 9 y  4x ( x  y )( x 2  y 2 )
@WD . @!D . @@D . @#D .
( x  y )( y  2 x) 6 6 xy( x  y )
ab x( x  y )  y 1 4n( 2n  3) 2(m 2  1)
@$D . @&D . @*D . @(D . @)D .
ab 2y a 3(3n 2  4) m 2 (1  2m)

245
 2n 2 b 2y  x b
@_D . #WD 2m. #!D . #@D . ##D .
(n  1) 2 a  2b 2y a
2ab  a 2
#$D . #&D  1. #*D  1 . #(D 8. #)D 3abc .
b 2
2 bc  ac  ab
#_D 3,14159292   .
70 70
$WD 0D  . 7D 1, 4142201183  2.
70  2  29 169
1 4 1 33 1 532
$!D 1 9
 .
1
 .  .
2 2 74 1 1193
1 2
4 4 1
4
8 1
8
16
[qfmu &
3
!D S  { }. @D S  {1}. #D S  {3}. $D S  { 1 }. &D S  { 8 }.
2
*D S  { 31 / 24 }. (D S  { 8 / 5 }. )D S  {  4 }. _D S  { 1 / 16 }.

ດິ
ະສ
!WD S   . !!D S   . !@D S  { 2 }. !#D S  {1}. !$D S  {1}.

ສ ນລຂິ
!&D S  { 16 }. !*D S  { 3}. !(D S  { 5 / 3 }. !)D S  { 1}.

ສ. ຫງວ
3
!_D @WD S  {  4 }.
S  { 2 / 3 }. @!D S  { 0 }. @@D S  {2 / 3}. ສະ
ວ.
@#D S   . @$D S    {1}. @&D S  {5}. @*D S  {6 }.
@(D S  {1 / 2 }. @)D S  {1 / 2 }. @_D S  {0 }. #WD S   .
#!D S  {2 }. #@D S  {2 }. ##D S  {4 }. #$D S  {3}.
#&D S  {1 / 2 }. #*D S  {1 / 3}. #(D S  {2 ; 3}. #)D S  {1; 3}.
#_D S  {1 ;1 / 6 }. $WD S  {1 / 2 ;  2 / 3}. $!D S  { 5 ;  3}.
$@D S  {1  5 ;1  5}. $#D S  {5}. $$D S  {3; 21}.
$&D S  { 5,5 ; 6 }. $*F S  { 2 }. $(D S  { 2 }. $)D S  { 5}.
$_D S    {1;  2;  3}. &WD S  { 7 / 3}.
[qfmu *
*D! !D 2:75. @D 3 : 10. #D 1: 3. $D 1: 600.
&D 11: 250. *D 3:10. (D 1:100. )D 40 :1. _D 1:1000. !WD 4047 :10000 .
*D@ !D 1 / 13. @D 16 . #D 883 .

246
 $D 48 cm. &D 32mn 30 s. *D 5 9vd
(D 1 inch  2,54 cm. 1 m  3,28 feet. 1 yard  0, 9144 m.
1 mile  1, 61 km. 1 ounce  28,35 g . 1 pound  0,4536 kg .
1 liter  0,26 gallons . 1 acre  0, 4047 hectare.
1 acre  4047 m 2 .
)D dF 480 km. 0D 7.24 a.m. 7D 320 000 k .
_D dF 40 mn, 10 mn. 0D 8 mn.
!WD dF v  6 km / h. 0D 4 h. 7D 3 14 h.
!!D 6 mn. !@D t  2 12 h.
*D# !D 54 ; 72 ;120. @D 7 500 du[F 5000 du[F 2500 du[D #D 900 m; 1200 m; 1500 m.
$D 60. &D 9 000 ;12000. *D 4 ; 4,2 23 ; 3,7 13 . (D 52 ; 26 ;13.
5
)D 4 000 ; 2000. _D 15 000 ;10000. !WD x : y : z  21 : 14 : 24. !!D h.
6
[qfmu (

ດິ
ະສ
(D! !D 10,98%. @D 3,30%. #D 47,5%. $D 75%. &D 52 121 %.

ສ ນລຂິ
*D 4 %. (D 38%. )D 43, 28%. _D 2, 04%. !WD 4,275.

ສ. ຫງວ
(D@ !D 6, 666 ]hkodu[D @D 2, 64 ]hkodu[D #D 10%. $D 7%.
&D 2 xuD *D 2 12 xuD ສະ
(D 82 800 du[D )D ( ]hkodu[D _D 5,52 ]hkodu[D

ວ.
!WD 796 000 du[D
(D# !D 5, 908 ]hkodu[D @D 2 , 427 ]hkodu[D #D 2, 45%. $D 3,33%  3 13 %.
&D 2 xuD *D 3 xuD (D 79500 du[ )D 74 675 du[D _D 79500 du[
!WD 287 259 du[D
(D$ !D 86,2025 ]hkodu[D @D 92 607 du[D #D 31,2947 ]hkodu[D
$D 0,3243 ]hkodu[D &D 88,2 ]hkodu[D
[qfmu )
)D! !D 10 km / h. @D 710 km / h. #D 114 72 km / h. $D 10 74 km / h. &D 30 12 km / h.
)D@ !D 8k,maodao gmbjvmu ! 16j xkd-ao g;]k 8.22 12 D
@ 16j xkddtfy’ g;]k 9.00 D
# 16j km 362 12 g;]k 11.07 12
247
 @D l;omk’dao 16j km 88 g;]k 9.15
#D X,d? mao X2o? 16j km 6 g;]k 7.20
X,d? l;o X2o? 16j km 11 g;]k 7.41 23
X,d? l;o X,p? 16j km 9 g;]k 7.45
X,p? mao X2o? 16j km 12 g;]k 7.40
X,p? mao X2o? 16j km 9 g;]k 8.00
X,p? mao X2o? 16j km 4 12 g;]k 8.15
$D 45 km / h.
[qfmu _
_D! !D 6. @D [+,u #D 9. $D 11 . &D 4 2. *D 5 3. (D 4. )D  6.
3 4
_D  3 3 2. !WD 4 3 3. !!D . !@D . !#D 2 4
2.
5 7
2 16
!$D 3 4 2. !&D . !*D . !(D 2| x |. !)D 2 x 2 | y | 2.
3 25

ດິ
ະສ
4 x2 2| x | 3a 2 8a 2
!_D . @WD x. @!D 2b . @@ a. @#D xy 2 .
| y| y2 | c3 | c4

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
2x 2 3x 3x 2
@$D xy 2 3
x. @&D  . @*D 3
x. @(D 2 | xy | . @)D .
y y3 | y3 |
2x ສະ
#WD 3xy2 5 y .
ວ.
@_D  .
y z
_D@ !D @_ @D 35. #D 74. $D 103. &D 147.
[qfmu !W
!WD! !D 7 3. @D 0. #D 6 2. $D 4 5. &D 7 3. *D 5 3. (D 0. )D  3 7 .
_D 8 2. !WD 12 2  3 3. !!D 2 3  4 2. !@D 3. !#D  2 2  3 3.
!$D 2 2  4 5  2 3. !&D (2 14 ) 2. !*D 4 5  2 7 . !(D 8 2. !)D 3.
!_D 6 5  9 6. @WD  9 6. @!D 16 6  4 5. @@D 2 2. @#D  6 3. @$D
20 3  2 . @&D 3 3. @*D 75 3. @(D  a 5 a . @)D u 3 u 2  2u 3 u .
@_D 4 3 x 2 . #WD 3 5 y  3 y .
!WD@ !D 3. @D 5. #D 45. $D 30 . &D 21. *D 6 3. (D 8 10.
)D 50 33. _D 18 2. !WD 42. !!D 3. !@D 50 2. !#D 2.

248
 !$D 9. !&D 21  14 . !*D  6. !(D 2 21  12 14 . !)D  4.
@_D 18 . @WD 12 6. @!D 18 2  20 3. @@D  5  2 3.
@#D 10  6  15  3. @$D 21  35  6  10. @&D 5  2 6.
@*D 14  6 5. @(D 9  2 14 . @)D 3. @_D 16  6. #WD 29  4 7 .
#!D 57  12 15. #@D 6 ##D 11 . #$D 35  3 14  2 15  6 6.
#&D 30  6 15  4 10  4 6. #*D 5  3 12  3 18. #(D  2.
#)D x  2 3 xy  3 x 2 y 2  2 y. #_D u  5 u 2 v 2  5 u 3v 3  v. $WD x  y.
$!D x  y. $@D 8 3. $#D 34.
3 2 4 5
!WD# !D . @D . #D 3 . $D 2. &D 2 . *D 2 .
2 5 3 2 2

(D 2 . )D 3 . _D 2 . !WD 7 2 . !@D 3  3 . !#D 3 2  2 3 .

2 2 3 4 3 6

!$D 3 10  5 . !&D 2 6  2 . !*D 2  1. !(D 2  3. !)D 3  2.

10 3

ດິ
ະສ
!_D 3( 5  3 ) . @WD 2(2 2  1) . @!D 3( 3  1). @@D 2 5  1 .

ສ ນລຂິ
2 7 19

ສ. ຫງວ
@#D 5(5  2 6 ). @$D 12  5 3 . @&D 6  6 . @*D 11  6 2 . @(D 9  2 14 .
23 30 7 5
ສະ
ວ.
19  6 2 23  8 5 x2 y 3
y2 3
2x 2 y
@)D . @_D . #WD 2. #!D . #@D . ##D .
17 19 y2 y x
3
x 2  3 xy  3 y 2 2
#$D . #&D 3 xy .
x y y
3
( x  y  z )( x  y  z  2 xy ) ab 2 2 2  6
#*D . #(D . #)D .
x  y  z  2 xy  2 xz  2 yz
2 2 2
ab 4
#_D 3 3  3 2.

3
!WD$ !D  4. @D (4 12 ) 13. #D . $D 2 | a | 6 2a 2 . &D 10
5  2.
4
*D 8x 3 y 3 y  10 xy 2 3
x 2 y 2  2x 2 y 3 3
x.
3 3
1 b 
(D 6
a 2 b  6ab 3 a 24
a 8b . )D 4m 2
 12  9m 2 .
ab 2 a2

249
 2 4
 1  13
_D x 1  x x .
3
 !WD a 2  3  3a 2  a 4 . !!D a 3  1. !@D a  b.
4
!#D 6
7 . !$D 2a. !&D 2 x 2 y 3 4 xy . !*D 4u 2v6 3 2uv .
3 x y
!(D  3 6x 2 . !)D 3
48abc . !_D 3
( x  y) 2 . @WD .
x y
@!D 4 x3 y 3 2 y . @@D 2x 3 4 y2 . @#D 4
32 m . @$D 2 6 25 y  5 . @&D x n ( x  y) n2 .
2
@*D x 2 y n 1 . @(D 18 ( )7 . @)D 8
23 . @_D 12
a7 . #WD 16
x15 .
3
!WD& 2
[qfmu !!
!D S  {64}. @D S  {3}. #D S   . $D S  {9}. &D S  {3}.
*D S   . (D S   . )D S   . _D S   . !WD S  {7}.
!!D S  {6}. !@D S  {2}. !#D S  { a 2  1} g,njv a  0. S   g,njv a  0.
a 3

ດິ
!$D g,njv g,njv a ]   ;  3[ , S   .

ະສ
a [  3;   [ , S  { }.
2

ສ ນລຂິ
9
!&D S  { 3 }. !*D S  . !(D S  {12}. !)D S  . !_D S { }.

ສ. ຫງວ
4
@WD S  {4 / 9} D @!D S  {3 / 2}. @@D S  {  1}. @#D S  {0}. @$D S  {4}.
&D S  {13 / 4}. @*D @(D @)D ສະ
ວ.
S  {13 / 4}. S  {2 / 9}. S  {  11/16}.
@_D S  {3}. #WD S  {5}. #!D S  {3}. #@D S  {1}. ##D S  {3}.
1
#$D S  { }. #&D S  {  3;  2}. #*D S  {3; 4}. #(D S  {1/ 4; 2}.
2
#)D S  {2 / 9;1}. #_D S   . $WD
$!D S   .
S  .
$@D S  . $#D S  {7}. $$D S  {5; 6}. $&D S  {0}.
$*D S  {0}. $(D S  {3; 4}. $)D S   . $_D S  {15}. &WD S  {11}.
&!D g,njv a  0  S  .
(a 2  1) 2 (a 2  1) 2
g,njv a  0  S  { ; }.
4(a 2  2) 4(a 2  2)
2 5
&@D S  { 5 / 3}. &#D a  0 , S  { 5a / 3}. &$D l . &&D m .
 2
2 2
2GM e
&*D Re  .
v2

250
[qfmu !@
!@D! !D 2 5. @D 3 5. #D 26 $D 36. &D 212  38. *D 5 6  312. (D 2 4. )D 5 2.
2
_D 3 2. !WD 1. !!D 1
. !@D 3
. !#D 5
. !$D 3 . !&D 1
.
6 2 4 2 2
2  36
2

5 2
5  73
!*D 22 . !(D 2 5 .
3 2
!)D 1
. !_D 3
. @WD .
5 6 2 24
!@D@ !D 6a 7 . @D 12 a 2m2
. #D b. $D x 12 . &D  1.
8
*D 9x 6 . (D 1 ac. )D a2. _D . !WD b . 3

2 ac 2
d6 72c
!!D a. !@D . !#D . !$D b2. !&D 1.
c b
4 x3 y2 y2z4
!*D 1. !(D . !)D . !_D . @WD .
x6 y3z6 x4 x3
x4 x4 y6 125 y 8 1 1
@!D . @@D . @#D . @$D . @&D .
81y 4 z3 4 x8 3x y 2 2
23

ດິ
ະສ
6b 2 16 x 12
@*D . @(D 1. @)D c. @_D . #WD .

ສ ນລຂິ
a3 a y8

ສ. ຫງວ
9m 4 1 1 8 y 12
#!D . #@D . ##D . #$D . #&D x 4 y 20 z 28 .
n6 16 6 2
x y x6 ສະ
ວ.
2 2
y 24 c3 y3
#*D 2 2 y2 . #(D . #)D y. #_D . $WD .
3 z xz a 7b6 x 10 z 9
22 xy
$!D 61 10 . $@D . $#D xy. $$D 1. $&D 1.
x y 32 z
3y x 1 1
$*D 1. $(D y5. $)D . $_D . &WD .
xz 2x  1 4x  1
!@D# !D 27. @D 8. #D 5. $D 27. &D 16.
*D  8. (D 100. )D 243. _D 8. !WD 0,2.
!!D 0,04. !@D 0,03125 . !#D 0, (269). !$D 12,70(370). !&D 6,25.
!*D 2,25. !(D 3,375 . !)D 4.
1 3 5 7 1

!@D$ !_D x . 6
@WD 12 x 4
. @!D 6y . 6
@@D x 12 . @#D y4.
1

@$D y . 6
@&D (2 x) 6 . @*D (2 x) 2 . @(D 4 x. @)D 2 y.

251
 1 4 2

@_D (2 y ) 2 . #WD x3 y3. #!D x5 y 2 . #@D x3 y 2 . ##D x4 y2.

y2 y6
#$D a 3b 6 . #&D .(2 xy 2 ) 2 . #*D (5ab 3 ) 2 . #(D . #)D .
x4 x9
x2 x3 y4 y2 1
#_D . $WD . $!D . $@D . $#D .
y y6 x2 x 1
2
x y
4 2 2
y 1 ac c y 4 z8
$$D . $&D . $*D . $(D . $)D .
x2 xy 2 b4 a 2b 4 x4
8 y3 y z9 y4z4 y
$_D . &WD . &!D . &@D . &#D .
27 x 3 x2 8x 3 y 6 81x 4 2x
3 1 5 2
a 2b 2
&$D . &&D  x  x2  x2. &*D x  1. &(D x6  x3.
4
5 5 7 2 5 3 7 1

&)D x  x . &_D x  x  x .
3 3 6 3
*WD x x x
4 4 12
 2x . 4

!@D& !D   3,14159...  3  2  2 3  8.

ດິ
ະສ
2
@D    36,462159... c]t 2  1, 632526... D

ສ ນລຂິ
3
2 3
#D ( 5 ) 2  52  5 c]t [(3 3 ) 3 ] 3  3 33  3.
3 3

ສ. ຫງວ
[qfmu !#
13.1 dD [1,16]. 0D 1  y  100 7D 0  y  9 ’D y  4 D 9D ສະ y 1
13.2 1. x   2
3
2. [+,u 3. 0 4. x  2
ວ.
5. 2  x  2
6. x  0 7. x  1, x  1 8. x  10, x  10
9. 1  x  1 10. x   1 , x  1 11. 3  x   1 , 1  x  3
3 3 2 2
12.  5  x  0, 0  x  5
[qfmu !$
14.1 1. 1  y  3 2. 1  y  25 3. [+,u. 4. 0  y  25 5. [+,u.
3 3 3 3
14.2 1. 1 2. [+,u. 3. [+,u. 4. [+,u. 5.  3 *D [+,u.
2
[qfmu !&
15.1 y   x 2 ,1, x  1, S 1;0  .
15.2 wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko y  x 2 8k,cdoovo @ sq;|j;pD

252
15.3 wfh9kddkophkp0t|ko y  3x 2 8k,cdoovo ! sq;|j;pD g,af9v, 1;0  , x  1
c,jolq,zqocdog7yj’7nD
15.4 g,af9v,  1;0  , x  1 c,jolq,zqocdog7yj’7nD
15.5 dD g,af9v,  1;0  , s;jk’cI, c,jo ]  ; 1] s;jk’0Boc,jo [1; [
0D g,af9v, 1;0  , s;jk’0Bo c,jo ]  ;1] s;jk’cI,c,jo [1; [
7D g,af9v, 1;0  , s;jk’cI, c,jo ]  ;1] s;jk’0Boc,jo [1; [
’D g,af9v,  2;0  , s;jk’0Bo c,jo ]  ; 2] s;jk’cI,c,jo [2; [
15.6 y2  ( x  1)2 , y2  2( x  1) 2 , y2  3( x  1) 2 , y2  4( x  2)2
15.7
x -  -1 + x -  -1 +
y 0 y 0

h : x x  12 g : x   2( x  1) 2
x -  + x -  +

ດິ
ະສ
0 1
y 0 y 0

ສ ນລຂິ
f : x  2 x2 p : x    x  12

ສ. ຫງວ
[qfmu !*
ສະ
16.1 dD g,af9v, 1;3 , x  1 c,jolq,zqocdog7yj’7n c]t [+8afcdoovoD
0D g,af9v, 1; 3 , x  1 c,jolq,zqocdog7yj’7n c]t [+8afcdoovoD ວ.
7D g,af9v,  1;1 , x  1 c,jolq,zqocdog7yj’7n c]t [+8afcdoovoD
’D g,af9v,  3; 4  , x  3 c,jolq,zqocdog7yj’7n c]t 8afcdoovo16j x  3  2 .
3
16.2 3, 2, 4. 16.3 1, 2, 1. 16.4 2, 3, 1.
16.5 dD y  3( x  4)2  5. 0D y  3( x  3)2  1. 7D y  3( x  1) 2  5.
’D y  3( x  4)2  2.
[qfmu !(
17.1 dD y  ( x  1)2  2. 0D y  3( x  1) 2  6. 7D y  4( x  1 )2  1 .
4 4
’D y  1 ( x  2)2  2.
2
17.2 4, 7. 17.3.  5 , 35 .
2 4

253
 2
2  5 9
17.4 1. y  2 x 2  x  3. 2. y  3x  6 x  2 #D y  2 x   
 4 8
2 2 2
$D y    x  1  1 &D y  1  x  5   3, y  1  x  1  3 D
2 2
!(D& !D y   x  2   72
@D y  x  2  7
2
#D y   x  2 2  7
$D y   x  4 2  7 &D y   x  2 2  5 *D y  x2  7 D
[qfmu !)
1 7
18.1 1. ymax  4 2. ymin  1 . 3. ymax  . 4. ymin   .
8 3
5. y min  2 , y max  5 . 6. ymin  4 S y max  8 .
7. Max f x   f 1  2 c]t Min f  x   f 0   1 .
8. y min  2 c]t y max  14 S f 4  2 [+c,jo7jk\hvpl5fD
9. y max  1 c]t y min  15 D 10. ymin  y 2   3 .
18.2 1. c = 2, ymin  c  3 F ymax  y 1  9  c . 2. c = 9, ymax  7 F ymin  41 .

ດິ
ະສ
9
18.3 g,njv x  53 , y   56 .
y min 
5

ສ ນລຂິ
18.4 ymax 
25
g,njv x  5 c]t y  5 S y min  0 g,njv x  5, y  0.

ສ. ຫງວ
2 2
4
18.5 ymin   g,njv x   1 , y  1 . ສະ
ວ.
3 3 3
[qfmu !_
5 5
19.1 f x   0 g,njv x ; x  1 F f x   0 g,njv  x  1D
7 7
2 2
g x   0 g,njv  x  1 F g x   0 g,njv x  , x  1D
3 3
h x   0 le]a[m5dM x   D
11 11
E  x   0 : x   ; x  1. E  x   0 :   x  1.
3 3
k  x   0 : x  3. k  x   0: x  3
19.2 f  x   0 : x  2, x  0, f  x   0:  2  x  0
h x   0 le]a[m5dM7jk0v’ x  
g  x   0 : x  1, x  3; g  x   0:  1  x  3.
k  x   0 : x  2, x  3; k  x   0:  2  x  3.

254
[qfmu @W
8
20.1 d. x  1, x  0D x  5, x  1 7D 1  x  5 ’D S  9D SR lD S  D
3 4
4
20.2  2  k  6 20.3 2  a  6 20.4 k 0
5
20.5 22 2  k  22 2
20.6 { g,njv m  0 lq,zqo,u ! .9zqogxao9eo;o9y’D
{ g,njv m  0 , 0  m  1, m  1 lq,zqo,u@.9zqo mujgxao9eo;o9y’8jk’daoD
{ g,njv m  1 lq,zqo,u @ .9zqo-hvodao Xs^n ,urP’ ! .9zqo?D
20.7 x  4; y  2.
[qfmu @!
1
21.1 4hk ;jk a xkik3[o 8yfcdo x F
8
1
4hk ;jk a   xkik3[o[+8afcdo x c]t1j6gmy’cdo x F
8

ດິ
ະສ
1
4hk ;jk a   xkik3[o 8afcdo x 1j6 lv’g,afD
8

ສ ນລຂິ
21.2 !D xkik3[o 8yfda[glAo-njmu.sh,kD @D xkik3[o 8afda[glAo-njmu.sh,kD

ສ. ຫງວ
#D xkik3[o [+ 8afda[glAo-njmu.sh,kD $D xkik3[o [+ 8afda[glAo-njmu.sh,kD
@!D# !D 1;1; 4;7  @D 3 ;0 @!D$D k  14 @!D&D a  4, b  2. ສະ
ວ.
[qfmu @@
@@D! 1. -25/8 2. 41/4 3. 7 4. 99/8 5. 479/16.
5 3
22.2 2 x 2  2 x  5  0 22.3 x 2  5 x  8  0 22.4 x 2  x 0
2 2
2
22.5  x 2  x  0 @@D* x2  x  2  0 @@D( a  0, b  9.
9
@@D) a  1, b  10.
[qfmu @#
7 5
@#D! dD x  1;5  x  11 0D
 4  x   ;  x  2 7D  2  x  1
2 3
1
’D  x2 9D x  4 , 1  x  2  2 , x  2  2
2 2
@#D@ !D a4 @D   a  0. #D  1  a  0, a  4.
1
2 2

255
@#D# p  1. @#D$ 8  a  80 .
9
@#D& d=]tou a  0 :   0,   0 g,njv   0, f (0)  0, p  0 S
  0   g,njv f (0)  0 D
d=]tou a  0:   0,   0 g,njv   0, f (0)  0, p  0 S
  0,   0 g,njv   0, f (0)  0, p  0 S
  0   g,njv f (0)  0 D
d=]tou a  0:   k ,   k g,njv   0, f (k )  0, p  k S
  k   g,njv f (k )  0 D
d=]tou a  0:   k ,   k g,njv   0, f (k )  0, p  k S
  k ,   k g,njv   0, f (k )  0, p  k S
  k   g,njv f (k )  0 D
@#D* 1  m  2. @#D( !D 1  m  3. @D m  3. @#D) 0  m  1.
3
[qfmu @$

ດິ
ະສ
24.1 4, -3/4, -5/8.
  

ສ ນລຂິ
24.2 (a; b)  1  2;1  2 , 1  2,1  2 .

ສ. ຫງວ
24.3 a  2, a  3.
24.4 dD ( x; y)  (5; 3), (3;5), (5;3), (3; 5). ສະ
ວ.
0D ( x ; y)  (1; 2), (2;1), (3; 2), (2; 3). 7D ( x ; y)  (4;3), (3; 4).
’D ( x ; y)  (3; 2), ( 32 ; 14 ). 9D ( x ; y)  (4; 3), ( 134 ; 174 ).
lD ( x ; y )  (4; 3), ( 7 ; 9 ).
2 2
[qfmu @&
3 2 10
@&D! D @&D@ cos 
A F tan A  3 10 D
5 7 20
@&D#   15
EBC c]t tan15  2  3 @&D& 5  
3 1  2 m
[qfmu @*
@*D!
 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180
3 2 1 1 2 3
cos  1 0    1
2 2 2 2 2 2

256
 1 2 3 3 2 1
sin  0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
tan  0 1 3 [=jdeoqf  3 1  0
3 3
5
@*D@ d? !D 0? !D 7? '? 3D 9? !D
2
@*D# d?   90 0?   60 7?   60 '?   45 s^n 135 9?   135 D l?   150
2
@*D$ d? cos    F sin   5 c]t tan    5 D
3 3 2
2 3 5
0? sin   F cos   F tan   2 5 s^n cos    3 5 F tan    2 5 D
7 7 15 7 15
4 4 3
7? tan    D sin   c]t cos    D
3 5 5
3
@*D& d?  0? 11 D @*D*D tan   7 D
8 16
@*D( d? 60    120 D 0? 60    180 D 7? 0    60 s^n 90    180 D

ດິ
ະສ
'? 0    45 s^n 135    180 D 9? 0    135 D

ສ ນລຂິ
l? 0    90 ,120    180 D

ສ. ຫງວ
[qfmu @(
@(D! 45 s^n 135 D @(D@ a  3 F ສະ
@(D#   60 F a  6  2 s^n B
B
2
  120 F a  6  2 D
2
ວ.
@(D$ c 6F R 3D @(D& b  3 D
@(D* a3 3F C   45 F B
  75 D @(D( c  4 2 c]t R4 2D
@(D)   45 s^n 135 D
B @(D_ 7 : 5 : 3 D
[qfmu @)
@)D! a  15 D @)D@   45 F C
a 2F B   105 D

2 6 
@)D# a  3F c  F C  75 D @)D$ A  30 F B  15 F c  2 D
2
@)D& 4hk   45 wfh 
C   135 wfh 
A  105 c]t a  3  1 F 4hk C A  15 c]t
a  3 1 D

257
@)D* b    60 D
6 F c  3 1 F B
[qfmu @_
 9   90 D
@_D! cos B F S  6 10 D @_D@ b2F C @_D# 10 3 D
11
3 2 3
@_D$ D @_D& 3D @_D* 36 D
2
[qfmu #W
#WD! 8q;1jk’xt]y,koltdkc] wfhcdj g;]kF w]ptmk’F ,;olko
8q;1jk’xt]y,kog;adg8u wfhcdj 7;k,w;F vaf8kg]aj’F 7;k,cI’
#WD@ dD 4nd 0D 4nd 7D zyf ’D zyf
#WD$ dD AB// EF, AF// BE, AC// FD, BC// DE
0D AB & FE, AF & BE, AC & FD, BC & ED

ດິ
ະສ
7D AB & EF, AF & EB, CA & FD, BC & DE

ສ ນລຂິ
’D AB & AC, AB & AF, AC & BC, CA & DE

ສ. ຫງວ
   
#WD& dD AD// HE, AD// CB, BA// HG 0D AD  HE, CB  FG, DC  HG
7D
    ສະ
ວ.
AD&CB, BA&DC, HE & FG
#WD* dD AB  DC 0D AE  CE 7D  BC  CB
’D BC  AD 9D ED  BE lD  AE  CE
#WD( dD AB da[ CD 0D AD da[ CB 7D AE da[ CE ’D BE da[ DE
#WD) myfg|nv
dD !@W c,af wxmk’myfg|nv !@W c,af

0D #W c,af wxmk’myf 060 060 

#W c,af

258
 7D )W dy3]c,af wxmk’myf 300
)W dy3]c,af 300 

’D !W dy3]c,afwxmk’myf8kg;ao8qd
!W dy3]c,af
ljP’g|nv
#WD _ gfuomk’ #WW dy3]c,af wxmk’myf 255
#WD!W 16jsjk’9kd95fg]uj,8Qo 3 2 km c]t wxmk’myfg|nv
[qfmu #!
             
#!D! HF  a  b F CF  c  b F EC  a  b  c F FD  c  b  a
             
#!D@ AB  a F CA  a  b F BD  a  b F DB  b  a F AF  b  c F
        
FA  b  c F AE  b  a F EA  b  a
  
#!D# !? 0 F @? SQ F #? PS

ດິ
ະສ
 
#!D$ !? BA F @? DA #? AD  DE  EA, BC  CF  FA  AB
             

ສ ນລຂິ
#!D& FD  u  v F BD  v  w F AD  u  v  w F FC  w  u  v

ສ. ຫງວ
[qfmu #@
#@D! dD uv 0D 1
u w #@D@ a 2 c]t b  1
ສະ
ວ.
3
u w
#@D# ’D 2 AE  u  v c]t lD AE   gxao9y’
2 2
1    1    1    1   
#@D$ AX  b F AZ  a  c  b F EY  a  c F XZ  a  b  c. #@D* 0
2 3 2 6
#@D_

D C

F
v

A B E
u

259
 2 2 2
dD u  AB 0D 2v  AD 7D u  2v  AC ’D u  2v  DB
3 3 3
[qfmu ##
 5   5   1    1
##D! dD AB    F BA    0D AB    F BA   
1   1   4  4 
 1  1  1  1
7D AB    F BA    ’D AB    F BA   
10   10  5   5 
  4    4    3   3    1   1 
##D @ AB    F BA    F AC   6  F CA  6  F BC   7  F CB   7 
 1  1         

##D$ dD   0D  
16 16
##D# B (5, 1) & C (1, 3)
 17  17 
##D* g;adg8umuj0t|kodao,u7n
 2    8  6  1  2 7 8 
1  //  4 // 3 , 2 // 4 & 0 // 0
             
     
##D( dD i  4 j 0D 7i  j 7D 4i  6 j

ດິ
ະສ
##D) dD 5, 5, 17, 13 0D 41

ສ ນລຂິ
0D x  5 , y  7

ສ. ຫງວ
##D_ dD x  2, y  3
4 4
##D!W dD 2  1 
i j

0D  2 i  3 j

7D 5 
i ສະ
8 
j

ວ.
5 5 13 13 89 89
8 4  8 12  20 32
##D!! dD i  j 0D i  j 7D i j
5 5 13 13 89 89
[qfmu #$
#$D! dD 10 0D 5
#$D@ $F $ c]t &
#$D# 1  3 F 3  3 F 1  3 c]t 3  3
#$D$ dD 0 0D 90
#$D& dD !W 0D $W 7D @@ ’D { $
#$D* dD ,5,cs^, 0D ,5,lkd 7D ,5,s;k
#$D( dD #$D) dD 1; 4 0D 3  10 , 3  10
#$D!# 8 D #$D!$ 7 #$D!& 2 13 #$D!* 144

260
[qfmu #&
#&D! B' 3, 4, C' 7, 8 F D' 13, 6 #&D@ 90 cm2
[qfmu #*
#*D! dD A(0; -2), B(4; 3)F C(-4; 5) #*D$ dD @π cm 2 0D 8 cm 2
[qfmu #(
#(D! dD A( (-4; 3) 0D B (-2; -3) 7D C (1; -4) ’D D (3; 4)
#(D$ A(2; 2), B(5; 1), C(4; 5).
#(D& !? 4hkdkorydI6[|bj’wxg8a’vudI6[|bj’wfhr=fu dkozaoxjPooAogxaodkog7yj’7nD
@? 4hkdkophkpI6[|bj’8k,g;adg8u.f|bj’wxg8a’vudI6[|bj’c,jodkophkp0t|koD
#? 4hkdkophkpI6[|bj’[+8k,g;adg8u.f|bj’ c]t [+,udkorydI6[ wxg8a’vudI6[|bj’
c,jodko\6oD
[qfmu #)
#)D! dD ABCD 0D ,u$ |hk c]t $ ]jP,0hk’ g-yj’m5d]jP,0hk’pk;gmqjkdao

ດິ
ະສ
7D I6[lk,c9mjP’
’D [+gmqjkdaom5d1jk’m5d|hk0hk’c8j9t,u|hkmuj16jdq’dao0hk,daogmqjkdaom5d1jk’

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
76joAoc,jo SAB = SCD c]t SAD = SBC
#)D@ dD I6[mkf & ]jP,ltg\u ສະ
0D I6[mkf $ ]jP,ltg\u

ວ.
7D I6[mkf # ]jP,ltg\ ’D I6[mkf * ]jP,ltg\u
9D I6[mkf]jP,mujrNogxaoI6[lujc9lkd lD I6[mkf ) ]jP,ltg\u
#)D# dD I6[lk,c9mjP’ 0D 12 cm2 7D 48cm2 ’D 84 cm 2
#)D$ 0D 2 21  9,16cm2 7D12  2 21  21,16cm2 ’D 12  2 21  4 3  28, 08cm2
#)D& goNvmujvhv,0hk’gmqjk 616 cm2 c]t goNvmujma’\qfgmqjk 936 cm2
#)D* goNvmujvhv,0hk’gmqjk 36 cm2 c]t goNvmujma’\qfgmqjk 36  16 3  63, 71cm2
#)D( ]jP,0hk’gmqjk 13  3, 6cm c]t goNvmjuma’\qfgmqjk 30  45cotg36  91, 65cm2
#)D) 300 cm2
#)D_ dD 18 91  54 3  265,53cm2 0D 107,5cm2
7D 96π  301, 44 cm2 ’D 24π  75,36 cm2
#)D!W I6[mkf $ ]jP,

261
#)D!! dD 21 m 0D 42π  131,88 m
7D 735π  2307,9 m2 ’D 1176π  3692,64 m2
22
#)D!@ dD 7 m 0D  25 m
π
7D  550 m 2 ’D  704 m 2
#)D!# 60 cm
#)D!$ dD 4π  12,56 cm 0D 12π  37,68cm2 7D 16π  50,24 cm2
#)D!& dD gmqjkdao grkt;jkpk;gmqjkda[]aflt\u0v’;q’,qo7n !W -a’8uc,af
0D [+gmqjkdao 9;p C l6’mujl5f c]t 9;p D 8jemujl5f
7D 4hk,5,.9dk’.f.spjd;jkgoNNvmujrNo0v’9;poAo9ts^kpd;jk
’D goNvmujrNo0v’9;p D.
[qfmu #_
#_D!
mkf]jP, ];’pk;0v’0hk’rNo goNvmujrNo ];’l6’ [=]y,kf

ດິ
ະສ
(cm ) (cm 2 ) (cm ) (cm 3 )

ສ ນລຂິ
dD rNolk,c9 10 43,3 9  129,9

ສ. ຫງວ
0D rNolujc9 8,2 67,24 10,5 235,34
 21
ສະ
ວ.
7D rNoshkc9 7,3 91,65 641,6
’D rNolujc9 8 64 15 320
9D rNosqdc9 6  93,5 7,5  238,8

#_D@  415,68cm3 #_D# dD  249,41cm3 0D  70,75cm3

#_D$  166,66 cm3 #_D&  1,06 kg #_D* 810 m3
#_D( mkf]jP, 0F 7 c]t d #_D)  2541066, 66 m3
#_D_ 7;k,7yf 0v’ok’9exu4nd8hv’ grkt;jk g,njv.shmkf]jP,oU,urNogxaoI6[9t85]af
9t7yfw]j[=]y,kwfhxt,ko 8840,42 m3 g-yj’.dh7P’da[0=h,6omuj]t[5w;h;jk [=]y,kf
0v’mkf]jP,oUxt,ko 8840 m3
#_D!W  10,42 m3
#_D!! c[[m+dq,.-hgoNvmPos^kpd;jjk c]ts^kpd;jkdaoxt,ko 10,2 m3.

262
#_D!@  3273,8cm3
#_D!# rP’r= grktoE @W ]yf gmqjkda[ @WWWW cm3 c8joadIPo &W 7qo fnj,7qo]t @ 9vd
9t.-hoExt,ko !*($*F*( cm3
#_D!$  #!$W cm3 #_D!&  !W*WF( cm3
[qfmu $W
$WD! vkp5 gxao0=h,6o mk’fhkoxt]y,ko
]tfa[dkolbdlk gxao0=h,6o mk’fhko75ootrk[
-AoIPo gxao0=h,6o mk’fhko75ootrk[
rklk8jk’xtgmfmujIPo gxao0=h,6o mk’fhko75ootrk[
]tfa[7;k,gryj’r=.9 gxao0=h,6o mk’fhkoxt]y,ko
xt]y,kooE8ko.og]nvf gxao0=h,6o mk’fhkoxt]y,ko
oE|ad0v’oadIPoc8j]t7qo.oshv’ gxao0=h,6o mk’fhkoxt]y,ko
[qfmu $!

ດິ
ະສ
$!D! 5,3 D

ສ ນລຂິ
$!D@ 9eo;o0UgspNvma’\qf 116 dd c]t 7jkltg]jp 29 ddD

ສ. ຫງວ
$!D# 53, 4 Km / h D $!D$ &D $!D& !! &WW du[D
ສະ
$!D* 7tcoomujskpwx 0v’ok’ ohvp c,jo )& c]t 7tcoo 0v’ ok’ s^hk c,jo!WWD

ວ.
$!D( decr’ma’\qfmujoadIPo mkluc]h;,u 243 m2 c]t 7jkltg]jp 5, 4 m2 D
$!D) 7jkcI’’koma’\qf 3400 000 du[ c]t 7jkcI’’koltg]jp 34 000 du[D
[qfmu $@
$@D! 4kooypq,c,jo $F& c]t ( \kp7;k,;jkoadIPolj;os^kpwfh7tcoo $F& c]t (D
$@D@ )D $@D# 20 $@D$ (@D
$@D& d? 8k8t]k’7;k,4ujD
7tcoo g,afdk’ 7;k,4uj
@_F& { #_F& #$F& )
#_F& { $_F& $$F& !@
$_F& { &_F& &$F& !*
&_F& { *_F& *$F& @$

263
 *_F& { (_F& ($F& @W
(_F& { )_F& )$F& !*
)_F& { __F& _$F& $
0? 64,5 7? 56,17
[qfmu $#
$#D! 7jk,afmtpt4koc,jo 6 \kp7;k,;jk 7jkdk’0v’0=h,6o-5foUc,jo 6 g-yj’c[j’
7tcoovvdgxaolv’lj;o 7n lj;omuj,u7jkohvpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[,afmtpt4ko c]t
lj;omuj,u 7jks^kpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[,afmtpt4koD
$#D@ (D $#D# )!D
$#D$
9eo;o|hk 9eo;ooadIPo 7;k,4ujltlq,
WW { W) !& !&
W) { !* $W &&

ດິ
ະສ
!* { @$ &W !W&
@$ { #@ #& !$W

ສ ນລຂິ
ສ. ຫງວ
#@ { $W !W !&W
];, !&W ສະ
ວ.
7jk,afmtpt4ko !_F@D
$#D& **F##D
[qfmu $$
$$D! 7jkdkoc9d1kp0=h,6o-5fmuj @ X7jkzaoxjPogmqjkda[ @? s^kpd;jk7jkc9d1kp-5fmuj !
X7jkzaoxjPogmqjkda[ !F(!?
$$D@ 7jkltg]jpgmqjkda[ @$ c]t 7jkzaoxjPo gmqjkda[ #)F_!D
$$D# 7jkzaoxjPo gmqjkda[ &!FW$ c]t 7jkzaoxjPo,kf4ko gmqjkda[ (F!$D
$$D$ 7jkzaoxjPo gmqjkda[ @@*)F@_ c]t 7jkzaoxjPo,kf4ko gmqjkda[ $(F*#D
$$D& 7jkzaoxjPo gmqjkda[ 258,59 c]t 7jkzaoxjPo,kf4ko gmqjkda[ 16, 08 D

264