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Cleaner and Responsible Consumption
Cleaner and Responsible Consumption
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: The current study investigates the impact of environmental sustainability government initiatives (ESGI), social
Environmental sustainability platform influence (SPI), environment awareness (EA), and environment consciousness (EC) on green practices
Government initiatives (GP). Data were collected using a self-administered survey targeting Gen Z consumers. A total of 354 responses
Social platform influence
were analyzed using the partial least square structural equational modeling (PLS-SEM). The results reveal that
Gen Z
Green practices
SPI, EA, and EC have a significant positive impact on GP, while ESGI does not affect GP. The study also examines
the mediating role of EC and EA in the adoption/implementation of green practices. Further, the moderating
influence of gender was also found in the model. The study highlights the importance of SPI and its effect on the
green practices of Gen Z, which will guide businesses and marketers in promoting their green initiative.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: magrawal@gwa.amity.edu (M. Agrawal), Prateek.Kalia@econ.muni.cz (P. Kalia), drpriyankanema@jlu.edu.in (P. Nema), dradilzia@gmail.com
(A. Zia), kulvinderk@iima.ac.in (K. Kaur), dr.hjohn21@gmail.com (H.B. John).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2023.100109
Received 31 October 2022; Received in revised form 31 December 2022; Accepted 9 February 2023
Available online 10 February 2023
2666-7843/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
M. Agrawal et al. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 8 (2023) 100109
study including all these variables (specially government initiatives and social media to shop (Martin, 2023).
social platform influence) hence we tried searching on the latter three The paper is organized into six sections. The first section comprises
concepts only. We noticed that majority of studies focusing on green an introduction, followed by section 2, which provides the background
practices, environment awareness, and consciousness are contextually of literature and hypothesis development. Section 3 entails research
centered around the hotel industry (Kim et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2016) or methodology and data analysis. In Section 4, the results are presented in
the studies were carried out in countries like the USA (Kim et al., 2017) detail. Section 5 includes a discussion, theoretical contribution, and
or China (Jiang and Gao, 2019) (Table 1). Hence, we kept our study managerial implications. At last, Section 6 concludes the study and talks
generic for greater generalizability and conducted the same in India. about its limitations.
Conceptually, we designed our study differently, for example, none of
the previous studies tested environmental sustainability government 2. Theoretical underpinning, literature review and hypotheses
initiatives and social platform influence (as independent variables), development
environment awareness and consciousness (as mediators), and green
practices (as dependent variable). Following the call for investigating a 2.1. Theoretical underpinning
moderating variable to see the relationship between other variables and
green practices (Kim et al., 2016, 2017), we included gender as a Theories and models such as the theory of reasoned action (Mishra
moderator in the current study. Considering this identified gap from the et al., 2014) the institutional theory (Dao et al., 2011), the
literature, our study focused on the acceptance of pro-environmental technology-organization-environment (Mata et al., 2021), the
behavior by consumers, particularly Gen Z, to adopt a sustainable life motivation-ability-opportunity framework (Ojo and Fauzi, 2020a), and
style. Anyone who is born between 1997 and 2012 is referred to as Gen the stimulus-organism-response framework (SOR) (Mehrabian and
Z. We considered this generation because the eldest members of this Russell, 1974) have established the elements of green practices, but only
generation are currently young adults in their early 20s who are a few attempts are made to examine the effects of these activities on
maturing and starting careers. According to recent research, 98% of environmental parameters. According to the SOR framework, cues in the
them are smartphone owners (Kastenholz, 2021) and 83% of them use physical environment have a significant role in generating emotional
Table 1
Review of studies focusing on green practices, environment awareness and consciousness to present the research gap.
Authors and Independent variables Mediators Moderators Outcome Respondents Country Technique Industry
year variables (Sample size)
Clemens Green Performance Green economic Financial Owners, USA Hierarchical Steel
(2006) incentives (firm size performance operations regression
and respondents’ managers, and
confidence in green managers
existing green (72)
standards as control
variables)
Kim et al. Intensity of green Satisfaction 217 hotel North Regression Hotel
(2016) practices and relative properties America
perceived quality
Intensity of green Relative
practices, brand and perceived quality
chain
Lee et al. Hotel guests’ Reviews of top USA Content Hotel
(2016) perception to ten green hotels analysis
green practices in the USA
ranked by
TripAdvisor
Kim et al. Cleanliness, location, Overall customer Customers (128) USA Hierarchical Hotel
(2017) room, service, value, pet rating, Revisit multiple
boarding, free Wi-Fi, intention, regression
multilingual staff, free Average daily
self-parking, airport rate, revenue per
transportation, and available room
green leaders
Jiang and Environmental concern Customers’ overall Green hotel Customers’ Customers (258) China CB-SEM Hotel
Gao and customers’ attitude attitude toward experience behavioural
(2019) toward green practices green hotels intention
Al-Kumaim Environmental concern, Purchase intention Green product Consumers (300) Malaysia PLS-SEM Not
et al. green product purchase mentioned
(2021) awareness, government behavior
support, perceived
ecological value,
community, and green
practice
Chang et al. Source credibility, Persuasiveness and Environment Green Message Students and Taiwan One-way Generic
(2022) information value and communication consciousness Sharing Intention management ANOVA and
message characteristics effectiveness professionals CB-SEM
(1157)
This study Environmental Environment Gender Green practices Gen Z consumers India PLS-SEM, Generic
sustainability awareness and (354) MGA,
government initiatives environment Mediation
and social platform consciousness analysis
influence
2
M. Agrawal et al. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 8 (2023) 100109
responses from participants, which in turn determine approach-related pro-environmental behavior (Mohanty et al., 2021), and many others.
behavior. The environmental cues (ESGI, SPI, EA, and EC) in our The ultimate answers for an environmentally sustainable society are
model act as stimuli (S) that affect consumers (gender in our model) economic growth and green innovation (Abid et al., 2022; Harts, 1995).
which are organisms/consumers (O) resulting in the adaption of GP Understanding green consumption’s effect on consumer behavior is
which is an external response (R). In today’s world, social media cam crucial as more businesses focus on goods and processes designed to
paigns have a huge impact on the purchasing decisions of today’s gen limit environmental damage (Finisterra do Paço and Raposo, 2010;
eration. Making people more conscious of environmental issues through Haws et al., 2014). Educating consumers on eco-label products re
social media can help spread the word about the benefits of being green. inforces the formation of positive environmental attitudes and, conse
Activities that impact our environment adversely should be regulated by quently, leads to desired consumer behaviors (Taufique et al., 2016).
the government. As a result of this research gap, we investigated the Environmental education will assist individuals to develop positive at
willingness of consumers, especially Gen Z, to engage in environmen titudes and actions toward the environment and increase environmental
tally friendly practices to live more sustainably. We investigate how awareness. So, overall government programs, and social platform cam
environmental consciousness and sensitivity are influenced by govern paigns are contributing to the creation of environmental awareness and
ment programs and social media, and how this in turn affects green consciousness (Uzun and Keles, 2012), which ultimately affect the
consumption habits. Additionally, we investigated whether gender play adoption of green practices. Based on the literature on environmental
a moderating role across the board. sustainability, the following hypothesis is proposed.
H1. ESGIs have a significant positive effect on EA (H1a), GP (H1b),
2.2. Green practices
and EC (H1c).
2.3. Environment sustainability government initiatives (ESGI) 2.5. Environmental awareness (EA) and its roles as a mediator
Environmental sustainability is one of the global issues of the twenty- Environmental awareness is one of the green triggers which is related
first century (Watson et al., 2010). The deterioration of the environment to environmental concerns and comprehension (Chan et al., 2014;
is taking place at such a fast pace that it is becoming a serious threat to Rustam et al., 2020). When humans realize the value of the environment
society. Humans are using environmental resources not just to fulfill and the harm, they are doing to it, they may turn their actions to protect
their needs but also the greed to monetize. The over-utilization of nat the surroundings. The increased awareness of environmental problems
ural resources contributes to worsening the situation. The governments may result in the incorporation of green practices into everyday lives.
of many countries have started adopting environmental management People may buy organic products and contribute to recycling activities
practices to monitor and control the impact of the corporate sector on (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002). Companies are also taking the initiative
the natural environment. They have even provided subsidies to firms to to raise consumer awareness of the sustainability practices used in the
make eco-friendly products and use environmental technologies (Kanda production and distribution of products (Uzun and Keles, 2012). Based
et al., 2015, 2016; Wu and Hu, 2020). But due to limited resources, it on research evidence in the literature (Qu et al., 2015), we propose that
cannot promote all the new technologies or ideas (Jaffe et al., 2005). environmental awareness positively affects green practices and may also
Many organizations are using eco-friendly products as a promotional act as a mediator between ESGI-GP and SPI-GP. Thus, we hypothesized
strategy. They are trying to gain an edge in the green market by labeling the direct and indirect influence of EA on GP.
their products as green products and highlighting the implementation of
H3. EA has a significant positive effect on GP.
green practices in their organization (Uzun and Keles, 2012). However,
some firms are reluctant to adopt green practices as they believe that H4. EA positively mediates between ESGI-GP (H4a) and SPI-GP (H4b)
they will adversely affect their profits (Montabon et al., 2007). The relationships.
government is taking initiatives from time to time to encourage sus
tainable development. Past research shows that the government sup 2.6. Environmental consciousness (EC) and its roles as a mediator
ports corporate sustainability leadership (Moffat and Auer, 2006),
exporting environmental technologies (Kanda et al., 2016), Environmental consciousness is founded on the concept that the
3
M. Agrawal et al. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 8 (2023) 100109
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M. Agrawal et al. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 8 (2023) 100109
influenced by friends’ and other users’ suggestions on social media in individual item reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha was between 0.864
general. SPI develops awareness and the consumers’ consciousness and 0.991, the CR was between 0.869 and 0.983 and the AVE was from
regarding the GP (Rafiq et al., 2022). 0.694 to 0.949 (Table 2). The HTMT values were observed to test the
discriminant validity (Henseler et al., 2018; Zia, 2020b), and it was
3.3. Data collection and sample response rate found that all of the HTMT values were smaller than 0.85, indicating
that the model had discriminant validity (Table 3).
A structured questionnaire was distributed to college students of the
western states of India (Gujrat and Rajasthan) for data collection. Based 4.2. Structural model
on the number of students in the universities, we selected six universities
to collect the data. The data were gathered in English using a conve The path coefficient values show how well the independent variables
nience sampling approach in June 2022. A response rate of 81.3% was impact the dependent variable (Table 4 and Fig. 2). The results show
obtained from a total of 435 students who were contacted to gather data, that SPI (β = 0.159, p = .004), EA (β = 0.219, p = .000) and EC (β =
and 354 of those students were finally included in the study for further 0.449, p = .000) have a significant positive impact, whereas ESGI (β =
analysis. The instrument was made available by email, social media, and 0.033, p = .581) has insignificant impact on GP. Further, SPI (β = 0.100,
a google form. A survey and a consent form were distributed to students p = .000) has a significant positive impact, whereas ESGI (β = 0.012, p
who indicated their willingness to participate. According to the consent = .860) has an insignificant impact on EA. Similarly, when the impact of
form, it was a voluntary participation in which the responses would be ESGI and SPI on EC was evaluated, it was found that ESGI (β = 0.027, p
kept confidential, and individuals might revoke their consent at any = .603) and SPI (β = − 0.097, p = .148) have an insignificant impact.
time. According to the descriptive analysis, there are more males This shows that there is a significant effect of SPI, EA, and EC on GP.
(70.90%) than females (29.09%) in the sample. Further, the significant influence of SPI on EA was observed. The ob
tained R2 value for GP was 0.302. Which suggests that only 30.2% of the
3.4. Variables and measurement scales variance is explained by the said variables.
The questionnaire was developed using established factors and 4.3. Mediation
statements related to ESGI, SPI, EA, EC, and GP. Participants were asked
to mark their responses to the statements, with 1 meaning “strongly In this model, the mediating effects of EA and EC for the ESGI-GP and
disagree” and 5 representing “strongly agree” on a five-point Likert SPI-GP relationships were calculated (Table 5). We found no significant
scale. The six ESGI items were taken directly from research related to the mediation of EC and EA on any paths of the proposed model except
scale development of government initiatives for environmental sus partial mediation of EA (t = 2.966, p < .01) between the SPI-GP
tainability (Mohanty et al., 2021). Five SPI items were adapted from a relationship.
study on social media and Gen Z (Thøgersen, 2006). Five items related to
EA were adapted from Ham et al. (2016); six items of EC from a study on
the linkage between the green purchase decisions and the EC (Schle
gelmilch et al., 1996), and six items of GP from a study on Gen z and
purchase behavior (Ugulu et al., 2013). In this study, the model com
Table 2
prises ESGI, EA, EC, and SPI as the first-order reflective constructs. Results of the measurement model.
Items Loadings CA CR AVE
4. Results
EA1 0.972 0.984 0.984 0.939
EA2 0.968
4.1. Measurement model
EA3 0.962
EA4 0.972
The hypotheses were tested and relationships between the variables EA5 0.97
were established using the partial least square structural equational EC1 0.931 0.965 0.967 0.851
modeling (PLS-SEM) method using SmartPLS4. Compared to the more EC2 0.926
EC3 0.913
widely used covariance-based SEM approaches, it also requires fewer
EC4 0.905
assumptions about the distribution of the data. To confirm the absence EC5 0.916
of common method bias (CMB), Harman’s single-factor test (HSFT) was EC6 0.944
carried out. As per HSFT, there was no CMB because the single ESGI2 0.797 0.941 0.996 0.752
component did not account for more than half of the variation and the ESGI3 0.82
ESGI4 0.83
highest variance that could be explained by one component using a ESGI5 0.913
principal component analysis (PCA) was 28.8% (Aguirre-Urreta and Hu, ESGI6 0.928
2019; Endara et al., 2019; Kalia et al., 2021a; Kock, 2015). As a result, ESGI7 0.907
the data used for the analysis was free of bias. The measurement model GP1 0.983 0.991 0.991 0.956
GP2 0.979
comprises the evaluation of convergent and discriminant validity and
GP3 0.965
reliability (Hair et al., 2011, 2014). The parameters like Cronbach’s GP4 0.96
alpha and composite reliability (CR) were used for internal consistency GP5 0.988
and reliability. The average variance extracted (AVE) and loadings were GP6 0.991
used to evaluate the convergent validity. To ensure the acceptability of SPI1 0.757 0.864 0.987 0.631
SPI2 0.833
factor loadings, one item (ESGI1) was deleted as its value was below the SPI3 0.839
acceptable level of 0.50 (Hair et al., 2019b). The values for AVE, CR, and SPI4 0.78
Cronbach alpha were found to be above the thresholds of 0.50, 0.70, and SPI5 0.759
0.70, respectively (Babin et al., 2008; Hair et al., 2019b). The AVE was Note. Environment sustainability government initiatives (ESGI), Environmental
larger than 0.5 and the composite outer loadings for each indicator were awareness (EA), Environmental consciousness (EC), Social platform influence
all within the acceptable range of 0.6, demonstrating that variables have (SPI), Green practices (GP); Cronbach’s alpha (CA), Composite reliability (CR),
a high level of convergent validity. The structures and their items, as Average variance extracted.
well as the loadings in the model, were found to have satisfactory Source. Authors’ calculations
5
M. Agrawal et al. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 8 (2023) 100109
Table 3 for the male group (t = .954, p > .05) whereas it is significant for the
Discriminant validity: The heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT) female group (t = 2.764, p < .05). The impact of SPI on EA (t = 2.576, p
criterion. < .05) and GP (t = 2.655, p < .05) for the male group are significant
Variables EA EC ESGI GP SPI whereas it is insignificant on EA (t = .914, p > .05) and GP (t = 0.782, p
EA
> .05) for the female group. Regarding gender, it has been found that EA
EC 0.17 and EC have a positive, significant impact on GP for both the male and
ESGI 0.017 0.063 female groups. In addition, both for male and female groups, the effects
GP 0.314 0.48 0.035 of ESGI on EC and EA, as well as SPI on EC, were negligible (Table 6).
SPI 0.096 0.106 0.052 0.114
Table 5
4.4. Multigroup analysis Results of structural model (mediation analysis).
Hyp. Path Path St. t- p-value Result
Numerous researchers have chosen to use demographic variables in
coeff. dev value
their moderation analyses (Robina-Ramírez et al., 2020; Taylor and
H4a ESGI → EC 0.012 0.023 0.522 0.601 NS
Strutton, 2010). With this motivation, we performed the PLS-MGA test
→ GP
with gender as a moderator. This test is based on the observed bootstrap H4b SPI → EC → − 0.043 0.031 1.406 0.16 NS
distribution and can manage small and different sample sizes, its GP
application is very practical and straightforward (Aguirre-Urreta and H6a ESGI → EA 0.003 0.016 0.173 0.863 NS
Hu, 2019; Hair et al., 2019b). It was found that the impact of EA for the → GP
H6b SPI → EA → 0.022 0.007 2.966 0.003** Partial
male group (t = 4.22, p < .05) and female group (t = 2.518, p < .05) as
GP mediation
well as EC for the male group (t = 8.648, p < .05) and female group (t =
3.604, p < .05) are positively significant on GP. Similarly, when the Source. Authors’ findings.
impact of ESGI on GP was evaluated, it was found that it is insignificant Note. S=Supported, NS=Not supported; ** significant at 1%, * significant at 5%.
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