4 shképutura © (@ pakushtézuara njéra nga tetra; madje, vet fonetika e fonologiia kané lidhje shumé t& ngushté me njé varg disiplinash gjubésore (¢ Jogyuhésore). Nga ana Yelér, kemt ndjekur Kété rug nga symm qé té sigurojmé pér studentét tané njohunité themelore dhe njé gamé mé t& gyeré diturish, qé do té jené bazé © shéndoshé pér pérvetésimin ¢ disa rregullave kzyesore drejishkrimore e drejtshqipumore t& shqipes standarde, rrjedhimisht edhe zbatimin pratt té tyre. Duke paré © dégyuar shpeshheré shkeljen & normave té shkrimit e té shqiptimit letrar, rugén e nxénies sé fonetikés e té fonologjisé dhe té ndérlidhjes sé tyre me drejtshkrimin dhe me drejtshqiptimun do ta ndjekam edhe ne né két8 tekst mésimor. Pérveo késaj, métojmé té jepim paranjohurité elementare pér nxénien € dialektologiisé shgiptare, morfologjisé, sintaksés, gjuhéve té huaja et). Bie fala, temat ¢ shyelluara nga guuhésia ¢ pérgjithshme, si gyuha dhe komunikimt, gjuha dhe #8 folurt, fot {8 shkruant efj., mund t@ japin ndikmesé pér tormimin ¢ pérgjthshém gyuhésor si dhe siguroné ide pér objektin, réndésiné dhe ndarjen e fonetikés té fonologjisé, Jen pércaktuar 4 t8 shiyellojmé edhe ndérrimet historike t@ fonemave, sig jané qiellzorézimi, metafonie, apofonia si dhe disa dukuri t€ tjera me vleré morfologiike, sepse pasgyrohen Jo vetém né shqypen © sotme dialektore, por tandarde, Kemi béré Gal edhe pér ndryshimet kombinatore t@ tingujve, variacionet ¢ gyatésis® sé zanoteve, togjet ¢ zanoreve e té bashkétingélloreve, diftongjet, akomodimet, zéshmimin dhe shurdhimun e tingujve eb, ngase realizohen né shqiptim. Edhe pse rotacizmi éshté dukuri dialektore ¢ léve me rotacizém jané pjesé ¢ leksikeut Jemu pércaktuar té pérmendim shkurtimisht edhe disa ike, g& Kryesisht veproyné né rrafshin dialektor, si¢ jané rEnia e tingujve ef, me qéllim qé studentét tané #1 ménjanojné individuale 18 tike ¢ myeteve shprehése fonetiko-fonologjike mund t@ shérbejé si bazé par té dalluar jo vetém gjuhén dhe stilet e ndryshme té ligiérimit, por edhe gjuhién dhe stilin e shknmtaréve tané. lexuesve. Ato mund t'i dérgoni 8 e-m: i postont né emrin tim né adreséin: Fakult Shkup, Maqedom, PASQYRA E LENDES Parathénie 24. Drejtshkrum 25. Drejshe KREU UL 3 IT DHE ASPEKTET E STUDIMIT TE TYRE KREUIV KASIFIKIMI I ZANOREVE 4.1. 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Pa gjuhé, sidomos pa giuhén e shkruar, do té iste e pamundur té shfrytézoheshin pérvojat ¢ brezave té téré dhe as qé mund té mendoheshin aq té médha 1 dijetaréve né fusha t@ ndryshme fjcra, gjuha si treshégueshméri kulturore, ésht® mjeti kayesor i pérparimit ti kulturés materiale e shpirtérore t njerzimt Gjubi edhe faktori psikologiik ¢ akustik. Gjuka ndinvin. Sig uw pérmend, tingyy té ndryshém nxjertin dhe shpendé, por kéta tinguy nuk lidhen me urrfaré kuptimi dhe nuk shprehin ndonjé mendim, késhtu qé kafshét dhe shpesét nuk mund dhe nuk diné té flasin, Pérkundra vvetédija e njeriut jané domosdoshméri ¢ gjukés. Sig dihet, pér tu layer akti i té folurit, éshté i domosdoshém funksiomms normal 1 dy gendrave né hemisferén Brokés dhe ¢ Vernikut) dhe i organeve té t8 fol individ, 1 gdo populli qofté, ka mundési t& prodhojé edo Iloj tingulli a grup guuhéve t@ ndryshme. Kjo ndodh késhtu ngase njerézit kané t © veprimtansé psikike dhe fiziologjike (qendrat e folurit dhe ) dhe mund t'i prodhojné tingujt © ¢do gjuhe. Gjuba nyerézore nuk éshté thjesht njé dhunti natyrore, sig jané t@ ushayerit, t ecurit, epse njé genie nyerézore éshté © programuar gé fi kxycjé kéto procese logiike. Aftésia gjuhésore jit foles éshté e programuar gjenetikisht, Késay_aftes tézohet nga ana shogérore dhe w nénshtrohet ligjeve té veta té zhvillimit® Pra, nyeriu pér t'u marré vesh me t& tyerét né myedisin ku joton, © méson dhe éshté i detyruar ta pérdoré até gjuhé {8 kolektivit nerézor ku bén pjesé. Késhtu, rolin kryesor ¢ fan shoqgria, nday themi se gjuha ka karakter shogéror. b) Te withé femijet e marin gjuhén e sre shumé shpejt, me Kompetencé che pa nevojén e njé instruktori t@ veganté. Shkencét mendojné se truri ( njeriut ésbté 1 programuar gjenetikisht dhe tiparet bi agjuhés jané prezent né tru gf né lindje, Prindérit béjné pak pémpjekje pér tua mésuar gjuhén femijéve t€ tyre; fémijét kané sistemin c tyre té mamrjes gjuhésore dhe veté ¢ mésojné gjuhén, bazuar né modelet gjuhésore gé i kapin me untuité dhe né rrugén © hipotezés. Mendohet qé né moshén 5-6 vjecare, merren deri né 90% té formave bazé t& gyuhés. Deri né kété moshé fémija ajeh tS gjitha modelet gé jené né gjuhé dhe éshté né gjendje t& plotésojé té evojat komunikalive, né pérshtatje me kontekstin e pérdorimit. Realiteti gyubésor, me t& cilin fEmija ballafaqohet (dialekti apo standardi), © paré gyuhésore © femijés, ndonése procesi 1 pjekurisé ‘gjuhésore plorésohet nga pérvoja ¢ mépastajme shoqérore. ©) Gjula funksionon sipas rregullave #8 caktuara. Gjuha ka ligyet dhe rregullat ¢ Veta té organizimit dhe té funksionimit. Kur fémija nis ta éckapé gjuhén, me intuitén gjuhésore naty unésore né ményré progresive. Kéto rregulla nénkuptojné ting, fal Tidhje fjalésh dhe aspektin shogéror t@ 18 Késhtu, fonemat zanore bashkétingétlore bashkohen caktuara duke dhéné 18 basé: sistemin tingutllor, jor Eshté inventari i zErave t8 nyjétuar (zanoreve © bashkétingélloreve) si dhe 1 kombinimit t& tyr. Bashkueshméria ¢ fonemave né gjubét ¢ bot edonjérén prey tyre ekzistojné megulla fonotakti fonemave: bashlami pozicionet. ndérs gjitha pozicion athe né fund t& fj tua, ue, te, ye asnjé pozité ciftet dl, dhl, shzh g 82; Uy, Yu, yt. a8, 08 el Femijét ¢ marrin modelin fonetik duke dégjuar, provuar © dégjuar pérsért Mésimi 1 tingujve nuk béhet i shképutur nga mésimi 1 fjaléve dhe + gramatikés, Lidhja tingyj - kuptim éshté ¢ pamotivueshme, prandaj giéja e paré q duhet t8 béjé folési éshté kodimi semantik, Cdo gjubé ka mjetet e veta semantike, past edhe presjet ¢ realitetit né gjubé t& ndryshme nuk jané t8 barabarta, Pasi ti agedhé njésité semantike, folési duhet ti vendosé ato né lidaje gramatikor recanté. 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UaNTJ 10s 9209 9U fopuesd ‘2un(S anys wapumy adnuB gu anzquafu gs soraf 1 unypalar 1g vayseqiad a aqnlB af a1 ouyséapu a aueLiea “sod “eyuedoa 29 oxntS uel JMU OY “DANSTNS 9 o}et905 ‘oxerHoo! rusmuere] ey aynlF ops gu “esd “Lia *iG 1.1. TIPARET DHE FUNKSIONET E GJUBES Tiparet kryesore té gjuhés jané: Jané dytésore, kané fusha té kufizuara dhe pérdoren vetém né rrethana t& caktuara. Shumé syresh kané né bazé gjuhén, 2. Gjuha éshié Gjuha dhe mendinnt jané si dy and e njé gjuhés, ndérsa gyuha 1 yep formé mendimit. Gjuha éshté bartése e mendimut. Sig dihet, mendinai éshté funksion 1 trun té nyeriut, vet e tij pér té pasqyrt botén obyektive. Mendimai pasqyron lidiyet e sendeve dhe té dul natyré € né shogéni né formén ¢ nocioneve, t gykimeve et. Por lindja, formmmi dhe zhvillim: 1 vazhdueshém 1 mendinut dhe i kategorive té ti, do t@ shin t pamundura pa gjubén, Veprmtana mendore mishérohet né formén gyubésore Megjithése ekziston njé mendimit, ata kané edhe dallime (ongujt, ‘shironjat), kurse mend Mendis ‘kurse gua ka kategon qé mendimi dhe ‘gjuha t2 ye 18 shkencave t8 ndryshme: me studimin © formave t& mendi agjuésia logjika, ndérsa‘me studimin e gyuhés mezret é méson pre) shogérisé, né git s® Jeton. Kéto sjellje dhe njohuri té pérvetésuara t8 njeriut nga shoqéria pérbéjné Kulturén ¢ tij individuale. Me kulturé duhet kuptuar terésia ¢ dhe © shprehive praktike, ¢ besimeye, ¢ normave morale dhe juridike, © vierave materiale dhe shpurtérore té njé shogétie, Gjuha éhté pjesé pérbérése © kulturés. Kultura mbéshtetet né njé shkallé t& madhe né giuhén, pasi gyuha shérben si mjet pér krijimin, asurimin, ruajtien dhe pércjelljen © trashégumisé julturore nga njé brez né ‘yetrin. Gjaté githé historisé sé njerézimit, pasardhésit e trashgoyné kculturén, rey brezsuve paraai hése me ané té gyuhés. Marrédhémiet midis gyuhés dhe "7 kulturés jané né lidhye ndérvaréste. Megenése gjuha trashégohet brez pas brezi, ajo bén té mundur komunikimin jo vetéim brenda nje brezi t& shogérisé, por edhe midis brezave té periudhave t& ndryshme, Pikérisht pér kété, cdo brez 11 nuk ¢ fillon nga e para procesin e njolyes, por njohurité 1 merr tshme. 1 pasuron dhe 1 zhvillon mé tey ato q8 jan arritur nga paraerdhésit. 4, Gjuha éshté tipar i réndésishém gé bashkon njerézit né kombe. Gjuha, si dukuni shogécore. éshté "proné" e pérbashket e njé kombi, pranday ‘jo éshté njé tipar i réndésishém, por jo edhe 1 domosdoshém gé e dallon njé Komb ose njé shtet nga kombe a shitete 1 tera, Késhmu, pjesétarét q8 pér giuhé amitare kané gjuhén shqipe quben shiptaré, ata gé Nasin magedonisht ge flasin turqisht quhen Por, né boté ka raste ly © mé tepér gjuhe. Fj ‘€ anasjellt, nj gjuhé u shérben disa popujve: gjermanisht flasin austriakét dhe gyermanét; serbisht flasin serbét, malazezét boshnakét; anglisht flasin britanezét, amerikanét, kenadezét, australianét, pop Zelandés sé Re dhe ( Aitikés Tugore. 5. Gjuka ka e vachdueshém 18 shogérisé, Sa mé ¢ zhvilluar dhe mé e njésuar té jet6 njé gwuhé, aq mé miré realizohet komunikumt ndérmjet nyerézve t& njé bashkésie dhe aq mé lebté bahet organizimi i veprimtansé shogérore. Kété rol mé sé muri e luqyné gjubét ce njésuara letrare (standard). Funksionet kryesore ¢é gjuhés jané: 1. Funksioni njohés ka funkston ryohés kur pérdoret si mjet pér té na dhi vérleta ose té rrome), gé shprehen me anén ¢ fjalive déftors. Fi é mund té jené té vérteta (Uji ngrn né O°c) ose t8 rreme (Di roth tokés) jané bartése t@ gjyykumeve, ndryshe nga fialité pyetése ose urdhérore, © Rami Memusha, Home né| 1, 2002, £24sary fay 9h Jonpleypue yoor 9 suanys te “2joznd) wmpsafBq 20 anos 99 op fonSiny) siDeSou > syne aft ‘rong 9) ougboqs oft waxy t 3b ysofeays ways i aynlD 90 io}ozaBop foBnZee)) ido] 98 egnID aroun 21 op ‘azozaofu saynf 9 aumsieqenyHl® o eysny “itiopons nfauamy “iAS0§ 9p puouipieg WEI9aIAZ ypett 6L-RE 3 ZOOT ‘gUENE “pI 9 iy aN ‘arosaqniB atsayyseq aftr ar oasgiop 2 wun gu qysianyefqo uoystzyo ab aye ayssqi0jd guforAbsed 2 eum gufiwe synu “umgob amu 9 opes rojelh 2yp axyeurerd afuse ised fos 9 yeqyeureXS ayp rexoyely aux yoyozexeg a puaul jal aioyptuse oun ‘gequBayy yexNEWES up ypIO}eL} aU sayorcbsed 2b oyp oasayoy 9 tuna gu oyu 2b “oyeapr eydip aayse vyNiD “eg ‘x43 1 yanquoy wopiad opd wu ammdayys 21 axXtrm gu renaqYsyA “oaoqofte aukigy a wuMUguIOY @ JeiyNBeus oyp 1s Co r9Iel} “retuaysow “yeDaUE)) afoF ur qteryrenuosy ay oxoynsun yaiofu axpil wysusd vy au op zed nasoep rab autpeG uayorasoy s9]10 98 81 azaq au (poy) auays aruse eynlry ywINIOy a1 2 iaDe VarorysgqW IEIL> 93 231 ‘axospun® yeurziueyysca “mnjoy 23M] “atosgynlB Buda 9 eaaunzyyean aylS 21 2 afyparguuied igs sunjop ay “raysay .,(ajared) usaf 0 nampof 23 ~ 3g, 9 sgqnl8 > cus: 2 9U Yeu sosqynid miaisis “iosgynie pwsryraneaoy & stemypatry, ‘wuo} josibys gd aunjsonidooied 9 joyeq a “YsUrp ‘soyozyoueyDul 21 wqn{@ gb ounjsfoaou 9 p1ys9 anounpuout 9 ualyordys 19g” excunpuout 2 uMtuixe|,, ou aysefin ‘Hedaya au Ysoa mdHOW 3you ou “rensuMUIOy 21 aad wetsonyetia t 91459 2ynut spud qsefuoys rurmrsts aft 9 vfqofu water ‘aaanyulBayy ‘exy.5q0 umyOp auyse aypew 2) gseur Qu egnld “g2Kugua jd | “ouNG® fese a2 wuurzteBIo a yourtmed ysup a1 stomp 92 Op ‘ant it a], seMDyeD g oLiaboYS aft 1 sMIQSOLa 18 puarpen opd uosgIoz a ipo 91 ‘2j0qi04 aavfuoys 1 unswe8i0 eyse (aBeBUr}) eyals oqNp 1g ALRINTOS FL AWG VOLS “TT sr SyStONEZ 9) ate drosgyn(Seiow 8 9 jouorseiado ‘axeque uoyntS aso Fenty 9 axl aft uosour efhugg amsy “uryzesora afordnyy ay ab umab aus 9A 9 wIpoy efuays tu oso} 2yp oyu jeBor 1 vltwgg “wipoy our soup iosayNBeIeM worsquNy ead ‘sadibys 94 soxsya poy sad wugup 3 uequusd gposiq of ayulS af THEN “isngoane aiyse s2fjy — zaiorm a1 op.d solu od ~ “gxeug qu 21A9} Sb 29ft a1ys9 Heawery ~ garysa,d oun.) og —yoauns 1s amysa tengfejany ~ zsngleqou ‘HOW at Op,3 sNe,3 = onolrIBiad yp saftway 29 onsfiokd yoftusgptr syysalin 2 Zojeyp aftr our yoyauga a1 punts uur 9s aur of “squnFR a1 (qnsiaBtmorow) Aosgyn[Seyour uuo'syuny sur guul>q a1 mua} “poy unyfou a1 sntopied ‘emp guel asqu gulOyYLIOA 21 ueNp tseMgp 980 s9}0} ab aroy eg -L “renziioqne g puosiod eSttAnNp 2 uayoH gu 2yp ‘urpuna Qu wozoprad 9) o1osaynl royzesout ab roynp ‘AlTEMTOyIod corsquNy wayortwar a gb “wg ,.uoyslofed 1 oqyodys waonsnyo 1, soup wsaIeyale “rumryAf3 oft 2} umpungsad ayi“fes 2 oumund uayad ajmtusoy 2931 aun wee 29 fovwpyap 2 uzoua_afuoy,, ‘uompjop fes 1 weyekny “2ouarapuU0y 9fu 2 UMN aU mp] -ys'd ttunidas af 3 unamequ & umany ausfougys 9) urenp ‘exemseo 91 g1eG semerbys amp “anyy anpoumsoysod uos|uny 2u J2lopz9d wun “9 saTugy! T3]R90d worssung op wIgYsUOYER = UTLENIDLBI gu aupe sod “iza0d au uigiea of “arép 9S sozop 1 aiyse sna0d morsy “suosayniG exof} 9 squeydeA ay “suena) gummy au sonssiozrgin alyse ve ‘soqel} 2 unre au tuiw 9s aur yotjaidys squni® + ood twoisqung “¢ of 2%efjepan aft a yu Ap is 0144 siprur a te agp atsaidsyo orsyung ‘fa “vis byst az 1s “siowysmy ely oun yeypnuad 2M fo} ou Sjtnyy nf “tsp296) anange a1 Jaupan asap aydapy 18 “anozaypan tigxAugea au afjog ow osgqtxu aylfol} 212 49d omc, “031 9feq isan lap anna 94 Jad y1opiod ‘gnid anouoy uorsyuny any WisaHeW au: JoypHT ABEUOY MoISyuNA “p 2 Pligg eBu yoyossianiad ab sqyn( 1 uorspuny Led 1 aypo saysa LY “galBoz 91 sOWOpIS aiys 41s “uRLETUNUIOY alfelB gufequs ar anp fo4y mnfp(u 99 9 yo1aads ou umyunoy ax aulsy 91 upfonau aufaipu > nagses yeyo 91 iays}ey 2m seqysegiad e1 guny oxozarafe jeruob ab ramaa 1 giyss 5uey tuorsyNy ssqund a upuoa au rmdz a4 araysoune aft 2 umunfiy au sfospu a op off “yspie ode y2Hoj0q umsapugysiad 1 3m as2N "3 aU gpasiq au awiky a sb auc) uanysap yjaidys aod “2104 yoys © tna ab afd afix aaysa of ised “mow tqut aye sfouszoyuT 9 umyjab 5 TY MU “aH 280 sngo3ne au Ysou auesd myn arysy ab afnoyp HuOKy mI “os ang scopy 8 el} af “turymmmey Qu a24y 9 sod auloqiays “is apy ‘jprebiolBuny jserSuowaupy 21s ‘sofqpseasgarur 2 yehiapuaysiag “(Wop>jo1 94 7O)F wlgaxdys “ys'd 1s) vouorssuny mePUMWOY 1 Neue asoU IayOHyHOA 9} 980 ysonlBap ayp ws9q0} spre r>peIUOY yasopudA 93 joyoUAs fes 9) gue LI soy vayudys seq 1 (nfo 1, sonoyet“bou8 wu) aye) ruoISUNY 1 2} 2uel Aneuoy ‘uoisyuny 219y Qu Uosops9d 9b exol) 9 auun9pu aypa sod “aoKLL aul} yystsqxesupd “yetaampsed guel morsyuny fa3y 21 ytd asqaeg“wonuiny, ab fese qiozs wi9a > jounspuab ayp yeluolpu qardys isajoj -yyurp “wyzeseR 2 aisgugyp ew youply (AnowD e Sgyordys) alsoadsya yuorsuny “7 st a20 a ményré mé 18 ploté gjuha ruhet né kaytesén © mass sé bartiésve té sa}, té bashikésisé gyuhésore qé ¢ pérdor."* Po ge se gjuhén do ta pérfytyronim si njé magaziné ku ruhen myete dhe rregulla té pérdorimit té tyre, atéheré né cdo rast ur pre) saj marrim nga kéto mjete e regula pér t’u kumtuar dicka béjmé me igi (té folurity. Anday, ligi ‘é folurit uke formuar até q@ qubet idhet_me vetiné © vet mekanizm Impulset qé u dérgoben nga prodhuar tmgwt, ndjekn gjithashtu njén- : dérgohen dy impulse njéherésh dhe as t# nyjétohen dy tinguy né té njéjtén koke.! Fig. L. Paragitie grofike e tf dy bashkébiseduesve Njéti nga pjesémarrésit (do ta shiénojmé me A) forméson né tru njé mesazh (mendirn), truri u jep impuls nervave, musky vihen né funksion dite ak rganet e 1€ folurit; organet e t& folurt 1 japin mesazhit formé té dubur tingullore, gé t8 mund té ndikojé né shqisa. Ky mesazh i materializuar “ Rami Memusha, "Po aty, £42, bartet népér kanal ajri dhe né formé t# lévizjes sé valéve arrin né veshin e pjesémarrésit t8 dyté, B, Truri i tj jep komandé gé nga veshi, pérmes nervave té péreohen ngecmimet e pranuara fizike, t& pérpunohen informatat e pranuara, dhe, falé mohjes sé té njejtit kod, deshifrohet mesazhi, dh. kupton ¢'thot® A-ja, Nése tant B-ja do t& thoté dicka, proces: pérséritet me kalye t8 anasjellté." Po té supozojmé se bashkébiseduesi B nuk e njeh kodin gé ¢ ka pérdorur folést A, atéheré a1 mesazhin e pranuar me shaisat ¢ t8 dégjuarit nuk mund ta deshifrejé, re t nuk mund ta kuptojé. Kjo na ndodh pétheré kur dégjoymé ciléndo gyuhé té panjohur pér ne. Veg késaj, @&ht@ i mundshém edhe té kuptuant gysmak, nése njé gjuhé e njohim pyesérisht dhe kuptojmé vet dicka nga ajo qé éshté théné. Procest i qarkut W komunikimit me gojé mund té paragitet si mé poshté: oe edhe kur dikush flet me 2& me té i brendshém (“i mternalizuar é vend té ajrit shérben faqja ¢ ngurté né té cilén shkruhet mesazht. Gjérate tjera, né thelb, jané 48 njéjta si né Komunikimia me gojé Kushtet themelore pér té komunikuar nyerézit ndérmyet tyre jané: - kodi i pérbashkét pér pjesémarrésit né komunikim; - aktorét ose bashkébiseduesit q& marrin pjesé né komuniki - porosia gé qarkullon ndérmjet bashkébiseduesve, dhe lohet komunikim.? "Ne rastin e fundit auk &shté & domosdoshme as ede Kodi tet bashkébisedvest si né ‘Acja mind ( shzojé adonje el. f Shlup, 1988, £21.tofo8 21 att isa au uaqoytyseg “VeI!9 a1 yamay) VOyOLLEY ape O19 BNI “TUMOR isorye tsepanged aftr reyopuous 91 pune ruses “2skupUr gi9y 2N 1 aye afte uaqiad wari9/3yy gu sgqntd 91 aAoyofta ay yumsopsad 1 ayuedaA 1 3803 OPS, ae Mieoyys atu UNA a aut ‘2/OT oun cruraLSy) aur auifag 24 ruIOy aied 9 uysex 26 ‘oN IB ogo oo||MBUt otsoyomt aur yoyozijeor gy pnw wws9fFry DARDINS GH LINTON FL "eT Hampof an yesad 1 24 guifaq 2 18 es4ypU = s05pqn{ upwpyunwoy gu gufaq 9 purnw 2b 215 opd yyzed 1 ‘gom, 2) Op “spynf “aIosgyAls oatsayye 2) oypeU gy gQUMYS amsgpug! 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Njeréait kané filluart# flasin qysh atéheré Kur elczistojné, por mé voné kané filluar t shkruajné. Gjuba ¢ shkruar ka filluar me vizatime, me adhendje né guré, né pllaka gline ose né lévore drunjsh et. Pra, forma mé primmifive ka qené shkrimi pitvografik, me piktura apo ikona, t& thye me pérbérjen tingu lés. Né Kk8té Iloj shkritni, pérgjigjet njé piktogram, dim.th. njé pikturé e objektit. Gjurmé te kétij shlorimt ruhen né hebraishten, ku, p.sh., shironja A. (alef) Eshté imi kokés sé kaut, B (xhimel) imitim 1 kalit et). Piktogramet sot pérdoren né shenyat rrugore, n€ injediset publike et. dhe kané karakter ndérkombétar, duke ndihmuar ortentimin edhe pa e njohur gjuhén ¢ njé vendi, Megjithaté, me vizatime Kérkonte myaft puné ¢ kohé dhe kishte mundési 18 ara komunilami, Gjérat abstrakte nuk mund té vizatoheshin. Pranday nevoja (shtynt nyerézit gé té Krijonin disa shenya t8 tera mé té thyeshta dhe mé 18 lehta Nea shicrmi piktografik u Kalua né shri absteakte t€ quaytr lindén nga st , por me konesptin qé sbté se pérmbajné njé vésiticé 1 duhet 18 zotérojé t8 adh: guubés sé sotme tér, n€ njé vend me njé mundéson Komunikamin mes. bartésve Me kohé, vendin © shkrimit ideografik ¢ zuné sisteme shkrimi mé té thyeshta dhe mé ckonomike. Kéto sisteme shkrimi mbéshteten né analizén fonctike w fjaléve, pra japin pérbérjen tingullore t& fjales, fillimusht té ® Rami Memushiay, Hye Trang, 2002, £ 41 rrokjeve (shkrimi rrokjesor a silabik) dhe mé voné t# tingujve themeloré apo fonemave (i quajtur shkrim fonetik ose fonologjik). Rrokjesor ka qené shkrimt + egjiptasve t& vjetér (ndoshta kété e morén nga shumerét), q@ mé pas u mor nge fenikasit. Sot shkrum rrokjesor pérdor Japonishtja, ndonése 1 ombinuar me shkrimin hieroglifik t8 knezéve, Shirimi silabik u pesua nga shkrimi fonetik, qé erdht st rezultat 1 njé analize mé 16 thellé 16 fjalés né tinguj-fonema. NE Kété lloj shkrimmi odo fonemé jepet me njé shkronjé 1 vegant8, késhtu q& mumsi 1 péthapje shumé mé té madhe né boté. (Né shirimin fonetik, si njési dalluese minimale shiérbemé shkronvat ashtu si fonemat né sistemin fonologjik. Prandaj, né analogji me fonemat, shkronjat ¢ njé sistem alfabetik quien grafema. Shkrimi u bé mé i lehté, mé i thjeshté dhe mé i pérdorshém kur njerézit shpikéa shkronjat. Shpikja ¢ alfabetit mund t merret si njé ndér zbulimet mé té médha t& njerézimit. NE krahasim me she kéndvéshtrimet, Historikish shogerisé njerézore, kurse sist shumé se 6 mijé vjet mé paré. Sé d in, gjuha e folur éshté parésore né etc gyjuhés sé folur pérkomé me et mé t@ vjetra t& shkrimit nuk shkojné mé shims varet nga gu shenja grafike rrokjet, ndérsa né shlrimin for shumé raste qé ¢ njéjta gjuhé ésbté shkruar me alfabc medhé té kohés shqipja éshté shkruar me alfabetin fonemat e gjuhés. Ka ndryshme. P.sh, né arabo-turk, grek, alfabeteve, Né kéto raste, © njéj ndryshme, gé tregon se fonemat jané t& pavarura pre} shenjave me t8 cilat shprehen. Pérparésia © gjuhés sé folur duket edhe né até qé nuk ke shogéri njerézore pa gjubé, ndonése ka ende gwuhé qé nuk kané shkrim, ashtu st n& shogénté e zhvilluara gé gjen analfabeté. Po edhe né shogériné moderne, ku shkrimi luan njé rol shumé té réndésishém, gyuha e folur prapé mbetet Kayesore: gjaté veprimtarisé soné ligjérimore ne mé shumé flasim sesa shkuamé. Mirépo pérparésia e gjuhés sé folur nuk duhet t8 shpjeré né pérfundimin se shkrimi éshté i paréndésishém. Kujtesa njerézore nuk éshté & pénetshme dhe nxénésia ¢ trunt éhté ¢ kufizuar. Kéto lcufizime 1 ka shmangur shim, duke kapéreyer hapés sotme pér regjistrimin dhe transmetimin erole unusiom 9) my sauSuoy afi onmn8io 2} sed, axeysny oft tdeq ,e0, moyueypg 9 eCoyeIy ‘Wodibys sod wig}24 9} Nagase afu 9 esedunue yyst 320 soBtuod afi ‘adibuys uaynfB gu axeagy, mi anaturog a wfoxou Fayoays ny “liter 3U oiyst Teyaquioy roxtun 9 wi]> 49d uO! vfztAgy any “BUDUROXS C393] NL reads anfon 21 pusy opd au aqnpy ugdey ery “Fans 3 oabany tuys oe eaediad upiop 1 ab vesaBted eypyf® 91 1eAargdey aynp ‘aumysqoxuad 9} aremis ary unnd oyp isreniBz ou uenzardgys 9 greidibys amaqpY wbidod tad vyanqn.ng 21 mfesp 21 yp ayynod uy, syu0yid1d 9b sxRBoseuIep samiod af aabopu wry ‘varmarysny usyredys aqp unmueEy |APqY Ue luenzan 9 ‘undénys 2 yfndod 2u9q ab atordigpund 9s sgn] 2 afoypati i 2 aibim my ‘gor yata @ unyyLiOy au menfiay n gutsapunyy “guInys uensapuap A ti}on a} Hage aft 2 woliysad anuyplSz a sed gudibys oagreioypie 2 rabjoldiad 330 HO}AUS 21 MANNE OUP XTX HTIMF=YS a1 pI gTeL) “renpyeo a1 rpuar afu sedis exmrypes 2) ‘aqn8 aft roprad ab aashuonyys > visgzg ayysa HageyTy “Wun z9lRt) a aiojeuioq anon ode weuisuey usabered yewayee ‘aaguntS 2 uranTyys 9N rusizarafe 9} eypaur 21 aur yowy gz sopu af Is yaxsoun 7A punta meqete 2 etyidys as utuiyod aroy aft aypo auufoyinysed 94 “aangson > guys gudzop afe aiyse wezyoquns 9x sound 1 natuapuYs 2s sensyoup ayMp “Tuaypgu 93 908 jareroynlS uiyst uNogese UeN|NgZ 2 ab aye as (ofoyy “y) auaM aIyS9 aufaup a1 apy MAToqua urajqord ayse mMLDAYS g MnDISIS 2 efypalz AdIOUS SHBNLD LLLAAVATY “FT ho nansaaqd » zoltoys au wadaf yysts9sold ugian reamed 9 tuoroewoqut na TNTATST # ASN-AH “eluonfYS aw ayyaqz a asAugL HS 9) 9 |INJOY a} 2 a1O|INFuN eIySKae) “Ys'g “eIOy|RsUN sQywis 91 awystsapuat 9 rOWD]D WySISpI0}M yobemd 1 MU YAP 2 oy 26 stoup 21 op 9b Siensyys a euNlS ey 2 > anjog as saUNI —r Lnsed aay fia yeu 2}8018 auef 1s ‘oxoumdny aro aur asgunppu e10% 9) ajolea estp aupe aulossbous 2 arouysodys ary “fia expojaur ezned “tuoroeuovat “van “efyou “astel} t ap safe} Freya “(jeurauey) axorjnsny yoquowroy9 eBU reyeqiad aumnjoy a “geuioisty a1efB woysapu 9) anlndod oy oyp munzauale 21 sennTS 8 guTUBaysesn au ayp uasmyTy aM TuAYyfO 3} VOsApURUE seNDIYS 8 soqntS 0 euiptysanypuab ‘aied 29 aypes gu ‘10g “wayssoyaunys a1 uopIed sad isgpunw agp a:0yoy surysanspUab 39 >I>]A. gy 3 aLOT|NBUN ey ‘ype ab sensopunr ou5y (14) aJenzIAoIpne 9 ("fia Tuayorasey “Tuo}o}euFeME 15) amjaro‘pne sumyséspu 9 yorolta “mansyYs esos guOA a aug az ‘SCE-STE "Cone ‘aueM. ayn 9} gu j94NS aw sosyns Su JerunwO, dtuysfoqauinys 2 yefosow snysnguad 9} 12d ye 2) aad sabjofdiod oft yao 2 fen yoy es IL 91 qrtrp “nunzypiopHone 9 wipes 9a 12121 op 205340 BN ain los ys 2) Spy 2) pouioigord an “unphe wany , foie egy MOY «¢WeNp 911s a uuenp 21 any uaseb 1, Fese gb uosgpunc 2(8 of agp gunn 2] “ayel8 29 gxot wy zenayys 9 eynlc “2Azqzalu a1 oneluafpu Pup eaaunpusm 2 uafyaidys sad oyyjord yseluoys senziueaio 1 waysis 2Mise TY “waysonapugh 9 soyfeIeY ey ayp NRIs Alyse meD|YS “LsMjOp 3p eB MATTEP AN HINJo} 3 9 oFENZTA satbered 9 a2duatu siysD ULES ‘uufoxo] 1 2yp auufonsnyys taefuonys vsigpu ‘guufofap 1 ayp ouafoydibys 1 yinun wid sued 9 9) axvsibys 91 gue aur gunfoydoasod 1 (eftoxyys) ayes reiuays asin “uHBap 2 anesibys 9 ugumppu aun quufouead 1 yfegtay “taiafynusofu afis 9) uen(Bep 21 2 unerode gu sxueySU 9feA Qu UaTOURPUYS a4 seer au} aU ule defauadou Uoqodiad ‘uteyp 9 anjor at 2 unexede gu uoyomzoj sinSun yex0 uIpoy aN, sayni8 = uiuuruerd ayp wumaura sod arouéqeu ayp syesiaqrun gu yorofar quer yfaBae. “MnBuy ur jeyorowsaen vay “a10s aavfuays 9 axpysd afgardys suet ny gu axoyeduiy wuNsAANag —sOqNsuN ‘UnqZeuM ou ueYpr] weMTeal 9 1ewdeouoy my “snafu 9 UNH gu ey 2 UgUISTE 3 jspuieugsafd ow yp 1s JayO|LAYZ UaplD a1 au ‘JOIAeHL BIRIOJ N 9 ULVALTOLA) UEYOr aU NgpYY gIYS Wopuay yEANJOy AL INIOY 9s SQYRKR > oyuseg ofibesed g1ysp >JAu IenNyYS 9 eyNLB as gow) 2} op ab ‘ovfalu an eyinaus azaqopimy aufopjadsox ynu ory “oUiaA ay ayniS aft 35 yumzyqeos 91 vyuedoA 9} EUMTOY &p auel reLEAYS up stIMjOy a1 252A saNIE 9 uDgeyIe uogiod senpyeo 9p ayn afer 9 yewsOGOY gufosabeyiad ab “{enefuonyys) ayrjeal anvfuays audigy 9 visaxyseg “Injoy 28 sgynls 3} aaihBur 9 Grunpoysued 250) stumpoxy 2 yesAugus vu alt asa 28 jmp 2 aaysa “ypent gy wnegz ual suysupiad 9 ug! gu LO 9 yrumD}ruNLHO 9 atkugui ofy sennyys 9 eqnl® arysa “joy as sant sed aroyafuaty uate euguisosiad w8u Jad gb “zozarafu atumugf Bin, 9 yopoy e rexel J9pu aly “prandigpued uayoray 9 ue1eg “fa ne “emp ‘runzgzolu 9 efowsed ‘vounypas 2) 9u 9 suey “nN ee ab anuLDYS a1 Aue apy ,auIepoLL guaboys gu MMULDAYS 2 uIjor yedse myogz guey 2 yO "HoetAs|ey oyP moyoyoudeUr 928 29 shogérté € ndryshy Kété e realizoi kiut kongres né Manas bashkimin e gilthe Rtesave shogérive, klubeve dhe individeve, suesit ¢ letrave shgipe”. i vendosi gé t& béhey njé Késaj sé madheje nevojé pér loi menjéheré shpérndarja e Thiryja ¢ Kongresit 1@ Manastint u miréprit nga forcat atdhetare tare si njé ngjaje shumé © réndésishme e kulturés kombétare dhe e. Qyteti i Manestint u zgjodh si vend neutral pér té mundésuar iné © duhue per zgjidhyen e késaj detyre kag komplekse dhe in kohé. Kl Shqiperise, nga klube dhe shogéri, nga ngi fénguar nga Klubi sl ‘6 Kongresi t& hartonte njé program pér @ di i paraqitey parlamentit turk.” Kongresi 1 Alfabet néntor 1908 dh Bayram Cumin, kérkohe} © kombit shqiptar, i cili do u mbaji né Manest zajidhar he t@ mundimshme. 1908-2003, 95 yet | Para kétij Kongrest jané mbaytur disa t8 tjeré, qé kané pasur t# njéjtin éllim, pra hartimin ¢ njé alfabeti t€ pérbashkét. Por, ata kishin karakter regjional dhe nuk arritén qé té pérhapnin njé alfabet te té giithé shqiptarét. Pé dallim nga Kongresct © tjera, Kongrest 1 Manastint ishte 1 pari me karakter mbarékombétar, megé morén pjesé 50 delegaté (32 me t@ drejté vote dhe 18 pa té drejté vote), gé pérfagésonmn 23 qytete, shogén dhe klube té ardhur nga 1 gjitha trojet tona, st dhe nga kolonité shqiptare té Rumanisé, plesétaré te t# tri besimeve Gjergy Fishta, Mithat Fri Glogor Cilka, Dhimitri Buda, Shaiun Kolonja, Sotir Peci, Bajo To; ‘Nyz’het Bej Vrioni, Ke Né fotografi: 1. Gjergi Fishta, Qiriazi, 5. Nére Mjeda, 6, Glogor Ci 9, Sotir Peci, 10. Bajo Topulli dhe 11. Nyz"het Bej Vriont. NE punén ¢ tyre t& mundimshme triditéshe, por te fiytshme u shqyrtuan tri mundési: that Frashéri, 3, Lang} Gurakugi, 4. Gjerey a, 7. Dhimitri Buda, 8. 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Kjo géshye né Kongresin ¢ Manastint éshté agjidhur né katér menyra: 1. Duke pardorur t8 njgjtén shkronjé latine p&r t8 shénuar fonemén pérkatise t& gjuhés shaipe. Sipas késay trajte nga alfab vleré u bartén af alfabetun shqip 20 shkronja: = /e/ e jo /k/ si né | Késisoji nga alfabet 3. Shkromat <é> dhe jané formuar duke u shtuar shkronjave tine dhe shenya diakmtike (dy pika (") mbi -n8 dhe njé shenjé { ngjashme me presjen () nén -n8). Shkronja éshté marré nga sister grafik 4 fréngiishtes, pér shkak t& prestigiit 18 larlé 1 késay gyuhe, nidersa dy pikat mb njé shkronjé q& shénon zanore, jané njé shen diaknitike e njohur edhe né gjuhét e tjera, 1. por me vieré fonematike tjetér inishten, = /x/ ¢ jo sl. 4. Duke pémgjitur dy shkronya latine né jonjé té pérbashkét pér t& shénuar njé fonem: bé né tri ményra: 8) me basikangjitjen e dy shkronjave t8 njejta dhe : b) ronja té ndryshme kur e dyta ébté <>: gy (e+) hkcuar njé shkronjé me shkronjén , Keshtu pérftuan stikronjat: dh (+h), sh (sth), th (t+), xch (xh) dhe zh (2*h). sbkronjat dhe pir t8 shénuar dy gélloret prapagiuhore té shqipes: /g, k/.* Skronjat e abécésé sé shaupes kané kété renditje: * Grafemat ué méayté konvencionale paragiten duke w véné brenda shenjave <>, st , ety Aa (ee (ii (Na | # [Vv a NV [8 beer Ce [Ff [kK O-o [Sh xi xh ¢ Gig L eee Y_y Dd | Gg Qq | Zz Dadi [Hb [Mm [R+ |U Zi_zh Tabela T. Ajabati« gyal shigipe Sig shihet, alfabeti i gjuhés shqipe ka 27 shkronja «é (hénohen vetém me njé shenjé): pérdoret mé vete por éshté edhe pjosé c dyté © dyshkronjéshave): bashkimet me (. , , , ); basikimet me (, ); ato me () dhe me <> (<>). Kjo zajidhye € ki shtypshkrrmatt8 tel karaktert i shkronjave, jané numerikisht njé ¢ katérta e alfab. @ njé ngatkesé ¢ mache, Por spas studimeve tém 6-7 igrafove por mé rrallé edhe tetagrafeve pér péspiliman © alfabeteve © kané adjekur edhe disa gjuhé 18 yer gé kan’ pasur ple baz alfabetin Jat 8 ie mok ka pasur shktonjé pér t© shénvar fonemséa /eb, 18 ndeyshme shévobet me grafems t@ ndryshme: tal. me me , polan. me et. N@ germanisht ‘tsch> ey. erbgjné 25% 18 shlronjave W alfabeit tons (9 digrafe né(onnsvdige 9 s20.v2) wysen ‘3a oyp nant » ylwongys 16 “ski ay weoHarqtdoy » ex ayps suyspunKH a (BUTEUGTS STOUED) semzzauau « muEyys‘aytuvasae “omuardiad o sxouez) ezez 21 au © 2yses) 2) 201 wfuanyys aur MORES“ 2 Bjauofd 9 yehuorsys) redigd 9 s10aez ys ‘waropigd jst “unsy>) 9) afd 9fe wayetsapuss 9 QUIS JENIN Bd “do ceanyfenb 91 ourSesod a1 tspupeur aul uoyew aaefuangys 2 yeseuteg , SUugsKapt @ gnzod ode rsgyses ‘isgofS ‘squpeM am :ysefuonys sumysKipu 9 ‘unos ussopiad asipel} 21 ode sajelp 21 atuz0y gfuopu ‘gurU0y afuopa sures gu Qua a1 oq “IHS AyeAA runIsAULIOY roUAg aLAugKU 2194 DN “aWIOUOY af gion auafougys axyer3 yshze] o19y eyptf@ 91 ou odaunus *(" “ “ " <> ‘ “ “) vyguINUed a yseluonTYS yeIs au sprRsTainldaI0y 2 ulanyaye ou uel as0 “he exmsafig 91 *eiguofa 91 ‘ezaz 2} gut “oUNySAApU 2) ysefuonys adn aur “sumysAupa ay isaypeny aut w: nti oye ‘sa10p a) udkiys 21 efuorqys ‘vypaut 9 “e/Hon 9} wluanys 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plotésisht fonematik mund té pasqyrojé vler® afektive, 18 cilén e Kongresi « paré i Manastirit pati réndést t& madhe jo vetém pir alfabetin dhe pér gjunén letrare kombétare, pér arsimin ¢ pér kulturén né ior edhe pér céshyjen kombétare shqiptare né pérgjithési. Vendi Kongresit, qé ishin Inirorézim « veprimtarisé sé shumé sé shumé breza ipes dhe 1 perpjekjeve t pandérprera pér affimin @ niés shqipe e t& Kombit shqiptar, u pritén me gézim dhe u vuné menjeheré né zbatim, Brenda pak vi alfabett yn 1 tém t shqnpes. AL &shté kuroréziny i pérpjekjeve disashekullore t€ mendjeve mé té ndritura t& Kombit, Alfabets yné ne krijon lehtési dhe pérparési té médha né pérdonmin ¢ teknikés kompyuienistike mg t@ pérhapur. Alfabeti | pérbashkét che « ndértuar te drejt hapt rrugén pér nj& emancipim kulturor, pér ajé dreytshkr pérbashkét dhe pér njé gyjuhé standarde t@ perbashket pér t8 git shqup sig ¢ kemt sot.” ( vopla) kané 8 pik; 6 pike, per! « 5 pike, rats de cicero ~ kan KREU IL 2, OBJEKTi I FONETIKES stiké rrjedh nga a reqishtja e vjetéi Ago shayrton vetém anén materiale tné dallim nga degét © tera t& giuhésisé qé merren me formén, funkstonin dhe pérmbajtjen gjuhésore, q& 1 pérkasin _gramatikés, leksikologjisé apo semasiologjisé.* Fonetika nuk duhet trajtuar vetém si myet ndihmés pér gjuhétarin dhe pér studentin e gjuhive t@ huaja. Ajo sot ésht shkeneé shumé ¢ zhvitluar, e cila pérfshin pjesé té fiziologiisé dhe t8 fizikés, por qé ka pércaktuar fust a zhvil té kérkimit dhe 48 verifikimit, st dhe terminologjiné e v é degé c gjuhésisé, ndérkaq morfologjia dhe sintaksa jané degé té gramatikés. Deri mé tani jané dhéné disa pérkufizime pér fonetikén: Fonetika merret me studimin e anés fiziologjike dhe akustike t ligjérimit; njésia c sa baze tshté dnguili- zéri i nyjétuar i t8 foluritté njeriut, Ajo bén pérshkeimin dhe Klasifikimin = nyjétimin e tyre (fonetika e té ait (fonetika akustike) dhe hé mjetet tingullore té t8 folur iuajné. Fonetika éshté degé e gjuhésisé e ertl Malmberg, F 2 John Lyons, Hye nd Londér, 1968 (pérkthyer dhe botuar ni t folurt. 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Lidhja e qéndrueshme midis kuptimit (t8 shényuarit) dhe bénjuesit) éshté kusht 1 domosdoshém i ekzistimit t@ gjuhés. A.. mbulesa tingullore ¢ fjalés dora pérbéhet nga renditja ¢ pércaktuar ¢ katér tinguyve. Prishya ¢ késaj renditjeje mund t8 krijojé grumbull tingush q& auk kané kuptim, si rado, orda, rdoa, drao, doa. Né disa raste, nga ndryshimi i rendigies sé tingujve mund t@ lerijohen fjalé me kuptio t& rdryshém, Tima, pust ~ supt, nde gepa ~ page etj, Kuptimi ve né raste té rralla né eyuhén shqrpe mund té ndryshojé edhe pér shake 1 theksit, i dart (dhensh) ~ bart (bis), (bumé industrale) Bazén materiale té gjuhés e pérbéjné tingust, Tingulli artikulohet vénen né veprit 8 18 kumbon né zgavrén e gojé pérmes valéve ronte (npare ee fal ko Muljatié, Op fonologifa 2.43. ‘Ana tingullore e gjuhés ésht® dukuri e ndérlikuar, sepse tingujt kané natyré té ndryshueshme dhe shpeshheré jené t& pagéndrueshém., Ata pésojné ndryshime, pérkatésisht modifikohen: varésisht nga pozita e tyre né falé (né prané, nga vendi 1 theksit, nga ritms i ligjérimst, nga géllima i thénies ef 2.1. DEGET DHE LLOJET E FONETIKES Njésia mé e vogél tingullore ¢ rrafshit fonetik jan é cilét kané natyré mjaft t€ ndérlikuar. Ata lindin gjaté akteve té ligirumut. Folési ¢ Kedon mesazhin ¢ vet né tinguj, kurse dégiuesi, duke e pérkapur me vesh rijedhén tingullore dhe duke ¢ analizuar até né sistemin nervor, nxjerr pre} saj pérmbajtjen e mesazhit. Po ta analizojmé nga piképamya fonetike procesin ¢ Komunikimit me ané t& gjuhés, do t& dallojmé anén fiziologjike ose nyjétimore, akustike, kombmatore, dégjimore dhe anén funksionale. Ryyedhimisht, tngujt mund té trajtohen né kéto aspekte themelore: (1) né véshtrimin e ményrés sesi prodhohen ata nga organet e t8 folunt; (2) né véshtrimin ¢ cilésive akustike té valéve tingul degjuest; (3) né ndryshueshimériné 8 vecania té fonetikés: (1 aicustike, (3) kombinatore di gé shgyrton pérkapjen ¢ sot e késaj dite nuk ka pérparuar shumé, Fonet ‘John Lyons, Hyrye né Gjuhésiné Teorke, £106.86 3 °ZO0E ‘AUN, spy 20 atu oysnop IE 6-563 2007 “gue, oy au olay Toystoyy nae ayes pur yg “ash spf emnsopaan 91“ 31 aCiod w yswsonys tpi af te oargode eq 312 egadd ase “pluedon oat aft ts ass aft ts oyopul 9 pans sega ops 9 xn onowanspApuny Ap auhioy 2 enipjadsiod vn $240) 21 uioy 2 ausrsty 9foRaMdys 21 puna “oye 30 yp ised “moup a1 atxysKapu 9 seas 9d 23 rox 9ft g2ng znypopi anzojoars ce 19 31 pant army, 96 250pueA 2p 2 wma aus “sayoy 2 aumgds 3 2S] muiouorde WoC may red 2 mses at ‘fGojoue aft 9g 2p og “fh a1 HOISHY WUNAwe aux afypH at taslouL ye) op5 fexeven unysog au usigps 9 ou sufstaysyyseg ab ial, a uotunys ou aysn stupa -uWDits € yawaya 1s yaKNYS = op squUIS F Hey oDd feUGzIzOy tMIS09 9N Bue wu Isefu og} Hompnys_1 gb “epfZoyouoy ayp 2125 2 soumatéu unyodse ‘9 wmspfli] gp auoymdim gutsy uoxpmys ab “sayel} ar aysndu > uiunday pu BxNOUOT ppuossyuaf aynouof anyfenb 2 sexreU0] 2 aBop aft wv 1 aup endan n pur ‘unUNUOY Joh IS saqAFT 9 uIUOISHUNY 2U 2, 9 uypor woyngz ab ‘feuotsyuny unyadse 3u aafaun + ruupms BN ump ‘aynlS gfe 91 yLoIsKy uLuNipANZ URUFP ,(,2G0H,, S010 “29000, Dip “In 9 box) asmoxyeyp ay & Jexnion sorysog au ayp (nunAtZ 9 renDxE9 2 g7ey pfu “Isoqoysfe “isayoreyseq ca 9°29 1 00 ‘BUEN, WH aU oie FeysmUBayA ese, us TA 9 ‘bai8) ssmoxyus y nys0q yotjHb ab “pymozis0y unysog 2u ‘amysdspu 99 ajysog Xp au Yosoptiaa 21 YospIAEe YP) pd ab uofay of y ian 2 unmuyau att ayn of aenjey ey ab wed} aupo sod “(es 9 uprenyys 21 aut ofqpy ed “xenpungsod ay eybip 1s “guayp 21 axodo aft: gu atspmyseq aftr 9 ugynl® 2yoys 23 puna uojayRIS “uypalss Fg “ex 9 ugien| 2) Sy uOUIESES aye EYAL ‘sr20ISKq| JoppenT atu agIO"} LyyNP op? 1g ho ody 93 amysape o rep Surapqyiseps) ‘qtumathu 2 uudupit “sodiby uuoipms edibys soynlS 9 eyneuey ysd oy|n3u unexaysis uoIpys gundaa 9 vyyauof vex9pu “fe ssoq}ndun sumysypifaiad 9 yp anammp 'sgi0g 2 Yaunl2 aur rurtiopiad 21 owajsAapu o auisgpunus a) mesede 9) atouns9tAu etsepunur dorpmas amysipifBiad 9 nyyanoy 2 youmysfapu 2 uueWoAUL ‘gunson 9 pynauos (4 2up auysyfSigd 9 ayponef (2 -anof 91 puns “fo anBuno} 2 unoqarpye ared a3 sad weppunua dof vy/o.Bo3i “eagzng a 1afz uoy “194 ys ab yjetsayeu wa aysisaze younyoye wsigpu | UOYONYSSA 2syfouTor9Dy a uguIEEPL ayy IMO} a 2 Ueypatia au ystatsasyms uabipu 9 oxyeiwoy ogy ab tosapunus nyferSoampedo.nyay2 THe) Bsippu ‘2afhSay wsip 9p gwangldt gi0I8 ugzyjorb aur say 9s sofyaid 1 ipuan woyoupaied asyfoSorojed 3 ajeuorsipen ways) aq QZ 2 UNDHSuaUL Sup uROUENYaN “uayOY wnTouyads au ayyesB gudugu gu sensstfBar a ‘aymp “nano; g ,uOeIBONNG,, yo t yexEde “youSouyeds 92 494 au WIANsISOpURL 2) pu, “fayHoreroge] ‘sjewauMasu) apmuannadsy? vypanof vniadz H guuipms 2 94 9 apoyaus of BEY HtUM9/EH 9} axOTIAUN souE aI eadtuENeEININ awit swystipu 21 aresede apo uozpiAapys “yysoa doarod “vypyou0g iat afofsigpu 93 audugut 24 usayysgquU 9 gUfodio3s9d 3ATBo}oUNy 2 soPUIquIOY “IAsAYE “AOLOrZT Hunmysgapugy aainfun 9 yuIpMs > vad ay UK} spre alypH, vd 9 ayN 8W exEpU 9} 1s seNpuau JeyNp yuu sBap O18y “aremnLaWT (osonyy;pow) azosouguioy mprouof woxx9m oumysAspu 9) eutzod au 924i 31 MysAupu 2 yepINBoxs ayp sruMANP au “giojawoyy oxlnSuy 9 UIUNDAIPOUE apy SABSME giuodea oyp uruHalku aufoysArpu “unnah-ualu gu gufoyypu waauN coed 21 & enmmayys 91 safis au MySay} EOTYSNG n ayNC{“(wypHHaed 2 Yel} ‘ae “afyous) euypaut a3 att salu renuzaptr 1 xgd uayodn3 gb (e/oa 9} aut ts9ft 1s) vindun eBu reypqiod gus renz9f81] “oalnSan a1 yeundrbys axel uayoryeyys 2b ninfe 98 sajea 9 attion aystsaveyjiad ‘anfhdun a) ayZy aqtiodaa woyfey ayasmyo myyauogy “ymjoy 2} 9 wHEIede au aalnSuy ay wumafdu 9 ugudugs vonAdyS (equouojorzy ‘ayplBojorzyy ‘oanemmynse exnaucy) asowneftu mypouo,ya n funksionale, pérbéjné dy aspekte studimi t8 njé disipline t8 vetme gyuhésore. Me termin tradicional fonetiké pérfshihen t@ dyja kéto aspekte studimi. Nuk mund té béhet asnjé studim 1 vérteté 1 fonctikés pa pikésynime t8 qarta fonologiike, funksionale. Tiparet fizike dhe nyjétimore t& tingujve né fonetiké me ané té té cilave ata realizojné funksionin tyre shoggror né gyubé." Me zgjerimin dhe thellimin e studimeve pér rolin e tingujve né © komunikimut kyo fonctiké funksionale tani mé qubet fonologi XIX, sidomos me Ferdinand de Sosyr. Dert aiéheré strukiura ¢ gjenezés sé giuhéve, ndérsa me Sosyrin gjuha fillor té studiohe) né vete dhe pér vetveten, TE armiturat e fonetilé ndryshimit t fangujve, rregullat € 1 zanoreve si t# gjata, t@ mesme ose |. wjené zbatim praktik sidomos né (ortoepia) qubet edhe “foneriké € shqiptumit té drejté né gyuhéa letrare, me drejtshkrimin, Fonetika njésive tingullore. . sig jané fonetika tungullore té gjuhéve eb, 2.2. LIDHJET E FONETIKES ME DISIPLINAT E TJERA Giuha éshte njé sistem su sistemet e shkallés mi larté dhe ky, nga ana e vet, pérfshihet né njé sistem tjetér té njé shkalle ed rmé t larté ¢ késhtu me radhé. Nga kjo piképamje, nénsistemet e gjuhés mund té pérfytyrohen si njé radhé rrafshes! njésité ¢ vela bazé, t& cilat adryshojné {8 Yera * Fonetka dle gram e gyuhés sotme letrare shape I, Fonetta (maket 1983, £18 8 Njésité bazé t8 gjuhés jané for rfema, fjala, togfalésin dhe fjalia. Nga piképamja e ndéitimit, fonema éshté njésia mee vogél ‘pandashme mé te), ndérsa njésité © tjera mund té ndahen né njési mé t8 vogla. Sipas funksionit, njésité © gwuhés ndaben né njési ndértuese: foncma, morfema dhe sintagma, q8 shérbejné si material ndértunt pér njésit® e tyera mé té médha dhe qé nuk mund té pérdoren mé vete: njési quajtése: fala, © ‘emérton dicka dhe njési é lidhye midis tyre dhe krijoyné fj ndérsa ant © Yecanta t8 saj, st ana 2 (fonetika), etsiu de Sronaibe Por kur Kbloyme ns ge sistem i gjuhés n& pyesét pérbérése & tij, termat “sistem” dhe “nénsistes ndérkémbehen, Késht re Eshté nénsistern « gjuhés, por, © paré ‘veomas, st ter8si e re dhe € lidhjeve midis tyre, ajo formon njé sistem mé vete. ME te, terésia e fonemave t€ njé gjuhe dhe térésia e mjeteve prozodike té saj jané marra mé vete, ato formojié prozodike. Né ményré 18 ngjas : e gramatiké mund té flasim pér sisteme e nén: ié médha ose mé té vogla. Kjo shpjegohet me veté ndértimin e gjuhés, cila nuk mund t& mendohet st njé shumé ¢ thyeshté elementesh, por si njé lidhye hierarkike e tyre. ha Kéto sisteme gjubésore ka shkenca t& vecanta, por tidis rrafsheve té gjuhés kushtézojné edhe lidhjen ¢ inave gé studiojné kéto rrafshe. NE kété shumést elementesh, ting njésia mé c vogél materiale ¢ strukturés gjuhésore. gé ¢ studion fonetika. Ajo éshté shkencé mé vete sepse ka objektin (Iéndén) he metodat e saj té studimit. Fonetilca materie studimi ka njésit# segmentore dhe mbisegmentore té gquhés, Fonetika ka lidhye té ngushté me léndét shoqérore (veemas me fushat ‘gjuhésore) si dhe ato natyrore. Lidhjet e fonetikés me fonologjiné. Fonetika dhe fonologjia jané shumé t8 ndérlidhura dhe e plotésojné njére-tietrén. Nuk mund té béhet asnié studim ¢ vérteté i fonetikés pa pikésynime t gasta fouologjike, funkstonsie. ‘é njejté stud @ ndryshme. Ki’shtu, &shté théné se fonetika logiik dhe akustik, ndérsa fonologiia nga