Hurricane Walaka

Hurricane Walaka
Hurricane Walaka was a Category 5 hurricane that brought high

surf and a powerful storm surge to the Hawaiian Islands.
Walaka was the nineteenth named storm, twelfth hurricane,
eighth major hurricane, and second Category 5 hurricane of the
2018 Pacific hurricane season.[2]
Hurricane Walaka
Walaka at peak intensity south of Johnston Atoll on October 2
Meteorological history
Formed September 29, 2018
Extratropical October 6, 2018
Dissipated October 7, 2018
Category 5 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds 160 mph (260 km/h)
Lowest pressure 921 mbar (hPa); 27.20 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities None
Damage Minimal
Areas affected Johnston Atoll, Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands, East Island
IBTrACS (https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-201826
9N11220) / [1]
Part of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season
The tropical cyclone originated from an area of low pressure

that formed around 1,600 mi (2,600 km) south-southeast of
Hawaii on September 24. The system tracked westward and
moved into the Central Pacific Basin about a day later. The
disturbance continued westward over the next few days,
organizing into a tropical depression on September 29. Later
that day, the system strengthened into a tropical storm,
receiving the name Walaka. The storm then rapidly intensified,
becoming a hurricane on September 30 and a major hurricane
by October 1. The cyclone took on a more northward track
under the influence of a low-pressure system located to the
north. Walaka peaked as a Category 5 hurricane, with winds of
160 mph (260 km/h) and a pressure of 921 mbar (27.20 inHg),
early on October 2. An eyewall replacement cycle caused the
hurricane to weaken, though it remained a major hurricane for
the next couple of days. Afterward, less favorable conditions
caused a steady weakening of the hurricane, and Walaka
became extratropical on October 6, well to the north of the
Hawaiian Islands. The storm's remnants accelerated
northeastward, before dissipating on October 7.
Although the hurricane did not impact any major landmasses, it

passed very close to the unpopulated Johnston Atoll as a
strong Category 4 hurricane, where a hurricane warning was
issued in advance of the storm. Four scientists there intended
to ride out the storm on the island, but were evacuated before
the storm hit. Walaka neared the far Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands, but weakened considerably as it did so. East Island in
the French Frigate Shoals suffered a direct hit and was
completely destroyed. The storm caused significant damage to
the nesting grounds for multiple endangered species; coral
reefs in the region suffered considerable damage, displacing
the local fish population. Several dozen people had to be
rescued off the southern shore of Oahu as the storm brought
high surf to the main Hawaiian Islands.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–
Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Storm type
Tropical cyclone
Subtropical cyclone
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or

monsoon depression
On September 22, 2018, the National Hurricane Center (NHC)

forecast that a low-pressure area would form around 130–140°
west.[3] Two days later, a trough – an elongated region of low
atmospheric pressure – formed around 1,600 mi (2,600 km)
south-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii.[4] The disturbance entered the
Central Pacific Basin on September 26 as a mixture of low-level
clouds and larger cumulus clouds. A subtropical ridge located
north of the Hawaiian Islands caused the system to track
westward over the next few days. A surface low formed by
12:00 UTC on September 27 as the system was located 805 mi
(1,296 km) southeast of Hilo. The system became Tropical
Depression One-C around 12:00 UTC on September 29 while it
was around 690 mi (1,110 km) south of Honolulu, Hawaii.[1]
Convection or thunderstorm activity formed near the system's
low-level circulation center, and a banding feature –
significantly elongated, curved bands of rain clouds – became
established over the southern and eastern portions of the
depression. Six hours later, the system strengthened into a
tropical storm, receiving the name Walaka from the Central
Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC).[1][5]
The nascent tropical storm was located in an environment of

warm 84–86 °F (29–30 °C) sea surface temperatures, low
vertical wind shear, and humid air.[1][5] After forming, the
cyclone's banding features degraded, although its convection
persisted. Meanwhile, the ridge continued to steer Walaka
westward.[6] Around this time, Walaka began a stint of rapid
intensification.[1] Convection became more abundant around
the storm's low-level center during the morning of
September 30.[7] Walaka's cloud tops cooled;[8] the tropical
cyclone intensified into a hurricane by 18:00 UTC.[1] A cloud-
filled eye emerged on visible satellite imagery by early October
1 as Walaka continued to strengthen.[9] Walaka became a
Category 3 major hurricane around 12:00 UTC on October 1, the
fourth storm to do so in the Central Pacific in 2018.[1] At that
time, the hurricane possessed a prominent eye surrounded by a
sizeable ring of cold clouds. Walaka turned towards the west-
northwest as it moved around the southwestern edge of the
ridge.[10] Walaka peaked as a Category 5 hurricane, with
maximum sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a
minimum central pressure of 921 mbar (27.20 inHg), at
00:00 UTC on October 2. Walaka's peak intensity made it the
second Category 5 hurricane of the 2018 Pacific hurricane
season.[1] Around that time, the cyclone had a clear, 23-mile
(37 km) wide eye surrounded by cool cloud tops.[11] Meanwhile,
microwave imagery and ASCAT data showed the formation of
concentric eyewalls, signaling that an eyewall replacement
cycle had commenced. A strengthening upper-level low located
north of Walaka was causing the hurricane to begin a more
northward track.[1][12][13]
Walaka as a minimal Category 1 hurricane early on

October 5
Walaka maintained its peak intensity for six hours before
beginning to decay as a result of the eyewall replacement cycle.
The cyclone continued to track northward under the influence
of the upper-level low.[1][13] The hurricane weakened to a
minimal Category 4 hurricane by 00:00 UTC on October 3. By
that time, Walaka's eye had degraded on satellite imagery;[1] the
eye had become cloud-filled, and the clouds making up the
eyewall and central dense overcast had warmed.[14][15] Walaka
passed about 45 mi (72 km) west of Johnston Island around
03:00 UTC.[16] After completing the eyewall cycle, Walaka
reintensified slightly, reaching a secondary peak of 145 mph
(233 km/h) around 12:00 UTC on October 3.[1] The cyclone's eye
became increasingly delineated as the clouds comprising the
eyewall cooled. Although the storm had restrengthened,
increasing wind shear was thinning the northwestern
eyewall.[17] Soon after, Walaka began to weaken once more as it
advanced north-northeastward. Later on October 3, the western
and southwestern eyewall eroded as a result of the wind shear.
At the same time, upper-level cirrus outflow was disrupted in
the southwestern and northeastern portions of the storm.[18]
The already strong wind shear increased even further, peaking
at 54 mph (87 km/h) around 00:00 UTC. Walaka's eye
disappeared from visible satellite imagery and the
southwestern portion of the low-level center became
uncovered.[19]
Walaka moved across the Papahanaumokuakea Marine
National Monument near Brooks Banks, a submerged volcanic
cone, around 06:20 UTC on October 4. At that time, the
Category 3 hurricane was located approximately 35 mi (56 km)
west-northwest of the French Frigate Shoals.[1] Environmental
conditions deteriorated even further on October 4 as sea
surface temperatures fell below 81 °F (27 °C) and ocean heat
content decreased.[20] This caused Walaka to rapidly weaken;
the hurricane fell below major hurricane intensity around
12:00 UTC and was a minimal Category 1 hurricane by
00:00 UTC on October 5.[1] Early on October 5, Walaka turned
towards the northwest as it traced the northern boundary of the
upper-level low. Convection associated with the storm
continued to dissipate; the remaining thunderstorm activity was
displaced northeast of the storm's low-level center.[21] The wind
shear abated later on October 5, although sea surface
temperatures along the remainder of the tropical storm's track
were cooler than 77 °F (25 °C). As a result of the decreased
shear, Walaka's low-level center was temporarily recovered by
convection and the weakening trend slowed as the storm
continued north-northwest.[1][22] By late October 5, the low-level
center was completely exposed once more and the remaining
convection had all but dissipated. Walaka turned towards the
northeast, steered by an upper-level trough.[1][23] Walaka
transitioned into an extratropical cyclone around 12:00 UTC on
October 6 after having been deprived of thunderstorm
activity.[1][24] The extratropical cyclone tracked over the open
sea and dissipated by 18:00 UTC on October 7.[1]
Unrelated to Walaka, Typhoon Kong-rey was a Category 5-

equivalent super typhoon and Walaka had Category 5 hurricane
intensity at the same time, marking the first time since 2005
when two tropical cyclones of Category 5 strength existed
simultaneously in the Northern Hemisphere.[25]
Preparations and impact
The 11-acre (4.5-hectare) East Island was completely

swept away by the hurricane's storm surge. The majority of
sediment was deposited to the north across coral reefs.
As Walaka approached the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, a

hurricane watch was issued for Johnston Atoll on
September 30 and was upgraded to a hurricane warning on
October 1. Early on October 2, a hurricane watch was issued for
Nihoa to French Frigate Shoals to Maro Reef. Later in the day, a
hurricane warning was issued for French Frigate Shoals to
Maro Reef and a tropical storm warning was issued for Nihoa
to French Frigate Shoals.[1] A crew of four scientists on the
isolated Johnston Atoll had planned on riding out the storm in
an evacuation shelter until the United States Fish and Wildlife
Service sought an emergency evacuation on October 1. The
United States Coast Guard flew a plane from Kalaeloa Airport to
evacuate the personnel the next day.[26][27] Seven researchers
studying Hawaiian monk seals and green sea turtles on French
Frigate Shoals were evacuated to Honolulu on October 2.[28]
Walaka struck the northwestern Hawaiian Islands as a

Category 3 hurricane on October 4.[1] A powerful storm surge
accompanied the hurricane as it traversed the French Frigate
Shoals. The small, low-lying East Island suffered a direct hit and
was completely destroyed, sediment being scattered across
coral reefs to the north. The island had served as one of the
major nesting locations for the endangered green sea turtles,
and critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals.[29] An
estimated 19 percent of 2018's sea turtle nests on the island
were lost, but all adult females tending the nests left before the
storm. Approximately half of Hawaii's green sea turtles nested
on the island, and Charles Littnan – director of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's protected species
division – stated it would take years for the implications of the
island's loss to be fully understood.[30] By August 2019, satellite
imagery showed that sand was beginning to reaccumulate on
East Island.[31] Coral reefs near the French Frigate Shoals,
Lisianski Island, and the Pearl and Hermes Atoll were
substantially damaged, displacing the native fish population.[1]
Swells from Hurricane Walaka brought high surf to the main
Hawaiian Islands on October 4. Walaka produced a surf that
was 6–12 ft (1.8–3.7 m) high along the southern and western
shores of Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu. The southern shores of
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui experienced waves approximately 5–
8 ft (1.5–2.4 m) in height. Hawaii's Big Island endured a surf
that was 6–10 ft (1.8–3.0 m) high on its western shores.[32] At
least 81 people had to be rescued by lifeguards off the southern
shore of Oahu.[33]
See also
Tropical
cyclones
portal
Timeline of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season
Weather of 2018
Tropical cyclones in 2018
List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
Hurricane Iniki (1992) – took a 90° northward turn, under the

influence of an upper-level trough
Hurricane Neki (2009) – Category 3 hurricane, affected the

Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument as a
tropical storm
References
1 Houston Sam; Birchard Thomas (June 9 2020) Tropical
1. Houston, Sam; Birchard, Thomas (June 9, 2020). Tropical
Cyclone Report: Hurricane Walaka (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/d
ata/tcr/CP012018_Walaka.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Central Pacific
Hurricane Center. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202006
12113152/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/CP012018_Walak
a.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved
September 4, 2020.
2. National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central

Pacific Hurricane Center (April 4, 2023). "The Northeast and
North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2022" (https://w
ww.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-nepac-1949-2022-05042
3.txt) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to
read the database is available here (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/h
rd/hurdat/tracks-hurdat2-epac-format-apr13.pdf) . This article
incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
3. Zelinsky, David (September 22, 2018). Tropical Weather Outlook:

Eastern Pacific [500 PM PDT Mon Sep 22 2018] (https://www.nh
c.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=
201809222324&basin=epac&fdays=5) (Report). NHC Graphical
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4. Zelinsky, David (September 24, 2018). Tropical Weather Outlook:
Eastern Pacific [500 PM PDT Mon Sep 24 2018] (https://www.nh
c.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=
201809242324&basin=epac&fdays=5) (Report). NHC Graphical
Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived (https://we
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2018. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
5. Wroe, Derek (September 29, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

Discussion Number 1 (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/
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09002404/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/cp01/cp012
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6. Wroe, Derek (September 30, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

7. Jelsema, Jon (September 30, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka
8. Powell, Jeff (September 30, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

9. Powell, Jeff (October 1, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

Number 6 (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/cp01/cp012
018.discus.006.shtml?) (Report). Central Pacific Hurricane
Center. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020090900242
5/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/cp01/cp012018.disc
us.006.shtml) from the original on September 9, 2020.
10. Jelsema, Jon (October 1, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

11. Kodama, Kevin (October 1, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion
12. Kodama, Kevin (October 2, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

13. Jelsema, Jon (October 2, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

us.012.shtml) from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved
September 8, 2020.
14. Brenchley, Chris (October 2, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

15. Ballard, Robert (October 3, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion
Number 14...Corrected (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/201
8/cp01/cp012018.discus.014.shtml?) (Report). Central Pacific
16. Ballard, Robert (October 3, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Advisory

2018.public.014.shtml?) (Report). Central Pacific Hurricane
Center. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
17. Houston, Sam (October 3, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

Number 16...Corrected (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/201

20. Houston, Sam (October 4, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

us.020.shtml) from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved
September 9, 2020.
21. Wroe, Derek (October 5, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

22. Jelsema, Jon (October 5, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

Discussion Number 23 (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/201
23. Powell, Jeff (October 5, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka
24. Houston, Sam (October 6, 2018). Post-Tropical Cyclone Walaka

018.discus.028.shtml) from the original on July 29, 2019.
25. Matthew Cappucci (October 2, 2018). "Two monster tropical

cyclones are raging in the Pacific Ocean" (https://www.washingt
onpost.com/weather/2018/10/02/two-monster-tropical-cyclone
s-are-raging-pacific-ocean/?noredirect=on) . The Washington
Post. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
26. Magee, David (October 2, 2018). "Hurricane Walaka Threatens

Seabirds With Direct Hit on Johnston Atoll in Pacific" (https://ww
w.newsweek.com/hurricane-walaka-threatens-seabirds-direct-hit
-johnston-atoll-pacific-1149659) . Newsweek. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20181008085321/https://www.newsweek.
com/hurricane-walaka-threatens-seabirds-direct-hit-johnston-ato
ll-pacific-1149659) from the original on October 8, 2018.
Retrieved October 8, 2018.
27. "Coast Guard evacuates Fish and Wildlife crew off Johnston
Atoll ahead of Hurricane Walaka" (https://coastguardnews.com/
coast-guard-evacuates-fish-and-wildlife-crew-off-johnston-atoll-a
head-of-hurricane-walaka/2018/10/02/) . Coast Guard News.
October 2, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201810
09013128/https://coastguardnews.com/coast-guard-evacuates-
fish-and-wildlife-crew-off-johnston-atoll-ahead-of-hurricane-walak
a/2018/10/02/) from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved
October 8, 2018.
28. "7 Researchers Evacuated From Pacific Atoll as Storm Nears" (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20181012214631/https://www.nytim
es.com/aponline/2018/10/03/us/ap-us-hurricane-remote-pacific
-islands.html) . The New York Times. Associated Press. October
3, 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/ap
online/2018/10/03/us/ap-us-hurricane-remote-pacific-islands.ht
ml) on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
29. Milman, Oliver (October 24, 2018). "Hawaiian island erased by

powerful hurricane: 'The loss is a huge blow' " (https://www.theg
uardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/hawaiian-island-erased-by-p
owerful-hurricane) . The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20181024133157/https://www.theguardian.com/us-n
ews/2018/oct/24/hawaiian-island-erased-by-powerful-hurrican
e) from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 24,
2018.
30. D’Angelo, Chris (October 23, 2018). "Remote Hawaiian Island
Wiped Off The Map" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/haw
aii-east-island-lost-to-hurricane-walaka-french-frigate-shoals-clim
ate-change_us_5bcf2a8ee4b055bc9484e803) . Huffington Post.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181023235044/http
s://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hawaii-east-island-lost-to-hur
ricane-walaka-french-frigate-shoals-climate-change_us_5bcf2a8
ee4b055bc9484e803) from the original on October 23, 2018.
31. Eagle, Nathan (August 15, 2019). "NOAA: 'The Reefs Weren't
Damaged, They Were Just Gone' " (https://www.civilbeat.org/201
9/08/papahanaumokuakea-the-reefs-werent-damaged-they-were
-just-gone/) . Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
32. Event: High Surf in Kohala, Hawaii [2018-10-04 06:00 HST-10] (htt
ps://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=7845
12) (Report). Storm Events Database. National Centers for
Environmental Information. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
33. Gonzales, Melody (October 4, 2018). "Lifeguards rescue dozens

as Walaka kicks up surf on Oahu's south shore" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20201029212652/https://www.kitv.com/story/392
33999/hurricane-walaka-is-creating-some-dangerous-surf-for-ha
waii) . KITV 4 Island News. ABC. Archived from the original (http
s://www.kitv.com/story/39233999/hurricane-walaka-is-creating-
some-dangerous-surf-for-hawaii) on October 29, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane
Walaka.
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center's advisory archive on

Hurricane Walaka (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/201
8/WALAKA.shtml?)
This article incorporates public domain material (http://www.

nws.noaa.gov/disclaimer.php) from websites or documents of
the National Weather Service.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Hurricane_Walaka&oldid=1177706700"
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Hurricane Walaka was a Category 5 hurricane that brought high

Walaka at peak intensity south of Johnston Atoll on October 2

Formed September 29, 2018

Extratropical October 6, 2018

Dissipated October 7, 2018

1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)

Highest winds 160 mph (260 km/h)

Lowest pressure 921 mbar (hPa); 27.20 inHg

Part of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season

The tropical cyclone originated from an area of low pressure

Although the hurricane did not impact any major landmasses, it

Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or

On September 22, 2018, the National Hurricane Center (NHC)

The nascent tropical storm was located in an environment of

Walaka as a minimal Category 1 hurricane early on

Unrelated to Walaka, Typhoon Kong-rey was a Category 5-

Preparations and impact

The 11-acre (4.5-hectare) East Island was completely

As Walaka approached the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, a

Walaka struck the northwestern Hawaiian Islands as a

Timeline of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season

Tropical cyclones in 2018

List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes

Hurricane Iniki (1992) – took a 90° northward turn, under the

Hurricane Neki (2009) – Category 3 hurricane, affected the

2. National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central

3. Zelinsky, David (September 22, 2018). Tropical Weather Outlook:

5. Wroe, Derek (September 29, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

6. Wroe, Derek (September 30, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

8. Powell, Jeff (September 30, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

9. Powell, Jeff (October 1, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

10. Jelsema, Jon (October 1, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

12. Kodama, Kevin (October 2, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

13. Jelsema, Jon (October 2, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

14. Brenchley, Chris (October 2, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

16. Ballard, Robert (October 3, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Advisory

17. Houston, Sam (October 3, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

18. Brenchley, Chris (October 3, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

20. Houston, Sam (October 4, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

21. Wroe, Derek (October 5, 2018). Hurricane Walaka Discussion

22. Jelsema, Jon (October 5, 2018). Tropical Storm Walaka

24. Houston, Sam (October 6, 2018). Post-Tropical Cyclone Walaka

25. Matthew Cappucci (October 2, 2018). "Two monster tropical

26. Magee, David (October 2, 2018). "Hurricane Walaka Threatens

29. Milman, Oliver (October 24, 2018). "Hawaiian island erased by

33. Gonzales, Melody (October 4, 2018). "Lifeguards rescue dozens

The Central Pacific Hurricane Center's advisory archive on

This article incorporates public domain material (http://www.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

This page was last edited on 29 September 2023, at 02:15 (UTC). •

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