INVESTIGATORY PROJECT –

SELF INDUCTANCE OF
COILS

Made By:
Pranav Narang XI B (Science)
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index

S. NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 CERTIFICATE 1

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

3 INDEX 3

4 AIM AND INTRODUCTION 4

5 THEORY 5

6 INDUCTANCE OF COILS 6

7 APPARATUS AND CIRCUIT 7

DIAGRAM
8 DIAGRAM 8

9 PROCEDURE 9

10 OBSERVATIONS 10

11 RESULTS 11

12 SOURCES OF ERROR 12

13 PRECAUTIONS 12

14 APPLICATIONS 13
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
 AIM AND INTRODUCTION

AIM:
To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil
depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series
with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of
adjustable frequency.

INTRODUCTION
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the
property of an electrical conductor by which a change in
current through it induces an electromotive force in both the
conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual
inductance.
These effects are derived from two fundamental observations
of physics: a steady current creates a steady magnetic field
described by Oersted’s law, and a time-varying magnetic field
induces an electromotive force (EMF) in nearby conductors,
which is described by Faraday’s law of induction. According to
Lenz’s law a changing electric current through a circuit that
contains inductance induces a proportional voltage, which
opposes the change in current (self-inductance). The varying
field in this circuit may also induce an EMF in neighboring
circuits (mutual inductance).
 THEORY

 Theory
 Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the change in current
through it. The self inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is
 L =( μ_0 μ_r N2 A)/l
 where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material, µr =μ/μ_0
 N =Total number of turns in solenoid
 A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
 l = Length of solenoid
 Hence, the self inductance depends upon
 No. of turns in solenoid
 Geometry of coil, L A , L 1/l
 Nature of core material, L µ
 When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb) with a variable
source of frequency , then current flowing in the bulb is
 Irms = E_rms/Z
 where Z =√(R2 )+ ω2 L2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit
 Here R = Resistance of bulb
 L = Self inductance of coil
 ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.
 The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is
 H = I_rme2 Zt
 P = H/t = Irms2 Zt
 P = Irms2 √R2 + ω2 L2
 INDUCTANCE OF COILS

Inductance of a Coil
 L = VL/(di/dt) = 1volt/(1A/s) = 1Henry
 Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage across the coil
and di/dt is the rate of change of current in Amperes per second, A/s.
 Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors “resistance” to the
change of the current flowing through the circuit and the larger is its
value in Henries, the lower will be the rate of current change.
 We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor, that inductors
are devices that can store their energy in the form of a magnetic field.
Inductors are made from individual loops of wire combined to produce
a coil and if the number of loops within the coil are increased, then for
the same amount of current flowing through the coil, the magnetic flux
will also increase.
 So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a coil, increases
the coils inductance. Then the relationship between self-inductance, ( L
) and the number of turns, ( N ) and for a simple single layered coil can
be given as:
Self Inductance of a Coil
 L = Nφ / I
 Where:
 L is in Henries
 N is the Number of Turns
 Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage
 Ι is in Amperes
 This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage divided by the
current flowing through each turn. This equation only applies to linear
magnetic materials.
 APPARATUS AND CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM

Materials Required:
 A coil of large turns,
 a.c. source of adjustable frequency,
 an electrical bulb,
 (6V) a.c. ammeter of suitable range rheostat
 , a soft iron rod,
 one way key,
 connecting wires etc.

Circuit Diagram
DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE

Procedure:
1. • Make all connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. • Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant current in the
circuit by using the variable resistor (R1) (let frequency of source is
60 Hz and voltage is 6V).
3. • Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the brightness of
bulb.
4. • Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core and record the
current in A.C. ammeter and again check the brightness of bulb.
The current and brightness both decreases.
5. • Now, switch off the supply and decrease the frequency of A.C.
source (say 50 Hz).
6. • Again switch on the supply and adjust the current in circuit at
same constant voltage 6V by using the rheostat. Note the current in
ammeter and brightness of bulb. The current and brightness both
will increases.
7. • Again insert the iron in the core of coil and note the current and
brightness. The current and brightness both decreases.
8. • Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of A.C.
source(say 40 Hz,30 Hz and 20 Hz).
 OBSERVATIONS

1. Least count of ammeter = 0.1A

2. Zero error of ammeter= 0 A
3. Range of ammeter= 250A

S. No Frequency of Current in ammeter Current in ampere

applied voltage without iron rod with iron rod
1 60 Hz 5.8 A 5.3 A

2 50 Hz 5.5 A 4.9 A

3 40 Hz 5.2 A 4.6 A

4 30 Hz 4.8 A 4.3 A

5 20 Hz 4.4 A 4.0 A
 RESULTS

 The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the iron

rod in the core of coil at constant frequent of applied
voltage and brightness of bulb decrease and vice-versa.
 The current in the circuit increase on decreasing the
frequency of applied voltage and vice-versa. Therefore,
the brightness of bulb increase.
 SOURCES OF ERROR AND
PRECAUTIONS

 Source of Error:-
 The resistance of circuit mat increase slightly due to heating effect of
current.
 There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
 In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of
an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it
induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in
any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
Precautions:-
 1. The coil should have number of turn.
 2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating
effect.
 3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.
APPLICATIONS

 The applications of self-inductance include the following.

• Tuning circuits
• Inductors used as relays
• Sensors
• Ferrite beads
• Store energy in a device
• Chokes
• Induction motors
• Filters
• Transformers
Thus, this is all about an overview of self-inductance. When
the flow of current within the coil changes then the flux
linked through the coil will also be changed. Under these
conditions, an induced emf can be generated in the coil. So
this emf is known as self-induction. Here is a question for
you, what is the difference between mutual and self-
inductance?
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-
ii/magnetic-effects-electric-current/force-current-carrying-
conductor.php
 http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-10th-
Course/Magnetic-Effects-of/Force-on-a-Current-/15035-
2998-4742-study-wtw
 http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/forwir2.html
 https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-
Projects/Physics/self-inductance-of-a-coil.php
 https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-self-inductance-theory-
factors-its-applications/