364 copter 16. Osciations . ‘Damped Harmonic Motion The mechanicalenergy Ein areal coscilating system deeosse daring the osilations because exter- nal force, such as drag fore, hibit the oselations and transfer tmochanical energy to thermal energy. The resloxllator an its ‘motion ae then sad to be damped. If he damping force is given by Fy = bv" where i the velocity of the oscar and & is a damping constant, tn the displacement of the oscillator i ven by AD) = pq EHO cosfen't + By (16-40) where o', the angular frequency of the damped oscillator, is given by 6-41) Sara 1. Which of the following relationships between the acceleration & ‘and the displacement x of a particle involve SHM: (a) a = 0.5, (0) a = 4008, () a= ~20s, (@) a = ~30°? 2. Given x = 20 m) cos(S1 for SHM and needing to find the Yolocity at = 2s, should you substitute fort and then differentiate ‘with respect to for vice verse? - 3, The acceleration a(0 of a par- ticle undergoing SHM is graphed in Fig. 16-18. (a) Which of the labeled points corresponds tothe particle at ~x,? (6) At point, is the velocity of the particle posi- tive, negative, or 2270? (¢) At point 5, is the particle at —t, at “eq, at 0, between “3, and 0, or between 0 and +r, 4. Which of the following describe ¢ for the SHM of Fig, 16-19u; Fig 1618 Question 3. @-2 certain nonzero ‘coefficient of static fiction between the two blocks. “Block B, which lies on a frictionless surface, is intially at x ~ 0, "withthe spring at its relaxed length; then we pull the block a dis- tance d to the right and release it As the spring—blocks systema undergoes SHM, with amplitude x,, block A it on the verge of slipping over B. (@) Is the acceleration of block A constant or does it vary? (©) Is the magnitude of the frictional force accelerating A constant or does it vary? (@) Is A more likely w slip at x = 0 or at = rq? @ If the SHM began with an inital displacement that ‘was greater than d, would slippage then be more likely or less Likely? (Warm-up for Problem 16) Bronte Fig, 16-25 Question 9, ‘1, In Fig. 16:24, a sping block system is put into SHM in two experiments. In the first, the block is pulled from the equfbiam postion through a displacerca dy and then eleased. Inthe sosond, Exercises & Problems 565 its pale from the eqitium position through a greater dis plscement dy and then release. ‘Are the (@) amplitude, (b) period, (© thequeney, () maximum ie netic energy, and (¢) maximum venti energy inthe second ox esimeot greater than, lst than, forthe sae as tose ia the ist cpadocatt 1 Figure 1625 shows three e plyseal pends consisting of identical uniform spheres of the | sane mass thit ae igily com GO ho nected by identical rods of neg- i i Tighe mas. Each pendalan 8 gy Gy vertical and ean pivot abou pension point O. Raak the pen- ® alums ccordingto period of os- i, 1625 Question 1 ccillation, greatest first. 1, Fellow upto icercise 36:1 the sped ofthe bullet were greater, ‘would the following. quantities of the resulting SEM then be reac, les, ote same: (a) amplitude, (psig, () manna potent eboney? 8 You are t bud the osilaion tamsfer devs shown in Fig 1626.1 consists of two sping bock systems hangag from 2 Mexible fo When the spring of system | is steed and thes released, the resuling SIM of systom 1 at fegusacy fossils tho fo. The rd hen provides a diving force Gh eye 2 atthe same foqueny ,. You can chose fro fou springs wi sping onsanis fof 160, 1S0D, 1400, and 1200 Nin, and four blocks with mases me of $0, 500, 400, and 200 ks. Mentally determine Which spring siond go wild which block in cach of tho two sy tems to maxiize te anplinde of oxiltions ia sytem 2 ej fig, 1-24 Question 10. fig, 16:25 Question 13, Beier = mesial ge Seinen Wi ariel hasan vom wits Solon i svalale on the Weald Wide Web at tip dav ey confcallegetaey Sy. Soling ts arable ome ineace Leeming Ke SEC.16-3 The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion KE. Anvobjoct undergoing simple harmonic motion takes 0.25 s 10 travel from one point of zer0 velocity to the next such point. The distance between those points is 36 em. Calculate (a) the period, (b) the frequency, and (C) the ampliude of the motion, 2E An oscillating block~spring system takes 0.75 s to begin re pealing its motios. Find (a) the period, (b) the frequency in hertz, and (¢) the angular frequency in radians per second. SE. An oscillator consists of a block of mass 0.500 kg connected to.a spring, When set into cseillation with amplitude 35.0 em, the ‘oscillator repeats iis motion every 0.500 s. Find (a) the period, {) the frequency, (c) the angular frequency, () the spring constant, (e) the maximum: speed, and (f) the magnitude of the maximum force on the block from the spring. Sagi 4E, What is the maximam acceleration ofa platform that oscillates with an amplitude of 2.20 cm ata frequency of 6.60 Hz?3866 Chaptert6 Oscilations SE. A loudspeaker produces a musical sound by means of the os- cillation of a diaphragm, Ifthe amplitude of oscillation is limited to 1.0 X 10-3 mm, what frequencies will result in the magnitude cof the diaphragm’s acceleration exceeding g? ‘i covcllate vertically with a frequeney of 2.00 Ha, (a) What is dhe sping constant? (6) How much éoes the package weigh? TE. A particle with a mass of 1.00 X 10" ke is oscillating with simple harmonic motion with a period of 1.00 x 10° s and a ‘maximum speed of 1.00 X 10° ms, Calculate (a) the angular fre- ‘quency and (b) the maximum displacement of the particle, 6 E, .small body of mass 0.12 kg i undergoing simple harmonic rotioa of amplitude 8.5 em and period 0.20 s. (a) What is the magnitude ofthe maximum fore ating on i? (b) IF the osilations ace produced by a spring, what isthe spring constant? SE, In an cleciic shaves, the blade moves back and forth over a distance of 2.0 mam in simple harmonic motion, with frequency 120 He, Find () the amplitude, (the maximum blade speed, and (© the magnitude ofthe maximum blade eoceleation. (St THE. A loudspeaker diaphragm is oscillating in simple harmonic motion with @ frequency of 440 Ha and e maximum displacement (of 0.75 mmm. What are (0 the angular frequency, (b) the maximum spec, and () the magnitude of the maximum acceleration? IME, An automotile canbe considered to be mounted on for iden tical springs a5 far as vertical oscillations are voncemed. The springs of a cenain car ie adjusted so thatthe oscillations have a fiequeney of 3.00 Hz. (a) What isthe spring constant ofeach spring if dhe mas ofthe caris 1450 kg and the mass i evenly distributed ‘over the springs? (0) What willbe the oscilation frequency if five pasengers, averaging 73.0 kg each, rie in the ear? (Again, con- Sider an even distribution of mas.) 1. A body oscillates with simple harmonic motion scconing to the equation X= (6.0m) cos[(3a rad/s) + 3 rad) Ate = 2.08, what ar (a) the displaozment, (b) the velocity, () the acceleration, and (4) the phase of the motion? Also, what are {) the frequency and (the period of the tpotion? ‘8E. The piston in the cylinder head of a locomotive has a stroke (twice the amplitude) of 0.76 m. Ifthe piston moves with simple harmonic motion with sn angular frequency of 180revémin, what is its maximum speed? (S38, “MP. Figure 16-27 shows an astronaut on a body-mass measuring device (BMMD). Designed for use on orbiting space vehicles, its ‘purpose isto allow astronauts to messure their mass inthe “weight- Jess” conditions in Earth orbit. The BMMD is a spring-mourted chair; an astronaut measures his or her period of oscillation in the chair; the mass follows from the formula for the period of an os- cillating block~spring system. (a) FM is the mass of the astronaut and m the effective mass of that part of the BMMD that also os ciate, show that M (Aa? — m, where T'is the period of oscillation and & isthe spring constant. (©) The spring eoustant was, k = 605.6 Nim for the BMMD on. Fg, 1627 Problem 14. ‘Skylab Mission ‘Two; the period of oscillation of the empty ch: Sera onas cakes te ttc mat of cc WH Seer icine cuit te puted of gellar cme Sais? Cutie meso eet ; Fb sce te fcc ot ori wt als daar fo fighe leew went ee Spe rae aie fae yet of 123 How og dee fa nr fils Shao dt om ges eel G@iatie 1628 so tes (w= 10g a= 105 ada Fens (L200 Nn} as snargeé on 4 hz fle se pe ccneco sate acon bran to ela a0 ts copa of pl mens aon of rig Dish tc fr sales a he neg of pag tenga bl? piiolese / TOHOOONY Fig, 1628 Problem 16. ® b docks oma horizontal surface (shake tab) hats mov ing back and forh horizontally with simple harmonic motion of frequency 20 Ha. The cofcient of static fiction betveen block anu suri is 0.50, Fow great can the amplitude of the SHM bs ifthe block i not o sip along the surface? BERT RHE A block rides on piston that is moving vertically with simple ror motion. a) Ifthe SHIM has period 1.0 , at what amp tude of ation wl the block and pists separate? (tbe piston || has an amplitude of 5.0 cm, wha is the maximum frequency for which the block and piston wl bei contact continionsly? @B As ower eon ofa block stated toa rig (= OO N/n.Atsome time the position (measured rom theses equilibrium Jocatitn), velocity, and-acceleration of the block ate x = 0.100 1, v = —13.6 m/s, and a = ~123' mjs*. Calculate (@) the frequeicy of oscillation, (b) the mass of the block, en (©) the amplitude of the motion. itv"f A simple hamoaic oscillaur consists of a block of amass 7700 kg attached 1 spring of sping constant 100 Nf. When = 1.00 s, the postion and velocity of the block are x = 0.129'm and y= 3.415 mys. (a) What is the amplitude of the oscillations? What “fer th () position and (c) velocity of the block at =O 8? 21. A massless spring hangs from the ceiling with a small object aached to its lower end, The object is initially eld at rest in a + position y, such that the spring is at its rest length. ‘The object is thon released from y, and oscillates up and down, with its Iowest position being 10cm below y,. (a) What is the frequency of the scilation? (0) What isthe speed of the object hea tis 8.0 em © + below the initial position? (¢) An object of mass 300 g is attached = w the ft object, after which te system oscillates with half the oviginal frequency. What is the mass of the first object? (4) Relative = 2 toy, wheres the ow equilibrium (et) position wth both objects © attached to the spring? ERE 1. Two particles execute simple harmonic motion of the same {amplitude and frequency along close parle! ines. They pass cach cotter moving in opposio directions exch time their displacement {shal thei amplitude. What is thir phase differenes? ‘Two particles osilate in simple harmonic motion aldng a siraightline segment of length A. Each pavticle hs a pe- 5 ted of 15's, but they differ in phase by 2/6 rad, (a) How far apart azs they Gin terms of A) 050-8 ar the lagging parte leaves one end ofthe path? (0) Are they then moving in the same direction, ard each her, or away from each other? 1UP_ In Fig. 16-29, two identical springs of spring constant kare attached ta block of mass mand to fixed supports, Show thst the block's frequency of oscillation on the frictionless surface is 1 fe pokf% 2%, Soppose thatthe two springs in Fig, 16:29 have different ‘pring constants and. Show tha the frequency fof oxilstion ofthc blocks then given by fo VER Where f, and f re the fequen- ties at which the block would “orc If comet nly to F129 Peblens 24 a 25, ~ iggng 1 or ony to spring 2. 8 The end of one ofthe prongs ofa runing fork that executes Tipe harmonic motion of frequency 1000 Hz bas an amplitde of 040-mn. Find (0) the magnitad ofthe maximum acceleration and.(b) the maximum speed of the end of the prong, Find (c) the. magnitude of the aoceleration and (4) the speed of the end of the rong when the end asa displacement of 020 mm. ‘UP. In Fig. 16-20, two springs are joined and connected to a block of mess me. The uifce is ficonless. If the springs both have spring constant show that 1 fk faa om ‘ves the block’s frequency of ‘lation, 7 Fa 1690 Proven 27 Seema Gar nome nia, Geshe ieee nected to the top of the incline by a massless spring of unstretched eats ‘stant 120 Nim. (2) How far from ers reece pulled slightly down the incline ig. 1631 Problem 2. ‘and released, what isthe period of the resulting oscillations? 2P. A uniform spring with unstretched length L and spring con- stant kis cut into two pleces of unstretched lengths L and J, With ‘Ly = nly, What are the corresponding spring constants (a) and (b) by in terms of m and £7 Ifa block is attached to the original spring, as in Fig. 16-5, it oscillates with frequency ff the spring is replaced with the piece L, or Z, the corresponding frequency is Ai oF fa. Find (6) fy and (4) f, in tenns of f. SAE BG ‘30P.In Fig, 16:32, three 10000 Jeg ore cars are held al rest on a 30° incline on a mine railway us- ‘ing a cable that is parallel to the incline. The cable sireches 15em just before the. coupling between the two lower cars breaks, de- taching the lowest car. Assuming that the cable obeys Hooke's law, find (@ the frequency and (b) the amplitude of the resulting osc lations ofthe remaining two cars. Fig. 1-32 Problem 30. SEC. 14 Eneray in Simple Harmonic Motion 3. Find the mechanical encigy of a block~spring system having 3 sig om of 1.3 Nem ant an cio amp of 240m. BBB 326, An oscillating block-spring system has a mechanical energy’ ‘of 1.00.5, an amplitude of 100 em, and a maximum speed of 1.20 m/s. Find (a) the spring constant, (b) the mass ofthe block and (@) the frequency of oscillation. S5E, A 5.00 kg object ons horizontal frictionless surfaces attached {0 a spring with spring constant 1000 Nim, The objects displaced from equilibrium $0.0 cm horizontally and given an intial ve- locity of 10.0 m/s tack toward the equilibrium position () What is the frequency of the motion? What are (b) the intial potential energy of ihe block-spring system, () the initial kinetic energy, and (the amplitade ofthe osciation? HE. A (hypothetical) large slingshot is stetched 1.50 m to launch 130 g projectile with speed sufficient to escape from Earth (112 km), Assume the elastic bands of the slingshot obey Hook's law. (a) What is the spring constant of te device, if al the elastic potential energy is converted to kinetic energy? (b) AS- sume tha én average person can exerta force of 220.N. How thany ‘people are required to stretch the clastic bands? TE. A vertical spring stiches 9.6 om when a1.3 kg block is hung‘368 Chapter 16 Oscittatons from its end. (a) Caleulate the spring constant. This block is then the distance from the rat to te cznter of mass iam, (6) For what wethead view of Fig, Yong uniform rod of sind mass mis free to rotate in a horizontal plane about @ ied horizontally between one end ofthe rod and «fixed wall «rod isin equilibrium, itis arllel to the wall. What is, wal 38 Froblom 53. [BA simple pendulum of length L and mass m is suspended in “thas traveling with constant speed varoand acc of radius Te pendula undegoes smal oscilaions in ara direction ‘suit equiibriom position, what wil ois freguoncy of ose dn? ‘What isthe fequency of a simple peadulom 2.0 in long Fin a toom, (6) in an elevator accelerating upward at arate of 9 fl, an (6) in fee fal? SE ‘Fora simple pendulum, fn the angular amplitude és which _estoring tongue required for simple harmonic motion deviates or the atl restoring trgus by 1.0%, (See “Trigonometric Ex asions in Appendix E.) » The bob on a simple pesulam of length R moves in snare acre (3) By considering that the redial acceleration ofthe Exercises & Problems 367 bob as it moyes through its equilibrium position is that for uniform circular motion (92/R), shovr that the tension in the string at that position is mg(t + 62) ifthe angular amplitude 0, is small. (See “Trigononnetsic Expansions” ia Appendix I) (b) Is the tension at ‘ofhgr positions ofthe bob greater, smaller, or the samme? JA. wheel is free to rotate its fixed axle. A spring ‘tached to one of its spokes a distance r from the axle, a8 shown in Fig. 16:39. @) Assur ing that the wheel is « hoop of mass m and radius R, obtain the angular frequency of small oscil- lations ofthis system in terins of im, Ry rand the spring constant Fg. 1639 Problem 58. low does the result change if (0) r = Rand (c) r= 0? ‘SEC.16-8 Damped Siaple Harmonic Botion SPE. In Sample Problem 16-7, what isthe ratio of the amplitude of the damped oscillagons to the initial amplitude when 20 full as- cillations have elapsed? SSB! ®E. The amplitude of a lightly damped oscillator decresses by 3.0% during each cycle. What faction of the mechanical enerey ‘of the oscillator is Jost in eack fall oscillation? for the system shown in Fig. 16-15, the block has a mass of 0 kg and the spring constant is 8,00 N/m. The damping force is given by —B(dxldr), where b = 230 a/s. Suppose thatthe block is initially pulled down aditance 12.0 em and released. (a) Calculate ‘the time required forthe amplinude of the resulting oscilations to {all to one-third of its ital value. (b) How many oscillations are sade by the block inthis time? [83 ‘Assume that you ae examining the oscillation charecteristics “the suspension system of a 2000 kg avtomobile. The suspension “saga” 10 ei when the entize auomobil is placed on it. Also, the smplitude of oscillation decreases by 50% daring one complete oscillation. Bstimate, the values of (a) the spring constant & and (the damping constant b forthe spring and shock absorber sys- tem of one wheel, assuming each wheel supports 500 ke. SEG.16-9 Forced Oscillations and Resonance For Eg, 16-43, suppose the aimplitade x, is given by E, ars are 28 i ‘where Fa is the (constant) amplitide of the externa dsillating force exerted on the spring by the rigid suppor: in Fig. 16-15, At resonance, what are (a) the amplitude and (b) the velocity ampli- tude of the oscillating object? GAP. A 1000 kg car curying four 82 kg poople travels over @sough “washboard” dit oad with cormugations 4.0 m apart, which cause the car to bounce on its spring suspension, The car bounces with ‘maximum amplitude when its speed is 16 km/h. The car now stops. ‘nd the four people get out. By how much does the car body rise ‘on its suspension owing to this decrease in mass?