HaMMAM –LIF SECONDARY SCHOOL

4th FORMERS SCIENtific BRANCHES

REVISION FOR THE FINAL EXAM

Mrs SAIDI ALLAYA

Academic Year : 2018 / 2019

 UNIT 1 : ART SHOWS AND HOLIDAYING

I)Related Vocabulary :

1. Accommodation 40. Luggage/baggage 79. Tourist office 118. mystery

2. Airsick 41. Means of transport 80. Tourist resort 119. edge
3. Announcement 42. Package tour/holiday 81. Travel agency 120. outer space
4. Bed & Breakfast 43. Passenger 82. Travel agent 121. Exploring
5. Booking 44. Peak 83. Traveller 122. Discovering
6. Brochure 45. off-peak season 84. Trip 123. sculpture
7. Business class ticket 46. Public transport 85. Trolley 124. paintings
8. Business trip 47. charter flight 86. Voyage 125. festival
9. Campsite 48. Schedule 87. Youth hostel 126. risky
10. Cancellation 49. Itinerary 88. seaside 127. adventure
11. Check in desk 50. Seasick 89. trip 128. challenge
12. Country cottage 51. Seaside village 90. country walk 129. exorbitant
13. Crew 52. Ski resort 91. safari 130. To book
14. Crossing 53. Special offer 92. art gallery 131. To change money
15. Cruise 54. Stay 93. active 132. astronauts
16. Currency 55. Supplement 94. lazy 133. archipelago
17. Cut-price ticket 56. Timetable 95. pleased 134. border
18. Deck 57. boarding 96. glad 135. frontier
19. Delay 58. collect the luggage 97. billionaire 136. constituent
20. Departure 59. To complain 98. millionaire 137. cosmopolitan
21. Departure lounge 60. To foyer 99. a couple of 138. venues
22. Destination 61. free 100. face-off 139. year round
23. Domestic flight 62. interactive 101. foothold 140. residence
24. Double/single 63. performance 102. well-to-do 141. official
25. room 64. refreshments 103. a deal 142. spectacular
26. Excess luggage 65. biography 104. emerging 143. faith
27. First-class ticket 66. renown 105. spaceport 144. fate
28. Flight 67. enjoy 106. seaport 145. immortality
29. Full board 68. To go camping 107. space tourism 146. memory
30. Half board 69. To go for a walk 108. competition 147. sorrow
31. Hand luggage 70. To go on holiday 109. rival 148. soul
32. Hiking/trekking 71. To go sightseeing 110. annal 149. art shows
33. Holidaymaker 72. To land 111. orbit 150. drama
34. Hostel 73. To rent /hire 112. orbital 151. 3D cinema
35. Immigration officer 74. To take off 113. suborbital 152. play
36. International flight 75. To take photos 114. spaceship 153. playwright
76. Tour
37. Journey 77. Tourism 115. emerging 154. novel
38. Left luggage 78. Tourist 116. globally 155. novelist
39. Leisure 117. wealthiest 156. poem
157. poetry
158. poet

Holidays types Activities Transport Space Tourism Art Shows

1. Camping Canoeing airplane -Competition/ -- Art galleries
2. Christmas harbour cruising taxi rivalry Paintings
3. New Year roller skating van -To launch Sculptures
4. Climbing dog-sledge riding yacht -To blast off Photographing
holidays safari coach -Portholes Music
5. Cruises sightseeing ship -Astronaut Concert
6. Cultural trips sunbathing boat -Crew Theatre, plays,
7. Cycling holidays surfing bus -spaceship drama, playwright
8. Sports holidays water skiing car -subway, tube, Cinema (3D)
9. Family holidays hiking canoe donkey underground Movies
10. Festivals camping ferry -double-decker bus Poetry, poet, poem
11. Group trips sky-diving hot air balloon -I.S.S. International Festivals
12. Health and paragliding lorry Space Station Carnival
fitness diving motorcycle -Explore Fair (book fair)
13. Honeymoons snorkelling rocket, shuttle, -Weightlessness
sightseeing spacecraft -Well-to-do = rich
14. Learning
shopping -Departure
holidays
eating out Accommodation -Destination
15. Luxury travel
attending art Hotel -Arrival
16. Rest and shows: Motel -Spacecraft
relaxation festivals Bungalow -Spaceport
17. Romantic trips art galleries Chalet -Spaceship
18. Safaris concerts Cottage -Space shuttle
19. Shopping trips ballet Studio -Space rocket
20. Short breaks theatre/ plays Igloo -Outer space
21. Spa breaks cinema(3D/5D) Terraced house -Sub-orbital
22. Summer Hostel -Fly/ flight
holidays Tavern -Orbit(al)
23. Weekend Public house
breaks Inn
24. Adventure Hostel
travel Rented flat
25. Beach holidays Caravan
26. Business travel Tent

*Adjectives
The holiday : (positive) great, amazing, awe-inspiring, awesome, astonishing, astounding, wonderful,
fantastic, grand, howling, marvellous, rattling, terrific, tremendous, wonderful, wondrous extraordinary
≠ (negative) awful, dire, direful, dreadful, fearful, fearsome, frightening, horrendous, horrific, terrible
Food :(luscious/ delicious/ lavoursome/ appetizing/ yummy) ≠ disgusting, smelly, rotten, dirty, filthy,
inedible, tough as old boots, poisonous
Room : with a view (picturesque, breathtaking landscape, scenery, scenic, awesome landscape..)
breathtaking, amazing, striking, exciting, brilliant, dramatic, stunning (informal), impressive, thrilling,
overwhelming, magnificent, astonishing, sensational, awesome, wondrous (archaic or literary), awe-
inspiring, jaw-dropping, heart-stirring
Accommodation: pleasant, homely, relaxing, delightful, enjoyable, cosy, agreeable, restful
People: friendly, hospitable, sociable, pleasant, generous, kind, cordial ≠ unfriendly, hostile, vulgar

II) MAIN TOPICS :

1-Benefits of travelling

a. It’s a moment of recreation (break): An escape
from the hum drum of ‘ordinary’ life. / To break the
ordinary daily routine/To get rid of stress due to
studies and work/ To recharge your batteries. "I
travel a lot; I hate having my life disrupted by
routine." -- Caskie Stinnett
b. It’s the best means of entertainment: To have
fun through different activities // To provide some
excitement
c. It’s an opportunity to learn more: To attend art
shows (give examples : festivals, art galleries,
museums…) // To broaden your horizons. // To see
the world beyond your four corners. //To experience
new cultures and lifestyles. // To meet interesting
and like-minded people. “The world is a book and
those who do not travel read only a page.” St.
Augustine

2- Recommending about a holiday (a letter):

a. Accommodation : spacious room/ with a picturesque view/ calm and serinity of the place/ full options :
air-conditioning/ internet connection / spa/ gym
b. Food : luscious & varied as expected/ taste the spicy food …
c. The residence (hotel, house…) is two-minute walk to the beach/ the city centre not far/ transport available
(as advertised)
d. Staff/ guide/ room maid : friendly , helpful
e. Enjoyed the scheduled progamme (visits/ sightseeing/ festivals/ excursions/ cruise)

3-Complaining about a holiday (a letter):

a. Accommodation : dirty room/ no view/ noise/ couldn’t sleep/no air-conditioning/ no internet connection
(as promised)
b. Food : disgusting/ rotten/filthy __ not luscious as expected_____had to eat out and pay extra money/ son
got sick due to rotten food ___doctor
c. The residence (hotel, house…) is far away from the beach/ the city centre___ had to walk in the blistering
heat / no transport available (as advertised)
d. Staff/ guide/ room maid : not friendly , not helpful_ always shouting
e. I’m looking forward to receiving a convenient compensation; otherwise I shall feel free to take the matter
to the court.

4-Space tourism : positive aspects

a. Personal experience
- Satisfying the human desire of adventure
-Challenge and making the impossibilities possible.
- Live a rare experience of weightlessness
b. Good for humanity/ part of scientific research
- Resolving mysteries that surround the outer space
- Discovering an all-new world
- Exploring space and discovering the yet undiscovered facts about space
- finding new minerals, new precious materials
- Finding new human-like species in the outer space

5. Space tourism : negative aspects

a. Dangerous : risk of death / flying in the outer space is still not safe
b. Costly & expensive : only the well-to-do can enjoy such an experience/ the poor are deprived of the
dream
c. Unfair : the rich are spurlging a billions of dollars to satisfy their silly personal whims while millions of
children in poor coutries are starving to death
6. A package holiday or package tour consists of transport and accommodation advertised and sold
together by a vendor known as a tour operator. Other services may be provided like a rental car, activities or
outings during the holiday. Transport can be via charter airline to a foreign country. Package holidays are a
form of product bundling. Package holidays are organized by a tour operator and sold to a consumer by a
travel agent. Some travel agents are employees of tour operators, others are independent.

III)Suggested Writings :
1. Benefits of travelling:

No one can deny that travelling is very important in our life to see the world and different cultures. It lets us
experience life in exciting different ways.
To start with, travelling gives us the opportunity to disconnect from our regular life. We need to forget our
problems for a few weeks. Another great benefit is the relaxation we need to recharge our “batteries”. It’s a
very good stress remover.
Add to this, travelling increases our knowledge and widens our perspective. To view new customs, different
ways of living is fantastic for the mind. It gives us a new perspective about life and especially our life, it can
help us change some of our habits or even create new ones.
Last but not least, when travelling with friends or family it creates memories for a lifetime. These memories
will create a bond that nothing can erase no matter what happens with the friendship
2. Holidaying - A Letter of Complaint

Dear Sir/ Madam;

I’ve just come back from the most horrible 7-day vacation I’ve ever spent in my whole life at your miserable
hotel. I was extremely dissatisfied at all levels.
To start with, the room was not at all as we had been promised. It was not only dirty and untidy but also
lacked any natural view. Worse, we couldn’t even enjoy sleeping for the whole stay due to the unbearable
noise coming from the main street.
Add to this, though we had been assured that food would be varied and luscious, it was honestly inedible.
Once, we were served such a disgusting dinner that my son got terribly sick and I had to take him to the
doctor, costing me dearly.
Last but not least, the advertised schedule of our vacation in your brochure was a big lie. On the one side, we
were offered a very old coach that broke down more than once making us wait for repairing in the blistering
heat of summer and you may imagine what happened to our skin. On the other side, the guide was a real jerk
who did nothing for us but asking for tips.
I hope you agree that our vacation did not reach our expectations at all. I, hereby, look forward to receiving
a convenient compensation; otherwise I’ll feel free to take the case to the court.
With Regards,
John Brown
3. Holidaying - A Letter of recommendation

Dear + name of your friend;

I heard you were planning to go on holiday but still hesitating about your destination. I’ve just come back
from the best 7-day vacation I’ve ever spent in my whole life (at hotel / in place). It was really awesome!!!
First of all, as soon as we arrived we had an amazing feeling of being so welcomed by our hosts. Everything
was perfect. The room had a great big window view to the sea. The food was luscious and varied. Their
cuisine is the place where you can taste all the goodness that nature has to offer.
Besides, the personnel were great, and everyone was so helpful and friendly! They make you feel so at home
and nothing is too much trouble for them. We were offered the best quality of services either inside the
room, at the restaurant or even by the poolside.
Most fascinating of all was the awesome entertainment. Staying there gave us the opportunity to explore and
become familiar with the natives and feel so welcomed! We mainly enjoyed the cruise to the nearby islands
where the scenery was magnificent! We took great pictures and we were so excited that we want to go back
next year and take both our children and a few other family members.
(Name of place) is definitely a paradise and it makes everything so accommodating!! I would earnestly
recommend this (hotel/ agency/ place) if you are eager to spend a memorable holiday.
Yours Sincerely,
Your name

4. Benefits of Space Tourism

No one can deny that travelling to space is very important in our life to see the outer world. It lets us
experience life in exciting different ways.
To start with, pace tourism satisfies the human desire of adventure. There are many brave people who wish
to take risks in life. They love accepting challenges, and they love making the impossibilities possible.
Add to this, this type of travelling will surely offer us great fun and excitement through experiencing the
weightlessness and seeing the planet from miles above.
Last but not least, space tourism may help us discover the undiscovered facts about space and resolve
mysteries that surround the outer space. It may bring about a dramatic change to our lives.

5. Blemishes of Space Tourism:

No one can deny that travelling to space is very important in our life to see the outer world. It lets us
experience life in exciting different ways. Yet, it has never been blemishless.
To start with, space tourism is still dangerous and space tourists risk their life. They might face deadly
accidents in an unfriendly environment.
Add to this, this type of travelling is still costly. Therefore, only the well-to-do can enjoy the beauty of this
trip. However, millions of ordinary people would be deprived of such fun.
Last but not least, it’s really unfair to spend millions of dollars on silly adventures; while millions of poor
children around the world are starving to death and suffering from illiteracy, ignorance and deadly diseases.

Proverbs on holidaying
1. “A holiday gives one a chance to look backward and forward.” May Sarton -
2. “If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important.”
Bertrand Russell -
3. “He that travels far knows much”
4. “He who does not travel does not know the value of men.”
5. “The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a page.”
6. “Half the world knows not how the other half lives.”
7. “People who work on holidays will always be poor”
IV)Lesson by lesson:
Lesson 1: Holidaying
1) Parallelism: the repetition of a tense, a form or a structure in a sentence
E.g.: The information will be not only useful but also important
↔The information will be both useful and important.
* Repetition of a form: She is the best, the kindest and the most intelligent(Superlative form)
* Repetition of a tense: The mother was preparing dinner and was looking after the baby (past progressive)
* Repetition of a structure: I love you, I care about you, I respect you and I’ll never forget you (subj. + V +
obj)
2) Structure: Subj. + used to + bare infinitive
Subj. + would + bare infinitive
→To describe a habit in the past or a repeated action in the past
Essay: * Compare between holidays in the past and holidays nowadays.
e.g. In the past, people used to spend their Holidays at home with the family and relatives. They would
Work on the farm and help their parents.
However, nowadays people spend their Holidays with friends practising various activities such as water
skiing, canoeing, camping, and sunbathing
* Active Holiday: Sport activities / Camping / Skiing /A Country walk.
* Lazy Holiday: Watching TV / Sunbathing on the Beach.
Lesson 2:Space Tourism
Space-related words: Planet, Shuttle, Travel, Trip, Ship, Space port.
→Space tourism requires exorbitant prices, so most of people can’t afford it.
Vocabulary:
Exorbitant (adj.) = very costly = very expensive.
To afford something = Find the money to do it = financially able to achieve it.
Worth = Deserve.
Rivalry (N) = Competition / The rival (personal noun).
Face off (N) = Fight, argument.
Foothold (N) = Strong position in business.
Well-to-do (adj.) = Rich.
A deal (N) = Agreement.
Emerging = Becoming known or seen = Appearing.
To Please (V) → Pleasant / pleased (adjs) → Pleasure (N).
Grammar:
* Negative prefixes: Used at the beginning of a word to give its antonym.( in- / dis- / ab- / un- / im- il- / ir)
Begin / stop / enjoy / dislike / admit /
consider / miss / finish / mind / imagine / + V + ING
Deny / involve / postpone / suggest / regret
/ delay / avoid / practise / risk
* E.g.: She stopped eating to answer the phone.
→ She was eating and she stopped that action.
Lesson 3: Art Shows (Not for Technology Students)
Vocabulary
- Foyer = entrance hall or a large entrance space
- Refreshments = drinks
- Interactive = helping to communicate with each others
- Performances = shows
- To book = make reservations
- Free = at no cost
Lesson 4: “IMORTALITY” BY CELINE DION
Vocabulary:
Super star state = state of being a famous singer or actor.
Stardom = level of importance.
Prowess = Great skill at doing something.
Convene (v) = to come together.
Celebrity = fame = popularity.
Memory = something we remember.
Eternity = immortality / Eternal (adj) = Timeless = lifelong.
Fate = Destiny.
Faith = Trust = Belief.
Determination = Willingness.
Come true = Achieve = Fulfill. (a dream )
Sorrow = Sadness.

Grammar: Modals’ functions.

Can = Expressing ability / Giving permission
Can’t = Expressing inability / Refusing permission.
Must = Expressing obligation.
Mustn’t = Expressing prohibition
Lesson 5: Walking Tour
Vocabulary
Frontier = border
A part of = constituent
Containing people of different races = cosmopolitan
In all seasons = year round
Places where shows take place = venues
Former = last = previous
Marvelous = wonderful = amazing = spectacular
To impress = to fascinate
Grammar ; Superlative form
- The + short adjective + est
Eg : Edinburgh is the second largest city
- The most / the least + long adjective
Eg : Changing the guards is the most spectacular
Text type and purpose
Narrative → to narrate events
Argumentative → to persuade the reader
Expository → to inform the reader

Lesson 6: A Package Tour

Vocabulary :
Package tour = a tour organized by a travel agency in which you travel with a group
Exhibition (n) = collection of art works shown to the public
To exhibit (v) = to show for the public
Accommodation = the place where we stay while we are in a journey or trip (hotel – bungalow – tent)
To accommodate (v)
Essay: What are the benefits and drawbacks of package tours?

Package Tours
Advantages Disadvantages
- Making new friends - Differences between the group members
- Having fun within the group may be embarrassing
- A great sense of community - You feel limited and have less freedom
- Safe and well-organized - There may be no sense of adventure since
everything is predictable

Lesson 7: At the Travel Agency (Not for Technology Students)

Vocabulary:
- Disappointed = deceived (adj) / Disappointment = deception (n)
- Trustworthy (adj)= someone whom you can trust
Lesson 8: Put A Little Drama in Your Travel
- Cyber trips = a trip done via / through the internet
- On the calendar = planned
- Sightseeing = visiting places of interest
- Heading to = moving towards a place
- Choreography = designing steps of dancing
- A playwright = A person who writes plays
Grammar focus: compound adjectives
- A kind-hearted person → adj + noun + ed
- A thought-provoking film → noun + verb + ing
- A ten-minute talk → number + noun
- A science-inspired souvenir→ noun + PP
- A bright-colored umbrella → adj + PP
- Naturally- produced cotton → Adv + PP

FESTIVALS

The …. festival is the world’s first / Europe’s largest celebration of …

Hundreds of … share their passion for… / with …
The festival explores the …
Each year, its diverse programme of more than … events, delights / enchants / captivates / fascinates / stuns
/ expands the minds of young and old …
Presenting a rich programme of … during a … …. the festival is one of the most important cultural
celebrations in the world.
The … festival was established in … to enliven and enrich the cultural life …
… is the largest … event in … and its celebrations are internationally renowned.
The festival is best known for … which attracts / attract up to …
Throughout the festival, there’s an entertaining and engaging programme of festive celebrations with
activities suitable for …
Be part of the incredible atmosphere of the …
The festival brings together artists and audiences from … and beyond in entertaining and inspiring live
performances…
The festival is a celebration of traditional …
The … festival is an exciting celebration and exploration of the people, the places and identities…
With a passionate commitment to showcase … , the … festival features … work that …
It is set in candle-lit … surroundings and a fabulously preserved Roman coliseum...
The festival gives you an insight into …
It’s a revival of …
The festival features / encompasses / illustrates / perpetuates / sets alive / brings to life …

TUNISIAN FESTIVAL

EL JEM SYMPHONIC FESTIVAL

Foundation date: 1985
Venue: the Roman coliseum/ Colosseum built in the third century ( between 230 and 238 AD )
Date: July, 10th to August 7th
Features: performances of the finest classical works.

TABARKA JAZZ FESTIVAL

Foundation: 1970’s
Date: July 10th to July 19th
Features: Local and national musicians perform to provide fusion flavour.
Jazz enthusiasts can take part in seminars and workshops.
Crowds come to see a range of genres including seasoned Jazz, reggae, ethno jazz, funk and rock music.
The city comes to life to the sounds of Jazz.

THE DOUZ INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL

Venue: the Sahara desert.
Foundation Date: 1910 / It took on its modern identity in 1967
Type: cultural * historical
Description: It explores the ethnic characteristics of Tunisia.
It gives a real insight into desert life.
It illustrates / perpetuates the nomadic way of life and their traditions
It features: poetry reading, annual poetry contest
Festivities: Horse and camel riding in traditional outfits
Marathons / Acrobats / Jugglers
Greyhounds catching rabbit
Equestrian shows
Bedouin / Berber wedding
Performances of popular dances and songs
Holidaying & Complaints (collocations)

Holiday
*ADJ + HOLIDAY: J enjoyable, exciting, fun-filled, good, lovely, wonderful
L disastrous / terrible: We had a disastrous camping holiday.
*VERB + HOLIDAY: go on, have, take, book, spend, need, be entitled to, get, enjoy.
*EXAMPLES: You are entitled to 24 days' paid holiday per year. I have three weeks' holiday a year.
We're going on holiday to France this summer. | Are you having a holiday this year?
I'm taking the rest of my holiday in October. | Have you booked your summer holiday yet?
She spent her holiday decorating the flat. | I really need a holiday!
*PHRASES: J a holiday of a lifetime: This is your chance to win the holiday of a lifetime.
J Dream holiday What would be your dream holiday?
LThe holiday from hell / living hell / sheer, absolute, pure, utter hell / hell on earth
*EXAMPLES: It was the holiday from hell. It rained all the time, we all got colds and we missed the
plane home.
The days we spent at … were / Our stay at …. was a living hell for all of us.
It was sheer/pure hell having to sit all day long without entertainment!
The resort was hell on earth.

Promise
*ADJ + PROMISE: big / broken, unfulfilled /empty, false, hollow
The travel agent made all kinds of big promises (which) he had little intention of keeping.
The travel agent’s promises turned out to be empty/false/hollow.
*VERB + PROMISE: give sb, make (sb) . | fulfil, honour, keep | break, go back on |
You gave me your promise I could use the facilities for free. | The travel agent did not fulfil/honour/keep
her promises.
*PHRASES: full of promise The holiday seemed so full of promise, and ended in disappointment.

Some useful expressions

It cost a fortune / a pretty penny / the earth /an arm and a leg.
A terrible disappointment awaited us. | We did not get our money’s worth.
There isn't room to swing a cat in the bedroom. | The hotel room was bare (there was nothing in it)/
cramped, cell-like (not having enough space) / scruffy (untidy and dirty) / smelly / dim (gloomy, bleak,
badly-lit)
I complained to your representative (about … ) but everything I said to her fell on deaf ears (she turned
deaf ears)/
she could not satisfactorily resolve our complaint.
It was a big/great disappointment to/for us. | You said that the restaurant served the finest food.
We had to live on meagre portions of food. | The food was rubbish and greasy and made us feel sick.
We could not hide our disappointment at not being met at the airport.
We voiced disappointment over the staff’s unhelpfulness.
There was constant, incessant / banging, deafening, loud, buzzing / awful, terrible noise (coming) from
....
The holiday/stay didn’t live up to/fulfil/match/meet/satisfy our expectations.
The reality of the holiday fell short of our expectations. | The holiday was disappointing and below
expectation.
The staff was ignorant and inexperienced/ unskilled and hardly / rude and unhelpful.
We have legitimate grounds for complaint. | I have a complaint about the service ….
We voiced/made a complaint to your representative / against the rude staff …
The hotel is in the middle of nowhere with no nightlife whatsoever.
We were really disappointed as the beach was 30 minutes away and took us ages to find it.
I wish to complain about the standard of accommodation.
I consider the standard to be very poor and would like compensation to reflect the actual value of the
holiday. | I think you owe me an apology as well as compensation. |
I look forward to an offer of compensation within … days.
I am legally entitled to receive compensation for the loss of value, loss of enjoyment and the out-of-pocket
expenses incurred through this breach of contract. I am accordingly claiming compensation of …

Indirect Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person
said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are
usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the
past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Tense change As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the
left changes to the tense on the right):
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple › Past simple
She said, "It's cold." She said it was cold.
Present continuous › Past continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple › Past perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous › Past perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
seven years."
Past simple › Past perfect
She said, "I taught online yesterday." She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous › Past perfect continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect › Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started
when he arrived." when he arrived.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Direct speech Indirect speech
will › would
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can › could
She said, "I can teach English online." She said she could teach English online.
must › had to
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English She said she had to have a computer to teach
online." English online.
shall › should
She said, "What shall we learn today?" She asked what we should learn today.
may › might
She said, "May I open a new browser?" She asked if she might open a new browser.

Expressions of time and demonstratives

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of
reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time
and place of reporting.

Direct speech Indirect speech

Here There
This That
These Those
Now Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The following day
Yesterday The previous day / the day before
Next Monday The following Monday
Last Monday The previous Monday
At the moment At that moment
Two years ago Two years before
Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
Note! – Here, “me “ is the object.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged, boasted, complained, denied,
explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:

He invited me to the party. …………………………………………………….

He begged me to come to the party. ……………………………………………………
He ordered me to come to the party. ………………………………………………………
He advised me to come to the party. ………………………………………………………….
He suggested I should come to the party. ………………………………………………………..
questions
To report a question, some additional changes are required. The interrogative verb order in the direct
questions changes to affirmative verb order in the indirect questions.
Example

She said : “Where does he live?” She asked where he lived.

Yes/no questions

We use If or whether to report yes/no questions

Example

She said: “Do you like swimming?” She asked me if I liked swimming.

Wh questions

What What
When When
Where Where

Example

She said :”where are you from?” She asked him where he was from.
S V

ESSAY- You have just come back from a holiday organized by Dream Tours Travel Agency. You are quite
happy with the quality of the service and the facilities available. Write a letter to your friend recommending
the agency. No more than 12 lines.
USEFUL LINKERS ESSAY PLANNING
- To start with / Starting with / To begin with / 1) Introduction: Expressing feeling of excitement in
Firstly / Initially context (holiday, place, duration....)
- Add to this / Adding to this / In addition / Besides / 2) Details: select the notes and information you’d
Moreover / Furthermore / What’s more / like to talk about (accommodation, food, residence,
Additionally / What makes things even worse / programme..) / use adjectives / organise details and
Secondly use linkers
-Last but not least / Most important of all / Above all 3) Closing statement: recommending the agency
this / To cap it all / In a nutshell / Worst of all

USEFUL NOTES
-Accommodation : spacious room/ with a picturesque view/ calm and serenity of the place/ full options :
air-conditioning/ internet connection / spa/ gym
- Food : luscious & varied as expected/ taste the spicy food …
- The residence (hotel, house…) is two-minute walk to the beach/ the city centre not far/ transport
available (as advertised)

-Staff/ guide/ room maid : friendly , helpful

- Enjoyed the scheduled programme (visits/ sightseeing/ festivals/ excursions/ cruise)

Writing an article / An Argumentative Essay

Topic: While reading a magazine, you’ve come across this quote by Samuel Johnson - “All travel has its
advantages. If the traveller visits better countries, he may learn to improve his own; and if fortune carries
him to worse, he may learn to enjoy his own.” To express your total accord with the quote, you decided to
write a 15-line article in the same magazine to highlight the benefits of travelling to distant countries.
PLANNING
Introduction:
a-Presenting the main topic/ the problematic issue in a clear and straightforward manner
b- Writing a transitional sentence, paving the way to the details
Details:
An outline of the main details (preferable 3)
Point out the arguments (in brief) for each detail
Think about the suitable linkers:
Linkers
- To start with / Starting with / To begin with / Firstly / Initially
-Add to this / Adding to this / Besides / Moreover / Furthermore / What’s more / Additionally /
Secondly
- Last but not least / Most important of all / Above all this / To cap it all / In a nutshell

1. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS :
*TIMING: Nowadays / Recently / For the past few years (decades)
*OPINION: It’s more than evident / no one can deny / it’s undeniable / we shall admit /
studies have proved that/ Undeniably/ Undoubtedly/ Unquestionably, Without doubt/ Without
a shadow of a doubt/ There’s not a single doubt/ incontrovertibly….
2. USEFUL NOTES:
Travelling is beneficial in different ways
a. A moment of recreation: An escape from the hum drum of ‘ordinary’ life. / To break the ordinary
daily routine/To get rid of stress due to studies and work/ To recharge your batteries. "I travel a lot; I
hate having my life disrupted by routine."
b. A means of entertainment: To have fun through different activities // To provide some excitement
c. An opportunity to learn more: To attend art shows (give examples: festivals, art galleries,
museums…) / To broaden your horizons. /
“The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a page.” St. Augustine
 UNIT II :EDUCATION MATTERS
Lesson 1: School - related words
“The real wealth of a nation is education / literate children / knowledge.”

Vocabulary:

Offering, giving = providing. / provision (n)

A very important thing = a priority.
Refused = denied.
Make better, ameliorates = to boost.
Word Antonym
Practical Theoretical
Examiner Candidate
Work Holiday
Fail Pass
Witten Oral
Attend Leave
Grammar:
Too + adj + to + v = expressing excess.
E.g.: His parents are too poor to send him to school.→ they are very poor so they cannot send him to school
Possible topics: *What are the causes of illiteracy and how to limit it?
Causes Solutions to overcome the problem.
Poverty -To donate money, free books,
Hunger -to provide nutritious meals for pupils at school
Distant schools -To build schools
Illiterate parents -Sensitize parents to the necessity of education.
-The role of humanitarian organizations (unicef , Unesco , WFP)

*The importance of education:

1-Ameliorate the economy of the country.
2-To provide a greener future to our children.
3-Decrease the dependence on foreign workers.
4- Liberate the country from the problem of illiteracy.
5. To have better, literate generations …
*Write an ad to incite people to help poor, illiterate children in the world.

A pound can enlighten a mind

As you know, Africa is one of the poorest areas all over the world especially the West. Those countries are too
poor to provide a good education for their young generations. But we are all brothers in humanity so, you can’t be
proud of your education and even of yourself when you know that there are hundreds and hundreds of poor
children who want to be educated, help their families and their country but they can’t : Either because there are no
schools or they can’t afford getting to schools and so they are prevented from the basic right of education. My
brothers please support us to provide this right to those innocent children and remember always that only one
pound can enlighten a mind!

Lesson 2: Education for All.

Vocabulary:

Registration = enrolment .
Consequently = therefore.
Percentage = rate.
Grammar:
If + negative verb = unless + positive verb.
E.g.: unless we help poor children, they can’t have a good future.
If we don’t help poor children, they can’t have a good future
Lesson 3: virtual Schools
Vocabulary:

He is an online / distance / e- / cyber learner = he is studying in a virtual school via / through the internet.
Bullying = frightening or hurting a weak person.
Log on = connect on a computer system.
Appeal = what makes something attractive.
Texting = writing on the computer.
Bustle = crowd of people moving in a busy way.
Grammar:

Subject + did / do / does + bare infinitive =====to emphasize the meaning.

E.g.: *did you forget to do the exercise?

-No I did do it.
* Does she speak any foreign language?
- She does speak English and Italian.

Useful expressions

I think =========giving an opinion.

I’m afraid I don’t agree ================disagreeing.
I see what you mean but…============== disagreeing
You are making a good point, however…===== disagreeing
What you say is ….but I still strongly…. ===== disagreeing.
Lesson 4 : ONLINE LEARNING
Vocabulary:

* Cyber learning = virtual learning = e- learning = distance learning = online learning

*Time commitment = When students are willing to devote much time to their courses
Punctuation :Using commas:

- to separate items in a list

-It’s used before and after a phrase in opposition , giving an explanation or additional information about the
noun it follows
E.g. : Sarrah, our maths teacher, is absent (phrase in opposition)

Writing : Which do you like better, traditional learning or virtual learning?

Traditional learning

Advantages. Disadvantages
- Children will be more concentrated. - Students undergo many kinds of
- Kids will not miss the unique opportunity to mix pressure from frightening teachers
with others - Teachers are using many ways of
- Students will be more self-reliant punishment
- Make friends. - School uniform.
- The pupil becomes responsible and self - - Bustling.
confident. - Being bullied by others.
- Verbal and physical communication. - Schoolbags.
- Time and place constraints.

Virtual learning

Advantages.
- Students study whenever they want.
- Don’t have to study for long hours.
- Flexibility: you can learn whenever and
wherever you like.
- Being home educated.
- Taking private lessons.
- Students are willing t o devote much time to
their courses.
- no uniform /no school journeys
- No bustling /not bullied by other pupils
- More confidence / more commitment
Disadvantages
- No teacher to control the students
- Children aren’t old enough to manage time
commitment.
- Learners lack verbal and physical
communication.
-Setting in front of the PC for a long time
can be harmful to your eyes.
-No physical action –no eyes contact.
- Little verbal or physical communication –-
- no chance to overcome psychological
problems (bullying – fright...)

Lesson 5: COMPARING EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

Linkers used for similarities:

Like…..
As …
Both …and …
Similarly …
The two- the same …
Linkers used for differences:
More / less
Using comparatives
Unlike
Differently
However / whereas
But / in contrast
e.g. :*Both America and Tunisia divide schooling into 3 cycles ( similarities)

*The third cycle in Tunisia includes 4 years while in USA it includes 3 years (differences)

Vocabulary:

-Compulsory = obligatory
-Cycles = steps
-Schooling =duration of study
-Core = the most important
-Remote = distant / far away
-Self-reliant = self -autonomous (adj) / self - reliance = self – autonomy (n)
-To focus = to concentrate
-To rely on = depend on

Writing:

*Write a letter to your English friend to give him/ her an idea about the Tunisian system of education

Educational system in Tunisia:

-Pupils start their schooling at the age of 6

-It lasts 13 years
-They stay 6 years at the primary school
-There are 3 cycles in Tunisian schooling
-The three cycles are free but only the primary and the preparatory cycles are compulsory

Dear John,

In this letter I want to give you an idea about our educational system in Tunisia in which we have 3 cycles:
the primary school, the preparatory school and the secondary school but the third cycle’s not compulsory.

The primary school lasts 6 years, the preparatory school lasts 3 years and the secondary school lasts 4 years.
Then, we have the university.

Both the primary and the preparatory cycles are compulsory because all pupils must be educated and at the
age of 6 they have the right and the duty to enroll at school

Yours, Yosra

LESSON 6: AGE OR?

Vocabulary :

-Evaluated = assessed = tested

-Poor = deprived
-I think that = I am of the opinion that
-Basic knowledge of arithmetic in general = numeracy
-Potential = ability
- Rate = percentage
-To increase the strength = to boost = to ameliorate
-Outstanding = excellent = brilliant
Grammar : The prepositions below are used after the following verbs

Prevent / suffer / exclude / to depart / to take / differ + From

Succeed / believe / result / integrate / live / put / locate + In
Focus / depend / base + On
Approve / deprive / consist / compose + Of

Lesson 7: Lifelong Learning

Lifelong learning: “pursue knowledge from cradle to grave“.
“Never too late to learn.”
àSo lifelong learning never stops, it’s continuous.

Vocabulary:

-Continuous = permanent.
-To continue (verb) = to pursue.
-Simply (adv) = merely.
-Consequently = therefore.
-Limited to: confined to = restricted to
-Full growth and development = maturity.
-Traditional (adj) = conventional.
-To adapt (v) = to adjust.
-Authentic (adj) = genuine.

Grammar :

- child + “hood“ à the period of time.

à childhood.

Noun + “hood” ànoun e.g.: - Adult à adulthood

- Mother à motherhood
- Sister à sisterhood

Writing:

-Lifelong learning is a way to combat illiteracy.

-We face many problems in our world, and we consider illiteracy as a major problem, that’s why we suggest
lifelong learning as a solution to combat this plight.

Advantages of lifelong learning:

-Lifelong learning prepares the learners for the whole life because it is an opportunity for them to update
their knowledge.
-Ongoing learning enables us to renew our human knowledge and cope with new technologies.
-Lifelong learning is a tool to gain self-autonomy and be socially privileged.
-It makes the learner’s experience highly valued.
-This new venture helps fight against illiteracy and facilitates social integration.
-Enabling all the members of society to have a share in the development of their country.
Lifelong learning is a programme of education aiming at educating the adult people. It is very important
because it pursues knowledge from cradle to grave.

Disadvantages of lifelong learning:

-The older we get the harder we learn and the less enthusiastic we become.
-It may be at the expense of other interests.
-Some people hold discouraging attitudes towards adult learners.
-It may become useless if it is not well - organized.

Lesson 9: Alexander Graham Bell, the……

-The inventor of the telephone

-He is talented in the domain of communication.
-He was known as a teacher of the deaf and the dump more than as an inventor.
- He was born in a family which was used to the communication art.
-His grandfather developed a considerable particle in the treatment of speech defects.
-His father was specialized in the speech domain too. He invented a universally applicable phonetic alphabet
which had been developed by young Alex and his brothers; they produced the sounds from the symbols.

Vocabulary:
-To be familiar with something = to be no stranger to something.
-People who are unable to speak or hear = the deaf and dumb.
-Handicaps = impediments.
-Lack of luck = misfortune.
Lexical focus:
-Impediment: barrier; block; difficulty; hindrance; obstacle.
-Timeless: changeless; endless; eternal; everlasting; permanent.
Grammar:

-What a teacher he was!

-How nice it is!
à Expressing admiration.

*The + adj: is used to refer to a group of people in the society.

E.g.: He taught the deaf à He taught deaf people.

1. VIRTUAL EDUCATION:
Far from being a mere ideal, distance education has become more of the norm versus the traditional ‘brick
and mortar’ schools. Determining which method is better may be difficult if you do not understand the pros
and cons of each. Both methods can offer students good quality work, experienced and qualified professors,
and accredited degree programs and certificates. But more and more students are currently opting for online
education. None can deny the convenience it provides, namely the ability to log in and out when you have
time, the flexibility, that is to set your own pace to complete your assignments and to work on them
anywhere, all you need is an Internet connection. We shouldn’t forget to mention the availability, as every
student is able to choose from many accredited schools. Being cheaper is also another advantage, since you
don’t have to commute or buy expensive food outdoors. accessibility (able to work on assignments
anywhere with an Internet connection). However, not all that glitters is gold, virtual learning does have some
cons. No face-to-face instruction, no social interaction, little support, and no campus atmosphere, as well as
potential health problems out of staying in front of the screen for so long . Although traditional schools may
be less convenient and flexible for students, and may become costly because of travel, housing, and food
expenses, they offer students the classroom experience, provide adequate face-to-face interaction, enforce
time management, and offer a substantial amount of support.

_______________________________________________________________________
2. LIFELONG LEARNING:
Nowadays, we may frequently hear of terms such as “further education”, “distinction education” and
“college for the elderly” in our daily life. In fact, the number of people willing to keep on learning is rising.
Why do people, regardless of age, gender and background, come to value constant learning?
Lifelong learning is both a necessity in modern society and an inner need in everybody’s life. First, with the
rapid development of science and technology, one will fail to keep pace with social changes if he refuses to
learn more. In the office, papers and pens are giving way to word processors; in the classroom, blackboard
and chalk are less used than multimedia equipment. Senior employees and elderly teachers cannot adapt to
these changes and work effectively without learning further. Second, many people devote more of their
spare time to learning because they have started to realize the importance of knowledge. It is knowledge that
equips man to fight against challenges from the outside world; it is knowledge that enables people to be
more competitive in bitter rivalry for success. Therefore, more and more people view education as a lifelong
process and readily involve themselves in various forms of learning.
Last but not least, a number of people keep on learning simply because the activity itself is an enormous
fun. And since our society never stops its development and our mind always wants new food, it is natural for
modern people to consider education as a lifelong issue.

Overall Vocabulary:

1- Accurate= - Precise /exact.

2- Acronyms = - Words formed from the first letter for a name. eg. UNICEF.
3- To adjust = - To adapt
4- Acute = - Sharp =piercing
5- Anguish = - Deep suffering
6- Appeal = - What makes something attractive.
7- To assess = - To evaluate
8- To boast = - To talk about one’s achievement with much pride/boastful
(adj).
9- Biographer = - Someone who writes a biography.
10- Bullying = - Frighten or hurt a weaker person.
11- Bustle = - Crow of people moving in a busy way.
12- To boost = - To increase the strength. To improve/to make better.
13- To cater for = - To build around something
14- To cater = - To provide what’s needed or desired by somebody.
15- Confined = - Limited / restricted.
16- Conventional = - Traditional
17- Crumble = - To be destroyed.
18- To deny = - To refuse.
19- Depicted = - Described.
20- Elocution = - Art of speaking clearly/ elocutionist.
21- Enrolment = - Registration/ record.
22- Genuine = - Authentic /real /true
23- Impediments = - Handicaps = difficulties /defects/
barriers/obstacles/hindrances.
24- Jail = - Prison
25- Landscape = - Scenery
26- Log on = - Connect a computer system.
27- Numeracy = - Arithmetic knowledge.
28- Vocational - Connected with skills or knowledge
29- To make ends - To earn enough income /money to provide for basic needs
meet= E.g.: the workers complained that on their present wages
they could hardly make ends meet
30- Manslaughter = - Killing someone.
31- Maturity = - Full growth and development .
32- May be = - Perhaps / probably.
33- Merely = - Simply
34- Nutritious = - Nourishing / healthy.
35- To overlook = - To have a view of.
36- Occur = - To happen.
37- Outlive = - To live longer than / to outlast.
38- Outstanding = - Excellent
39- Palpable = - Clear and obvious
40- Priority = - A very important thing
41- Paramount = - Having the greatest importance
42- Piercing = - Sharp and unpleasant.
43- Queer = - Strange
44- Rationally = - Logically
45- To provide = - To give = to offer / to supply
46- Stream (n)= - A steady flow of (people/liquid) group of people with same
level of ability.
47- Switch (n)= - A change
48- To tackle = - To deal with
49- Texting = - Writing on the computer
50- Timeless = - Ageless /changeless /endless/eternal/everlasting/permanent
51- Unforgettable = - Memorable / something we can’t forget
52- Unfamiliar = - Odd /strange
53- Venture = - Something new and different in which there is a risk of
failure
 UNIT III: CREATIVE, INVENTIVE MINDS

Lesson 1 : Inventions - related words

* Grammar:

- It’s hard / difficult / possible + to + verb

- Make/ Let / get / have + object + bare infinitive
1- Used to / didn’t use to + bare infinitive
Expressing a habit in the past
2- Be used to + v + ing
To be familiar with something

* Vocabulary:

-Domestic robots: used at home doing domestic services

- To discover: find something that had previously existed but had hitherto been unknown
- To invent: design; create something which has never been made before
- To innovate: introduce changes and new ideas

Verb adjective adverb General noun Personal noun

To discover ++++++++++ +++++++++ discovery discoverer

To innovate Innovative Innovatively innovation innovator

To invent inventive inventively invention inventor

- Omnipresent = existing everywhere and at all times.

- Impact = a strong effect
- Astonishing (adj) = surprising, startling, striking
- Shift (v) = change, alter
- Ultimate = final
* Writing :

Nowadays robots are becoming more and more widespread, which makes lots of people say that
those robots are a real bless for humanity. So, according to you in which fields can robots help the human
beings?
-Robots replace human beings at work.
-It’s a machine without feelings and morals; it just uses an electrical energy.
-There will be more and more joblessness if we use robots in every field.
-Robots never sleep.
- It can work in a high temperature, which human beings can’t do.
- It uses electrical energy directly.
- It is stronger, more efficient than human beings
- It can do housework: cleaning, washing, cooking, shopping…
- It can drive (any means of transport).
* Writing :

Technology is considered as a controversial issue. Write an article to a Newspaper in which you give both
negative and positive effects of this phenomenon on our life.

- Technology as a blessing

- Makes us live more comfortably thanks to different types of inventions

- Facilitates communication with other people (using the internet to chat)
- Facilitates research of information with those inventions such as the internet
- Helps in progress and development
- Helps to gain time
-Helps to treat diseases
- Technology as a curse

- Technology used by some people for immoral goals such as cloning

- Addiction of many children to different technological gadgets and as a result they neglect their studies
- May destroy the relationship between our family members
- Using technology to invent weapons, bombs, chemical weapons
- Mechanization of our society
- Side effects of some inventions on our eyes, ears.

Lesson 3: Interviewing the father of play station

* Vocabulary:

To envision (v) = to imagine a future situation

Initial= first ≠ ultimate
Release / to launch = to set up
Dedicated = devoted
* Grammar
Dedicate / devote + object + to + V+ ing
Noun

Be accustomed / be used + to + V + ing

Noun

- Advantages of Play station

- Means of entertainment
- Learn how to deal with complex situation
 - Develop cognitive skills
- Reinforce patience
- Flexibility and adaptability
- Interactive
- Disadvantages of Play station

- contact with different forms of violence

- get into bad habits
- enhance laziness
- lead to addiction
- neglect studies
- lose contact with real life
- inhibit communication

Lessons 4: Prize winners

* Vocabulary:

To reward = to praise, to award

Award = prize, tribute
Paying no attention = regardless
Features = characteristics
Gift = award, prize, talent

* Grammar: * Adjectives’ suffixes

-Ing coming
-Ic scientific
-Cant significant
- Ive effective
-Ful respectful
-Ous prestigious
-Ed presented
* Passive form = object + verb (to be + past participle) + subject

*Active form = subject + verb + object

Lesson 5: Women choose to opt out (Not for Technology Students)

* Vocabulary:

Paths = ways of achieving something

At the expense of = with damage to
Recognition = public praise and reward
Cite (v) = to mention something as a reason
Hold someone accountable for something = to consider a person responsible for something
Valued = Considered important

* Grammar:

The subjunctive is used in formal, impersonal English

It is essential that
It is advisable that + subject + verb in the subjunctive (bare infinitive)
We insist that

Leader + ship / Relation + ship

Why do women choose to opt out?

* Reasons behind opting out:

- Corporations fail to satisfy their professional needs
* Goals behind opting out
- To gain more freedom, recognition, money
- Having their own business.
* Solution to keep women in their positions
- Provide them with more flexibility
- Identify potential, competent managers, award their contributions and give them key positions in the
company.

* Writing :

Nowadays, women have a big role in society, nevertheless, some women choose to opt out and start their
own business. Give your opinion about this issue.

Plan

- Introduction
Speak in General about women nowadays and their role in society
- Body
Why do women choose to opt out?
* Reasons (E.g. Corporation fails to satisfy their professional needs)
* Goals (to gain more freedom, having their own business)
* Solution for the Corporation (provides them with more flexibility, identify women with high potential and
give them big positions)
- Conclusion
Do the maximum with business women in order to keep them in their positions by offering more
compensation.
________________________________________________________________

Lesson 6: The Brain Drain

Definition: The Brain Drain is the movement of highly – skilled and qualified people from developing
nations to developed countries to earn more money.

* Vocabulary:
Implication = Result, effect, consequence, outcome.
Futile = useless, inefficient, fruitless, worthless
Shortage = lack, absence, scarcity, insufficiency

Contentions = controversial (issue) = likely to cause disagreement between people.

To gather pace = to increase in number
Expertise = skill in a particular subject

* Grammar:

- E.g. 1) He worked so hard that [he got an excellent grade in the test]
(Clause)
- Function: Expressing a cause / consequence relationship
- Structure: Subject + v + so + adjective + that +clause
- [He was so sad] that he stopped eating
(Cause) (Consequence)

E.g. 2) he worked hard so that he would succeed in the exam.

Function: Expressing purpose
Structure: clause 1 + so that + clause 2

* Idiomatic expressions

To play the cards right = to deal successfully

To swim against the tide = oppose the attitude that most people have.
To sow the seeds of = start the process that leads to a particular result

* Writing:

The brain drain is a controversial issue: Is it a loss or a gain? Give your opinion about this issue.

- The Brain Drain

Why do people emigrate?

- Better job opportunities
- Earn more money and ameliorate one’s living conditions
- Marriage purpose
- Better circumstances for scientific researches and inventions
- Pursue one’s high education / studies.
- Political persecution.
- Health problems
- Solution

To retain highly educated people in their home countries, the government should provide incentives for them
(more money; key positions; better job opportunities)

Reverse brain drain: immigrate to developed countries then come back to one’s home country

* Reasons
Because their country needs their skills so, they bring their expertise, talents and hopes so that their country
profit from them.

* Consequences

Economic recovery.
Key positions for them

Lesson 7: Scientists' achievements

* Vocabulary :

• Occur = to happen, to take place.

• Enable = make possible for someone to do something.
• Magnify = make something look bigger.
• Actual = real, exact.
• Patent = the official right to be the only to use or sell a product.

* Grammar :

* Restrictive _ relative clause:

I met the inventor who won the Nobel Price
“It cannot be deleted because, it’s essential for understanding the noun before it.
* Non-restrictive relative clause:
The game, which we had long been waiting for, began at 2 pm.
It can be deleted without harming the meaning of the sentence (it is not essential to understand the noun it
follows).
Example: advantages and disadvantages of the MP4:

* The benefits of this invention:

₋ listen to music.
₋Watch video clips.
₋ Play many games.
₋ Have fun and makes a person more comfortable.
* The disadvantages of this invention:
₋ Causing harm to the eyes (to watch video clips) and ears (listen to loud music).
₋Can destroy family bounds.
₋To be addicted to this technological device.
₋ No concentration.
₋ Neglecting one’s studies studies.

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective
Noun + Verb ing
Noun + Verb pp
Noun + Adjective
Adjective + Noun
Example
A date-exporting country
A hand-made dress
A sky-blue shirt
High-frequency TV set
Adjective + Verb ing
Adjective + Noun ed
Adverb + Verb ing
Adverb+ Verb pp
Number + sing Noun
Number + year + old
Ordinal number + Noun
A nice-looking girl
A short-sleeved dress
A fast-driving man
A well-known scientist
A nine-minute report
A twelve-year-old boy
A first-class ticket

MODALS
CAN: COULD:
ability: ability in the past:
I can speak English She could escape them
permission: possibility in the past:
You can go to the party. I could help you.
possibility: permission: Could I use your phone?
We can have a test tomorrow request:
Could you please be quiet?
suggestion:
We could write a letter to him
MUST: MUST HAVE:
obligation: certainty in the past:
You must do your homework He must have forgotten the meeting.
necessity:
She must drink a lot of water
certainty:
He must be very ill.
SHOULD: SHOULD HAVE:
advice: blame/reproach/ regret:
You should see a doctor You should have told me before doing it.
I should have revised before the exam.

MAY/ MIGHT: MAY/MIGHT HAVE:

permission: probability in the past:
May I go out? She didn't attend the course. She may have been asleep.
possibility: Jane was not at the meeting. She might not have known
He may come late. about it.
hope/wish: May god help them.
NEEDN'T: NEEDN'T HAVE:
absence of necessity in the present: absence of necessity in the past:
I will give you a photocopy. You needn't The teacher had been already dismissed. You needn't
copy all the lesson. have gone on strike.
HAD BETTER: WOULD RATHER:
advice: preference:
Your nose is running, you'd better stay in Drawing is not useful for me. I'd rather learn a new
bed. foreign language
WILL: WOULD:
future prediction: hypothesising about the present:
 The weather will be very cold tomorrow You would be very happy if you had a lot of money
now.
Offer: Would you like some help?
Invitation:
Would you come to my party tonight?
WILL HAVE: WOULD HAVE:
projecting into the future as a past: hypothesising about the past:
By June we will have finished the program. Yesterday if you had paid more attention you wouldn't
have made so many mistakes.
AFFIXATION
Affixation in English is the process of adding one, or more letters to a word
a- in the beginning, called prefix, generally to change its meaning
b- in the end ,called suffix, generally to change its grammatical form.

PREFIXES
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
a Not Atypical / asexual
ab Not Abnormal
ante Before Ante-natal clinic/ ante-Islamic period
anti Against Anti-social/ anti-terrorist
auto Self Auto-biography
bi Two Bilingual / bisexual
co With Co-existent / co-habitation
counter Against Counter-revolution / counter-balance
de Take away Dethrone / deforestation
dis Opposite / reverse Dislike / disagree / disconnect
ex Former Ex-husband / ex-president
extra More than/very Extra- ordinary
fore Before Foretell / forerunner
il Not Illegal / illogical
im Not Impossible / immoral
in Not Inactive / invalid
inter Between International / inter-school
ir Not Irrational / irregular
mid In the middle Mid-century / mid-fielder
mini Small Mini-bus / mini-skirt
mis Badly / wrongly Misunderstand / misuse
multi Many Multi national / multifunctional
non Not Non-living / non-violent
over More than normal Over-fed / oversleep
post After Post-war / post-surgical
pre Before Prepaid / pre-war
pro For Pro-American
re Again Reuse / rewrite
semi Half Semi-detached
sub Under / below Sub-marine / submerge
super Extremely Superman / supernatural
trans Across / through Transcontinental
ultra Beyond the limit Ultra-violet
un Not Unhappy / undo / unable
uni Single Uniform / unisex

SUFFIXES
SUFFIX FROM / INTO EXAMPLE
able Verb adj Readable / reusable
ible Verb adj Resistible
age Verb noun Storage / shortage
al Noun adj Occidental / experimental
ance Verb noun Performance
ancy Adj noun Pregnancy
ant Verb noun Immigrant
ation Verb noun Imagination / examination
ence Verb noun Residence / independence
ency Adj noun Frequency / efficiency
ent Verb noun Student / resident
ee Verb noun Trainee/ employee
en Adj verb Widen / deepen / whiten
er Verb noun Driver / teacher
ese Noun adj Japanese / Chinese
ess Verb noun Actress / waitress
ful Noun adj Colourful / useful / hopeful
hood Noun noun Adulthood / motherhood
ian Noun noun Historian / comedian
ical Noun adj Economical / political
ify Adj verb Simplify / purify
ish Noun adj Swedish / British
ist Noun noun Scientist / ecologist
ion Verb noun Connection / exhibition
ive Verb adj Active / imaginative
less Noun adj Homeless / hopeless
ly Adj adv Slowly / happily
ment Verb noun Advancement / arrangement
ship Noun noun Friendship / citizenship
ward Prep adj Backward /forward
wards Prep adv Upwards
wise Noun adv Clockwise
y Noun adj Sunny / foggy / windy

Writing (Some useful expressions)

*Introducing a topic / a general idea:
As a general rule * In most cases * Most of the time * For the great majority of people * It is customary to
say that * People usually say that * It is generally agreed/thought/believed that… *
One cannot deny that * No one can deny that * It is a well-known fact that * There is no doubt * Beyond (a
shadow of) a doubt * Beyond questionable doubt * It goes without saying * No one questions the fact that *
X raises an important/a fundamental issue/question * This leads us to wonder whether… * We may wonder
whether… * Opinions are divided on that question * It is a (highly) controversial issue * There has been
much controversy over/about * A number of key issues arise * Like it or dump it * like it or curse it…

*Stating an argument / a problem

First of all, as regards the question of... * At first sight/glance, it would seem that… *
The first question that arises is… * there arises a difficult question/problem…
The first thing that needs to be said/must be said is that… * First of all, let us look/have a look at… * let us
begin with… * To start with…

*Introducing a viewpoint / a different aspect

As for the question of … *There is a second argument which cannot be ignored… * There is also a bright
side to the problem… * The other side of the coin, however, is that… * Paradoxically though/as it may
seem… * The very opposite may well be true… * Another way of looking at this question is… *
Actually/Indeed/In fact/As a matter of fact, it would be more accurate to say… * It must/should be
recognized/acknowledged that… * The truth is that… *
However,/Nevertheless,/Nonetheless,/Yet,/Though,/Still,/All the same, * In spite of/despite (the fact that)…

*Concluding / Summarizing
In conclusion, * As a conclusion, * To conclude, * One can conclude that / We can come to the conclusion
that… * Last but not least… * All things considered,… * For all these reasons… * All this goes to
prove/show that…
In other words,… * In a word,… * In short,… * In brief,… * On the whole,… * All in all,… * To sum
up,… * In sum,… * (To put it) in a nutshell…

*Organizing ideas
Several factors/reasons/arguments can be mentioned/put forward… * To begin with,… * First(ly) * First of
all, * In the first place, * First and foremost,… * On the one hand,… on the other hand,… * Second(ly), * In
the second place, * Then, * Next,… * Another point is that… * Another thing is that… * Finally, *
Eventually, * In the end,…

*Adding an idea
Moreover, * In addition (to that), * What is more, * Furthermore, * Added to that, * Besides,… By the way
* Incidentally,… * Similarly, * Likewise,… * … as well as … * … not only … but also… * We may as
well mention (the fact) that… * it is (well) worth mentioning (the fact) that… / We must also remember
that… * It should also be remembered that…

*Introducing another idea / point of view

As for * As regards * As concerns... * Regarding * concerning… *As far as … is concerned… * According
to…

*Giving examples
For instance, * For example, * Namely * That is to say * such as… * One example is enough to show/prove
that…
In particular * Particularly * let us consider/take the example/case of…
To take another example * let us take another example…
*Highlighting an argument
Actually, * In fact, * As a matter of fact, * Indeed, … * Above all * Basically…
It should be stressed that * There can be no doubt that * Undoubtedly…
It goes without saying that * It is obvious (to everyone) that… * There is no denying that…
What is quite certain is that… * As everyone knows * It must/should be remembered that…
We must not forget that * By no means * We should bear/keep in mind that… / It is worth mentioning
that… * One has to emphasize the fact that… * It is (quite) true that… / This doesn’t mean that… but rather
that… * I would even go as far as to say…
It must be admitted/recognized that… * One has to admit/acknowledge that…

*Moderating an argument
It remains to be proved… * On second thoughts… * There is a distinction to be made between… and… *
We must make a distinction between… and… * One could argue that… * Strange as it may seem... *
Strangely/Oddly… * I wonder whether/if… * What I do not/cannot understand is... * What puzzles/troubles
me is that…

*Comparing
By comparison (with)… * Compared to… * in comparison (with/to)… * When compared with… * As * As
if * As though * Unlike…

*Giving one’s opinion

I feel/think/believe/guess/suppose (that)… * In my opinion/view * To my mind * From my point of view *
as for me * For my part * As I see it * The way I see it * as far as I am concerned * personally, I think… * I
have the feeling that… * It seems to me that… * What I would like to point out is that… * It’s my
opinion/view/impression that… * I’m convinced that… * I dare say * My view is that * I am of the opinion
that… * What I think is that… * I cannot help thinking that… * I am well aware/conscious that… * It is no
exaggeration to say that… * it looks/seems as if/though…

*Expressing agreement
I (quite) agree with... on (that point) … * One must acknowledge/admit that… * X is absolutely right in
saying/when he/she says that… * Nothing could be more true than… * I certainly go along with this… * It
is true to say that… * What strikes me as remarkable about… is that… * What I find remarkable (about…)
is that… * Whether we approve of it or not /Whether we agree or not, we cannot deny that… * This makes
us fully aware (of the fact) that…

*Expressing disagreement
I (strongly) disagree with… on (that point)… * I do not agree with… * It would be wrong to say that… * I
do not see it that way… * I cannot share this point of view/these views… * I m not convinced at all by this
argument… * These arguments are worthless… * Unlike…, I think that… * Contrary to…, I feel that… *
On the contrary, … * It is quite the contrary… * This is (quite) far from the truth… * We cannot/must not
ignore/overlook/fail to see several other aspects/sides of the problem… * We must not/ cannot overlook the
fact that… * What worries me is that… * This is nonsense/ridiculous/far-fetched * X goes too far… * X
exaggerates a lot… * X distorts the facts/truth…
Unit III :Vocabulary
* Unit3/Lesson1 * Unit3/Lesson1
scheme (v/n) to devise a plan or plot
to inspire sb / inspiration to stimulate sb to so sth / to give ideas
to perspire / perspiration sweat (v/n)
to find out about sth to discover information / to get to know sth
a breakthrough an important discovery
to collaborate with sb / collaboration to work with others to achieve sth
conveniences things that make life easier or more comfortable, esp a
to evolve / evolution (n) labour-saving device/machine
* page 139-142 to gradually develop
a username * page 139-142
a password a secret name provided by an internet service
a secret word provided by an internet service
* Unit3/Lesson3
on the eve of * Unit3/Lesson3
a console on the night before
a surface on which you find the controls for a piece of
to perfect electrical equipment or a machine
be dedicated to sth / to doing sth to improve the functioning of sth
cognitive to be devoted to / committed to
consumption / to consume connected with thinking or conscious mental processes
analytical act of eating or drinking
to launch adj from analyze
to release a product to begin sth / fire rocket into air
to make sth available by putting it on sale, distributing it
delay (v/n) to the public, or allowing access to it
to call sth off put off sth / decide for another date
significant (adj) / significance / to signify to cancel sth
giant (adj) very important
to envision enormous
initial to imagine a future situation
first
* Unit3/Lesson4
to commit oneself to sth / commitment * Unit3/Lesson4
recognition / to recognize to devote oneself to sth / devotion
act of identifying sb/sth on the basis of past sighting or
to create / creative / creativity experience
a field to produce new or artistic things
a prize an area of activity or interest
tribute / to pay tribute to sb an award
a committee sth said or given to show gratitude, praise or admiration
a group of people chosen to do a particular job, make
to nominate sb for an award / nomination decisions etc
to suggest sb for appointment or election to a position or
a laureate for an honour or distinction
to appoint sb / appointment a person deserving honor or distinction
to render a service to select sb for a position or job
be determined / determination to provide a service
showing firmness or a fixed purpose
* Unit3/Lesson5
at the expense of * Unit3/Lesson5
to cite with damage to
to hold sb accountable for sth to mention
to consider sb to be responsible for sth
paths ways
valued given importance
potential (adj/n) what can happen in the future
potential (n) sb's or sth's ability to develop, achieve or succeed
corporate (adj) related to corporations or firms
assignment / to assign sth duty
to opt out to choose to leave a job
entrepreneurship / entrepreneur (n/p) the fact of being being a risk-taking businessperson

* Unit3/Lesson6 * Unit3/Lesson6
contentious likely to cause disagreement between people
expertise skill in a particular subject
to gather pace to increase in number or importance
an incentive a reason that pushes you to do sth
a key position a highly-valued job
in search of (to search for) looking for
an opportunity an occasion / the possibility of doing sth
a trend a general tendency or direct / current fashion
a shortage of lack of / absence of sth needed
a shortage of ≠ a plentiful supply of
a supply of / to supply sth making available sth that is needed or wanted
implication effect / consequence
futile (adj) / futility (n) having no effect or achieving nothing; unsuccessful /
a measure useless
a phenomenon an action taken to make sth happen or prevent its
to offset happening
an expatriate a fact or occurrence that can be observed
to thrive to balance or make up for sth
to sow a person living outside his/her country
a revival / to revive to grow well
to plant seeds
bringing back to life again

* Unit3/Lesson7 * Unit3/Lesson7
actual real / exact
have the credit for doing sth get the praise or recognition for doing sth good
to magnify / magnification to make sth look bigger than it really is
a patent an official right to be the only person to sell or make sth
the late 1980’s near the end of the 80’s
femto second 10-15 second
intensive involving concentrated effort
a component a part of sth bigger
 UNIT IV: LIFE ISSUES
Lesson 1: Life Concerns
*Vocabulary:

Lifeless = not living, inanimate, dull

Lifelong = lasting, constant, permanent
Lifelike = realistic, authentic, real
Life time = long, lasting, continuing, unending
Life work = career, existence, period
Life and death = essential, critical, crucial
Lifestyle = conduct, way of life, habits
For life = long, lasting, continuing, unending
Life = biography, being, existence
Give up = stop doing something
A stroke = sudden serious illness
Mistaken = wrong in one’s opinion or judgement

* E.g. of life issues

1) Job = success – efficiency - career….

2) Attitudes and values = tolerance – love – job – charity - dignity…
3) Success in life = family life – love – job – education - relations…
4) Health issue = illnesses - famine…
5) Environment = pollution – recycling – protecting animals - energy…

* Collocations

Respiratory illness / Make a difference / Tough job / Set an example / Feel tense
Solve a problem / Negative effects / Keep in mind / save money / Lung cancer

* The topic

-you are a dietician and you are giving a presentation at school to sensitize pupils to get their “five a day” in
order to have a good health

Five a day = a healthy diet

Hello kids! Today we’ll try to talk about having your “five a day “. Five is the number of fruits and
vegetables that a person should consume every day. They can be tinned, dried or juiced, because they can
help you to have the chance to maintain a balanced body, a healthy lifestyle and weight level. For example
eat few dates and chopped tomatoes every morning. You should consume natural and fresh vegetables to
preserve their nutrients, and the best way to cook vegetables is steaming. In addition, don’t peel the apples
because vitamins are under the skin of the fruit “an apple a day keeps the doctor away”.
So these are the tips that can help everyone to have a good health.

* Avoid the risky habit of smoking

*Negative effects : Lung cancer / Heart disease / Respiratory illnesses / Stroke / Waste of money
* How to quit
- Must have the desire to give up smoking, the confidence and the determination to quit this bad habit
- Remind yourself of the negative effects of smoking
- When you feel tense or like to smoke, get your self busy
*Benefits of quitting
- Have a better health for the smoker and his family
- Save money
- Cut the risk of health problems
- To smell and taste better
- The cough goes a way
- The breath smells better

“Kill the cigarette before it kills you”

Smoking has many dangers such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and other respiratory illnesses. It’s a
waste of money, so I advise you to stop smoking because when you quit smoking you’ll become healthier, it
cuts the risk of health problems and you will have a better health for you and especially for your family. So
you must be strong- willed to stop the deadly habit.

Lesson 2: ATTITUDES (Not for Technology Students)

* Examples of attitudes:

Loving people and being prudent

Taking care of friendship
Being brave and fearless
Loving one’s country
Respecting all people and not being jealous.
Being self –confident
Being frank and sincere
Be better than others in every situation
Be always lovely and loving
Be always truthful and honest

* Vocabulary:

- Profound (adj) = deep

 - Coward (adj) = someone who is not courageous
- Valiant (adj) = brave
- Envy = to be jealous
- Sag (v) = bend down
- Shake = tremble = shiver

Lesson 3: "If ….” By Rudyard Kipling (Not for Technology Students)

* Vocabulary:

- Triumph = victory
- Give way to = Stop resisting
- Make allowance for = to consider something
- Virtue = Good behavior and attitude ≠ vice
-Foes = enemy
-Impostor = a person who pretends to be someone else to deceive people

- Do you think that morals are essential to succeed in life? Write a paragraph to express your opinion.
- How can you deal with life's problems?
Being patient
Honest
Courageous
Cool
Prudent
Accepting loss and gain
Avoid violence by tolerance
Peace is better than war so try to be a peaceful man.
The most important values people should respect.
Solidarity is a noble reaction which strengthens relationships between people in different countries.
Lesson 5: Ecodriving

(1) How to save energy. Give tips / pieces of advice on how to save energy. What should we do?

- A dripping hot water tap wastes energy and in one week wastes enough hot water to fill half a bath so fix
leaking taps and make sure they're fully turned off.
- Only boil as much water as you need.
- Always turn off the lights when you leave a room.
- Don’t leave appliances on standby and remember not to leave appliances on charge unnecessarily.

(2) Advise people on ecodriving: How to drive while economizing energy, saving money and protecting the
environment……..what should we do?

The responsibility of the great public to save the environment.

- I would reduce my consumption of water.
- I would save energy.
- I would use non- polluting means of transport.
- Share my journeys when possible.
- Service the car regularly and maintain the right tyre pressure.
- Use my air conditioning sparingly.
- Remove roof racks when not in use as they significantly increase air resistance and fuel consumption.

Solutions
Environment The government Industry Public Green peace
al Dangers
-Legislate laws to fine -To filter toxic -Use non polluting -Writing ads in
people when they fumes. transport. which they sensitize
throw rubbish in the - Reuse and -Reuse bottles and people to the
Pollution street. recycle the don’t throw away negative effects of
-Sensitize people on rubbish. things which can be pollution on people's
the media. - Building used again. health.
industries far -Speech or TV
away from the programs.
populated areas.
- Banning hunting. - To filter toxic - Give a good way - Protecting some
Animal and - Push people to plant fumes which to nourish animals. types of animals
plants more trees. cause animals’ - water plants which become
extinction and even plants’ endangered.
death
- Protect the resources - Decrease Economizing water Ads.and TV
Scarcity of like water and petrol. consuming and energy programs to convene
natural energy in consumption. people to economize
resourc industry. water

Lesson 6 : Urban Exodus.

Urban exodus: moving from the town to the country.
Rural exodus: moving from the country to the city.
* Vocabulary:

-Peak (n) =highest level.

-Vibrant (adj) = exciting.
-Life expectancy (n) =number of years a person is likely to live.
-A decade (n) =10 years / a century = 100 years / a millennium = 1000 years.
-Outlive (v) =live longer
-Decline (n+v) =decrease
-Booming (adj) =growing, being successful.
* Gammar:

*Both “despite” and “although” are conjunctions used to express CONTRAST.

A/e.g.: Although he is ill, he comes to school.
Although + clause 1 + clause 2.
B/e.g.; Despite his illness, he comes to school.
Or; he comes to school, despite his illness.
 Despite + noun + clause OR clause + despite +noun.
*the same form is used to have a parallel structure =a parallelism.
E.g.: they enjoy better health, longer life and lower crime.
Here the structure ‘comparative + noun’ is repeated.

Country life

Advantages drawbacks

*a higher rate of life expectancy: people in *fewer means of entertainment.

the countryside live longer because they are *fewer means of transport.
healthier. *fewer amenities.
*a sense of community between the *the bad quality of streets.
inhabitants: they have a more socially *boring.
vibrant life.
*a clean air and a better quality of water
because there is less pollution.
*a clean environment and an ecologically
healthy atmosphere.

The city / town life

Advantages drawbacks

*interesting life with more means *traffic jam.

of entertainment. *polluted air and water.
*easy transport *noisy.
*better job and study *crowded
opportunities. *dangerous with higher rates of crime.
*more accidents.

Lesson 7 : A NEWSCAST.(not for Technology students)

* Vocabulary:

- Crippled = damaged.
- Hampered = made more difficult.
- To shiver = to tremble, to shake.
- Endangered = threatened.
- Plummeting = dropping rapidly.
- A drizzle= a light rain
- To pour = to rain heavily “it’s raining cats and dogs”
- A thick mist = fog.
*GRAMMAR: The passive

*Use: we use the passive form when we don’t know the doer of the action or when the action is more
important than the doer.
E.g.: - Drivers are asked to take care.
- A state of emergency was declared.

Structure :object + to be (in the tense of the active verb) + past participle
-Units of measurement:

* Temperature: degree Celsius. / Degree Fahrenheit.

* Distance and length: the foot, the inch, yard, mile.
*Weight / mass: stone, pound, ounce.

Lesson 8 : Staff Management

Employment- related words:

* Staff = all the workers employed in an organization.
* To manage = to run
* The manager = the boss, the chief, the employer.
* To dismiss = to fire, to sack, to force someone to leave a job
* Wage = salary, pay.
* Company = firm.

*Vocabulary:

- To be keen on = to be interested in.

- Going green = concerned with the protection of the environment.
- Utterly = completely.
- Strike = refuse to work as a protest.
- Culprit = person or thing causing a problem or crime.
- Asset = valuable, useful person or thing.
- To reckon = to think.

*Grammar: parallelism:

E.g.: I like not only reading novels but also watching films.
The structure: “v + ing + noun” is repeated
- Such reforms help reduce poverty and improve people’s life.
The structure “bare infinitive + noun” is repeated.
- Shakespeare wrote comedies, tragedies, romances and historical plays.
The structure» Plural noun” is repeated..

* Possible topics.

1) Write an article about bad / poor staff management, problems which may exist between
managers and employees, and its implications on the company.
Managers’ attitudes Employees’ feelings

-don’t encourage their employees. - Demotivated to work

-fail to keep them interested. - Disappointed.
-don’ trust them. - Physically present, but psychologically absent
-don’t respect them -Threaten to strike
-don’t care about them as people
-threaten to fire them

Consequent effects on the company. Crisis, low productivity, underperformance.

2) How should employers and employees behave towards each others?

- There should exist a mutual respect among them.

- The employer should consider his workers as human beings, not as machines and should treat them in the
same way.
- The employer should punish the worker if he underperforms and should reward and encourage him if he is
competent.
- The employee should work seriously, consider the company as his own and care about its future.
- Both the boss and the worker should communicate with each others and there should exist a dialogue
between them.

Lesson 9 : job ads

Looking for a job, young graduates read job ads which contain the position offered, the requirements
(needed qualities) and the advantages of the advertised job.
*collocation:

- seek / look for / search a job. – Cultural tourism.

- to be proficient at English.
- Application form.
- High-quality research.
- Career path
*pairs of synonyms:
- Seeking = looking for.
- Proficient = experienced.
- CV = bio data.
- Per annum = per year.
– Team leader.
– Personal office.
– Closing date.
- Job ads.
-commitment = willingness to work hard
-potential = qualities.
-closing date = deadline.
-Applicant = candidate.

Suggested writing:

*you have just completed your university studies. Choose an advertised job and write a letter to apply
for it. Talk about the reasons for your writing, mention your qualifications, personal and physical
qualities, experience and special achievements in that domain.
Formal layout:
A. The sender’s address.
 B. Date.
C. Name and address of the receiver.
D. The opening (Dear sir/madam’/ receiver’s name).
E. The lettre / the body.
F. The closing (yours faithfully / sincerely / truly)
G. Signature.
H. The sender’s name in block letters.

Habib Bourguiba Avenue

02/05/2017
Middle East virtual school.
21 Nobel Street, London.

Dear Sir,

In reply to your advertisement in the “Time” newspaper for an English teacher, I would like to be considered
for the position.
The qualifications you ask for are closely related to those I have. I have a doctorate in English with a
certificate in translation from English to French. I have also replaced a teacher for 6 months, and have
worked in a translation office for 2 years. For the social qualifications, I am a man with great abilities to
communicate specially with kids who were the main thesis in my doctorate.
For using the computer, I have a diploma in using all the windows and of course I am excellent at using the
net.
I hope that you will consider my application favorably and I am looking forward to receiving a positive
reply

Yours faithful.
(Signature)
Unit IV:Vocabulary

* Unit4/Lesson1 + p 193-197 * Unit4/Lesson1 + p 193-197

a stroke a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain,
which can cause a loss of the ability to move particular
parts of the body
a dietician / a dietitian a person trained in dietetics
dietetics science of diet and effects on health
an issue an important topic for discussion
steam (n) vapour
to steam to cook in the vapour of boiling water

* Unit4/Lesson2 * Unit4/Lesson2
blisters painful swellings on skin
a coward (n/p) /cowardly (adj) /cowardice (n) not courageous
to envy sb / envy (n) / envious (adj) to feel jealous / jealousy
profound (adj) deep
to sag to bend down
to shake to tremble
sole (n) the bottom of a shoe
sole (adj) only
valiant (adj) brave
to whistle / whistle (n) to make a sound through pursed lips or through a whistle

* Unit4/Lesson3 * Unit4/Lesson3
faith in strong belief in
a foe an enemy
an imposter a person who pretends to be a different person in order to
deceive others
to give way to to stop resisting / to give in
to loathe sb/sth to hate sb/sth
to make allowance for sth to not forget to take sth into consideration
triumph (n) / triumphant victory / victorious (adj)
vice (n) immoral habit or conduct
≠ ≠
virtue (n) a good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of
goodness in people

* Unit4/Lesson5 * Unit4/Lesson5
appliances domestic electrical machines
ecodriving driving which minds the environment
efficiently effectively
emission / to emit discharge / outpouring / releasing
global warming increase in temperature throughout the globe
greenhouse effect global warming caused by pollution through industrial
to illuminate sth gases
smoothly to put lights on sth or sb
sparingly regularly / softly
be on standby cautiously / prudently
be available for use at any time

* Unit4/Lesson6 * Unit4/Lesson6
booming growing well / flourishing / being economically successful
decline (n/v) decrease / diminish in number, amount or value
life expectancy the number of years a citizen of a given country is
expected to live according to statistics
to outlive sb / sth to live longer than sb /sth
peak (n/v) highest level
vibrant (adj) / vibrancy (n) exciting / full of liveliness or energy

* Unit4/Lesson7 * Unit4/Lesson7
an approach a method / a way of looking at things / a theory
to cancel to stop sth from happening
a casualty a person hurt, dead, or lost in an accident
crippled damaged / made unable to walk
to dump sth to deposit sth / to get rid of sth
32 degrees Fahrenheit zero degree Celsius
an inch (“) ≈ 2.5 cm
a mile (ml) ≈ 1.5 km
a yard (yd) ≈ 1 meter (0.90 m)
a foot (ft) ≈ 30 cm
an ounce (oz) ≈ 28 grams
a pound (lb) ≈ half a kilo
a stone (st) ≈ 6.5 kg
a newscast a TV or radio broadcast of news
to plummet to drop rapidly / to move to a lower position rapidly
a relief a feeling of freedom from anxiety / aid to those in need
to shiver to tremble
threatened endangered / put in danger or jeopardy
to make ends meet to manage to deal with financial problems
a typhoon a tropical storm in the western pacific and Indian oceans
unseasonally / unseasonable temperatures temperatures not appropriate for a given season
a weather forecast future information about the weather
it’s pouriong it’s raining heavily
a shower rain for a short period
a thick mist fog

* Unit4/Lesson8 * Unit4/Lesson8
an asset a useful or valuable quality, skill or person
a culprit sb who has done sth wrong / sb guilty of sth
be keen on sth be fond of
an executive a senior manager
to fire sb to dismiss sb / to sack sb
to go green to be actively for the protection of the environment
to reckon to think
staff all the workers of an organization
stuff things
a strike / to go on strike / to strike for sth protest by refusing to work
utterly completely

* Unit4/Lesson9 * Unit4/Lesson9
to apply for / application formally request sth usually in writing
biodata details about someone's life, job and achievements / CV
Curriculum Vitae (CV) / résumé (US) a short written description of your education,
qualifications, previous jobs and your personal interests,
which you send to an employer when you are trying to get
a job
a path a way
the potential the capacity to develop, succeed or become sth
proficient in / at sth (adj) / proficiency (n) very good at sth