WORDS THAT INTRODUCE

QUOTES OR PARAPHRASES
Remember that you are required to cite your sources for paraphrases
and direct quotes. For more information on MLA Style, APA style, etc.
Citations and References link.

Words that introduce Quotes or Paraphrases are basically three

keys verbs:
 Neutral Verbs(here)
 Stronger Verbs(here)
 Inference Verbs(here)

Neutral Verbs: When used to introduce a quote, the following

verbs basically mean "says"

Examples of Neutral Verbs

The author says. The author notes. The author believes. The
author observes. The author comments. The author relates. The
author declares. The author remarks. The author discusses. The
author reports. The author explains. The author reveals. The
author expresses. The author states. The author mentions. The
author acknowledges. The author suggests. The author thinks. The
author points out. The author responds. The author shows. The
author confirms.

Sample Sentences
MLA Style

 o Dr. Billow says that being exposed to television violence at a young
age desensitizes children to violence in real life (author's last name
p.##).
o As the author notes, "In an ideal classroom, both gifted children and
learning disabled children should feel challenged" (p.##).
o Burdow believes that being able to write using proper English
grammar is an important skill (author's last name p.##).
o Dr. Patel observes that "most people tend to respond well to
hypnotherapy" (p. ##).
o We see this self doubt again in the second scene, when
Agatha comments, "Oh, times like this I just don't know whether I
am right or wrong, good or bad" (p. ##).
o Goeff then relates that his childhood was "the time he learned to
live on less than bread alone" (p. ##).
o The author declares, "All people, rich or poor, should pay the same
taxes to the government" (p. ##).
o Godfried remarks, "Ignorance is a skill learned by many of the
greatest fools" (author's last name p.##).
o The article discusses the qualities of a good American housewife in
the 1950s (author's last name p.##).
o After the war is over, the General reports that "It seemed a useless
battle to fight even from the start" (p.##).
o Danelli explains, "All mammals have hair" (p.##).

APA Style

 The author reveals his true feelings with his ironic remark
that we should "just resort to cannibalism to defeat world
hunger" (p. ##).
 Forton expresses disapproval of the American welfare
system (author's last name, year, p. ##).
 The author states that "More than fifty percent of all
marriages end in divorce" (p. ##).
 He also mentions, "Many children grow up feeling
responsible for their parents' mistakes" (p. ##).
 Jones acknowledges that although the divorce rate is
increasing, most young children still dream of getting
married (author's last name, year, p. ##).
 The author suggests that we hone our English skills
before venturing into the work force (author's last name,
year, p. ##).
 The author thinks that the recent weather has been too
hot (author's last name, year, p. ##).
  Folsh points out that there were hundreds of people from
varying backgrounds at the convention (author's last
name, year, p. ##).
 Julia Hertz responded to allegations that her company
was aware of the faulty tires on their cars (author's last
name, year, p. ##).
 His research shows that 7% of Americans suffer from
Social Anxiety Disorder (author's last name, year, p. ##).
 Jostin's research confirmed his earlier hypothesis: mice
really are smarter than rats (author's last, year, name p.
##).

Stronger Verbs: These verbs indicate that there is some kind of
argument, and that the quote shows either support of or
disagreement with one side of the argument.

Examples of Stronger Verbs

The author agrees . . .The author rejects. The author argues. The
author compares. (the two studies) The author asserts. The
author admits. The author cautions. The author disputes. The
author emphasizes. The author contends. The author insists. The
author denies. The author maintains. The author refutes. The
author claims. The author endorses.

Sample Sentences

MLA Style
 Despite criticism, Johnston agrees that
smoking should be banned in all public places
(author's last name p.##).
 The author argues that "subjecting non-
smokers to toxic second-hand smoke is not
only unfair, but a violation of their right to a
safe environment" (p.##).
 Vick asserts that "cigarette smoke is
unpleasant, and dangerous" (p.##).
 The author cautions that "people who subject
themselves to smoky bars night after night
could develop illnesses such as emphysema or
lung cancer" (p.##).
  Rosentrhaw emphasizes that "second-hand
smoke can kill" (p.##).
 Still, tobacco company executives insist that
they "were not fully aware of the long term
damages caused by smoking" when they
launched their nationwide advertising
campaign (author's last name p.##).
 Though bar owners disagree,
Johnston maintains that banning smoking in all
public places will not negatively affect bar
business (author's last name p.##).
 Jefferson claims that banning smoking in public
places will hurt America's economy (author's
last name p.##).

APA Style
 Johnson refutes allegations that his personal
finances have been in trouble for the past five
years (author's last name, year, p. ##).
 Whiley rejects the idea that the earth could
have been formed by a massive explosion in
space (author's last name, year, p. ##).
 Lucci compares the house prices in Maryland,
Virginia, and the District of Columbia (author's
last name, year, p. ##).
 Although they have stopped short of admitting
that smoking causes cancer in humans,
tobacco companies have admitted that
"smoking causes cancer in laboratory rats" (p.
##).
 For years, local residents have been
disputing the plans to build a new highway right
through the center of town (author's last name,
year, p. ##).
 Residents contend that the new highway will
lower property values (author's last name,
year, p. ##).
 The Department of
Transportation denies claims that the new
bridge will damage the fragile ecosystem of the
Potomac River (author's last name, year, p.
##).
 Joley endorses the bridge, saying "our goal is
to make this city more accessible to those who
live outside of it" (p. ##).
Inference Verbs: These verbs indicate that there is some kind of
argument, and that the quote shows either support of or
disagreement with one side of the argument.

Examples of Inference Verbs

The author implies. The author suggests. The author thinks.

Sample Sentences

MLA Style
 By calling them ignorant, the
author implies that they were unschooled and
narrow minded (author's last name p.##).
 Her preoccupation with her looks suggests that
she is too superficial to make her a believable
character (author's last name p.##).
 Based on his research, we can assume
Hatfield thinks that our treatment of our
environment has been careless (author's last
name p.##).

One phrase that is often used to introduce a quotation is:

According to the author, . . .

 According to the author, children with ADD have a
shorter attention span than children without ADD
(author's last name, year, p. ##).