GES] > Ge] > Ga» ee Fig. 2.1 Processes involved in nutrition of animals 4 Scanned with CamScannerIngestion: The process of taking in food through mouth by bumans or animals is called ingestion. Method of ingestion may vary from one animal to another. Digestion: The process in which complex components of food are broken down into simpler substances is called digestion. It is noticed that the process of digestion is different among animals. Absorption: The process in which the nutrients from the digested food are passed to the blood, to be transported to other parts of the body is called absorption. Assimilation: The process of utilising absorbed nutrients in living tissues is called assimilation, It fulfils the supply of oxygen, energy and nutrients in the living organisms. Egestion: The process in which the undigested food or waste materials are removed from the body is called egestion. Nutrition in Amoeba Amoeba is a unicellular organism found in fresh water. It is irregular in shape and does not have a mouth to eat food or a digestive system to digest it. It feeds on microscopic plants and animals through pseudopodia, also called false feet. On coming near a food particle, Amoeba ingests it by forming, an arm or a cup-like structure, known as pseudopodia, from its body. When the food is completely encircled by the pseudopodia, a small cavity, called food vacuole, is formed. Food vacuole contains several digestive enzymes which help to break the complex parts of the food into simple soluble molecules. The simple soluble food molecules get absorbed and assimilated in the body to obtain energy, growth and repair. The undigested food is thrown out from the body of Amoeba through the process of egestion. rae et Nutrition in Hydra Hydra is a multicellular organism that engulfs its food using the finger-like Tentacles projections, called tentacles, present > > > around its mouth. During feeding, Hydra extends its body and tentacles to the maximum length (around 4-5 times of the res) length of the body) and catches the prey. Fig. 2. Naniuon n Phare " The prey gets killed and is passed into the mouth. The digestive juices inside the body help in absorption of the digested food by the cavity walls. The food is then assimilated inside the cells. 1 Scanned with CamScannerveo —yz Nutrition in Frog Frogs catch insects with the help of their sticky tongue. Their tongue is attached to the lower jaw and remains folded in the mouth, As soon asa prey comes nea the frog, Uses is tongue to atch ig and then pulls it inside the mouth. This whole process takes place very quickly. Frogs have a Wel. developed digestive system which then helps to digest the prey with the help of digestive juices, Nutrition in Other Organisms A spider weaves a web in which the insects or preys get trapped. The spider digests the entangled insects by secreting digestive juices and ingesting them in the body of the prey Paramecium capeures its food with the help of finger-like structures, sae. FoctAce called cilia, that are developed on their body. _ & | Mosquitoes and A butterfly sucks the nectar from the flowers by using a tube-like butterflies live on Structure, called proboscis, attached to its mouth. A mosquito also liquid food oniy, Uses its proboscis to suck up the blood of animals and humans. Fig. 2.4 Frog catching an insect Fig. 2.5 Paramecium Fig. 2.6 Mosquito sucking blood Get up early on a Sunday morning and take a walkin a garden, Observe the various insects or animals such as butterfly, dog, lizard and grasshopper, that You may see in the garden. ‘Watch how they eat their food. Note down your observations, CHECKPOINT 1 r ere Fill in the blanks. iF = Be... ~~: Gatches its food with the help of tentacles 3. Amoeba develops long cup-ike structures called 4. The process of taking in food is called S iisct catches its food by cilia, to catch its prey. Scanned with CamScannerHUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Like animals, humans also eat and digest their food by following a process. The human digestive system helps to convert the food into nutrients, which are then used by the body for energy, growth and repait. There are various digestive organs which help in the process of food digestion. Let us study about these different parts in the human body which help in the process of digestion. Salary glands esophagus Stomach Pancreas, Mouth The process of Leviltrenuum F digestion starts Fig, 2.7 Human digestive eystom Cenrainesor } in the mouth. Laeraliecsor | The food is ingested through the mouth and the digestion begins as we start chewing it. Teeth help in breaking the food into small pieces which can be easily swallowed and digested. The saliva from the mouth contains enzymes, that break down the food into simpler substances. The process of mixing of saliva with the food pieces is called mastication. The saliva breaks the starch into simpler sugar Fig. 2.8 Set of human tooth compounds which is the first step of digestion. Teeth Human beings need teeth to chew their food before it reaches the stomach. Human beings have four kinds of teeth—incisors, canines, molars and premolars. Each tooth is made up of a crown and some roots embedded in the gums. Only the crown remains visible in the mouth. The first set of teeth (approximately 20 teeth) in human beings are known as milk teeth. The milk teeth appear at the young age of 1 to 5. Later on, as we grow, these are gradually replaced by 32 permanent teeth (including 4 wisdom teeth). The teeth help in Incisors Canines — Premolars Molars, digesting the food by biting and chewing down the food into smaller digestible pieces. Fig. 2.9 Typos of tecth Incisors are the front teeth that are used to bite the food. This is why they are also called biting teeth, There are 4 incisors in each jaw. Canines are present adjacent to incisors on both sides of the jaw. They are used to tear the food and hence are called the tearing teeth. There are 2 canines in each jaw. Premolars and molars are the next set of teeth that helps in grinding and chewing of food. There are 4 premolars and 6 molars in each jaw. Scanned with CamScannerae Si Jar organ, helps in pushing down the foog ss pushed down to the throat by the tongue Once the food is chewed, the tons inside the mouth. The food mixed with saliva, ly. It hel ¢ food mixed c the body. It helps the fog The pharynx or the throat helps in sliding, down the food inside the body PS the food to reach the oesophagus (the food pipe). fo investigate the effect of saliva on the food. Materials required: two test tubes, boiled rice, iodine solution Procedure: Take boiled rice in one test tube. Label it as test tube A. Chew some boiled rice and transfer the mixture from the mouth to another test tube, using a cotton bud. Label it 8s test tube B. Now, put 2-3 drops of iodine solution in both the test tubes. Observe what happens. Observation: You will observe that the chewed rice, in test tube B, turned blue-black in colour. Stomach After the food is chewed and swallowed, a muscular, tube-like structure gently pushes the food towards the stomach. Its contractions, known as peristalsis, help to deliver the fout co the stomach, It has a flap known as valve which avoids backward movement of the food into the oesophagus. Itis a J-shaped, bag-like structure which acts as a mixer and grinder, The food that we eat Stays there from a few minutes to few hours depending upon the type of food thar we ne The stomach walls secrete hydrochloric acid, mucous, digestive juices having many enzymes cost which carry out the process of breaking down of the food. The hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria which enters along with the food and helps in the digestion of proteins present in the food. The mucous protects the inner lining and the digestive juices break the proteins into simpler substances. In this part, food gets partially digested. Fig. 2.10 Peristalsis Scanned with CamScannerAbsorption of Food After the stomach, the partially digested food gradually moves into the small intestine. The small intestine is an approximately 20 feet long, winding tube which is loosely coiled in the abdomen. The muscles of the small intestine mix the food with the digestive juices and secrete preity some juices of their own which help in further digestion. The liver, which is the largest gland, releases bile, and the pancreas releases enzymes which also help in the digestion of food. Bile is stored in the gall bladder and breaks the fats into simpler compounds which are easier to be absorbed by the body. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice that aids in digestion of proteins called amino acids. Gall bladder is a pear-shaped, small-sized organ. It is located near the liver. It helps to store bile secreted by the liver. Investinal Intestinal vi am Mucosa Fig. 2.11 Vili in small intestine Once the food is digested, it is then absorbed by thousands of small finger-like projections in the inner walls of the small intestine, called villi. These villi absorb the nutrients from the food and pass them into the blood capillaries. Bile is not a blue fluid. It is produced by the liver and is a dark green to yellowish-brown fluid. It helps in the digestion of lipids in the ‘small intestine. Assimilation The food and the nutrients that are absorbed in the blood are transported to other partes of the body through the process called assimilation. The glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen in the cells to provide energy. The fatty acids and glycerol get accumulated under the skin and act as energy reservoirs of the body. & Scanned with CamScannerEgestion lar tube, called assed to the long muscular tube, called the The undigested food from the small intestine is passed to sted food from the sma c process of digestion sto large intestine. The food by now is in the semi-solid state. The pri a one nee here. Large intestine absorbs water and other necessary nutrients rot < ypod jored in the rectum in the form of faeces and ig and pushes it to the rectum. The waste is “This process is called egestion. excreted out of the body through the anus ore Ge, “1, Which is longer—tange whether the foll | or False, 1. The process of digestion begins in the mouth. __ 2. Assimilation of food takes place in the rectum __ 8. The vil in small intestine help in absorption of nutrients. ¢- There are 6 premolars and 4 molars in each jaw. 5. The process of mixing of saliva with the food is called peristalsis. ; llowing statements are True NUTRITION IN RUMINANTS Animals such as cows, goats, deer, buffaloes and giraffes are called ruminants, You must have observed animals, such as cows and goats, swallowing food and then chewing it by bringing it back to the mouth. This partially digested food is called cud, and the animals are also known as cud- chewing animals. The cud-chewing hoofed mammals, having a stomach divided into Recicutum four (occasionally three) compartments are called ruminants, and the process by which they take their nutrition is called Fig. rumination. These animals can digest cellulose as they have cellulose-digesting bacteria present in their gut, 2.412 Ruminant digestive system Ruminants have a complicated digestive system that is char chambers—rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum ‘acterised by the presence of four Scanned with CamScannerThe food is first swallowed and stored in the first chamber called the rumen. The food gets partially digested in the rumen, and is called cud. The cud is then transferred to the second chamber, the reticulum. From reticulum, the cud returns to the mouth of the animal and then is thoroughly chewed. Once the food is chewed, it gets swallowed for the second time and moves to the third chamber, omasum, where water is absorbed from the partially digested food. The food from omasum is then HOTS G a pushed to the fourth chamber, abomasum, where the food Grass is er en eae is acted upon by the digestive juices. It is also called true Can human beings digest stomach. The food is then passed into the small intestine __9"388/#llulose? where the final absorption of food takes place and the a process of digestion ends. The wastes are finally egested. KEY WORDS Digestion: The process of breaking of complex food particles into simple ones by action of enzymes, salva, etc. Assimilation: Involves the absorption of useful nutrients in the body Bile: Dark green to yellowish brown watery liquid produced by the liver Ruminants: Cuschewing hoofed mammals thet have fourchambered stomach to digest fod by go> microbial actions ‘Cud: Partially digested food from the stomach of a ruminant returns to the mouth to be & chewed again SUMMARY © Nutrition process involves many steps like ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. © Amoeba is an irregularly-shaped unicellular organism. It takes its food with the help of pseudopodia, * Hydra has tentacles to grab the prey. + Frog's sticky tongue helps in feeding. Mosquito and butterfly feed through proboscis. * Human digestive system is a very complex series of organs as well as glands which help in the digestion of food. '* Ruminants are different due to the presence of four-chambered stomach and cud-chewing nature. Scanned with CamScannerpe €Q what Have1 searnt }f} CITVIVITS 1. Objective Type Questions. A, Tick (V) the correct answer. In which of the following organs (of 1. Which of the following does not belong 5. to ruminants? human beings), does the assimilation of a. Cow b, Deer food occurs? c. Giraffe d. Amoeba ‘a, Small intestine _b. Large intestine 2. Which of these processes is not c. Gall bladder d. Stomach involved in nutrition? 6. The front teeth in humans are called: a. Egestion b. Circulation a. Molars b. Incisors c. Digestion d. Assimilation c. Premolars d. Canines 3. Which of the following is a pear-shaped 7. The process through which the food is organ? taken in is called: a. Gall bladder b. Rectum: a. Digestion b. Absorption . Pancreas d. Stomach c. Egestion d. Ingestion 4. Which orgen is responsible for the 8. Abagiike structure in Amoeba in secretion of bile? which the food is digested: ‘a. Small intestine b. Pancreas a. Vacuole b. Gall bladder ©. Gall bladder d. Liver ©. Intestine 4. Stomach B. State whether the following statements are True or False. Correct the false statements. 1. Amoeba is 2 multicellular organism. 2. esophagus is a ike structure in the human digestive system. 3. Anus is the last part of the digestive system. 4. Enzymes secreted by pancreas help to break down protein, fat and carbohydrate molecules existing in the food we eat. Saliva is secreted by gall bladder. There are 8 molars in the human mouth. The food gets pushed down in the oesophagus through the process called peristalsis. 8. Egestion takes place through large intestine. Nog C. Unscramble the letters to find the answers. 1. Bagulike structure in digestive system (MAOSTCH) 2. Whitte-coloured structures found in the mouth cavity (ETTHE) 3. Dark green to yellowish-brown, watery fluid produced by liver (EIBL) 4. Storage chamber for undigested food and body wastes (TCERUM) 5. The first chamber of the ruminant's digestive system (RNIMUE) 6. The organ which secretes pancreatic juices. (SAPNRCEA) Scanned with CamScannerin the blanks. “vrveseeee Htrition js the process by which an animal obtains food for its growth and maintenance, . fulfils oxygen and nutrients supply in the living organisms. Digestion is the process of breaking down of Amoeba forms some arm-like structures known as. 2. e into simpler substances. 4 5, Tentacles are found in 6 7 organism. ‘The process where the food is absorbed by the body is called . The cud is stored in the . i chamber until it returns to the mouth. 8. The absorption of food in ruminants occurs in ....... E. Find the names of five organs of human body that help in digestion in the given word search. ———— OTE}s}{ol|r}ulalclu]s M|T]H]R]|o;alT/e|K vi{sjo[nialFle[wlefy J{o[m[o[u[t]alo][s[i pirlalr[slelclvi[«]i v[rx[clslolels[ulalv Jiylul[s[r[r]r[ilule tie el x[r]ufafo[cfe Ul. Short Answer Questions. 1. What is the difference between 6. Name the processes involved in the absorption and assimilation? digestion of food in humans. 2. How does Hydra capture its food? 7. What is the role of pharynx in the 3. How does Amoeba ingest the food? digestive system? 4. How does a frog capture its prey? 8. What is rumination? 5. How many types of teeth are there in humans? Ill, Long Answer Questions. 1. How is nutrition carried out in 5. Write about the role of stomach in Hydra and frog? the human digestive system, 2. Draw a welllabelled diagram to 6. Explain the digestive system in depict nutrition in Amoeba. the ruminants with a welHlabelled 3. Write the role of the small intestine diagram. in the human digestive system. 4. What happens to the undigested food in the human body? Scanned with CamScanner( os | eee ; =I Geography In rainy season, we can find frogs jumping around. Ants are seen moving here and there, Observe behaviour of some animals in your neighbourhood and fil the details in a table under the following headings—S.No., Name of the animal, Where you saw it, One characteristic feature, CIGTITI V5, 1 HOTS A. Which type of carbohydrate can be digested only by ruminants but not by humans? Explain the reason. 8. Is it possible for human beings to survive only on leafy vegetables and fruits? Justity the ansye ¢. How do lizards and snakes trap their prey? D. How is food obtained by a mosquito? E. Do vill increase or decrease the surface area for absorption of food? What do vil contain—tissue or blood vessel? F. Does Amoeba have an anus? G. Where is the caecum located in the body of ruminants? HH. How do grass-eating animals digest cellulose? Connect to Life In our lifetime, we get two sets of teeth—temporary set and permanent set. Temporary set of 2 are the ones that we get from infancy till we attain the adulthood. These teeth fall off and new and permanent teeth take their place. Tick (v) Yes or (x) No. 1. Do you brush two times in a day to protect your teeth from germs? Yes/ 2. Your teeth are white in colour, Yes / No 3. Do your teeth pain or bleed? 4, Teeth are fixed into the gums. Have a class discussion on your findings. Ill, Research/Activity Visit a dentist and find about the dental diseases, their causes and prevention. Prepare ® presentation and share it with your classmates. Scanned with CamScannerz. BaP Oe A 5. ‘Very Short Answer Questions. A. Fill in the blanks. Chlorophyll is primarily found in the .. of the plant, _.i8 the network of tubes to transport water and minerals to the parts of a piant, The nutrition in animals is generally called The frog has @ «.... cuss bongue tO catch the insects. Front teeth that help in biting the food are callod is an example of partial parasite. Plant-eating, cud-chewing animals are also called ; The bacterium living in the rocts of leguminous plants is called. BNouse wo State whether the following statements are True or False. Photosynthesis is a process through which plants prepare their food. uminants have a complicated digestive system. Hydra has a sticky tongue to grab the prey. ‘An adult human has 36 permanent teeth. Amoeba is a multicellular orgenism found in fresh water. gseons e Short Answer Questions. 1. What are amphibians? 6. By which tube‘ike structure, does @ 2. Name any two unicellular animals. butterfly suck the nectar from the 3. Define heteratrophs. flowers? 4. Give four examples of parasitic plants. a pene Sones cL ere) Bee Manta oh food wea trvion Gat 8, Which ongan stores the bile secreted by simpler substances. liver? Explain it briefly. a Long Answer Questions. 41. What is the importance of photosynthesis? Explain, 2. Show, with the help of an experiment, that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis. 3. Write @ detailed note on symbiotic plants, based on their relationship and nutrition. 4. Write 8 note on the holozoic nutrition in animals. Explain all the steps. 5. Explain human digestive system with the help of a labelled diagram. 6. Write a detailed note on the nutrition in ruminants. @ Give Reasons. 41. The process of digestion starts in the mouth. 2. Ifyou keep a bread loaf in the open for a few days, fungus grows on it. 3. Sunlight is essential for growth of a plant. 4. Lichens are said to have symbiotic relationship. 5. Cowis a cud-chewing animal. 6. Food gets partially digested in the stomach. Scanned with CamScannerCh: Fibre to Fabric Describe the type of natural fibres Compare plant and animal fibres Rocall the defintion of sericutture Learn how we get wool from sheep Discuss the life cycle of sik Discuss heath hazards of sik and wool industries Ch5: Physical and Chemical Changes * Caassify the changes around us—physical and chemical * Understand the characteristics of physical ‘and chemical changes Explain the types of chemical reactions The raiWay tracks have space between two sections of the tracks. Why? Heat and Temperature | the definition of heat ferred through various + Re = Learn haw heat is transt = Describe verious types of temperature = Compare various types of temperature ‘+ Solve numerical problems based on temperature scales Ch6: Acids, Bases and Salts ‘+ Recall the definition of acids, bases end salts Compare various types of acids and bases Write the properties and uses of acids and bases Give examples of acids, bases and salts Explain the properties and uses of salts QAPaQHaAaa Scanned with CamScannerYor 3 } Fibre to Fabric S WER ARARORARAAANAL So =~- a a Ea Da Fill in the blanks with the correct word. 4 2, We ooseesscsseseeeesessses 18 extracted from a worm. (Silk Wool} Nylon is a (Natural Jute is a . {animal fibre/plant re) Man-made fibres are called fibres. (natural/synthetic) We get wool from .. .... (sheep/plants) find lots of fibres around us making up various things. It can be present in jute mattresses, silk cloth, woollen socks, tyre cords, etc. If we observe these fibres with a magnifying glass, we can find varieties of textures used for various purposes. Why do we use different kinds of fibres for different purposes? Discuss the possible reasons with your classmates. What kind of clothes do you prefer to wear in winters? What kind of clothes will you carry if you go to a beach for a holiday? We prefer to wear clothes depending upon the weather and climate. For example, we wear woollen clothes in winters wher light corton clothes and gumboots in rainy season. reas cotton clothes in the summer season. We wear Fig. 3.1. Gumboots TYPES OF FIBRES There are a variety of fabrics that we see around us. Fabrics can be broadly classified into two categories based on their sources. Scanned with CamScannerFibres obtained from natural sources, such as blants and animals, are known as natural fibres. Cotton, jute, silk and wool are some examples of natural fibres, Natural fibres are of two ty plant fibres and animals fibres. The fibres obtained from plant sources are known as plant fibres. Cotton, hemp and jute are some examples of plant fibres. Different plant parts are used to extract fibre from them, such as stem and fruit. Fig. 3.2 Cotton flower The fibres obtained from animal sources are ace known as animal fibres. Wool and silk are some examples of animal fibres. Fibres that can be manufactured in industries using raw materials that are mostly chemical, are known as synthetic fibres. Actylic, polyester and nylon are some synthetic fibres,

Aim: To understand the use of fibres. Create a collage with details of any five fibres, their look, touch and feel and special care required to handle clothes made from them. Give a suitable caption to it. Use waste materials from your house to decorate. Use the following headings: Name of these fibres, Look of these fibres, Touch and feel of these fibres, Special care required to handle clothes made from them. wooL We wear woollen clothes in the winter season as they keep us warm. Wool fibres have air spaces between them, These air spaces trap the body heat and do not let it escape, hence keeping us warm. Wool can be obtained from different animals such as sheep, goats, yaks and rabbits. Depending upon the animal, we get different varieties of wool. Fleece is a thick covering of wool on a sheep, used Animals from which wool can be obtained are bred to to make clothing. On the obtain wool on a large scale. This is called rearing. Wool ‘other hand, hair are mass is present as hair called fleece, on the bodies of these Of threacbike structures animals. The fleece of sheep has two types of fibres, that grow out of the skin. © The coarse beard hair © The soft under hair, found closer to the skin,Iris the soft under hair of the sheep that is used to make wool. Scientists have developed certain breeds of sheep that have only the soft underhair. The wool from different varieties of sheep differs in fineness, shine, length and strength. The finest wool is obtained from the Merino, a breed of sheep originally from Spain. Their wool is very soft and light, and is therefore used in making the finest woollen clothes. Sheep rearing is a branch of animal husbandry that deals with raising and breeding of sheep. Sheep are mainly raised for various reasons such as for their meat (lamb and mutton), for their milk and for the fibre to make wool. Sheep are herbivorous and eat mainly grass and leaves. They are sometimes fed a mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, etc. In India, sheep are reared in the hilly regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Lobi, Nali, Bakbarwal, Marwari and Patanwadi are some breeds of sheep found in India. Around the world, sheep are reared in countries ranging from the hot desert regions of Australia, Asia and the Middle East to the cold regions of Northern Europe, Russia, Iceland and southern South America. Wool from Other Animals There are other animals also which provide us wool other than sheep. These are goats, rabbits, camels, etc. Camel hair is obtained from the very soft and fine fur of the undercoat of the camel. The Bactrian camels, that is, the two-humped camels found in Siberia, Mongolia and China, give the best quality camel wool. The undercoat hair of Alpaca and llama, found in South America is very soft and lustrous, and the fibres are lightweight. The Cashmere fibre, very soft and warm, is obtained from the Cashmere goat in the high plateaus of Asia. The Angora goat, originally belongs to the Ankara, the capital of Republic of Turkey, provides a type of fibre called mohair. It is very similar to wool in chemical composition but has a much smoother surface. It is durable, light and warm, and is preferred for making soft sweaters and soft coverings for furniture. The Angora rabbit from Angora provides us with Angora wool. Alpaca goat Angora-rabbit Fig. 3.3 Some animals that provide wool Scanned with CamScanner| Wool Production The processing of wool involves different steps— rearing, shearing, scouring, grading and sorting, dyeing, drying and making of yarn. Let us discuss about them one-by-o Shearing The process of removal of the fleece from an animal is called shearing. Sheep are usually SHO annually a the spring or summer months with a manual razor an ee blade or with special clippers. Just like a haircut, shearing does not hurt the sheep. n fact it actually helps them by removing the heavy woollen coat that they do not require : Fig. 3.4 Shearing Scouring Scouring involves washing of sheep hair in tanks to remove Factace Ra, Ri: grease, dust and dirt from it. The sheep hair contain lanolin, A pt eae ig ay @ natural oil, which is also removed in this process. It is done eece service with the help of machines where the shorn wool is washed with . detergents or chemicals and then dried, Grading and Sorting Grading isthe breaking up of the fleece based on overall quality of the wool, The term “lesee’ is used to sefer to a type of wool that is not processed to make files te sorting, the ‘Yoo! is categorised on the basis of length, colour, texture and the ease in which it can be dyed. The inferior quality wool is sorted from the best quality. The blurr or fuzz, soft fluffy fibres, are removed manually from the wool. Dyeing and Drying s colours as per the det fo squeeze out as much water as possible. Then the wool which are then transported to the Making of Yarn After drying, the coloured fibres are combed, straightened and rolled into yarn. This is called carding. The wool fibres after carding are twisted and turned to form yarns in spinning machines, mand and then dried using rollers 1 is weighed and packed into bales, mills where they are processed further, The wool is then woven and knitted into fabric either manually or by machines. Fig. 3.5 Weaving Scanned with CamScannerHazards of Wool Industry The production of wool is associated with many health hazards to the workers who work in the farms or industries. * The workers are exposed to a large number of chemicals, which adversely affect their health. They might experience allergic problems and respiratory disorders. * Iris noticed that the workers in the wool industry Fig, 3.6 Sorters disease get infected by a disease called anthrax, which is g caused by a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. It may also Foot Ace (5 cause a fatal blood disease known as sorter’s disease Risks faced by workers at their jobs or because of their occupation are called occupational hazards. in humans. Nowadays, it occurs rarely due to the preventive measures or vaccines, Number the steps of wool production in the correct orden, EO, Washing sheep hair in tanks to remove grease, dust and dirt Breaking up of fleece based on overall quality of the wool Coloured fibres are combed Removing sheep hair using shearing machine SILK Silk is obtained from silkworms. Silkworm pupae spin thread-like filaments around its body. These are removed from their bodies and is processed into fabric. Silk has natural lustre and is one of the most expensive fabrics. Silk is called the queen of textiles. Life Cycle of a Silkworm The life cycle of a silkworm begins when a female silk moth lays eggs. After about 20 days, the larvae or caterpillars start hatching from these eggs. Then they are known as silkworms or caterpillars, These silkworms feed on fresh mulberry leaves and grow in size. They secrete fine filaments from the glands on their heads. These filaments are made up of a protein which hardens to form silk fibres when exposed to air. The silkworm deposits filaments in a number of concentric layers around its body, through figure-of-eight movements of the head. Scanned with CamScanneri anne This results in the formation of a structure, called the cocoon, in about 3-7 days. Inside the cocoon, the silkworm enters the second stage of its life called the pupa and then develops into a moth. Moth Caterpillars come ou ct oats FactAce ‘* Moulting of silkworm is when it sheds its skin. A Rupes henge paterplors silkworm moults several ene mulberry times during its life cycle. ae Instar is a phase between two periods of moulting. * The two ends of long Pupae continuous fibres, secreted by the glands are joined Caterpillars spin using a sticky substance Caterpillars cocoon around Felt cericina, themselves change to pupae Fig. 3.7 Life cycle of silkworm Sericulture Sericulture is the branch of agriculture which deals with silkworm farming for obtaining raw silk. It involves the combination of old technique and new innovations to get profit. It involves all the processes from hatching of eggs to reeling. The healthiest moths are chosen for breeding and laying eggs. The initial step involves washing the silkworm eggs that had been stored; the eggs hatch only once a year in spring, After the eggs hatch, the larvae are spread out on trays to grow. They are usually fed chopped mulberry leaves for 20-35 days. Racks or twigs are placed on the trays where the worms spin the cocoon. Spinning may take about 3-7 days, after which the cocoons are put in hot water. This kills the worms and loosens the filaments. The filaments are taken out from the cocoons by a process called reeling or filature, Filaments from several cocoons are twisted together to make a strong thread, which is wound on a reel. The threads are then dyed and woven into silk fabric. Fig. 3.8 Silkworms eating mulberry leaves in a tray There are different varieties of silk moth, which feed on different plants. They produce silk of different quality and texture. For example, tassar, mooga and kosa silk. Scanned with CamScannerSometimes, artificial silk is sold as natural silk. The difference between the two can be found out by burning a small piece of the fabric. Artificial silk when burnt, forms bead-like structures and smells like burnt fossil fuel, while the natural silk smells like burning hai FactAce The process in which parents are selectively chosen in order to obtain certain special features in the offsprings is referred to as selective breeding Health Hazards in Sericulture Sericulture industry is also connected with lots of chemical substances fatal for human life. * Handling of dead worms with bare hands contributes to infections and illnesses. Workers generally need to dip their hands into the hot water, and judge whether the fine threads of silk have loosened enough to be wound, This causes blisters and open wounds or injuries, leading to infection, * Standing almost continuously for about 12-16 hours a day, reeling the fine silk threads, may lead to health disorders like backaches, spine- and vision-related problems. * Vapours from boiling cocoons and diesel fumes from machines may lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, * Continuous exposure to the noise made by spinning and winding machines and looms, where the fabric is woven, may result in hearing disorders. * During rearing process, carbon monoxide gas (CO) is produced which is responsible for irritations, allergies, respiratory problems, etc. « Formalin, used during rearing, acts as a Gareinogen. It also causes eye and nasal Fecrace irritations. * Some reasons for these health issues are * Wool is made of a protein known as keratin, It is the main constituent of ignorance and adoption of improper animal's hair and feathers. Procedures. i 1 * Silk fibres are goad insulators. Silk * Some unhygienic conditions are also eens you cool in surnmar and wasn responsible and can cause diseases in in winter. ttis a good insulator. silkworms like grasserie and flacherie. KEY WORDS ‘Shearing: Remove the wool (in sheep or other animals) ‘Scouring: Cleaning of something by rubbing it hard (by using detergent, etc.) 8 ‘Yarn: Spun thread which is used for knitting, weaving or sewing Sericulture: The branch of agriculture industry which deals with silkworm farming for obtaining : raw silk Scanned with CamScannerOO 7 SUMIVIARY ‘+ Natural fibres are haivlike materials resembling thread pieces. It. can be of two type: and plant fibres, ‘© Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres made from chemicals. ‘* Sericulture deals with the production of silk and the rearing of sikkworms. * Life cycle of silkworm involves development stages like egg. caterpillar (silkworm) and cocoons, Sorter’s disease is a form of anthrax that results from the inhalation of spores of Bacilus anthracis in the wool of contaminated sheep. 6a &® what Have rear} WIVGIVVITS 1. Objective Type Questions. 1s—animal fibres A. Tick (V) the correct answer. 1. The branch of science which deals with silkworm farming is called: a. Sericutture b. Horticulture . Agronomy d. Mariculture 2. Which of the following is eaten by silkworms? ‘8. Fresh mango leaves b. Fresh apple leaves ©. Fresh banana leaves d. Fresh mulberry leaves 3. Which of these is not a natural fibre? a. Cotton b, Jute c. Sik d. Nylon 4. Which of these are removed by scouring process during wool production? 2. Grease, dust and cil b. Grease, dust and sand c. Grease, dust and dirt d. Grease, sand and dirt 5. From which of the following, is the silk thread removed? a. Eggs b. Caterpillar ©. Pupa d. Cocoon 6. carcinogen: a. cocoon’ b. yarn c. formalin 4. anthrax Scanned with CamScannerB. State whether the statements are True or False, Correct the false statements. 1. Fibres obtained from animal sources are known as animal fibres. 2. Cotton is a synthetic fibre. 3. Nylon is a natural fibre. Pognes & 4. Sheep rearing is the branch of animal husbandry, oe ee reais S._ The blurr fibres are removed using a machine. about 1 kg of raw silk. C. Unscramble the letters to find the answers. 1 is breaking up of fleece based on overall quality of the wool. (AGRONIG) 2. The filaments are taken out from the cocoons by a process called ....... (ERLEING) 3. In the process of ... into yarn. (ACRDING) 4, Silkworm farming is called «........c...0 (ESRICLUTUER). 5. soon iS @ variety of silk, (ATSUSR) D. Fill in the blanks. 1, Sheep rearing is done to get ......... fibre. Fibres obtained by chemical treatment are known as .. fibre. involves various steps like scouring, grading, dyeing, drying, making of yarn During sericutture, ..... . g8s is produced which is responsible for irritations, allergies, respiratory problems, etc. , coloured fibres are combed, straightened and rolled Polyester is a ohap E. Give two examples of each of the followin} 1. Woolgiving camels 2. Goats having best quality wool 3. Breeds of Indian sheep 4. Types of sik F. Write one word for the followi 1. The process of removing fleece from the animal 2. The process of removing dirt from the sheared hair 3. Rearing of silkworms 4, The pupa stage in a moth’s life cycle 5. The process of taking out filaments from @ cocoon Scanned with CamScannerG. Reverse crossword. Write the clues for the given crossword. c] fa 0 N c T oO H s]cfof[u{ra/iiN}s E N A R x c U u SR T E U SS|HIE};A;RAI]IINIG L E 1 N G Il. Short Answer Questions. 1. Write a short note on ‘Sericulture’, 4. Compare natural and ‘synthetic fibres 2. What are the harmful effects of the by giving one example each. wool industry on human health? 5. What are the different types of fibres? 3. Discuss the types of natural fibres 6. Name some animals from where we with examples. get wool, Il, Long Answer Questions. 1. Describe the life cycle of a sikworm with a welliabelled diagram, 2. What are the health hazards in sericulture? 3. How is wool obtained fram sheep? Write down about production with explanation. 4. Why do people wear cotton clothes when it is hot and hu it is cold? the steps involved in wool mid, and woollen clothes when Scanned with CamScannerONCHORRRRIONINNN 2 »-----: WGwvvVv9V99d Geography ‘A. We wear different types of clothes as per the climate, It can be a sik saree, a woollen sweater, linen or polyester. Collect five varieties of clothes in your wardrobe and do some research on them, 8. Find out major silk-producing places in India and mark them on a political map of India. edaeoseessanes “ a a weowwwvvvvTd HOTS Why is it advised to wear cotton clothes while working in the kitchen or while bursting crackers? Why is it suggested not to collect silkworms with bare hands? Caterpillars shed their skin when they grow big, while humans do not. Why? Why is it essential to kill the pupae by boiling the cocoon in water? Can it be avoided? What kind of feed should be given to sheep for goad growth of shiny and curly hair? Il. Connect to Life ‘Sam is planning to go to school and carries an umbrella made of cotton cloth. Will he be able to protect himself during rain? (The fabric which is widely used to make umbrellas is nylon taffeta along with acrylic coating.) Tick (v] Yes or cross out (x) No to find out if you have knowledge about suitable cloth as per the weather conditions. 1. Acrylic is a synthetic fibre. Yes/No 2. Cotton fibres are obtained from plant sources. Yes/No Have a class discussion on your findings. Ill Research/Activity A. Find out any five places where silk is produced in India. Explain the differences in the silk produced in different places and the reason for the same. money Scanned with CamScannera How did it happen? Shi, wife of emperor H f Hei Ling Shi, ror Hua g As per a well-established Chinese legend, a Te vi jt alk can be worn, MOTI Wag 7 the first person to discover sik, accidental She fot der a mulberry tee. 8 CODON fell inp sipping tea un serrmaagle. She got 20 fascinated by the shimmering ‘Bombyx mori sitkwor™m. years ogo. However: the technique of making iy © Xu One day, when empress Hsi Ling. was her cup. The cocoon's fibres began to threads that she discovered their source, The silk was developed in China about SOOO came to India about 1800 years 890. Diseases in silkworms 4. Flacherie {iterally: “laccidness" is a disees infected or contaminated mulberry leaves: die from this disease. 2. Grasserie a destructive disease of sikwo yellowing of the skin and internal liquefaction se of silkworms, caused by silkworms eating Flacherie infected silkworms look weak and cay rms that is related to wilt and is marked by speny Iso called jaundice. Scanned with CamScanner— ke Fw Oat or (ay & 100K Y 3 | We wear woollen clothes during the winter season and prefer to eat hot food and drinks. The Sun is the only natural source of heat and light. Why do we need heat? WHAT IS HEAT? Count Rumford and James Prescott performed various experiments and explained that heat is a form of energy. We often describe different substances as hot or cold. Hot and cold are relative terms. It means that something is considered as hot when it is compared to something which is colder. Heat is a form of energy that spontaneously moves from the system to its surroundings or vice versa. Unit of heat is Joules (SI unit) or Calories (CGS unit). If we put warm and cool objects together, heat is transferred from the warm object to the cool object until both objects have the same temperature. This stage is known as equilibrium stage. Hotness or coldness of a body is measured in temperature. The hotter an object is, the higher is the temperature. Temperature is mostly measured in degree Celsius (°C). Effects of Heat FoctAce What happens to vegetables when you boil them arg heat and energy different or the in water? What happens when you iron your same concepts? Heat is a form of clothes with a hot electrical iron? energy that can be transferred from 2 WeRRARARAARAAARA2 a a Oy ENG erature Sas ) Heat and Fill in the blanks with the correct word. 1. The Sun is the major source of . +++. On the Earth. (heat/pressure) ‘season. (summer/winter) 3. Clinical thermometer is used to measure a body's .. (pressure/temperature) 2. The clothes dry faster in the ... 4. We get +. energy from an electric heater and electric iron. (light /heat) 5. Qur body becomes hot when the ..... ... of our body rises. (temperature/pressure) % one place to another. Scanned with CamScannerch as increase in temperature, ch, Age op When things he changes su ings are heated, it brings about changes such 2 INE state and a chemical change. Let us take one exam! * When we boil milk, it remains normal for some time. However, after sometime the temperature reaches the boiling point of milk. Asa result, the milk starts to boil. Thi, shows that heat increases the temperature of a body. * Heat causes change in the state of matter. For example, whe! a ftying and heated, it melts, Similarly, when liquid water is heated, it changes to vapour (eas) * Is the burning of wood into charcoal, a physical or a chemical change? Burning of wood is a chemical change as new substances like carbon dioxide, water vapour, ec, are formed, which cannot be changed back to their previous state of matter. Heating sometimes brings about permanent chemical changes. when butter is put in EXPANSION IN MATTER Another important effect of heat is that it results in expansion of different substances. Heating a substance causes their molecules to move. The greater the heat, the faster is the movement of the particles. The particles move away from each other and thus result in the expansion of substances. The expansion of substances as an effect of heat is called thermal expansion. This property is applied while making railway tracks. The railway tracks are made of metals which expand due to heat. The gaps thus give them space to expand and prevent any accident. Why do you think glass breaks when you pour hot water in it? Thermal expansion can be seen in different states of matter. Fig. 4.1 Gaps in railway tracks * When a solid material like metal is heated, its particles move rapidly at their fixed locations and expansion takes place. Particles of liquids also expand on heating. Liquid mercury is filled in the thermometer basis this property. It expands and then contracts as per the body temperature. Liquids * Gases also expand on heating, For example, when air is filled in the balloon, it expands, Gases Do all substance: 'S expai which contracts on Pen cn hi se [ eating? Is there any substa"™ on heating? Scanned with CamScannerTRANSFER OF HEAT We know that heat is a form of energy that can Asbestos sheets are always preferred be transferred from one medium to the other. ‘over iron sheets for roofing because Transfer of heat can take place through three asbestos is a poor conductor of heat. ways—conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from one molecule to the adjacent molecule of a substance. It happens from one end to the other end of the material, without movement of the molecules from their positions. We know that matter is made up of tiny particles. In case of solids, particles are very tightly packed and cannot move around freely. However, they can vibrate about a fixed point. Conduction of heat energy can occur within a body or between two bodies when they are in contact with each other. However, the rate of conduction of heat is different in different materials. Some materials allow energy to flow easily while others do not. Conduction of heat takes place when: «the interacting objects are solid + the objects are in physical contact with each other OTS a * there isa temperature difference between the the objects are atthe same objects. Conduction cannot take place when ™Perature, conduction of heat does : “not take place. Why? A the objects are at the same temperature. Gee i : Aim: To observe heat transfer in solids. Fix 5-6 nails on a metal rod, in a line, with the help of wax. Now, fix one end of the metal rod on a clamp stand and the other end on flame of a burner. Observe what happens to the nails. You will observe that the nails start falling one-by-one from the hotter | end (end on the bumer flame). | This shows that heat transfers from hatter end to colder end in solids. Conductors and Insulators Substances that conduct heat are called conductors (like metals) while substances like wood, straw, clay, rubber, glass and plastic do not conduct heat very well and are called insulators. Air, water, wool, fur and bird feathers are some other examples of insulators. Scanned with CamScannerConvection Convection is the mode of transfer of heat in fluids (liq aa particles move into a packet of heat, bringing about a cycle or current. In is s, es ; molecules are less densely packed and ate free to move. When we want to heat a fluids we need to provide a source of heat. The hot particle on being heated becomes i lense and rises up, eventually heating the entire volume of fluid. This brings about the convection cycle, and gases), where the hotter poor conductor {lass envelope Sivered> less infrared radiation A thermos flask is an example of low heat loss by all the three modes of heat transfer. Insulating materials like plastic is used and vacuum is created to minimise conduction. Creation of vacuum reduces convection, and a highly reflective surface of the flask minimises radiation and the heat radiations are reflected back into the jar. Scanned with CamScannerCHECKPOINT 1 em Fill in the blanks. The SI unit used to measure the temperature iS ~~ ‘The expansion of objects due to heat 's called ..- The transfer of heat in solids is due to .-.-- - The ....... oe colours absorb more heat. The transfer of heat in fluids takes place by gpaow> TEMPERATURE The degree of ‘hotness’ or ‘coldness’ of « body or a place is called temperature, One ofthe crudest ways of measuring this sensation is by our sense of touch, but it can sometimes he The terms hot’ and ‘cold’ are relative terms, that is, a reference body is required with respect to which an object can be termed as hot or cold. Thus, we need an instrumen, to be accurate in measuring temperature. Aim: To prove that hotness and coldness are relative terms. ‘Take 3 bowis and label them as rs A, Band C. Take warm water in c bow A, ice-cold water in bow! B and Normal water in bow! C. Dip your right hand in bow A and left hand in bow B for about 2 minutes. Now, put both of your hands in bow! G. You will observe that your right hand feels cold and left hand feels warm in the water, in bow! C. This shows that hotness and coldness are relative terms. MEASURING TEMPERATURE Activity 4 shows that the sense of touch is not Therefore ‘we need some standard tools which ean be used to measure temperature. Vario a measure temperature of an object, such as thermometer, thermocouple, thermistors, Resistance Temperature Di etector (RTD) a device used to messure emperatie by means of sete ome Thermometers graduated tube. of a substance (a liquid or a gas) filled ina an accurate way to measure temperature. Scanned with CamScannerTemperature Scale There are various types of scales to measure temperature, Two reference temperatures are chosen, mostly the melting point of pure ice and the boiling point of pure water, and the difference between these two temperatures are further broken down into a certain number of divisions called degrees. Based on this, we have three temperature scales—Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Celsius Temperature Scale Celsius temperature scale was invented by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (in 1742). It is denoted by °C. The melting point of pure ice is taken as 0° C and the boiling point of pure water is 100° C, Celsius thermometer has 100 equal parts. The difference between the two extreme points is 100 degrees. Kelvin Temperature Scale Kelvin thermometer scale was invented by Lord Kelvin in 1848. It is denoted by K. Kelvin thermometer has 100 equal parts. The pelea Coleus, © Kein. expression which is used to convert Celsius (C) woter scale to its kelvin (K) scale is [K] = [°C] +273.15. estng Fahrenheit Temperature Scale ea Fahrenheit temperature scale was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714. It is denoted by °F. Fahrenheit thermometer has 180 equal parts. Freezing point of water is depicted as 32 °F and the boiling point of water as 212 °F on it. The difference between the two extreme points is divided into 180 degrees. Fig. 4.4 Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales INTERCONVERSION BETWEEN THE SCALES The temperature values obtained on different scales can be interconverted. The expression which is used to convert Fahrenheit (F) scale to its Celsius (C) scale is: C= 3 (F-32) The expression which is used to convert Celsius (C) scale to its Fahrenheit (F) scale is: F= @ C) +32 Scanned with CamScannerle Numericals Based on Temperature Sea oe {ho be 80 °C. How much i hi Numerical temperature or is measure’ The temperature of hot water is MEI n SF? Solution: 2c) +32 (3 x 80) +32 (9x 16) +32 144432 176 °F s. 80°C = 176 °F Numerical 2: Convert 85 °F into °C. Solution: Formula to convert Fahrenheit (F) scale t0 Celsius (C) scale is C= 3(F-32) = S(gs- = 3 (85-32) 5 (53) = 29.4 2. 85 °F =29.4°C TYPES OF THERMOMETERS Different kinds of thermometers, such as laboratory, clinical, mercury, alcohol and digit thermometers, are commonly used these days. Laboratory Thermometer Laboratory thermometer is used in the laboratories to measure temperature changes while performing different experiments, These thermometers can be used to measure hi temperatures of liquids such as boiling water. The range of a lab eter is at q ~The ra a labora ermomete! from 0 °C to 110 °C. Bi atory therm The laboratory thermometer is a long glass tube containing mercury in its bulb, As it is dipped in a hot object, the mercury from @———sewewenemgumgenenen’ the bulb rises up the tube. amo = — ) Fig. 4.5 Laboratory thermometer Scanned with CamScannerWhile reading a thermometer, various precautions must be taken. + The thermometer should be properly washed before taking measurements. Never hold the thermometer from its tip. Hold the thermometer straight in the liquid and do not tilt it. While reading, the thermometer should be placed at the eye level. Clinical Thermometer Clinical thermometer i: small-sized medical thermometer with finely » ; k the temperature of the patient (during clinical thermometer consists of a long glass tube filled with one end, mercury The normal human body temperature is 37°C; it can fluctuate between the ranges 35°C to 42°C. Hence, the clinical thermometers have the range 35°C. gig a.6 Ginical t0 42°C. On the Fahrenheit scale, the values range from 94°F to 108°F. thermometer Mercury Thermometer Mercury is used in the thermometers as it is a metal that remains liquid at wide ranges of temperatures, It melts at -38.87 °C and boils only at 356.58 °C. It is easy to see mercury due to its silver-grey colour and has a good rate of expansion for wide range of temperatures. Alcohol Thermometer Alcohol is cheaper and less harmful than mercury and can measure up to -115 °C, But it cannot exceed 78 °C, and therefore has a disadvantage. Digital Thermometer Body temperature, these days, is measured using digital _ thermometers. Instead of mercury, they consist of a ‘thermistor’ and another small device, which ae eee Pee and displays it on the liquid crystal display (LCD) in digits. The = digits indicate the temperature of the body. Hio-/4-7 Diora thermometes, Gry cate yes ips: Identify the following: 1. itis used to measure body temperature: . freee 2) [tis used to measure temperature while performing experiments: 3. He discovered the Fahrenheit scale: : 4, The measure of hotness or coldness of a body: 5. This thermometer consists of a thermistor: VV EVV, Scanned with CamScannera KEY Worng 1 system to its surroundings, and vioy 195 of a body or environment, oe Heat: A form of energy that spontaneously moves {rom th Temperature: The degree or intensity of hotness or coldne: = Conduction: Direct transmission of heat, electricity or sound through a substance C Convection: The movement caused within a fui (quid or gas) due to the transfer of heat @ SUMMARY articles in solids, liquids and gases, \ + Heat (energy) is the result of the movement of tiny p Heat can be transferred from one substance to another due to the difference in temperature, Conduction, convection and radiation are a few ways through which heat transfer takes place, { © Thermometer is used to measure temperature. It may be of many types like clinical, laboratory mercury and digital thermometers. Most widely used temperature scales are of three types—Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelin, WIGTVIVVG 1. Objective Type Questions. A. Tick () the correct answer. 1. Which of the following thermometers 2. The boiling point of water is: is divided into 100 equal parts? a, 100°C a. Celsius and Fahrenheit b. $0°C c. 95°C d. 25 °C c. Kelvin and Celsius { b. Fahrenheit and Kelvin d. Only Fahrenheit + 3. Which of the following expressions is 4. Which of these changes is observed used to convert Fahrenheit scale to on heating? Celsius scale? a. Change of state 5 b. Chemical change C=5 (F-30) eo aoe! ©. Expansion vc- 8-92) d. All of these 5 cc 3 (F- 31) 5 4. c= 8 (F-33) Scanned with CamScannerf FR 5. Which of the following involves the transfer of heat: fram one medium to another by the movement of fluids? a. Conduction b. Radiation c. Convection d. Diffusion State whether the following statements are True or False. Correct the false statements, 1. Mercury expands for a wide range of temperatures. 8. Gonduiction is the emission or transmission of energy {as waves or particles) through @ travel medium. 3. C=9/5 ([F-32) 4. Celsius temperature scale was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Unscramble the letters to find the answers, A form of energy that can be transferred from one place to another (AEHT) Small-sized medical thermometer (NILCACLI) Unit used to measure temperature based upon an absolute scale (NELIKV) Swedish astronomer who is the inventor of Celsius scale (DNSARE) Thermometer has 180 equal parts (EHRENAFHT!) one word for the following: An instrument used to measure temperature A natural phenomenon of convection The mode of heat transfer in solid objects The mode of heat from the Sun to the Earth Povogasonpe Define the following: 1. Heat 2. Temperature 3. Convection 4. Insulator 5. Radiation j Match the following: Column | Column It a. Digital Thermometer 1. Heat 2. Temperature b. Conduction 3. LCD display . Sunlight 4. Vibration of particles d. Radiation 5. Land breeze , Movernent. of tiny particles 6. Heating up of the Earth f. Thermometer g. Convection Scanned with CamScannera Ml, Short Answer Questions. 1. What is 100 °C marked on the 4. What do you understand by convection r Fahrenheit scale? 5. Who were the inventors of Fahrenhos, 2. At what temperature does the and Kelvin soale? Celsius scale show equal value as the 6. Why can't we measure heat by touching Fahrenheit scale? an object? 3. Draw a welHlabelled diagram of a Celsius 7. Which property of 9 sold is employed a whon it is used for making the handle of a pressure cooker? Il, Long Answer Questions, 1. Describe various types of temperature 5. Give any five examples showing heat ; scales. changes in your surroundings, 2. What are the ways to transfer heat? 6. Describe how heat is transferred in 3. Explain expansion in solids, liquids and liquids with an activity. What is the gases by giving one example each. process called? 4. Convert the following: 7. Write an activity to show conduction, | * 120 °F into °C 8. Describe how heat causes expansion. * 150 °C into °F Give examples for the same. 9, Make a concept map on ‘Types of thermometers’. OodcenseedesNeeNss ~~] WVVVIIVIIVTP General Knowledge Form a group of five students and note down their body temperature with the help of a thermometer, Tabulate your data. Discuss why there is variation in body temperatures. HOTS A. What is absolute zero? 8. Can one object be hotter than the other if they are at the same temperature? . What is the temperature inside light bulb /outside an aeroplane at 10000 m? D. itis advised to paint the outer walls of houses white, in places with hot climate, Why? £, Whyis a thermometer washed with tap water before use? F. Whyis a thermometer kept under the tongue to measure temperature? G. Why are ACs fitted near the ceiling on the wall of a room? Scanned with CamScannerConnect to Life Why do we feel hot in summer or cold in winter? It happens due to the changing climatic conditions and changing temperature. Atmospheric temperature changes frequently due to various reasons. Take a thermometer and note down the temperature of the classroom and the reception area. Tick (V) Yes or (x) No to find out if you have knowledge about temperature or not. 1, Is the temperature the same for both places? Yes/No 2. Does it take more than 10 minutes to check the temperature of both places? Yes/No 3. Your body temperature is 37 °C. Analyse your findings and have a class discussion. Yes/No Research/Activity Toke a cup of hot tea and keep it undisturbed for 5 minutes. Then take a thermometer and note down its temperature after every 2 minutes. Also observe the vapour coming out from it. Note down your observations and comments. Scanned with CamScannerotion and Tim, e yl AAAAAAARARAAAL What I Know | 207 32 fill in the blanks. 4, One metre is .. seseeeccees OM, 2, Five kilometres is .........., seosee Mh, 3, One KilOMetE IS ese ccs -em. Arrange the following lengths in their increasing order. { metre, 1 centimetre, 1 kilometre io you say when someone asks you how far is your school from your home? You measure vance between the two places and answer accordingly. What if someone asks you how ch time does it take you to reach school? In arder to answer that, you need to measure the dstance as well as the speed. Thus, distance, speed and time are certain measurements that require and use in our daily lives. Where else in your life do you need measurements? What do you use to measure things? MEASUREMENTS AND STANDARD UNITS lsomeone asks you your height, then what do you reply? 4 feet, 5 feet, and so on. Similarly, ‘when someone asks how wide is your school desk, then how do you measure it? With the Span of your hand, with your scale or any other means? Measurement is done by comparing diferent unknown physical quantities with a known quantity. Measure the length of your desk and blackboard using a handspan. pare your measurement with that of other 3 students in class. White your observations in the given table. Scanned with CamScanner il,