4 Xvii Xviii 201

C M Y K
qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba
qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba
XVII-XVIII
XVII
XVIII
2015/2016
gamomcemloba ùniversali“
Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”
Georgian
Source-Studies
XVII-XVIII
2015/2016
qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba
XVII-XVIII
2015/2016
UDC (uak) 930.2
(051.2)
q – 279
redaqtorebi Editors
giuli alasania da mariam CxartiSvili Giuli Alasania & Mariam Chkharishvili
saredaqcio kolegia Editorial Board

goneli araxamia Goneli Arakhamia
manuCar guncaZe Manuchar Guntsadze
zurab TargamaZe Zurab Targamadze
eka kvaWantiraZe Eka Kvachaniradze
qeTevan mania Ketevan Mania
giorgi maWaraSvili Giorgi Macharashvili
daviT merkvilaZe David Merkviladze
nato sonRulaSvili Nato Songulashvili
sofio qadagiSvili Sopio Kadagishvili
qeTevan quTaTelaZe Ketevan Kutateladze
gamomcemeli
mariam CxartiSvili
Publisher
Mariam Chkharishvili
Jurnalis sruli eleqtronuli versia ganTavsebulia

qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis institutis veb-gverdze www.georgianstudies.ge
The full electronic version of the journal is published on the web-site of

The Georgian Studies Insitute: www.georgianstudies.ge
gamomcemlis sakontaqto monacemebia:

el-fosta mary.chkharishvili@gmail.com
mob. 599 71 40 15
Publisher’s contact details:
E-mail: mary.chkharishvili@gmail.com
Mob.: +995 599 71 40 15
© teqsti _ avtorebi, 2015/2016

© Sedgena _ g. alasania, m. CxartiSvili, 2015/2016
© Text – authors, 2015/2016

© compilaion – G. Alasania, M. Chkharishvili, 2015/2016
gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2015/2016

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, tel. 222 36 09, 599 17 22 30
ISSN 1987 – 9563

Sinaarsi
CONTENTS
redaqtorebisagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EDITORIAL
milocva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CONGRATULATIONS
milocva Cveni Jurnalis redaqtors profesor mariam CxartiSvils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Congratulaions to our Editor Professor Mariam Chkharishvili
wyaroTa kvleva da istoriuli reprezentacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

SOURCE-STUDIES AND HISTORY REPRESENTATIONS
sasisxlo sigelTa daTariRebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

goneli araxamia
On the Daing of Wergild Documents
Goneli Arakhamia
„ori qvazed dawerili gujari~ da misi mniSvneloba

XVIII saukunis dasawyisis kaxeTis samefos istoriisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Tamaz gogolaZe
“Two Documents Writen on Stone~ and their Signiicance for History of the
Kingdom of Kakhei at the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century
Tamaz Gogoladze
rodis iwoda sarmatuli samyaro alaneTad?

alanTa Sesaxeb Cinuri cnobis warmomavloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
vaxtang goilaZe
When was Sarmaian World Referred as Alans’ Land?
The Origins of the Chinese Data about Alans
Vakhtang Goiladze
eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dros . . . . . . . . 50

manuCar guncaZe
On the Issue of Ethnic Moinoriies in Period of Democraic Republic of Georgia
Manuchar Guntsadze
osmaleTis agresia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 1918 wels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

daviT koxreiZe
Otoman Aggression against Georgia in 1918
David Kokhreidze
1400 wlis agvistoSi Temur-lengis mier sebastiis dapyrobis Sesaxeb

arsebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
gor margariani
Comparaive Analysis of Literay Sources about the Occupaion of the Sebasia by Tamerlan in August 1400
Gor Margaryan
toponimi `bolostike~ Tamaris pirveli istorikosis TxzulebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

hairapet margariani
The Toponym “Bolost’ik’e~ in the Work of the First Historian of Queen Tamar
Hayrapet Margaryan
_5_
qarTuli politikuri emigraciis monawileoba visbadenisa
da Starnbergis konferenciebSi (1951–1952 ww.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Sorena murusiZe
Paricipaion of the Georgian Poliical Emigrants in the
Conferences in Wiesbaden and Starnberg (1951-1952)
Shorena Murusidze
nekresisa da rusTavis epigrafikuli Zeglebis daTariReba da qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis xana . . . . . . . 84

mariam (maia) niniZe
Daing of Nekresi and Rustavi Epigraphic Monuments and the Time of Georgian Alphabet’s Creaion
Mariam (Maia) Ninidze
qarTuli damwerlobis modeli da axali welTaRricxviT pirveli saukunis

qarTuli warwerebi (pavle ingoroyvas istoriografiuli kvlevebis kvaldakval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
mariam (maia) niniZe, vladimer WeliZe
Model of Georgian Alphabet and I Century A.D. Georgian Inscripions
(Following Footsteps of Pavle Ingorokva’s Historiographic Researches)
Mariam (Maia) Ninidze, Vladimer Chelidze
mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqiis krebsiTi sigelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

mzia surgulaZe
Aggregate Charters of Eparchy of Mtskheta Catholicos
Mzia Surguladze
maRalaZeTa sagvareulos istoriisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

elza xaindrava
Towards the History of Maghaladzes’ Feudal House
Elza Khaindrava
wyaroTa kvleva, Targmani da publikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

SOURCE-STUDIES, TRANSLATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis raWa-samegreloSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi

rogorc saistorio wyaro (peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis
aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutSi daculi masalebis mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
ioseb (soso) alimbaraSvili
Dimitri Meghvinetkhutsesishvili’s Trip to the West Georgia
Ioseb (Soso) Alimbarashvili
carizmis politika hereTis mosaxleobis mimarT XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi

(axali saarqivo masalis mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
xaTuna bainduraSvili
Tsarist Policy towards the Populaion of Herei in 1840s-1850s (according to newly obtained archival data)
Khatuna Baindurashvili
stefane burnaSevi da misi naSromi saqarTvelos suraTi anu qarTlisa da

kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri mdgomareobis aRwera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
daviT merkvilaZe
Stephen Burnashev and His Work Picture of Georgia or the Descripion
of Poliical Situaion in the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakhei
David Merkviladze
_6_
frangi dragomanis cnobebi mefiswul abas mirzasa
da misi uaxloesi garemocvis Sesaxeb (1807-1808) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
irine naWyebia
French Dragoman’s Informaion About the Prince Abbas Mirza and His Entourage (1807-1808)
Irine Natchkebia
robert ker porteris saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dRiuri rogorc saistorio wyaro . . . . . . . . . . . 172
giorgi sosiaSvili
Robert Ker Porter’s Diary about his Travelling in Georgia as Historical Source
Giorgi Sosiashvili
xobis monastris saistorio sabuTebi. XV-XVIII saukuneebi

(k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa
da saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculi koleqciebis mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Tea qarTveliSvili
Historical Documents of Khobi Monastery. 15th–18th Centuries
(The collecions preserved at K. Kekelidze
Naional Center of Manuscripts and the Naional Archive of Georgia)
Tea Kartvelishvili
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sasamarTlo senati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

zaza cinaZe
The Supreme Court Senate of Georgian Republic
Zaza Tsinadze
saarqivo masala vefxistyaosnis mTargmnelis hugo hupertis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

naTela jorjikia
The Archival Material about Hugo Huppert – the Translator of The Knight in Tiger’s Skin
Natela Jorjikia
istoriografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
HISTORIOGRAPHY
erovnuli sakiTxis qarTuli interpretaciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
zurab TargamaZe
Georgian Interpretaions of a Naional Issue
Zurab Targamadze
napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi qarTul istoriografiaSi . . 244

merab kalandaZe
Source-Studies Issues of Napoleon’s Biography Invesigaion in Georgian Historiography
Merab Kalandadze
istoriul-eTnografiuli lazeTi: wyaroebi, istoriografia da Seswavlis problemebi . . . . . . . . 250

nugzar mgelaZe
Historic-Ethnographic Lazei: Sources, Historiography and Problems of Study
Nugzar Mgeladze
qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba Sua saukuneebSi:

qarTlis samefos daarsebis Sesaxeb cnobebis SedarebiTi analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
mariam CxartiSvili
Development of Georgian Historical Thought in Middle Ages:
Comparaive Analysis of Evidences on Establishment of Kartli Kingdom
_7_
qarTuli saistorio prozis ganviTarebis adreuli etapebi
(sainformacio-diplomatiuri wyaroebis literaturuli pirvelsaxe). nawili pirveli . . . . . . . . . 270
vladimer WeliZe
Early Stages of the Development of Georgian Historic Prose
Literary Prototype of the Informaive-Diplomaic Sources. Part 1
Vladimer Chelidze
saerTaSoriso prezentacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

INTERNATIONAL PRESENTATION
qarTveluri identobis Camoyalibeba gvian antikur epoqaSi: zogi meTodologiuri mosazreba . . . 287
qristofer haasi
The Formaion of Kartvelian Idenity in Late Aniquity: Some Methodological Consideraions
Christopher Haas
Tvalsazrisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
STANDPOINT
samecniero kvlevebis koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

mariam CxartiSvili
Comcepion of Academic Research
wignebis mimoxilva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

BOOK REVIEWS
enciklopedia antikuri kavkasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

rismag gordeziani
Encyclopedia Caucasus Aniquus
Rismag Gordeziani
saerTaSoriso konferenciis moxsenebebis krebuli

pirveli msoflio omi (analizi da interpretacia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
sofio qadagiSvili
The Proceedings of the Internaional Conference
The First World War (Analysis and Interpretaion)
Sopio Kadagishvili
donald reifildi, qarTuli literaturis istoria.

mesame Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema. londoni: garnetis gamomcemloba, 2010, 366 gv. . . . 317
keit hiCinsi
Donald Rayield, The Literature of Georgia. A History,
3rd revised and expanded ediion. London: Garnet Press, 2010, 366 pages.
Keith Hitchins
qronika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
CHRONICLE
Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis XV−XVI gaerTianebuli tomis prezentacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

sofio qadagiSvili
Presentaion of Scieniic Journal Georgian Source-Studies Volume XV-XVI, 2013/2014
Sopio Kadagishvili
_8_
i.javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakultetze arsebuli interdisciplinuri istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis
Semswavleli wris 2014-2015 ww. muSaobis angariSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
elza xaindrava
Annual Report of the Interdisciplinary Student Research Circle History of History Discipline
Elza Khaindrava
vilanovas universitetis profesoris viziti saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

mariam CxartiSvili
Villanova University Professor’s Visit to Georgia
saerTaSoriso konferencia: modis istoria: tanisamosi, simboloebi, komunikacia

romi, 2015, la sapiencas universiteti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
sofio qadagiSvili
Internaional Conference Fashion Through History Costumes, Symbols, Communicaion
Sapienza University of Rome, 2015
Sopio Kadagishvili
medievistikis saerTaSoriso kongresi. didi britaneTi, lidsi, 2015, 6-9 ivlisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
mariam CxartiSvili, sofio qadagiSvili
Internaional Medieval Congress, Leeds, 6-9 July, 2015
Mariam Chkharishvili, Sopio Kadagishvili
akademikos giorgi Citaias dabadebidan 125-e wlisTavsadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferencia . . . . 347
qeTevan xuciSvili
Conference Dedicated to Academician Giorgi Chitaia’s 125th Anniversary, November 10-12, 2015
Ketevan Khutsishvili
dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e wlisTavisadmi

miZRvnili samecniero konferencia, gori, 17 noemberi, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
ioseb alimbaraSvili
Scieniic Conference Dedicated to 200th Anniversary of
Dimitri Megvinetukhutsesishvili’s Birth, Gori, 2015, 17 November
Ioseb Alimbarashvili
dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e wlisTavisadmi

miZRvnili konferenciis seqciuri muSaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
sofio qadagiSvili
Scieniic Conference Dedicated to 200th Anniversary of
Dimitri Megvinetukhutsesishvili’s Birth: Work in Sessions
Sopio Kadagishvili
I saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresi _

qarTvelologiis problemebi da perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
rusudan labaZe
The Internaional Kartvelological Congress – Problems and Prospects of Kartvelology
Rusudan Labadze
samecniero konferencia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi . . . 359

daviT merkvilaZe
Conference at Ivane Javakhishvili Insitute of History and Ethnology
David Merkviladze
_9_
xsovna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
IN MEMORIAM
mamisa berZniSvilis gaxseneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

goneli araxamia
In Memoriam to Mamisa Berdznishvili
Goneli Arakhamia
Temur Todua: pedagogi, mecnieri da pirovneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

mariam gogalaZe
Temur Todua – Teacher, Scienist, Personality
Mariam Gogaladze
profesori naTela quTelia (1928-2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

levan koWlamazaSvili
Professor Natela Kutelia (1928-2014)
Levan Kochlamazashvili
saTno saxis keTilad momRimari qalbatoni

liana davlianiZis gaxseneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
giorgi WeiSvili
The Lady with Kind Face Expression and Smile
In Memory of Liana Davlianidze
Giorgi Cheishvili
profesor giorgi JuJunaSvilis gamosaTxovari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

mixeil qarTveliSvili
In Memoriam to Giorgi (Gogita) Zhuzhunashvili
Mikheil Kartvelishvili
medea abaSiZis gaxseneba

wignis _ medea abaSiZe prezentaciaze warmoTqmuli sityva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
lia meliqiSvili
Recalling Medea Abashidze
Lia Melikishvili
gzamkvlevi avtorTaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS
_ 10 _
redaqtorebisagan
siamovnebiT warmogidgenT qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis morig gamocemas. rogorc wina jerze,

axlac erT wignad ori tomi − XVII / XVIII − aris akinZuli. Cveni didi survilis miuxedavad ver xerxdeba
ufro meti sixSiriT gamovceT Jurnali. samwuxarod, ar gvyavs anazRaurebadi TanamSromlebi,
romlebic sakuTar drosa da energias mTlianad am saqmes miuZRvnidnen. redkolegiis wevrebi,
romlebic JurnalisaTvis usasyidlod iRwvian, uaRresad dakavebuli adamianebi arian TavianTi
ZiriTadi samsaxureobrivi movaleobebiT. amitom zogjer erT kviraSi gasakeTebeli saqme erT Tves
Wianurdeba. miuxedavad amisa, vcdilobT ar mivatovoT qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis gamocema.
es gamoSveba, winandelebis msgavsad, saintereso gamovida da vimedovnobT, rom Cveni mkiTxvelebi
imedgacruebulni ar darCebian.
rogorc wina nomrebSi, aqac avtorTa Soris Tavi moiyara gansxvavebuli gamocdilebis
aTeulobiT mkvlevarma, qarTvelebma da ucxoelebma, sxvadasxva dawesebulebis warmomadgenlebma.
gaerTianebuli tomi moicavs or aTeulze met kvleviT statias, romlebic rogorc problemuri,
ise qronologiuri fokusis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod mravalferovania. Cven isini gavanawileT
ramdenime ganyofilebaSi: wyaroTa kvleva da istoriuli reprezentacia; wyaroTa kvleva, Targmani
da publikacia; istoriografia. Tumc es danawileba garkveulad pirobiTia, radgan, rogorc
adrec mivuTiTebdiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis istoriuli reprezentacia wyaroTmcodneobiT da
istoriografiuli Ziebebs moicavs da, piriqiT; wyaroTa publikaciac SeuZlebelia wyaroTmcodnebiTi
analizisa da istoriuli suraTis aRsadgenad mimarTuli kvlevis gareSe. termini ìstoriografia~
qarTul mecnierebaSi xSirad esmiT rogorc sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli specialuri literaturis
mimoxilva. es aris am terminis erT-erTi mniSvneloba. dasavlur mecnierebaSi am terminiT
umeteswilad aRiniSneba istoriuli azris istoriis Semswavleli mecniereba. am azriT, is cxadia,
moicavs sakiTxis Sesaxeb specialuri literaturis ganxilvasac. Cveni Jurnalis rubrikaciaSi
aRniSnuli termini gamoiyeneba farTo mniSvnelobiT. swored amitomaa, rom am ganyofilebaSi
ibeWdeba rogorc axali periodis istoriuli naazrevis analizi, ise Sua saukuneebis istoriuli
prozis Seswavlis Sedegebi.
zemoT dasaxelebul samive ganyofilebaSi statiebi warmodgenilia anbanuri TanamimdevrobiT:
kerZod, dalagebulia pirveli avtoris gvaris mixedviT.
Tvalsazrisis ganyofilebaSi grZeldeba qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis saWirboroto
sakiTxebze msjeloba. Cveni Jurnalis wina nomerSi gamoCnda pirvelad es ganyofileba da masSi
erT-erTi CvenTaganis, kerZod, mariam CxartiSvilis werili iyo gamoqveynebuli. axlac misi werili
qveyndeba, magram vimedovnebT, rom sxva kolegebic aubamen mas mxars da moisurveben Cveni Jurnalis
meSveobiT esaubron qarTul samecniero sazogadoebas istoriis dargSi arsebuli kvleviTi Tu
sxva problemebis Sesaxeb. radgan am mxriv safiqrali da erTmaneTisaTvis saTqmeli qarTvel
istorikosebs, marTlac, rom bevri gvaqvs.
calkea gamoyofili ganyofileba saerTaSoriso prezentacia. amgvari ganyofileba qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneobis SemTxvevaSi XIII/XIV tomebSi gamoCnda (sul pirvelad ki qarTul samecniero
mediaSi is gaCnda erT-erTi CvenTaganis mier redaqtirebul krebulSi saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis
istoriis sakiTxebi, IX, 2008, Tbilisi: universali). amjeradac gadavwyviteT am ganyofilebis
gamoyofa, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi mxolod erTi statiaa. samomavlod gvinda, rom specialistebs
gauCndeT survili am saxis masalis warmodgenisac. zogjer xdeba ise, rom Tavad saerTaSoriso
forumebis statiebis krebulebic ki (ama Tu im mizezis gamo) ar ibeWdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cveni
Jurnalis es rubrika karg saSualebas iZleva mecnierma specialistebis farTo wres gaacnos Tavisi
moxseneba.
qronika aSuqebs saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT samecniero cxovrebaSi momxdar
mniSvnelovan faqtebs. am gamoSvebaSi sakmaodaa aseTi informacia, magram mainc visurvebdiT, rom is
kidev meti da meti yofiliyo da amaSi gvWirdeba yvelaze metad samecniero sazogadoebis daxmareba,
raTa, rac SeiZleba sruli asaxva hpovos qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi
tradiciis mqone Jurnalis furclebze samecniero cxovrebaSi momxdarma faqtebma. igive unda iTqvas
wignebis mimoxilvis ganyofilebazec, romelic amjeradac saintereso informacias gvawvdis, magram
es mainc zRvaSi wveTia imasTan SedarebiT, rac aris, rac xdeba wignebis publikaciis TvalsazrisiT
_ 11 _
redaqtorebisagan
da rac saTanado asaxvas imsaxurebs. mecnierebma Tavad unda gamoiCinon daintereseba, rom Sesabamisi
informacia gavrceldes. cxadia, es araa marto Jurnalis redkolegiis sazrunavi saqme.
samwuxarod, kvlav datvirTulia is ganyofileba, romelsac xsovna ewodeba. mecniereba marto
azrebi ar aris. mecniereba, upirveles yovlisa, aris adamianebi, romelnic am azrebs qmnian.
qarTul wyaroTmcodneobas, misi daarsebis dRidan, axasiaTebda tendencia saTanadod aReniSna
mkvlevarTa pirovnuli damsaxurebani dargis ganviTarebaSi. Cven vcdilobT gavagrZeloT es
tradicia da, SeZlebisdagvarad, uyuradRebod ar vtovebT maT, vinc gamorCeulad iRwvis Cveni
dargis ganviTarebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, vinc aRar aris Cvens gverdiT.
Jurnals aqvs statiebis gaformebis dadgenili wesebi, romlis Sesaxeb avtorebi informirebulni
arian. samwuxarod, mxolod Zalian mcire nawili icavs maT zedmiwevniT. avtorTa umetesoba am
wesebs nawilobriv iTvaliswinebs: iqneba es literaturis damowmeba, fonti, inglisuri reziumes
darTva Tu sxv. damowmebis wesis TvalsazrisiT teqstis redaqtireba ra Sromatevadi saqmea, yvelam
kargad icis. nawili statiebisaTvis, rogorc wina jerze, axlac es gaakeTa redkolegiam, magram imis
gamo, rom, rogorc vTqviT, Jurnals anazRaurebadi TanamSromlebi ar hyavs, totalurad am kuTxiT
statiebis gamarTva Zalian gagviWirda. aseve Znelia fontis cvlileba im teqstebisaTvis, romelTac
aqvT mravali SeniSvna da damowmeba; miTumetes rTulia viTareba reziumesTan dakavSirebiT: avtoris
magier misi dawera da inglisurad Targmna namdvilad SeuZlebelia redkolegiisaTvis. arada,
dasananaia, rom gamoqveyndes statiebi inglisuri reziumes gareSe, radgan Cveni fundamenturi
interesia saerTaSoriso auditoriisaTvisac Jurnali misawvdomi iyos. am gamoSvebaSi, ramdenime
statia reziumes gareSe ibeWdeba, radgan, samwuxarod, maTma avtorebma droulad ver SeZles
reziumes mowodeba da iZulebuli gavxdiT ase dagvebeWda. samomavlod, umorCilesad vTxovT
yvelas, rom zustad daicvan statiis momzadebis da warmodgenis wesebi, aseve, vadebic.
es gamoSveba garkveulad gansakuTrebulia im azriT, rom saiubileoa. 2015 wels ara marto
erT-erT CvenTagans Seusrulda mrgvali TariRi, aramed Jurnalsac: qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba
gasul wels 50 wlis gaxda.
amasTan dakavSirebiT gvinda Zalian mokled warmogidginoT Jurnalis mier ganvlili
naxevarsaukunovani gza. es retrospeqtiva gardasuli sinamdvilisadmi ubralod interesis
dakmayofilebas rodi isaxavs miznad; Cven gvinda warsulis gaazrebiT ufro momzadebuli SevxdeT
momavals: sadac es SesaZlebelia da saWiroa SevinarCunoT tradiciebi, amave dros viyoT ufro
gabeduli da Tanmimdevruli inovaciebis danergvis dros.
qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis pirveli wigni gamovida 1965 wels. maSin is Jurnali ki ar
iyo, aramed – krebuli da ase ewera kidec satitulo gverdze. aqedan moyolebuli garkveuli
intervalebiT gamodioda, kerZod, gamosvlis qronologia Semdegia: 1965 wels, rogorc iTqva,
gamovida pirveli wigni, 1968 wels − meore, 1971 wels − mesame, 1973 wels − meoTxe, 1978 wels
− mexuTe, 1985 wels − meeqvse, 1987 wels − meSvide, 1993 wels − merve, 2000 wels − mecxre, 2004
wels − meaTe, 2006 wels − meTerTmete, 2010 wels − meTormete, 2011/2012 wlebSi − mecamete da
meToTxmete, xolo 2013/2014 wlebSi − meTxuTmete da meTeqvsmete.
am xnis ganmavlobaSi icvlebodnen redaqtorebi, avtorebi, gaformeba, rubrikebi da a.S. pirveli
wigns muyaos ufero yda hqonda, romelzedac ubralod krebulis saxelwodeba iyo dabeWdili.
martivi dizainis stili gahyva momdevno oTx nomers, im gansxvavebiT, rom muyaos ydas meore da
mesame nomrebis SemTxvevaSi Sindisferi da yavisferi kolenkori aqvs gadakruli, meoTxe da mexuTe
nomrebi ki gamosulia rbili ydiT. meeqvse nomeri aseve rbilydiania, Tumc axleburad gaformebuli:
Sav fonze etratis grafikuli gamosaxulebaa. zustad igivea meSvide nomris garekanic. merve tomis
yda kvlav rbilia, oRond Seferiloba aRar aris, etratis grafikuli gamosaxuleba ki narCundeba.
amis Semdgom vidre meTormete nomramde gareydis dizaini ganuwyvetliv icvleba. meTormete
nomridan qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba gamodis gareydis im dizainiT da im formatiT, rogoric
aqvs winamdebare gamoSvebas, oRondac nomrebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia ferebi.
gareydis dizainSi cvlilebebi garkveulad ukavSirdeba qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis
statuss. Tavidan is gamovida, rogorc krebuli da ase grZeldeboda vidre meeqvse nomramde.
meeqvse nomers aqvs seriuli nomeri da, Cans, amitomac sagangebod izrunes wignis dizainze da
narCundeba kidec es dizaini meSvide nomerSi ucvlelad, romelsac agreTve aqvs seriuli nomeri.
merve nomers aqvs rogorc seriuli, ise calke wignisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nomeric. amis Semdgom
vidre meTormete tomamde qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba gamodis yovelgvari saregistracio nomris
gareSe. meTormete nomridan is xelaxla registrirdeba, rogorc Jurnali da, Sesabamisad, gareydis
dizainic erTgvarovani xdeba.
_ 12 _
redaqtorebisagan
icvlebian gamomcemlobebic. merve tomis CaTvliT qarTul wyaroTmcodneobas gamoscemda

mecniereba. teqstebi stamburad aris awyobili. amis Semdgom nomrebi kompiuteriTaa dabeWdili.
mecxre tomi mematianes mier aris sagamocemlod momzadebuli, meaTe da meTerTmete tomebi
momzadebulia gamomcemloba artanujSi. meTormete tomidan am tomis CaTvliT qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba gamoicema universalis mier.
sainteresoa tiraJebisaTvis Tvalis midevnebac: sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde gamosuli tomebis
tiraJi Tanamedrove tiraJebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad didia: pirveli ori tomis tiraJi,
TiToeulisa calk-calke, iyo 1000 – 1000, mesame tomis − 1500, meoTxe, mexuTe, meeqvse tomebi kvlav
1000 egzemplaris odenobiT gamosula; meSvides tiraJia − 1200, mervesi ki uceb vardeba, kerZod,
150 egzemplaria. amis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, kompiuterulad akrefili nomrebi gamodis. miTiTeba
tiraJisa aRar xdeba, magram aSkaraa, rom imaze meti ar ibeWdeba, rac merve tomi iyo. meTormete
tomidan tiraJTan dakavSirebiT viTareba im kuTxiT icvleba, rom nomrebis eleqtronuli versiebi
Tavsdeba internetSi arasamTavrobo organizaciis qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis institutis veb-
gverdze.
icvlebian redaqtorebic. pirveli tomis redaqtori iyo varlam dondua, romelic sul bolo
gverdze iyo miwerili iq, sadac gamomcemlobis redaqtors werdnen xolme. momdevno tomebs meeqvses
CaTvliT meurveobda ramdenime wevrisagan Semdgari saredaqcio kolegia. meSvide tomis redaqtori
iyo revaz kiknaZe. merve, meaTe da meTerTmete tomebi gamovida giuli alasanias redaqtorobiT.
mecxre tomis Tanaredaqtorebi iyvnen mamisa berZniSvili da giuli alasania. meTormete nomridan
mokidebuli dRemde Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis Tanaredaqtorebi arian giuli alasania
da mariam CxartiSvili.
pirveli tomi redaqtoris winaTqmiT ixsneboda, sadac dargis mniSvnelobaze aris saubari.
meore toms aqvs redkolegiis winaTqma. Semdeg tomebi vidre meTormete nomramde yovelgvari
winaTqmis gareSe gamodis. meTormete tomidan ki tradiciuli gaxda saredaqtoro werilis
wamZRvareba gamocemisaTvis.
pirvel da meore tomebs ara aqvT ucxoenovani kontrtitulebi, arc statiebs axlavT reziumeebi
ucxo enaze. mesame tomidan krebuls aqvs rusuli kontrtituli, sarCevi orenovania: anu avtoris
gvari, saxeli da naSromis saTauri aris qarTul da rusul enebze, statiebs aqvT reziumeebi
rusul enaze. ase grZeldeba mexuTemde. meeqvses sarCevi kvlav orenovania da reziumeebi aris
rusul enaze. asevea meSvide nomeri. merves aqvs qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze sarCevi da
reziumeebi inglisur enaze. am sam nomers ara aqvs kontrtituli, magram bolo gverdze aris
gamocemis saxelwodeba rusul enaze. mecxres SemTxvevaSi satitulo gverdze mocemulia qarTuli
teqsti da misi inglisuri Targmani, sarCevi da reziumeebi aris inglisurad, meTerTmete tomSi
zogi reziume rusuladaa, umetesoba ki – inglisurad. meTormete tomidan mokidebuli qarTul
wyaroTmcodneobas aqvs kontrtituli inglisur enaze, sarCevi qarTulad da inglisurad, statiebs
(ara mxolod kvleviT, aramed sainformacio xasiaTis werilebsac da yvela sxva tipis masalas)
axlavT reziumeebi inglisur enaze.
wlebis manZilze sxvadasxva iyo qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis finansuri mxardaWeris sqemac:
merve tomamde igi ibeWdeba saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos dadgenilebiT, rac gulisxmobda Sesabamis saxelmwifo meurveobas, pirvel rigSi, dafinansebas.
merve tomi – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis dadgenilebis safuZvelze da, cxadia, misive
dafinansebiT aris gamocemuli. amis mere qarTul wyaroTmcodneobas moaklda saxelwifoebrivi
mzrunveloba da misi bedi kerZo samecniero iniciativas daukavSirda: mecxre, meaTe da meTerTmete
tomebi gamovida avtorTa xarjiT, meTormete tomidan moyolebuli am tomis CaTvliT Jurnal
qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobas hyavs gamomcemeli, romelic mTlianad faravs sastambo xarjs.
Jurnalis istoriis am kerZo, erTi SexedviT, sazogadoebriv cxovrebasTan naklebad
dakavSirebul, faqtebSi aisaxeba istoriuli epoqebis cvla: sabWoTa kavSirSi saqarTvelos yofna,
daSlis dros rusulisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gaCena da qarTuli mecnierebisaTvis axali
saerTaSoriso enis miReba (rusuls anacvlebs inglisuri), mecnierebis dafinansebis sqemebisa da
prioritetebis cvlileba da a.S.
pirvel tomSi gamoyofili ar yofila sxvadasxva ganyofilebebi. meore tomSi statiebis mere aris
ori ganyofileba kritika da bibliografia da nekrologi. mesame tomSi kvlav ar aris gamoyofili
ganyofilebebi. meoTxe wignSi calke gamoyofilia publikaciis ganyofileba, sadac arseni
safarelis Txzulebaa gamoqveynebuli. am toms aqvs nekrologis ganyofilebac. meeqvse nomridan
ukve gamokveTilia rubrikebi, rac garkveulad dargis ganviTarebis amsaxvelia: konkretuli
_ 13 _
redaqtorebisagan
wyaroTmcodneoba, wyaroTmcodneobis istoriografia, saistorio wyaroebis gamocemis meTodika,

publikacia, kritika da bibliografia. rubrikacia grZeldeba Semdeg nomrebSic, kerZod,
meSvide nomerSi gamoyofilia ramdenime ganyofileba: zogadi wyaroTmcodneoba, konkretuli
wyaroTmcodneoba, publikacia, wyaroTmcodneobis istoriografia, kritika da bibliografia.
merve tomi am kuTxiT warmogvidgeba Semdegnairad: konkretuli wyaroTmcodneoba, zogadi
wyaroTmcodneoba, publikacia, kritika da bibliografia, mogonebebi. Semdeg sami nomeri gamodis
kvlav rubrikebis gareSe, meTormete nomridan ki masalis dayofa ganyofilebebad stabilur
xasiaTs iRebs. isini ar emTxveva wina periodis rubrikebs da garkveulad icvleba nomridan
nomramde Semosuli masalis kvalobaze. esec dargis da Jurnalis mier aRebuli kursis − moizidos
humanitariis sferos sxvadasxva profilis gamokvelevebi − maCvenebelia.
ramdenime nomeri miZRvniTia. nomrebi eZRvneba dargis gamoCenil specialistebs, zogs
sicocxleSive, zogs gardacvalebis Semdgom. mesame tomi, magaliTad, mieZRvna varlam donduas
dabadebis saiubileo TariRs, mis Sesaxeb weriliT ixsneba tomi da ibeWdeba misi Sromebis
bibliografia; aseve sicocxleSive mieZRvnaT tomebi sxva mecnierebasac: mecxre tomi − TinaTin
yauxCiSvils, meaTe − daviT musxeliSvils, meTerTmete − mamisa berZniSvilsa da liana davlianiZes,
xolo merve – revaz kiknaZis xsovnas, meTormete – lela patariZis xsovnas.
pirvel tomSi sul rva statia iyo, meoreSi − TerTmeti. mesameSi mniSvnelovnad imata
statiebis ricxvma. saerTod raodenoba meryeobda aTeulidan sam aTeulamde. magaliTad, meSvideSi
or aTeulze meti iyo, merveSi yvela rubrikaSi mogonebebis gamoklebiT sam aTeuls aRwevda.
winamdebare gaerTianebul gamoSvebaSi mxolod kvleviTi statiebis odenoba aseve sam aTeulamdea.
qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba Tavidan saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis wyaroTmcodneobis ganyofilebis krebuli iyo. am
erTi ganyofilebis TanamSromlebi amzadebdnen da marto isini beWdavdnen kidec masSi naSromebs.
Tavis winaTqmaSi pirveli redaqtori − varlam dondua − saubrobda qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis
saerTo aRmavlobaze am viTarebaSi wyaroTmcodneobisaTvis Tavisi adgilis miCenaze. misi azriT,
Sesabamisi muSaobis mastimulireblad istoriis institutSi Camoyalibda wyaroTmcodneobis
ganyofileba. varlam dondua miuTiTebda, rom am ganyofilebas sakuTari gegma da mizanswrafva
hqonda perspeqtivaSi, rom igegmeboda naSromis − qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis gamocema, romelsac
ganyofileba amzadebda. ukve meore tomSi aRar ibeWdeba mxolod wyaroTmcodneobis ganyofilebis
TanamSromelTa naSromebi. Semdeg tomebSi es tendencia Zlierdeba da kari exsneba ara marto
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis sxva ganyofilebebis TanamSromelTa naSromebs, aramed
institutis gareT moRvawe mecnierebsac. tomeulebis momzadebaSic CarTulni arian mkvlevrebi
sxvadasxva samecniero dawesebulebidan. ase rom, erTi ganyofilebis samecniero Sromebis
krebulidan TandaTan qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba erovnuli masStabis gamocemad gadaiqca. masSi
ukve ucxoeli avtorebis naSromebsac vxedavT da redkolegiis survilia es tendencia gaZlierdes
da Jurnalma saerTaSoriso xasiaTi miiRos.
aseTia mokled is gza, romelic qarTulma wyaroTmcodneobam ganvlo dRemde. vusurvebT mas
dRegrZelobas da darwmunebuli varT yvela TqvenTagani SemouerTdeba Cvens am survils qarTuli
mecnierebis sakeTildReod.
giuli alasania
mariam CxartiSvili
Tbilisi, 2016 wlis 29 ianvari
_ 14 _
redaqtorebisagan
EDITORIAL
We present with pleasure the new ediion of Georgian Source-Studies in which two volumes, namely, XVII/
XVIII, are binded. We eager to make the issuing of the journal more frequent, however, it is yet impossible because
of unfavorable circumstances: we have no paid workers who would devote all their energy and ime to preparing
of the journal. Our editorial stuf consists of volunteers who are very busy with their responsibiliies in places of
their main work. It is why someimes the work which actually requires only week to be done lasts for a month.
Despite this we do our best not interrupt issuing the journal.
We hope that the present ediion as previous ones, would be interesing for the readers and meet their
expectaions.
More than two dozen research papers are published in this issue. They are quite diferent in regard of
chronology and themaic focus. We distributed them in the several headings. This distribuion in certain degree
is condiional, because, as we already menioned in previous ediions, in pracice someimes it is impossible to
separate intellectual process of represening history from those of studying criically sources or historiographical
inquiries.
As in previous volumes, among the authors are persons with diferrent academic background: University
Professors, research fellows of the research insituions and also doctoral students, Georgians as well as foreign
scholars.
2015 was anniversary year for the journal. It became 50 years old. The irst issue was published in 1965;
however, Georgian Source-Studies was not journal yet, but collecion of academic works of scholars being research
fellows of the Department of Source-Studies at the Javakhishvili Insitute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography.
The Editorial board also was consisted of the members of the department. Since this date many things in the life
of the serial ediion had changed: editors, volume headings, number of issued copies, themaic and chronological
coverage, authors. The dates of the volumes’issuing are as follows: the irst one, as was already menioned was
published in 1965, in 1968 was published second volume, in 1971- III, 1973- IV, in 1978 – V, in 1985 –VI, in 1987
– VII, in 1993 – VIII, in 2000 – IX, in 2004 - X, in 2006 – XI, in 2010 – XII, in 2011 –XIII, in 2012 – XIV, in 2013
– XV, in 2014 – XVI. From the XII issue Georgian Source Studies is registered as journal and assumed the cover in
the current design, only colors are diferent for diferent issues.
In Georgian version of our notes we are presening brief survey of all these changes which actually are not
only facts of journal’s history, but relecion of Georgian society’s life during this half century period. The most
important among these facts is a fact of entering of Georgian scholarship into western academic space ater the
collapse of Soviet Union. As was already menioned originally the Georgian Source- Studies was an ediion made on
insituional level. Gradually, it broadened the sphere of inluence and nowadays represents journal of all naional
importance.
We wish long live to our journal and are sure that readers will join us in this desire for wellbeing of Georgian
scholarship.
Giuli Alasania
Tbilisi, January 29, 2016
_ 15 _
milocva
CONGRATULATIONS
milocva Cveni Jurnalis redaqtors
profesor mariam CxartiSvils
Zvirfaso qalbatono mariam!
miiReT Cveni gulwrfeli milocva dabadebidan me-60 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT.

Zalian gvixaria, rom TqvenTan TanamSromlobis da adamianuri urTierTobis saSualeba
gvaqvs, rom Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobas Tqveni da Cveni erToblivi ZalisxmeviT wvlili
Seaqvs qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.
gisurvebT yovelgvar sikeTes, cxovrebis xaliss da yvela Tqveni wamowyebis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebas!
Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis redkolegia
Congratulations to our Editor

Professor Mariam Chkhartishvili
Dear Kalbatono Mariam!
Please accept our most sincere congratulations on the occasion of your 60th Jubilee!
We are all very glad that we are given opportunity of collaboration and personal interrelations with you,
we are happy that with our joint efforts Journal Georgian Source -Studies is contributing to the development of
history discipline in Georgia.
We wish you all the bests, joy, and to your beginnings a successful completion!
Editorial Board of the Jounal Georgian Source -Studies
_ 19 _
wyaroTa kvleva da istoriuli
reprezentacia
SOURCE-STUDIES AND HISTORY
REPRESENTATIONS
sasisxlo sigelTa daTariRebisaTvis
goneli araxamia
marTalia, sasisxlo sigelTa Seswavlas, maT Soris, daTariRebis sakiTxis kvlevas xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs, magram am mimarTulebiT zogi ram dazustebas moiTxovs. amjerad saubari Seexeba
ramdenime maTganis teqstis Sedgenis drois gansazRvras.
niqaberiZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia sigelis piri, gadawerili etratze mxedruliT,
savaraudod, XVI saukuneSi. daculia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi (qm 1604). gamocemulia s. kakabaZis
mier (kakabaZe 1924: 2-6). gadaweris dros dednis kefebi areulia. sabuTis gadanawerSi Setanilia
sxva dokumentis fragmenti, romelic, albaT, dednis arSiaze an Tavisufal adgilze iyo dawerili.
sigelis adresatebi arian giorgi, oRi da sixaruli niqaberiZeebi, `gelaTisa winamdegni
da ymani~. sabuTis gamcemis Sesaxeb xelnaweri gvauwyebs: `daviTisagan bagratovanisa, Zisa
vaxtangisgan~ (kakabaZe 1924: 3). s. kakabaZis konieqturiT motanili fraza ase ikiTxeba: `daviTisagan
bagratovanisa, Zisa misisa vaxtangisgan~ (kakabaZe,1924: 5). sabuTis gacemis TariRis Sesaxeb
xelnawerSi vkiTxulobT: `daiwera sigeli sasisxlo da brZaneba ese...indikoto mefobasa CuenisaTa
ioane PeliTa mwignobari efTvimesiTa asurisTa~ (kakabaZe 1924: 3). s. kakabaZis dakvirvebiT, teqstis
motanili fraza damaxinjebulia gadamweris mier, romelsac TariRis maCvenebeli ìe~ (15) gaugia
sakuTari saxelis ìoanes~ daqaragmebad. misi azriT, sabuTis dedanSi aRniSnuli winadadeba ase
ikiTxeboda: `daiwera sigeli sasisxlo da brZaneba ese...indiktionsa mefobasa CuenisaTa ie, PeliTa
mwignobrisa efvTimesiTa asurisaTa~ (kakabaZe 1924: 4-5).
s. kakabaZe sigelis gamcemad miiCnevs daviT VI narins, romelic erTi qronikaluri cnobiT,
dedis, rusudanis Tanamosaydred ekurTxa 1236 wels (Jordania 1897: 124). aqedan gamomdinare
mkvlevari askvnis, rom misi mefobis meTxuTmete wels („indiktions i–e~) gacemuli sigeli 1251
wliT unda daTariRdes (kakabaZe 1924: 6), rasac iziareben d. JRenti (leqsikoni 1991: 266) da l.
ratiani (leqsikoni 2004: 308).
vfiqrob, sigelis TariRi dazustebas moiTxovs. saqme isaa, rom daviT narinis Tanamosaydred
kurTxevis TariRis Sesaxeb wyaroebi gansxvavebul cnobebs gvawvdian. e.w. afxazTa qronika,
romelsac emyareba s. kakabaZe, am faqts 1236 wliT aTariRebs, rac zusti ar unda iyos.
JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovani matianis~ mixedviT, daviT ufliswuli, SemdgomSi mefe daviT VI
narini, Tanamosaydred akurTxes quTaisSi xuTi wlis asakSi, rodesac aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
jalal-ad-dini TareSobda (yauxCiSvili 1959: 179). es ukanaskneli saqarTvelos gaecala 1230
wlis meore naxevarSi, mokles 1231 w. 17 agvistos. aqedan gamomdinare i. javaxiSvilma da n.
berZeniSvilma daviT narinis Tanamosaydred kurTxeva 1230 wliT daaTariRes (javaxiSvili 1982:
16; berZeniSvili 1966: 21). am ukanasknel TariRs iziarebs n. SoSiaSvili, Tumca aRniSnuli faqtis
TariRad 1232 welsac asaxelebs (SoSiaSvili 1984: 180).
Tu daviT narinis Tanamosaydred kurTxevis TariRad da, Sesabamisad, gansaxilvel sigelSi misi
mefobis indiktionis aTvlis wertilad 1230 wels an 1232 wels miviRebT, maSin sabuTis gacemis
TariRi 1245 w. an 1247 w. gamova, rac miuRebelia. saqme isaa, rom swored am wlebSi daviT VI
monRolTa yaenis karze imyofeboda da, cxadia, saqarTveloSi sigels ver gascemda.
rogorc ar unda daTariRdes daviT VI-is Tanamosaydred kurTxeva an dasavleT saqarTveloSi
misi gamefeba, aviRebT misi mefobis indiktionis aTvlis sawyisad Tanamosaydred Tu damoukidebel
mefed kurTxevis wels, niqabaZis sigelis gacemis TariRi scildeba daviT narinis moRvaweobis
xanas.
amaze miuTiTebs ramdenime garemoeba. sigelSi sisxlis fasi gansazRvrulia Zveli cxumuri
TeTriT. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom vercxlis fulis – TeTris, iqneba is kirmaneuli Tu cxumuri,
epiTeti `Zveli~ fexs ikidebs 1296 wlidan, rodesac yazan–yaenis reformis Sedegad SemoRebul
iqna vercxlis fulis axali kanonieri wona. ase rom, niqabaZis siglis gacemis qveda qronologiuri
zRvaria 1296 w. SesaZlebelia moiniSnos zeda qronologiuri zRvaric. siglis teqsti Seicavs
gviandeli damtkiceba-ganaxlebis fragments, romelsac xelaxla damamtkicebeli mefis saxeli
aklia, magram Semounaxavs xelaxla damtkicebis TariRi: ìndik(t)ionsa mefobasa rai as samocdasamsa~
(kakabaZe 1924: 3). frazaSi `rai as samocdasami~, rogorc s. kakabaZe SeniSnavs, qronikonis anbanuri
_ 23 _
goneli araxamia
maCvenebeli („rai~) ganmartebulia sityvieradac. qronikonis anbanuri maCvenebeli ki Tavdapirvelad

(igulisxmeba dedanSi) r (100), Y (60) da g (3) asoniSnebis kombinacia unda yofiliyo. mxedrul anbanSi
asoniSani (Y – iota) XVI saukunemde nusxuri grafikiT iwereboda (rac Zalian hgavda mxedrul à~-s).
gadamwerma sworad gaiazra am asoniSnis adgili anbanSi da, Sesabamisad, misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba
(60), oRond ricxvis anbanuri kombinaciis mesame asoniSnis gadmoRebaSi dauSva Secdoma da `g~-s
nacvlad ì~ dawera, Tumca ricxviTi mniSvneloba sityvierad („as samocdasami~) sworad gadmosca.
ase rom, niqabaZis sasisxlo sigelis xelaxali damtkicebis TariRia qronikoni 163 da iZleva
(1312+163) 1475 wels, rac, amave dros, misi Sedgenis zeda qronologiuri zRvaricaa.
amrigad, niqabaZis sasisxlo sigeli gacemulia 1296-1475 wlebs Soris, romlis gamcemi daviT
mefec am SualedSia saZiebeli. aRniSnul periodSi am saxelis matarebeli ori mefea cnobili, erTi
daviT IX, romelic i. javaxiSvilis mier dadgenili qronologiiT 1346-1360 ww. mefobda (javaxiSvili
1982: 83-84) da provinciis mefe daviT andronikes Ze, romelic politikur arenaze Cans 1354-1382
wlebSi. misi sagamgeblo teritoria Sida qarTli, kerZod, goris midamoebia (kakabaZe 1914: 139;
odiSeli 2010: 189). dasavleT saqarTveloze misi xelisuflebis gavrcelebis raime niSani wyaroebs
ar Semounaxavs, amitom `gelaTis winamdegni da ymani~ niqabaZeebi aRniSnuli daviTis vasalebi ver
iqnebodnen da, cxadia, maT sigelsac ver miscemda.
rCeba sruliad saqarTvelos mefe daviT IX, romelsac xeli miuwvdeboda dasavleT saqarTvelozec.
misi mefobis meTxuTmete indiktioni, Tu aTvlis wertilad erTpirovnuli gamefebis TariRs (1346 w.)
aviRebT, 1360-1361 wlebze modis.
yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom aRniSnul sigelSi daviT mefis Svilad dasaxelebulia
vaxtangi, romelic sxva wyaroebSi ar Cans. cnobilia, rom daviT IX samefo taxtze Secvala Tavisma
Zem bagratma. amitom niqabaZis sabuTis aRniSnuli cnoba SeiZleba daviT IX-is mefobis adreul
periods asaxavdes, roca mas bagrati jer kidev ar hyavda (pirmSo vaxtangi, ivaraudeba, mamis
sicocxleSi gardaicvala).
e.w. gorgaZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia mxedrulad dawerili piri, romelic daculia
xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (Ad 932). gragnilis meore mxares weria: èse sigelisa Zvelisa
dedossgan (sic) gar(d)movwereT da gar(d)moviReT~ (Jordania 1897: 194). gamocemulia T. Jordanias
mier (Jordania 1897: 193-195). sabuTis piri, xelis mixedviT T. Jordanias azriT, gadawerilia XV
saukuneSi (Jordania 1897: 193), s. kakabaZis SexedulebiT XVI s. meore naxevarSi (kakabaZe 1924: 67).
paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT (igulisxmeba asoebis: o, p, n, u, C, c, w nusxuridan mxedrulisaken
gardamavloba), j. odiSeli xelnawers XV s. miakuTvnebs (odiSeli 1966: 212).
es sigeli samecniero literaturaSi gorgaZis sasisxlo siglis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, magram
teqstSi adresatis gvari yvelgan amoSlilia da Cawerilia `gorgaZe~, oTxi aseTi SemTxvevidan
erTSi mkrTalad, magram garkveviT SemorCenilia nakvalevi gvarsaxelisa ìnosariZe~, rac mowmobs
imas, rom danarCen sam adgilzec, sadac adresati iyo dasaxelebuli, gvari ìnosariZe~ ewera. mas
daviTi rqmevia, razedac miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom adresatis saxeli `daviTi~ organ ZiriTadi
teqstis xeliTaa Semonaxuli (organ kidev gvarTan erTad saxelic waSlilia da dawerilia `gorgaZe
daviT~). sabuTis adresatis vinaobis waSla da axliT Canacvleba gakeTebulia TiTqmis Tanamedrove
xeliT, SesaZloa, rogorc j. odiSeli varaudobs, im daviT gorgaZis mier, romelmac is imereTidan
Camoitana da T. Jordanias gadaawerina XIX s. 90-ian wlebSi (odiSeli 1966: 212).
ase rom, e. w. gorgaZeTa sasisxlo sigeli sinamdvileSi daviT inosariZis saxelze gacemuli
sabuTia.
sigelis TavSi gamcemis Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `q. saxeliTa RmrTisaTa Cuen mefeT-mefeman
aleqsandreman da ZeTa CuenTa vaxtang daviTian bagratovanman...~ (Jordania 1897: 193). sigelis
bolos gadamweris mier gadmoRebulia xveuli xelrTva: àleqsandre~ (Jordania 1897: 194).
gacemis TariRis Sesaxeb teqstSi weria: `daiwera brZaneba da sigeli ese invndikonsa mefobisa
Sigan qron(ikon)sa oTxmocsa, Tvesa ivnissa cametsa, PeliTa mwi(gno)brisaTa Cuenisa grigolisiTa~
(Jordania 1897: 194). aleqsandre mefis indiqtionis (teqstSi damaxinjebulia: ìnvndikoni~) ricxviTi
maCvenebeli ar gvaqvs, magram miTiTebulia qronikoni 80, rac 1392 wels (1312+80) uCvenebs.
sigelis gamcemi aleqsandre mefis identifikacia azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. T. Jordania mas
aigivebs lixT-iqiTis mefe aleqsandresTan, romelic, vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, gamefda 1387
wels da gardaicvala 1389 wels (yauxCiSvili 1973: 803). T. Jordania gansaxilveli sigelis TariRs
ufro sandod miiCnevs, vidre vaxuSti bagrationis cnobas aRniSnuli mefis gardacvalebis TariRis
Sesaxeb (Jordania 1897: 193). s. kakabaZis azriT, sigelis dedanSi unda werebuliyo `qronikonsa as
pT~ (anu 1501 weli), rac gadamwers SecdomiT gadmouRia rogorc òTxmocsa~. amis safuZvelze is
_ 24 _
sigels miakuTvnebs imerTa mefes aleqsandre II-s (kakabaZe 1924: 68), rasac ar iziarebs j. odiSeli
(odiSeli 1966: 212).
gansaxilveli sigelis gacemis axlo xanebSi, XIV s. 90-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Cans
provinciis mefe aleqsandre (niniZe 1995: 103-112). d. niniZe svams kiTxvas, xom ar SeiZleba am ukanasknelis
gaigiveba e. w. gorgaZis sasisxlo sigelis gamcem aleqsandre mefesTan? (niniZe 1995: 108).
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom inosariZis („gorgaZis~) sasisxlo sigelis gamcemi mefis xe-
lisuflebis gavrcelebis areali dasavleT saqarTveloSia, yvelaze misaRebad Cans T. Jordanias
Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, sabuTi gacemulia daviT narinis STamomavlis, dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi 1387 wels gamefebuli aleqsandre bagratis Zis mier, romlis gardacvalebis vaxuStiseuli
TariRi (1389 weli), gansaxilveli sigelis safuZvelze, unda gadaisinjos.
sigelis adresati daviT inosariZe dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod, raWa-leCxumis cnobili
feodaluri sagvareulos warmomadgenelia. inosariZeTa/inasariZeTa gvari werilobiT wyaroebSi
pirvelad labeWinis XIII s. warweraSi ixsenieba (TayaiSvili 1991: 26).
gugunavebis sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia sabuTis ori piri; erTi maTgani, etratze dawerili
mxedruliT, xelis mixedviT XV-XVI ss-s ekuTvnis da daculia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi (qim
1607); meore, Sesrulebuli 1868 wels a. berJes dakveTiT, inaxeba sankt-peterburgis aRmosavleTis
xelnawerTa institutSi, m. broses arqivSi (Н91, f. 4v –5г).
pirveli xelnaweris (qim 1607) mixedviT teqstis didi nawili gamoaqveyna s. kakabaZem (kakabaZe
1924: 299–300); ufro adre man gamoaqveyna teqsti meore xelnaweris mixedviT (kakabaZe 1913a:
18-19). rusuli Targmani imave (peterburgSi daculi) xelnaweris mixedviT gamosca saurmag kakabaZem
(kakabaZe 1982: 117-119).
sigelis adresatebi arian mefis molareTuxucesis qveli WilaZis yma-vasalebi, kaku da misi
Svilebi: mamale, gavaSeli, taibuRa da rati gugunavebi (kakabaZe 1913a: 18).
sigelis gamcemi mefis vinaoba xelnawerebSi gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili. quTaisur
nusxaSi vkiTxulobT: `q. saxeliTa RuTisaTa daviT mefeman da gi(or)gi bagratuobaTa...~ (ix. qim
1607). peterburgul xelnawerSi Sesabamisi adgili ase ikiTxeba: `q. saxeliTa RmrTisaTa daviTianman
mefeman giorgim bagratonianman...~ (kakabaZe 1913a: 18). rogorc vxedavT, quTaisur nusxaSi sigelis
gamcemad dasaxelebulia ori mefe − daviTi da giorgi. d. JRenti (leqsikoni 1991: 268) da m.
surgulaZe (surgulaZe 2010: 175) Tvlian, rom sigelis gamcemia mefe daviTi, romelsac aigiveben
daviT X-sTan (1505-1525), magram es mosazreba sabuTis erTi (quTaisuri) xelnaweris damaxinjebul
Cvenebas emyareba; mefis titulaturis aRmniSvneli `daviTiani~ (mianiSnebs bagrationTa bibliuri
daviT winaswarmetyvelisagan warmoSobas), damowmebuli peterburgul nusxaSi, quTaisuri nusxis
gadamwerma gaigo rogorc sakuTari saxeli („daviTi~) da asec gadmoitana.
sabuTis gamcemi mefis vinaobis gasarkvevad sargis da saurmag kakabaZeebi, savsebiT marTebulad,
upiratesobas peterburguli nusxis wakiTxvas aniWeben da aseTad giorgi mefes Tvlian, romelsac
giorgi VII-sTan (1393-1407) aigiveben. maTi azriT, aseT identifikacias adasturebs sigelSi mowmeebs
Soris dasaxelebuli giorgi mefis siZe amirejibi kaxaber CijavaZe (kakabaZe 1913a: 19; kakabaZe 1924:
300; kakabaZe 1982: 119), romelic sxva sabuTis mixedviT, marTlac iyo giorgi VII-is siZe _ misi dis
ulumpias meuRle (enuqiZe da sxvebi 2013: 7).
sigelis gamcemi rom giorgi VII, amas mowmobs masSi daculi kidev erTi realia. sabuTis damweria
demetre markoziSvili (kakabaZe 1913a: 19; kakabaZe 1924: 300), romelic mdivan-mwignobari iyo giorgi
VII-isa da aleqsandre I-is (1413-1446) karze (enuqiZe da sxvebi 2013: 81, 90, 101, 115, 119, 126, 129,
136, 152).
qveli WilaZe ixsenieba tyviris eklesiis qtitorul warweraSi (TayaiSvili 1913: 2-5; WilaZeTa
sagvareulos Sesaxeb ix. soselia 1973: 271-284; araxamia 2009: 8-26).
miqabaZis sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia sabuTis piri, gadawerili etratze XV saukuneSi.
xelnaweri daculia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi (qim 1605).
siglis adresatebi arian daviT da giorgi miqabaZeebi, mefis meabjarTuxucesis giorgi CxetiZis
yma-vasalebi (kakabaZe 1924: 6).
sabuTis gamcemia giorgi mefeT-mefe ìesian-daviTian-solomonian bagratuani nebiTa RvTisaTa
afxazTa, qarTuelTa, ranTa, kaxTa, somexTa, SanSe da SarvanSTa, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTisa,
samxrisa da CrdiloeTisa, lixT-imerisa da lixT-amerisa – orsave saxelmwifosa taxt-gvirguinisa
RvTisa mier mflobel-mpyrobeli~ (kakabaZe 1924: 6-7).
gacemis TariRad dasaxelebulia giorgis mefobis indiktioni ricxviTi maCveneblis gareSe da
qronikoni 545 (kakabaZe 1924: 8).
_ 25 _
goneli araxamia
sabuTis daTariRebis sakiTxi ganixila s. kakabaZem. qronikoni 545, cxadia, gaugebrobaa – is

qronikonul 532 wlian cikls 13 wliT scildeba. es ucnauroba qronikonis ricxviTi maCveneblisa,
s. kakabaZis azriT, aixsneba imiT, rom sabuTis Semdgenelma dasrulebuli qronikonis srul cikls
(532-s) meqanikurad miumata axali qronikonis wlebi, romelTa raodenoba 13-s Seadgenda. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT mkvlevarma qronikonis maCveneblad gamoiyvana 13 da miiRo 1325 w. (1312+13) (kakabaZe
1924: 8-9). s. kakabaZis es Tvalsazrisi gaiziares d. niniZem (ix. niniZe 1995: 121), k. kaxaZem (kaxaZe
2001:46-48) da a. baqraZem (leqsikoni 2004: 180). sigelis gamcemi giorgi mefe s. kakabaZem gaaigiva
vaxuSti bagrationis TxzulebaSi dasaxelebul giorgi mefesTan, romelic imeruli garigebis
wignis qronikaluri cnobiT, gardaicvala 1345 wels es ukanaskneli, mkvlevris varaudiT, daviT
narinis Camomavali iyo (kakabaZe 1924: 9). es varaudi ar gaiziares d. niniZem da k. kaxaZem. maTi
azriT, sigelis gamcemia giorgi V brwyinvale (niniZe 1995: 121; kaxaZe 2001: 48).
vfiqrobT, sabuTis TariRisa da gamcemi mefis identifikaciis sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi udavo ar aris. amis safuZvels iZleva ramdenime garemoeba. uwinares yovlisa,
xelnawerSi daculi qronikonis ricxviTi maCveneblis s. kakabaZiseuli interpretacia xelovnurad
gamoiyureba – qronikoniT TariRis miTiTeba imgvarad, rogorc es gansaxilveli sigelis xelnawerSi
gvaqvs, arc erT qarTul werilobiT ZeglSi ar dasturdeba.
cnoba TariRis Sesaxeb damaxinjebulia gadamweris mier da misi pirvandeli saxiT aRdgena
uimedo Cans. meore, sigelis TavSi mefis titulaturaSi vkiTxulobT: ìesian-daviTian-solomoniani~,
riTac qarTveli bagrationebi bibliur daviTTan TavianT naTesaobas usvamdnen xazs. es elementi
qarTvel mefeTa titulaturaSi fexs ikidebs XIV s. 80-iani wlebidan (enuqiZe da sxvebi 2013: 50,
98), rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom gansaxilveli sabuTi ekuTvnis ufro gviandel xanas, vidre giorgi V
brwyinvalis mefobaa (1318-1346). aqedan gamomdinare sigeli gacemuli unda iyos giorgi VII (1393-
1407) an giorgi VIII (1446-1465) mier. sxva giorgi mefe, romlis moRvaweoba Tavsdeba sabuTis Sedgenis
savaraudo epoqaSi (XV-XVI saukuneebi) da dasavleT saqarTveloSic flobda xelisuflebas, cnobili
araa. sabuTis damweris vinaoba – samefo `karisa da sawolis mwignobari daviTi~ – ki gvibiZgebs
iqiTken, rom sielis gamcemad giorgi VII vivaraudoT, ramdenadac swored misi mefobis axlo xanebSi,
saxeldobr, 1408 wels samefo karze moRvaweobda `sawolis mwignobari daviTi~, gvarad cnodisZe
(enuqiZe da sxvebi 2013: 100).
miqabaZis gvaris samkvidro raWa unda yofiliyo: XV-XVI ss-iT daTariRebuli nasyidobis wignis
mixedviT, miqabaZe ivania mowmedaa dasaxelebuli daviT samsoniSvilis mier Salva SerazadiSvilisaTvis
micemuli miwis nasyidobis wignisa (leqsikoni 2004: 190).
TodoZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia sigelis ori piri. erTi maTgani, dawerili etratze
mxedruliT, xelis mixedviT, gadawerilia XV saukuneSi. inaxeba quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi (qm
591). meore piri, gadawerili pirvelisgan, inaxeba zugdidis istoriul muzeumSi (xelnawerTa fondi
zd-73). etratis xelnaweri Tavis droze Toduebs warudgeniaT samegrelos mmarTvelobis sabWoSi
(1857-1867), rasac gvauwyebs Semdegi rusuli minaweri: `Сей документ в Совет Управления Мингрелиею
крестьянином Тодуевым явлен и в книгу подоринником под №829 записан, в чем подписан присутствующих
и приложением казеннкой печати свидетельствуется~ (kakabaZe 1924: 47). sigeli etratis xelnaweris
mixedviT gamoaqveyna s. kakabaZem (kakabaZe 1924: 45-47).
sabuTis mimRebad dasaxelebulia sargis farijanianis yma-msaxurebi vardan da giorgi
TodoZeebi. etratis xelnawerSi is adgili, sadac naTqvamia, rom mefe konstantines winaSe iaja
sargis farijanianma misi erTguli ymebis vardan da giorgi TodoZeebisaTvis sasisxlo siglis
boZeba, sityvebi: `farijaniani sargis~ gadakeTebulia ase: `marad mTavarangelozis eklesiis kars~
(kakabaZe 1924: 48). etratis xelnaweridan gadmoRebul zugdidur nusxaSi gadasworebis kvali,
bunebrivia, ar Cans. gadamkeTeblis mizani kargad Cans – mas surda waeSala farijanianis mimarT
TodoZeebis ymobis maCvenebeli sityvebi. Sesworeba, xelis mixedviT, XVI saukuneSi unda momxdariyo
(kakabaZe 1924: 46).
sabuTis Sedgenis weli miTiTebuli ar aris, magram mocemulia gacemis Tve, dRe da ricxvi (15
dekemberi, paraskevi). sabuTis gamcemia mefe konstantine. sigelis gacemis savaraudo epoqaSi (XIV-
XVI ss.) am saxelis mqone oTxi mefea cnobili: dasavleT saqarTvelos mefeebi konstantine daviT
narinis Ze (1293-1336), misi Zmis, miqaelis SviliSvili konstantine bagratis Ze (1396-1401), erTiani
saqarTvelos mefeebi (romelTa xelisufleba dasavleT saqarTvelozec vrceldeboda), konstantine
I (1407-1412) da konstantine II (1478-1505). maT Soris, gamoricxvis wesiT, gansaxilveli sabuTis
gamcemad ver miviCnevT konstantine daviT narinis Zes. amis safuZvels iZleva, rogorc a. tuRuSi
SeniSnavs, mefeTa titulaturaSi mocemuli formula ìesian-daviTian-solomoniani~, romelic
_ 26 _
konstantine daviT narinis Zis mefobis xanaSi jer kidev ar iyo damkvidrebuli sigelTdawerilobis
praqtikaSi (tuRuSi 2006: 206).
sigelis gamcem mefeTa rigidan, vfiqrob, gamosaricxia konstantine bagratis Zec, romelic,
ramdenadac viciT, yaenTan urdoSi ar yofila dasaxelebul mefeTa Soris gansaxilveli sabuTis
gamcemi mefis Ziebisas gvaqvs erTi amosavali realia, rasac Tavad sigelis teqsti gvawvdis. sigelSi
mefe gvauwyebs: `RmrTisa samarTalsa zeda SeuSviT. laSqars viyaviT. sami TaTari gamoirCia yainman,
viTa sami qristiane SeabiTo samarTalsa zeda. merme erTi ese Todoa vardan SevabiT da ori sxva.
ipriana RmerTman da samive daWres da mokles~ qarTvelebma~ (kakabaZe 1924: 46).
cnobis Sinaarsi garkveul komentars moiTxovs. naTelia, rom mefe konstantine qarTvel
meomrebTan erTad imyofeboda `laSqarSi~, romeliRac yaenTan, rac niSnavs imas, rom yaeni da
qarTveli mefe erTmaneTs ki ar ebrZvian, aramed qarTveli mefe Tavisi jariT yaenTan imyofeba anu
am ukanasknelis winaSe ixdis samxedro valdebulebas. amis gaTvaliswineba saWiroa sabuTis gamcemi
konstantine mefis identifikaciisaTvis. yaens mouTxovia sam-sami TaTrisa da qristianis `Sebma~
(SebrZoleba) `samarTalsa zeda~. cnobilia, rom `samarTalsa zeda Sebma~ Sua saukuneebSi farTod
gavrcelebuli ordaliebis erT-erTi formaa, rasac, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, mimarTavdnen
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTloze verc mosarCele da verc mopasuxe sxva mtkicebulebebiT
ver axerxebdnen sakuTari poziciis damtkicebas. aseT dros sasamarTlo daniSnavda orTabrZolas.
simarTle imis mxares iqneboda, vinc orTabrZolidan gamarjvebuli gamovidoda (javaxiSvili 1984:
354).
yaenis gadawyvetileba `samarTalsa zeda Sebma~ sam TaTarsa da konstantine mefis mxridan
sam qristians (resp. qarTvels) Soris, marTalia, iribad, magram eWvmiutanlad gulisxmobs imas,
rom yaensa da qarTvel mefes Soris, an yaenis qveSevrdomebsa da qarTveli mefis amalas Soris
warmoSobila sadavo saqme, romelic gasarCevad sasamarTlos gadascemia. sasamarTloze verc yaenisa
da verc qarTvelTa mxarem Tavisi poziciis dasacavad sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi ver warmoadgina
da sasamarTlom `Sebma~ daadgina. am SebmaSi, rogorc mefe konstantine iuwyeba, qarTul mxares
gaumarjvia.
sabuTSi miTiTebulia gacemis Tve, ricxvi da dRe (15 dekemberi, paraskevi), rac garkveul
samsaxurs gviwevs sigelis gamcemi mefis identifikaciaSi. a. kalandaZis universaluri kalendris
mixedviT, konstantine I-is mefobis periodSi 5 dekemberi paraskev dReze modioda 1410 wels.,
konstantine II-s mefobis xanaSi ki – 1483 wels da 1488 wels.
arCevani gvaqvs konstantine I–sa (1407-1412) da konstantine II–s (1478-1505) Soris, magram arCevans
arTulebs is garemoeba, rom, jer erTi, ar Cans yaenis vinaoba da meore is, rom orive konstantines
mefobis istoriis, gansakuTrebiT, sagareo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb metad mwiri cnobebi gvaqvs.
SemorCenili wyaroebidan viciT, rom konstantine I orgzis imyofeboda urdoSi (leqsikoni 1991:
317). amaSi SeiZleba Temur-lengTan ufliswulobis dros misi orgzisi (1401 wels da 1403 wels)
elCoba igulisxmebodes (kacitaZe 1976: 156; tabataZe 1974: 151–152). magram ufliswulobis xanaSi
misi laSqriT xleba da samsaxuri Temur-lengTan ar dasturdeba (aseT samsaxurs ar gulisxmobs
misi mxridan morCilebis gamocxadeba Temur-lengisadmi Zmis, giorgi VII-is mefobis xanaSi, razedac
mogviTxroben ucxoeli avtorebi (kacitaZe 1974: 157-160; tabataZe 1974: 148-151). konstantine I-is
samxedro valdebulebis Sesaxeb romelime ucxo qveynis yaenis winaSe misi moRvaweobis romelime
etapze araferia cnobili, Tumca a. tuRuSi miiCnevs, rom sigeli gacemulia konstantine I-is mier
1410 wels(tuRuSi 2006: 207).
yaenTan laSqriT samsaxuris Sesaxeb cnobilia konstantine II-is moRvaweobidan. rogorc cnobilia,
bagrat VI-m konstantine II 1472 w. qveynidan gaaZeva (odiSeli 1968: 27), romelmac ay-yoinlus yaenTan
uzun hasanTan Seafara Tavi. mas Tan gahyva baraTaSvili da sxva mcire amala (yauxCiSvili 1959: 342).
am dros uzun hasani osmaleTTan saomrad emzadeboda da saqarTvelos mefes jari mosTxova, rac
Sesrulda kidec (kiknaZe 1963: 117). brZolebi uzun-hasanis jarsa da osmaleTs Soris 1473 wels
galaTiasTan da mdinare TerjanasTan gaimarTa. galaTiasTan brZolaSi qarTvelebic, maT Soris,
konstantinec monawileobda. TerjanasTan brZolaSi uzun-hasani damarcxda. brZolis velidan
dabrunebuli uzun-hasani imave wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos Semoesia (kiknaZe 1963: 117-118),
qarTli moarbia, bagrat mefes xarki Seawera da didZali nadavliT dabrunda TavrizSi (asaTiani da
sxvebi 2012: 128). uzun hasanTan TavSefarebuli konstantine II swored am dros dabrunda qarTlSi.
1474 wels 5 aprils is dolisZeebs aZlevs wyalobis sigels (TariRisTvis ix. odiSeli 2010: 176).
amis Semdeg misi raime monawileoba ucxo qveynis laSqarSi ar Cans. vardan TodoZe SeiZleboda am
laSqrobaSi xleboda konstantine mefes. rac Seexeba sigelis gacemas, zemoT dasaxelebuli ori
_ 27 _
goneli araxamia
savaraudo TariRidan upiratesoba 1483 wels unda mieniWos: am dros misi xelisufleba dasavleT
saqarTveloze jer kidev vrceldeboda, 1488 wels lixTimereTSi aleqsanre II mefobda.
asaTianebis sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia XIX saukuneSi qaRaldze mxedrulad dawerili piri,
romelic inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (Hd 10144a). gamoqveynebulia s. kakabaZis mier (sm, II,
1924, gv. 14-15).
siglis mimRebia aznaurebi qveli da ardaSel asaTianebi.
sabuTis gamcemni arian mefeT-mefe gorgasali da dedofalT-dedofali Tamari (kakabaZe 1924: 14).
TariRis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `daiwera brZaneba ese indiktionsa (xelnawerSia: indikorsa)
mef(ob)isa Cuenisasa sJd qronikonsa~ (kakabaZe 1924: 15). `sJd~, romelic nusxa-xucuriTaa dawerili,
qronikonis maCveneblad Tu CavTvliT, maSin miviRebT 1606 w. (1312+194), rac didad scildeba,
rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, sigelis gamcemi savaraudo mefis moRvaweobis xanas. amitom swori
unda iyos s. kakabaZis mosazreba, rom nusxuri `sJd~ sabuTis Zveli saarqivo aRricxvis maCvenebeli
unda iyos (kakabaZe 1924: 15), romelic sigelis bolos iyo miwerili, xolo gadamwerma TariRis
maCveneblad CaTvala da teqstSi Seitana.
sabuTis gamcemi mefeT-mefe gorgasali aris igive mefeT-mefe vaxtang aleqsandre I-is (1413-
1442) Ze, romelic mamam Tavis sicocxleSi dasva provinciis mefed dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tamar
dedofalTan erTad. vaxtangisa da Tamaris (is daviT narinis SviliSvilis aleqsandres asuli
iyo) erToblivi, Semdgom damoukidebeli mefoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi gagrZelda centralur
(Tbilisis) samefo taxtze mis asvlamde – 1442 wlamde. dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1432 wels gacemul
sabuTebSi vaxtangi didi winapris, vaxtang gorgaslis mibaZviT Tavs gorgasals uwodebs.
sigelSi dasaxelebuli mefeT-mefe Tamari, romelic s. kakabaZis (kakabaZe 1924: 16) mier da
pirTa anotirebul leqsikonSic (leqsikoni 1991: 294) vaxtang gorgaslis Tanamecxedred aris
miCneuli, sinamdvileSi am ukanasknelis dedinacvalia. moRweulia aRniSnuli Tamar mefis mier
damoukideblad gacemuli sigeli, romelsac TariRad uzis 1433 weli (TayiSvili 1909: 371).
s. kakabaZe sworad aigivebs gansaxilveli sabuTis gorgasals guraliZisa da kotriZis sigelebSi
moxseniebul vaxtang gorgasalTan, magram vaxtang gorgaslisa da Tamar mefis genealogiis Sesaxeb
mis mier warmodgenili sqema (kakabaZe 1924: 16) sakiTxis Semdgomma kvlevam ar daadastura (niniZe
1995: 150–153; kaxaZe 2001: 55–56).
zustad ar viciT, Tu romeli wlidan iwyeba vaxtang aleqsandre I-is Zis, zedwodebiT, gorgaslis
mefoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, amitom asaTianis sasisxlo siglis gacemis qveda qronologiur
zRvrad pirobiTad viRebT 1432 wels – misi saxeliT cnobili sabuTebidan yvelaze adrindelis
TariRs, zeda zRvrad – centralur (Tbilisis) taxtze mis asvlis TariRs − 1442 wels.
kapanaZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia sabuTis etratze gadawerili piri, romelic, xelis
mixedviT, XV s. ekuTvnis. daculia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi (qm 607). gamoqveynebulia s. kakabaZis
mier (kakabaZe 1924: 10-11).
sabuTs dasawyisi aklia. teqsti iwyeba dimitri mefis, dadianis, gurielisa da mefis kariskacTa
mier kapanaZisaTvis `gaCeniT~ anu sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT mikuTvnebuli raRac `gardanaxadis~
damtkicebis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg gansazRvrulia sanaxSiros, sazaosa da Sesamyrelos konkretuli
odenoba, xolo sxvadasxva danaSaulisaTvis sazRauris odenoba srul sisxlTan SefardebiTaa
gansazRvruli (mag., `naxevari sisxli~, `meequsedi sisxli~ an `rogorc amisgan (igulisxmeba sruli
sisxli g. a.) xvdebodes~), magram TviT sruli sisxlis odenoba sabuTis SemorCenil nawilSi ar
Cans, Tumca misi arseboba udavod igulisxmeba (sxvanairad ama Tu im danaSaulisaTvis sazRauris
SefardebiT gansazRvras azri ar hqonda). sruli sisxlis odenoba sabuTis dakargul nawilSi
yofila gansazRvruli. am TaviseburebiT kapanaZis sigeli hgavs iakobiZis sasisxlo sabuTs (1433 w.),
romelic iwyeba imis Sesaxeb TxrobiT, rom oqropir iakobiZis mkvlelobis saqmeze mefis sasamarTlom
gansazRvra misi sruli sisxli, romlis gadaxda daakisra damnaSaves da amis Semdeg gansazRvrulia
sazRauri zogierTi danaSaulisaTvis sruli sisxlis odenobasTan SefardebiT („naxevari sisxlisa~,
`mesamedi ama TeTrisa~) (TayaiSvili 1909: 372-374; kakabaZe 1913b: 8).
TariRis Sesaxeb Semonaxuli piri Semdegs iuwyeba: daiwera `brZaneba da sigeli ese indiktionsa
(xelnawerSia: inkotinisa) mefobasa Sina Cvenisasa Tuesa sekdenbersa (xelnawerSia: seknedebera)
ocdaerTsa~ (kakabaZe 1924: 11). indiktionis ricxviTi maCvenebeli ar weria. sabuTis mimRebia daviT
kapanaZe, gamcemi mefeT-mefe dimitri (kakabaZe 1924: 11).
XV s. wyaroebis mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi cnobilia dimitri aleqsandres Ze. caiSis
sawinamZRvre jvris warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `sisxliTa SeniTa mogebulsa nu ugulebels myof
dResa mas gankiTxvisasa me dimitri mefeTa mefesa, Ze(s)a ale(qsand)res(s)a, romelman war(vu)ZRvane
_ 28 _
juari ese daniel Caisels...amin~ (Jordania 1897: 270). daniel caiSeli labsyeldaSis (svaneTi)
taZris dawerilSi gvauwyebs: `me, caiSeli mTavarepiskoposi danieli, labsyeldasa mivedi. vakurTxe
mTavarangelozi labsyeldaSisa, demetre mefisa mefobasa Siga erisTavT-erisTavisa dadianisa
ozbegisa brZanebiTa...~ (silogava 1989: 104). daviT kapanaZis sasisxlo sigeli gacemulia `mefeT-
mefis dimitris~ mier, romlis brZanebis erT-erTi damamtkicebelia mefis `meavJande dadian-
gurieli~ (kakabaZe 1924: 10).
samive wyaro uTariRoa, rac arTulebs maTSi dasaxelebuli dimitris adgilis moniSvnas
quTaisis mefeTa rigSi.
cnobilia dimitri mefis saxeliT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gacemuli ramdenime sigeli, maT
Soris, TariRianic. esenia: 1) nasyidobis wigni zaqaria daribegaSvilisadmi qalaqSi, mefis zvris TavSi
mdebare savenaxe miwis miyidvis Sesaxeb, romelic gacemulia 1445 wels 26 agvistos (Jordania 1897:
257); 2) Sewirulobis ganaxlebis sigeli SiomRvimis monastrisadmi, gacemuli 1451 wels (Jordania
1896: 74); 3) wyalobis wigni berZeni mitropolitis xrisantesadmi zaqaria daribegaSviliseuli miwis
boZebis Sesaxeb (leqsikoni 1991: 27).
rogorc vxedavT, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gacemuli TariRiani sabuTebis mixedviT, dimitri
mefed Cans 1445-1451 wlebSi, magram am sabuTebis regulaciis Tema da adresatebi ar SeiZleboda
moqceuli yofiliyo misi, rogorc mefis, iurisdiqciis sferoSi. ganvmartavT naTqvams: qalaqSi
(TbilisSi) daribegaSvilisaTvis miyiduli, mogvianebiT ki berZeni mitropolitisTvis boZebuli
miwis nakveTi ar SeiZleboda moqceuli yofiliyo dimitris samefos teritoriul sazRvrebSi,
vinaidan Tbilisi am dros erTiani saqarTvelos mefis vaxtang IV-is iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda.
aSkaraa, rom dimitri aRniSnuli miwis nakveTs gankargavs rogorc kerZo mesakuTre da es kerZo
sakuTreba misi saganmgeblo teritoriis gareTaa.
mefe demetre, aleqsandre I-is Ze, Sio-mRvimis monasters yma-mamulebis Seuvalobas umtkicebs,
rac miuTiTebs mis mefobaze Sida qarTlSi, sadac iyo ganTavsebuli, ZiriTadad, aRniSnuli
monastris mamulebi (lominaZe 1953: 35-36).
dimitri aleqsandres Zis samflobelo teritoriis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia javaxiSvilebis
saCivris wignSi (XV s. bolo meoTxedi), sadac naTqvamia, rom òdes vaxtang mefoba daiWira, wyals
iqiT missa Zmasa patronsa demetres mianeba~ (berZeniSvili 1937: 35). n. berZeniSvilis gamokvleviT,
sabuTSi moxseniebuli vaxtang mefe erTiani saqarTvelos mefe vaxtang IV-a (1442-1446), `wyals iqiT~
mdebare teritoria ki, romelic axalgamefebulma vaxtangma Zmas demetres `mianeba~ anu srul
gankargulebaSi gadasca, Sida qarTlis nawilia mtkvris marjvena mxares (gviandeli wyaroebis
`gaRma mxari~) da moicavda TeZmisa da atenis xeobebs (berZeniSvili 1937: 11, 25; gvritiSvili 1955:
121-131; niniZe 1995: 134-138).
zemoT dasaxelebul wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli dimitri (demetre) mefis genealogiisa da
moRvaweobis qronologiis sakiTxebma didi xania miiqcia mkvlevarTa yuradReba. s.kakabaZis
mosazrebiT, kapanaZis sasisxlo sigelis gamcemi mefeT-mefe dimitri unda yofiliyo saqarTvelos
mefis aleqsandre 1-is Svili, romelic jer kidev mamis sicocxleSi 1429 w. ixsenieba mefed (kakabaZe
1913g: 14). s.kakabaZe, amodis ra aleqsandres mier Svilebs Soris qveynis samefoebad danawilebis
Sesaxeb erT dros farTod fexmokidebuli koncefciidan, Tvlis, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo
samefod miuRia dimitri ufliswuls, romelic aq mefobda 1429 wlidan gardacvalebamde (1452 w.)
(kakabaZe 1924: 12).
daniel caiSelis sigeli labsyeldaSis taZrisadmi e.TayaiSvilma, uneblie SecdomiT, daviT
narinis dros gacemulad miiCnia da, Sesabamisad, is 1258-1293 wlebiT daaTariRa (TayaiSvili 1991: 458).
p.ingoroyvas azriT, sabuTSi naxsenebi mefeT-mefe demetre aleqsandre I didis Zea, romlis zeoba,
ratomRac, vaxuSti bagrationis mier daviT narinis STamomavlis, dimitri aleqsandres Zis erisTavobis
wlebiT (1414-1455), sabuTis gacema ki 1442-1452 wlebiT gansazRvra (ingoroyva 1940: 28).i. doliZem
sigeli demetre II Tavdadebulis mefobis wlebiT 1271-1289 daaTariRa (doliZe 1965: 171). v.silogavac
Tvlis, rom sabuTis gamcemia aleqsandre I didis Ze dimitri da iziarebs misi mefobis j.odiSelis
mier (odiSeli 2010: 175). dadgenil qronologias 1445-1452 ww. (silogava 1986: 64). d.niniZis azriT,
zemoT dasaxelebul dasavlur-qarTul da aRmosavlur-qarTul wyaroebSi (sabuTebsa da warweraSi)
dasaxelebuli mefe dimitri erTi da igive pirovnebaa da is aleqsandre I-is Zea, romlis ZiriTad
samflobelos Zmis, vaxtang IV-is mier `minebebuli~ `gaRma mxari~ warmoadgenda da amave dros mas
gavlena hqonda dasavleT saqarTvelos garkveul teritoriaze (niniZe 1995: 134-138).
zemoT aRniSnul aRmosavlurqarTul da dasavlurqarTul wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli dimitri
mefis erTmaneTTan mimarTeba mTlad naTeli ar aris. maTi gaigiveba, arsebiTad, saxelisa da
_ 29 _
goneli araxamia
mamis saxelis igiveobas emyareba. amave safuZvliT, dasavlurqarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli

mefe dimitri SeiZleba gavaigivoT daviT narinis STamomaval dimitri aleqsandres ZesTanac,
romelic, vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, aleqsandre I-ma imereTis erisTavad dasva da am statusiT
gardaicvala 1455 wels (yauxCiSvili 1973: 804-805), magram gamoricxuli araa, rom aleqsandre I-is
gardacvalebis Semdeg garkveuli droiT imereTis mefoba moexveWa. dimitri aleqsandre I-is Zis
samflobelo gamokveTilad Cans `gaRma mxari~ Sida qarTlSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki misi mefoba
hipoTeturia. amitom Cven Riad vtovebT sam dasavlurqarTul wyaroSi (daniel caiSelis dawerili,
caiSis sawinamZRvre jvris warwera da kapanaZis sasisxlo sigeli) dasaxelebuli udavod dasavleT
saqarTvelos mefis dimitri aleqsandres Zis warmomavlobis sakiTxs.
rac Seexeba imereTSi dimitri aleqsandres Zis mefobis qronologias, is unda ganisazRvros
1442-1443/1444 wlebiT. amas mowmobs Semdegi: 1432 wlidan (Tu ufro adreuli wlebidan ara) 1442
wlamde (aleqsandre I-is taxtidan gadadgomamde), rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, quTaisis mefea vaxtang
gorgasali (masTan erTad garkveuli droiT mefobs Tamaric). 1443/1444 wlidan 1466 wlamde,
rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, quTaisis taxtze zis bagrat II (1466-1478 wlebSi qarTl-imereTis mefe
bagrat VI). ase rom, dimitris mefobisTvis adgili rCeba mxolod aRniSnul wlebSi.
TofuriZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia sabuTis etratze dawerili piri (mxedrulad),
romelic daculia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi (qm №1508). teqsti gamocemulia oTxjer: e.
TayaiSvilis mier 1891 w. (TayaiSvili 1891: №213) da 1909 w. (TayaiSvili 1909: 35-38), T. Jordanias
mier (Jordania 1897: 233–235) da s. kakabaZis mier (kakabaZe 1920: 73-75).
sabuTis mimRebni arian kaciber, Sergil, giorgi da iovane TofuriZeebi. gamcemia mefe
aleqsandre.
sabuTis bolos miTiTebulia gacemis TariRi: `daiwera brZaneba da sigeli ese Jamsa aleqsandres
mefobisasa qoronikonsa: as: samocdarvasa: Tvesa maissa a(T)Cvidmetsa~.
qronikonis ricxviTi maCvenebeli 868, rodesac misi sruli cikli mxolod 532 weliwads
moicavs, cxadia, mcdaria. s. kakabaZe varaudobda, dedanSi qronikonis maCvenebeli unda yofiliyo
roH, romelic gadamwerma arasworad gaigo. am savaraudo aRdgeniT, sabuTis dedniseuli TariRi
iyo 178 anu 1490 weli.
sabuTis gamcem mefe aleqsandres e. TayaiSvili aigivebs aleqsandre I-Tan da sigelsac misi
zeobiT, 1412-1442 wlebiT aTariRebs (TayaiSvili 1909: 35). aRniSnul identifikacias iziarebs T.
Jordaniac, oRond sabuTSi moxseniebul `daviT cxeTels~ kaTalikosad miiCnevs da aigivebs sxva
wyaroebiT 1426-1430 wlebSi cnobil daviT kaTalikosTan, aqedan gamomdinare, sabuTsac am wlebiT
aTariRebs (Jordania 1897: 233). amave dros T. Jordania wers: àm sigels bevri niSnebi aqvs imisa,
rom igi an yalbia, an imerTa mefes aleqsandre II–s unda ekuTvnodes~. T. Jordanias azriT, am meore
versiis sasargeblod metyvelebs sigelSive moxseniebuli svimon mawyverelisa da saqarTvelos
kaTolikosis daviT III-is moRvaweobis xana – XV s. bolo (Jordania 1897: 233).
sigelSi moxseniebuli ivane aTabagisa da svimon mawyverelis moRvaweobis xanis mixedviT s.
kakabaZec sabuTis gamcem mefe aleqsandres imerTa mefe aleqsandre II-sTan (1484–1510) aigivebs
(kakabaZe 1920: 75–76). amis gaTvaliswinebiT aRadgens is, rogorc vnaxeT, sabuTis gacemis savaraudo
dedniseul TariRs. ivane aTabagisa da svimon mawyverelis moRvaweoba 1486–1515 wlebSi Tavsdeba
(gurgeniZe 2013: 84, 86).
vfiqrobT, sabuTis gamcemi mefis gaigiveba imerTa mefe aleqsandre II-sTan savsebiT naTelia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, svimon mawyverelisa da ivane aTabagis moRvaweobis xanis garda, yuradRebas
iqcevs is garemoebac, rom sabuTSi mowmeebad dasaxelebuli SioS falavandiSvili, daviT ciciSvili,
sayan maWutaZe, dimitri beriZe, lomoni maxaZe (TayaiSvili 1909; 37) namdvilad aleqsandre II imerTa
mefis Tanamedroveni da misi garemocvis wevrebi arian. amas adasturebs aleqsandre II-is sigeli
falavandiSvilebisadmi boZebuli 1488 w. 1 ivliss. sigelis erT–erTi adresatia siaoS igive SioS
falavandiSvili, mowmeebad dasaxelebulni arian daviT ciciSvili, agreTve, maWutaZe, beriZe,
maxaZe saxelebis gareSe (kakabaZe 1924: 25). aSkaraa, rom TofuriZis sasisxlo sigelSi warmodgenili
aleqsandre mefisa da 1488 w. sigelSi warmodgenili aleqsandre II imerTa mefis garemocva identuria,
rac, bunebrivia, am ori mefis identurobis maCvenebelicaa.
ase rom, TofuriZeTa sasisxlo sigeli unda daTariRdes aleqsandre II imerTa mefis zeobis anu
1484-1510 wlebiT, magram SesaZlebelia TariRis daviwroebac. amis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs sigelSi
dasaxelebuli giorgi erisTavis vinaoba. giorgi erisTavi, cxadia, raWis erisTavia. raWis erisTavi
giorgi, gvarad afxaWeliZe, ixsenieba maRnaraZis sasisxlo sigelSi (amaze qvemoT), agreTve, warwerebSi.
1488 wlis sigelSi raWis erisTavia ivane CxetiZe (kakabaZe 1924: 25). aqedan mokidebuli raWis
_ 30 _
erisTavebi am gvaris warmomadgenlebi arian, sanam maT sagvareulos solomon II daamxobda (soselia
1973: 74, 102; metreveli 2013: 94, 104).
aSkaraa, rom giorgis erisTavoba win uswrebda ivane CxetiZis erisTavobas da, Sesabamisad,
TofuriZis sasisxlo sigelis Sedgena falavandiSvilebis sigelis gacemas (1488 wels). aqedan
gamomdinare TofuriZeTa sigeli gacemulia 1484-1488 wlebs Soris.
maRnaraZis sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia etratze gadawerili piri, romelic daculia
saqarTvelos saistorio arqivSi (1448–5040). sabuTis Sinaarsi rusul enaze gamoaqveyna dim. furcelaZem
(furcelaZe 1881: 36-37). gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi quTaisis arqivSi s. kakabaZem miakvlia sabuTis
pirs, gadawerils XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi da gamoaqveyna 1924 wels (kakabaZe 1924: 19–22).
sigelis mimRebni arian saydrisSvilebi, maRnaraZeebi: ivane, giorgi, gegelia da am ukanasknelis
Svilebi.
sabuTi gacemulia daviT mefis mier (kakabaZe 1924: 20). etratis xelnawers bolo nawili
aklia, sadac TariRis Sesaxeb unda yofiliyo miTiTeba. s. kakabaZis xelT arsebuli piri, rogorc
publikaciidan Cans, TariRs ar Seicavda. dim. furcelaZis gankargulebaSi arsebuli piri gacemis
TariRad 1477 wels uCvenebda (furcelaZe 1881: 37).
sabuTSi mowmeebad dasaxelebulni arian: daviT ciciSvili, erisTavi abRaWeliZe giorgi,
amilaxori ivane CxetiZe, meabjreTuxucesi daviT RoRoberiZe, giorgi CijavaZe, qveli WilaZe,
cixisTavi Tuqlam WilagiZe, ejibi afaqiZe, goSoZe, CuxCarebi gavaSel amunaskiri, molareTuxucesi
qorToZe, meRvineTuxucesi romanaviZe, ivane WarxalaZe, rostan qoCaqiZe, miqelaZe, fanovel
naficxviZe; episkoposebi – romanoz biWvinteli, abram Wyondideli, efTvime caiSeli, saba moqveli,
svimeon gelaTis moZRvarT-moZRvari (kakabaZe 1924: 21).
dasaxelebul pirTagan daviT ciciSvili, erisTavi giorgi abRaWeliZe da fanovel naficxviZe
aleqsandre II imerTa mefis mier gacemul TofuriZeTa sasisxlo sigelSic ixseniebian (pirvelSi
giorgi erisTavi, fanuel laficxuZe), rac maRnaraZis sasisxlo sigels qronologiurad aaxloebs
TofuriZeTa sasisxlo sigelTan anu XV s. 80-ian-90-ian wlebTan.
CamoTvlili saero da saeklesio pirebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos – argveTis, raWis, leCxumis,
samoqalaqos, samegrelosa da afxazeTis didebulebi da saeklesio ierarqebi arian. gamonakliss
warmoadgens daviT ciciSvili, magram ciciSvilebis safeodalo da Sida qarTlis dasavleTi nawili
XV s. da XVI s. pirvel meoTxedSi quTaisis taxtze msxdom mefeTa sagamgebloSi Sedioda. amitom
ciciSvilis moxsenieba aq savsebiT bunebrivia. ase rom, es CamonaTvali warmogvidgens quTaisis
samefo kars da quTaisis samefo taxtze mjdomi mefis garemocvas da sagamgeblos.
aRniSnuli postulatidan gamomdinare, maRnaraZeTa sasisxlo sabuTis gamcemi daviT mefe
quTaisis taxtze zis.
quTaisis samefo taxtisaTvis brZola XV s. 80-ian wlebSi gardamavali upiratesobiT
mimdinareobda Tbilisis taxtis mflobel konstantine II–sa da qarTl-imereTis mefis bagrat VI-is
memkvidres aleqsandres Soris. 1484 wels quTaisis taxtze mefed dajda aleqsandre II, romelic
1486 w. Camoagdo konstantine II-m, 1487-1488 wlebis mijnaze aleqsandre II-m mefoba daibruna, Semdgom
1491 wels Sua xanebSi konstantine II-m mokle xniT aleqsandre II gadaayena taxtidan. sabolood
aleqsandre II-m ganimtkica mdgomareoba taxtze da konstantinec am faqts Seurigda.
swored konstantine II-is quTaisis taxtze gabatonebis erT-erT epizods ukavSirebs s. kakabaZe
quTaisis taxtze misi ufrosi Svilis, daviTis gamefebas da maRnaraZeebisaTvis siglis boZebas.
daviTis xanmokle mefobas da maRnaraZeTa siglis gacemas s. kakabaZe 1486-1488 wlebiT aTariRebs
(kakabaZe 1924: 22, 252). aRniSnuli mosazreba arsebuli masalebis fonze misaRebi Cans.
yifianTa sasisxlo sigeli. Semonaxulia sabuTis piri, dawerili etratze mxedrulad. meore
gverdze gameorebulia igive teqsti, romlis melani gamqrqalebulia. daculia xelnawerTa erovnul
centrSi (Sd 731).
sabuTis teqsti Sd 731-is mixedviT gamoaqveyna e. TayaiSvilma (TayaiSvili 1909: 398-399).
adresatebi arian saydrisSvilebi Temna da buWua yifianebi. gamcemia mefeT-mefe bagrati
(TayaiSvili 1909: 398).
sabuTis gamcemi mefe bagrati e. TayaiSvilis azriT, aris imerTa mefe bagrat II, romlis zeobas
is 1462–1478 wlebiT gansazRvravda (TayaiSvili 1909: 398), rac gaziarebulia pirTa anotirebul
leqsikonSi (leqsikoni 1991: 233); s. kakabaZis azriT, yifianebis sigeli, iseve rogorc abesalom
geluanisa, ekuTvnis imereTis ucnob mefes, romelic moRvaweobda XV s. dasawyisSi (kakabaZe 1924:
58); k. kaxaZis mosazrebiT sigeli gacemulia bagrat V-is mier im periodSi, rodesac is mamis, daviT
IX-is (1346-1360) sicocxleSi ganagebda dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis tituliT (kaxaZe 2001: 59).
_ 31 _
goneli araxamia
sabuTis dasaTariReblad erTaderTi sayrdeni kaligrafiaa, romlis mixedviT is XV saukunes

miakuTvna e. TayaiSvilma. amitom is bagrat II imerTa mefis zeobiT, anu 1443/44-1466 wlebiT unda
daTariRdes.
gugunberiZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos centralur
saistorio arqivs sofel qvitireli (imereTi) s. gogiberiZis ojaxma gadasca maTi sagvareulo
sigeli (scssa 1448-5035). esaa gugunberiZeTa sasisxlo sabuTi, dawerili qaRaldze mxedruli
anbaniT. gamoaqveyna i. cincaZem (cincaZe 1927: 16-19).
sabuTis adresatebi arian zardia, imarido da SioS gugunberiZeebi.
sabuTis gamcemad dasaxelebulia mefe giorgi, misi Tanamecxedre dedofali nestandarejani da
Ze maTi aleqsandre (cincaZe 1927: 16–17).
sabuTis Tavi moxatulia wiTeli da Savi melniT, SuaSi jvaria gamosaxuli, romlis garSemo
mTavrulad weria: `ji, qi, Za, ma~. jvaris qvemoT ornamentebiT Semkuli oTxkuTxedis formis arSiaa
daxatuli, romelSic wiTeli melniT Cawerilia: `saxeliT R(mr)TisaTa Cven R(mr)T(iv)gvirgvinosanTa
mefT-mefeman patronman rostom~ (cincaZe 1927: 17).
sabuTs bolo striqonebi aklia. zurgze miTiTebulia xveuli xelrTva da ikiTxeba `rostom~
(cincaZe 1927: 18).
gugunberiZeebisaTvis sasisxlo sigelis mboZebeli mefe Tanamecxedrisa da Svilis saxelis
mixedviT aris mefe giorgi VIII (1446-1465) (javaxiSvili 1982: 272,320; cincaZe 1927: 17).
sigeli ganaxlebulia imereTis mefis, rostomis mier (1593-1604), rodesac giorgi VIII-is mier
gacemuli sabuTis teqsti Tavidan gadaiwera, TavSi gaukeTda minaweri rostom mefis moxseniebiT
da bolos daerTo misi xelrTva. sabuTis teqsti Txel qaRaldzea dawerili, romelic mogvianebiT
sqel qaRaldze dauwebebiaT. sabuTis zurgze moTavsebuli rostom mefis xelrTva rom am sqel
qaRalds ar daefara, es ukanaskneli xelrTvis pirdapir oTxkuTxedad amouWriaT.
ase rom, sabuTi gacemulia giorgi VIII-is mier 1446-1465 wlebs Soris. mogvianebiT, 1593-1604
wlebs Soris sigeli ganaaxla rostom imerTa mefem.
damowmebani
araxamia 2009: g. araxamia, saqarTvelos istoriisa da wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi.

asaTiani da sxvebi 2012: saqarTvelos istoria XIII saukunidan XIX saukunemde, wigni Seadgines n. asaTianma,
g. oTxmezurma, m. samsonaZem, g. jamburiam, t. III, Tbilisi.
berZeniSvili 1966: n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, Tbilisi.
berZeniSvili 1937: n. berZeniSvili, feodaluri urTierTobidan XV saukuneSi (dokumentebi kritikuli
weriliT), masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisTvis, I, Tbilisi.
gvritiSvili 1955: feodaluri saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTobis istoriidan Tbilisi.
gurgeniZe 2013: mawyverel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi. kreb. religiis istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tbilisi.
doliZe 1965: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo
i. doliZem, Tbilisi.
TayaiSvili 1909: saqarTvelos siZveleni, II, e. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, tfilisi.
TayaiSvili 1991: e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 wels, kreb. dabruneba, 2, Tbilisi.
TayaiSvili 1891: gaz. ìveria~.
ingoroyva 1941: p. ingoroyva, svaneTis saistorio Zeglebi, nakv. II, teqstebi, Tbilisi.
kakabaZe 1913a: s. kakabaZe, genealogia didis aleqsandre mefisa, tfilisi.
kakabaZe 1913b: s. kakabaZe, ucnobi afxaz-imereTis mefe Tamari, tfilisi.
kakabaZe 1913g: s. kakabaZe, istoriuli sabuTebi, III, tfilisi.
kakabaZe 1914: s. kakabaZe, svanebi XV saukuneSi, werilebi da masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, I tfilisi.
kakabaZe 1920: s. kakabaZe, kvleva-Ziebani saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, tfilisi.
kakabaZe 1924: s. kakabaZe, sasisxlo sigelebis Sesaxeb, saistorio moambe, II (tfilisi,1924).
kakabaZe 1982: С. С. Какабадзе. Грузинские документы IX-XV вв, Москва.
kacitaZe 1976: d. kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-XV ss. mijnaze, Tbilisi.
_ 32 _
kaxaZe 2001: k. kaxaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos ùcnobi mefeebi~, klio, 11.

kiknaZe 1963: r. kiknaZe, saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis istoriidan XV saukunis II naxevarSi, i. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi, VII, Tbilisi.
leqsikoni 1991: pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, I, gamosacemad moamzades d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem,
e. cagareiSvilma, g. jandierma, Tbilisi.
leqsikoni 2004: pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, III, masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades a. baqraZem,
l. ratianma da giorgi oTxmezurma, tomi Seadgines d. kldiaSvilma da m. surgulaZem, Tbilisi.
lominaZe 1953: b. lominaZe, SiomRvime, Tbilisi.
metreveli 2013: r. metreveli, raWa,. Strixebi warsulidan, Tbilisi.
metreveli 2008: qarTlis cxovreba, r. metrevelis redaqciiT, Tbilisi.
niniZe 1995: d. niniZe, `provinciis mefeebi~ XIV-XV ss. saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi.
odiSeli 2010: j. odiSeli, istoriul-publicisturi narkvevebi, Tbilisi.
odiSeli 1966: j. odiSeli, qarTuli diplomatikis istoriidan., macne, # 4, Tbilisi
odiSeli 1968: mcire qronikebi (kinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi), teqstebi gamosca da Sesavali werili
daurTo j. odiSelma, Tbilisi.
Jordania 1897: qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad
dawyobili, axsnili da ganmartebuli T. Jordanias mier, tfilisi
Jordania 1896: T. Jordania, istoriuli sabuTebi SiomRvimis monastrisa da `Zegli~ vahxanis qvabTa, tfilisi.
enuqiZe da sxvebi 2013: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, II, XIV-XV ss., Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades
T enuqiZem, n. TarxniSvilma, b. lominaZem, Tbilisi.
silogava 1986: svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, I, teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da samecniero –
sacnobaro aparatura daurTo v. silogavam, Tbilisi.
soselia 1973: narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan
(saTavadoebi), I, Tbilisi.
surgulaZe 2010: m. surgulaZe, epizodebi XVI saukunis saqarTvelos Sida politikuri cxovrebidan. istoriul-
qronologiuri sakiTxebi, mravalTavi. filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, 23, Tbilisi.
tabataZe 1974: k. tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze,
Tbilisi.
tuRuSi 2006: a.tuRuSi,TodoZeTa sasisxlo sigelis daTariRebisaTvis, i. javaxiSvilis Tsu zugdidis filialis
Sromebi, I, Tbilisi.
furcelaZe 1881: Грузинские дворянские грамоты, составил Д. П. Пурцеладзе.
yauxCiSvili 1959: qarTlis cxovreba, II, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1973: vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi.
cincaZe 1927: i. cincaZe, gugunberiZeTa sasisxlo sigeli, saqarTvelos arqivi, II, tfilisi.
javaxiSvili 1982: i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. III,Tbilisi
javaxiSvili 1984: i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. VII, Tbilisi,
ON THE DATING OF WERGILD DOCUMENTS
Goneli Arakhamia
Wergild documents are one of the important groups of medieval Georgian diplomaic monuments. Their
value as a historical source is diverse. They provide us with such data which help in research of the issues of
poliical history of medieval Georgia, social structure, historical genealogy, the history of the study of law.
However, the diiculty of using these data consists in the fact that one part of the menioned documents
is either undated or the informaion containing the date is distorted by the copiers. Therefore, one of the
important tasks of the Georgian source studies is daing of the undated wergild’s documents. This paper deals
with this issue and an atempt of daing several wergild’s papers is given.
_ 33 _
„ori qvazed dawerili gujari~ da misi mniSvneloba
XVIII saukunis dasawyisis kaxeTis samefos istoriisaTvis 1
Tamaz gogolaZe
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT erT-erT

utyuar wyaros warmoadgenen. istoriul dokumentebSi calke jgufs qmnis qvaze Sesrulebuli
iuridiuli aqtebi.
winamdebare naSromic swored qvazed amoRarul or sabuTs exeba, romelic 1901 wlis 23 ianvris
gazeT cnobis furcelis 1362-e nomerSi dabeWda eqvTime TayaiSvilma, saTauriT ori qvazed dawerili
gujari, romelic, avtorisave TqmiT, 1901 wlisaTvis wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebis
wignTsacavSi inaxeboda. samwuxarod, Cven aRniSnuli ori sabuTis dRevandel adgilmdebareobas
ver mivakvlieT. rogorc Cans, isini 1901 wlis Semdeg daikarga. aqedan gamomdinare, am gujrebis
teqnikur aRwerilobis, maTi gadmonawerisa da aseve maTi teqstebis gamarTvisas eqvTimeseul
naSroms veyrdnobiT.
mecnieris TqmiT,
werakiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebis wignT-sacavSi inaxeba ori patara Txeli qvis ficari,
romlebzedac dawerilia saintereso gujrebi. qvis ficrebi rbili gvarisaa da Zlier waagavT im
qvebs, romlebsac CvenSi danis salesavad xmaroben. sigrZe pirveli qvisa aris 5 goji2, gani 1 2/3
goji, qva oTkuTxedia, mxolod erTi Tavi momrgvalebuli aqvs. meore qva sruli oTkuTxedia da
pirvelze ufro sqeli, sigZe aqvs 3 2/3 goji, gani 1 1/2 goji. warwera am qvebisa nusxa mxedrulia.
werili gagrZelebulia ara Tu orive ficrebisa, aramed sisqis gverdebzedac. warwerani mogvyavs am
rigiT da wesiT, ra rigiTac da wesiTac nawerni arian namdvilze.
pirveli warweris teqstis eqvTime TayaiSviliseuli gadmonaweri:
1. q.mivec. megorgasl. mefem. usadevo. mamuli.

2. duyved. uri. Sesavli. idgsvli itkvrsad. iorSua
3. saca Seiy reba. doRu. zrbmdi. xvrblianid bxrtionTa.
4. visi. sxn vsTe siTims qveiT babnuris fS. saqeT. mTiT da
5. briTsZeb riT duZebriT. erTobiT TuSebisTvis. wovsd CR
6. masTvis. amsqmisTvis. romvRr. guelT. gveleSps. daeld
7. ris cixe aageT dimSi. alvn Svili. frsmelid. adga
8. daismo klmec es wylob giyv. dumetesi grjilob
9. auRia Tvisi. xlmiT. orjel. Cve~c miveciT. weriliT
10. adbiWoba. gmogividaT. darc. argeTxovoT. ars
11. xemwifisgn. farze. erTi cxvris meti. rmc. mebat
12. onem. gaqtexoT. da SegiSloT. isimc. SeiSl
13. eba Tvisi saxisagan. SeCvenebuli. iyos. cisad
14. miwisgn. dyo
15. velis. rjulisgn. aris. amgujrebis. gam
16. rige. batoniSvili arCil mourvi zaqaria
17. damiweria deiT Weremel aRiwera dideb RmerTs
mecnieri, warweris teqstis gadmonaweris motanis Semdeg dasZens: `ganze~ momrgvalebuli

Tavisken jer sweria: `ve~, Semdeg xelCarTulis msgavsi warweraa, vgoneb niSnavs `qoronikonsa~ da
bolos `tu~.
aRniSnuli sabuTis eqvTime TayaiSviliseuli wakiTxva:
_ 34 _
„ori qvazed dawerili gujari~ da misi mniSvneloba XVIII saukunis dasawyisis kaxeTis samefos istoriisaTvis
q. mivec me gorgasal mefem usadevo mamuli da uyveduri, SesavliT da gasavliT, mtkvarsa da iors Sua,
saca Seiyreba doRuzrmdi, xvarbliani da baxtrioni, Tavisi saxnav saTesiT, imis qveiT babanuris fSavs
aqeT, mTiT da bariT, saZebriT da uZebriT, erTobiT TuSebisTvis, wovas da CaRmasTvis, am saqmisTvis,
rom veRar guel-gveleSpis da eldris cixe aageT (aviReT?) da imaSi alvaniSvili farsmeli dadga,
da is mokal, mec es wyaloba giyav, da umetesi garjiloba auRia Tvisi xmliT, orjel Cvenc miveciT
weriliT, da biWoba gamogividaT, da arca ra geTxovoT aras xelmwifisagan faraze erTi cxvris meti.
ramanca mebatonem gagitexoT da SegiSaloT, isimca SeiSleba Tavisi saxisgan, SeCvenebuli iyos cisa
da miwisagan, RvTisagan, krebuli angelozisagan da yovelis rjulisagan, aris am gujrebis gamrige
batoniSvili arCil mouravi zaqaria, damiweria daviT Weremels, aRiwera, dideba RmerTsa.
meore warweris teqstis eqvTime TayaiSviliseuli gadmonaweri:
1. qSevwire. mefe gorgasalm. Cemi suliso

2. xoT dusbamT. mamuli. zeiT da qviTCi
3. luri. Wermis xedi Sobels. Tvisizvr
4. iT wyro wisqviliT. mTiTbriT
5. rcmebtonem SeSlos wyeuli
6. iyos xvdisgn. cisad miwisgn
7. yoveli RvdelTvrisgn krebul
8. iangelozisgn. dyoveli muSk
9. cisgn. rmc mebtnem. gamo
10. swiros SeCvenebuli suli eSm
11. kSewiros. dviT Wermeli arisa
12. mgujrebis damweri wylob
13. Tmamixsen
14. mourvi zqria. arCil Sendobi
15. aries
eqvTime, warweris teqstis gadmonaweris motanis Semdeg ambobs, rom warweras `ganze~ uweria
jer àv~, Semdeg CarTulis msgavsi warweraa, iseTi rogorc pirvel qvaze, da Semdeg sweria `tu~.
meore sigelis eqvTimeseuli wakiTxva:
q. Sevwire mefe gorgasalma Cemi sulis saoxad dausabamod mamuli zeviT da qveviT Ciluri Weremis RvTis
mSobels Tavisi zvariT, wyaro wisqviliT, mTiT, bariT. ramanc mebatonem SeSalos, wyeuli iyosa RvTisagan,
cisa da miwisagan, yovelomRvdel-mTavrisagan, krebuli angelozisagan da yoveli muSa kacisagan. ramanc
mebatonem gamoswiros, SeCvenebuli suli eSmaks Sewiros. daviT Weremeli aris am gujrebis damweri.
wyalobiT mamixseneT mouravi zaqaria. arCil Sendobil aris (aries) (TayaiSvili 1901:#1362).
rogorc vxedavT, orive gujari Sesrulebuli yofila qvis Txel ficarze. qvebs warwerebi
misdevda, rogorc mis pirisa da zurgis mxareze, aseve ganiv Wrilzec. pirveli qvis sigrZe yofila
5 goji anu daaxloebiT 20 sm, xolo sigane 1 2/3 goji anu daaxloebiT 6.66 sm. meore warweras
hqonia sigrZe 3 2/3 goji anu daaxloebiT 14,66 sm, xolo sigane ki 1 1/2 goji anu daaxloebiT
6 sm. eqvTimes TqmiT, aRniSnuli qvis ficrebs hqoniaT danis salesi qvis formebi, romlebzec
warwerebi mxedruli damwerlobiT iyo Sesrulebuli. istorikosi pirveli warweris teqsts hyofs
17 striqonad, xolo meore warwerisas ki, 15 striqonad.
rac Seexeba am sabuTTa Sinaarss, pirveli dokumentis mixedviT, mefe gorgasali TuSebs wyalobis
saxiT aZlevs mtkvarsa da iors Soris mdebare mamuls Tavis mTiT, bariT, saxnaviTa da saTesiT.
ufro konkretulad, im teritorias, sadac Tavs iyrida doRuzmdara, xvarbliani da baxtrioni,
qveviT − babanauris fSavamde. aRniSnul teritorias gorgasal mefe TuSebs aZlevs im samsaxuris
sanacvlod, romelic maT miuZRodaT mefis winaSe. maT mouklavT farsmeli alvaniSvili gveleTisa
da eldaris cixeebis aRebis dros. swored aRniSnuli damsaxurebis sanacvlod gorgasal mefe
aZlevs maT konkretul wyalobas. garda amisa, mefisagan TuSebs miuRiaT sagadasaxado SeRavaTi −
faraze erTi cxvris meti ar eTxovebodaT. aRniSnuli sabuTis gamrigeebad dasaxelebulni arian:
arCil batoniSvili, zaqaria mouravi, xolo sabuTis damwerad moxseniebulia daviT Weremeli.
_ 35 _
Tamaz gogolaZe
meore sabuTis mixedviT, gorgasal mefe Weremis RmrTismSobels swiravs zeda da qveda Cailurs
misi zvriT, wyaroTi da wisqviliT. pirveli dokumentis msgavsad, aRniSnuli sabuTis damwerad
kvlav daviT Weremeli gvevlineba. aseve ixseniebian mouravi zaqaria da arCili.
mocemul statiaSi, eqvTime TayaiSvili saubrobs gujrebSi moxseniebul Weremis eklesiaze,
mohyavs vaxuStis cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac, vaxtang gorgasals WeremSi auSenebia eklesia da
iq episkoposi dausvams. eqvTime CamoTvlis Weremis episkoposTa Soris aqamde cnobil pirebs: 1.
antons, romelic XVI saukunis dasasruls cxovrobda, da romelic miegeba rusis elCs tatiSCevs;
2. daniels, romelmac vaxtang VI-is dros imogzaura palestinaSi; 3. evlogs, romelic gaemgzavra
ruseTSi 1795 wels da gardaicvala moskovSi 1801 wels. rac Seexeba gujrebSi moxseniebul daviT
Weremels, eqvTime TayaiSvili mas ar icnobs.
amis Semdeg, e. TayaiSvili askvnis: `zemo moyvanil gujrebSi moxseniebuli batoniSvili da mefe
arCili Cvenis azriT aris arCil pirveli anu Sah-yuli-xani, Ze qarTlis mefis vaxtang mexuTisa,
avtori cnobilis krebulis arCilianisa. arCili mefed iyo kaxeTSi (1664-1675 ww.)~ (TayaiSvili
1901:#1362).
amdenad, avtori epigrafikul sabuTebSi moxseniebul arCil batoniSvils aigivebs mefe arCil
II-sTan da, Sesabamisad, gujrebis TariRs XVII saukunis II naxevriT gansazRvravs.
garda daviT Weremelisa da arCil batoniSvilisa, mecnieri cdilobs gaarkvios sabuTebSi
moxseniebul mourav zaqarias vinaoba. avtoris TqmiT, zaqaria unda yofiliyo qiziyis mouravi,
gvarad endronikaSvili, romelic mogvianebiT berad Semdgara da martyofis, wmida antonis
monasterSi, winamZRvrad yofila. 1699 wels mas samreklo auSenebia. avtors, amis argumentad
mohyavs martyofis samrekloze arsebuli warweris teqsti:
1. „Cven: m‾ndobilman: Zalisa mRTa

2. ebisaman: saWeT: mpyrobelman saydrisa: amisaman:
3. endronikaSvilman: qiskis mouravis Zeman: zaqari
4. am Pelvyav ZiriTgan aRSenebad samreklosa amis
5. saxseneblad: sulisa Cvenisa da codvaTa CvenTa
6. Sesandobelad: amin: mas Jamsa odes ganagebda mefobasa
7. saqarTvelosasa mefe: herekle: Ziswuli mefis Teimurazisa q‾ks tpz~ (TayaiSvili 1901:#1362).
amrigad, e. TayaiSvili martyofis monastris samreklos warwerasa da gujrebSi moxseniebul

zaqarias erTsa da imave pirad miiCnevs da ambobs, rom gujrebi ufro adrindel dros ekuTvnian,
vidre samreklos warwera. gujrebis daweris TariRs arCilis kaxeTSi mefobis, kerZod ki, 1664-1675
wlebiT gansazRvravs. daviT Weremelsac amave periodis moRvawed Tvlis. rac Seexeba qvis salesi
qvis ganze miweril grafemebs, avtori maT qoronikonad ar miiCnevs. Tumca, gamoTqvams mosazrebas,
rom maTSi (igulisxmeba ganze miweril grafemebi, - T.g.) TariRis gamoxatva sdomebiaT da veRar
mouxerxebiaT. iqve aRniSnavs, rom Tu maT (igulisxmeba asoebi, - T.g.), TariRis aRmniSvnel grafemebad
miviCnevT, SeiZleba gaWirvebiT amovikiTxoT `tJ~ asoebi, romelTa qoronikoni 1702 wels gvaZlevs,
magram avtori, iqve aRniSnavs, rom es SeuZlebelia da gaurkvevlobas mwignobris uvicobas abralebs.
misi TqmiT, `gujrebi mTis qarTvelebis enis kiloTia naweri, daviT Weremeli TviT mTielebisgan
unda yofiliyos~. bolos ki e. TayaiSvili aRniSnavs, rom es sabuTebi gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia
imiT, rom isini qvaze naweri gujrebis pirvel magaliTs warmoadgenen.
rogorc vnaxeT, eqvTime TayaiSvili gujrebs XVII saukunis II naxevriT aTariRebs, kerZod ki mis
qronologias arCil mefis kaxeTSi mefobis periodiT anu 1664-1675 wlebiT gansazRvravs.
sanam Cveni naSromis msjelobiT nawilze gadavidodeT, sainteresoa qarTul samecniero wreebSi
damkvidrebuli mosazrebebi aRniSnul warwerebis Sesaxeb.
pirvelad, es warwerebi gakvriT aqvs moxseniebuli valeri silogavas Tavis 1972 wlis naSromSi
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi dasavleT saqarTvelos lapidarul warwerebSi.
mecnieri Sesaval statiis Sesaval nawilSi aRniSnavs ra, rom qarTuli epigrafikis diplomatikuri
sakiTxebi sagangebod aravis ukvlevia, iqve dasZens, rom `Tumca, jer kidev eq. TayaiSviliseul
publikaciebSi vxvdebiT sagangebo miTiTebebs zogierT maTganze, rogorc iuridiuli Sinaarsis
aqtze~ (silogava 1972: 143).
amis Semdeg igi sqolioSi uTiTebs eqvTimes mier am mimarTulebiT gamoqveynebul statiebs:
ToneTis eklesiis kavTel nadiraYsZeTas warwerasa da CvenTvis saintereso or qvazed daweril
gujars.
_ 36 _
meored aRniSnuli sabuTebi moaqvs abram SavxeliSvils Tavis 1977 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoriidan (TuSeTi XVI-XIX s, I naxevarSi).
avtori Sesaval nawilSi mimoixilavs ra TuSeTis Sesaxeb dacul qarTul naratiul da
diplomatikuri Zeglebis monacemebs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier gamokvleul
qvaze daweril gujrebze:
e. TayaSvilisaTvis TuSeTi specialuri kvlevis sagani ar yofila, magram mis mier mikvleuli da
Seswavlili ori gujari, qvaze dawerili XVII saukuneSi, CvenTvis metad sayuradReboa. am gujrebis
mixedviT, TuSebis ganviTarebuli mecxoveleobis sazamTro sadgomebad gamoyofilia ivrisa da
mtkvris auzebi. es sabuTi saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT klasobriv diferenciacias,
romelic mesaqonleobaSi, kerZod mecxoveleobaSi, SeimCneoda (SavxeliSvili 1977: 11).
abram SavxeliSvilma sruli ndoba gamoucxda aRniSnuli gujrebis eqvTimeseul daTariRebas

da mis msgavsad, isini XVII saukunis sabuTebad miiCnia.
sul es aris da es, rac icis qarTulma istoriografiam aRniSnuli warwerebis Sesaxeb.
mas Semdeg, rac vaCveneT qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi CvenTvis saintereso
sabuTebis Sesaxeb, amis Semdeg gviCndeba logikuri kiTxva - Tu ramdenad Seesabameba realobas
aRniSnuli ori warweris eqvTime TayaiSviliseuli daTariReba?
amisaTvis kidev erTxel movubrundebiT aRniSnuli warwerebis eqvTimeseuli daTariRebas.
rogorc zemoT vaCveneT, eqvTime TayaiSvili am dokumentebSi moxseniebul arCil batoniSvilsa da
arCils vaxtang V (1658-1675 ww.) Sahnavazis Svil arCil mefed miiCnevs. aqidan gamomdinare, amave
periodis moRvaweebad asaxelebs igi am sabuTebSi moxseniebul daviT Weremelsa da zaqaria mouravs.
avtoris mier gamoTqmuli es Sexeduleba ar aris sarwmuno arCil batoniSvilTan mimarTebaSi,
radgan arc erT moyvanil sabuTSi arCili mefed ar ixsenieba. piriqiT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi is
batoniSvilad, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ubralod saxeliT aris moxseniebuli.
aseve aradamajerebelia mkvlevris mier warwerebSi moxseniebuli zaqaria mouravis gaigiveba
martyofis eklesiis samreklos 1699 wlis warweraSi moxsniebul qiziyis mouravis Ze zaqaria
andronikaSvilTan. rogorc warweridan Cans, martyofis monastris samreklos warweraSi naxsenebia
ara zaqaria mouravi, rogorc amas Tvlis eqvTime TayaiSvili, aramed qiziyis mouravis Ze zaqaria
andronikaSvili.
rogorc irkveva, eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba arCil batoniSvilTan
da zaqaria mouravTan dakavSirebiT ar Seesabameba realobas da, Sesabamisad, misi daTariRebac
aRniSnuli sabuTebisa XVII saukunis II naxevriT anu 1664-1675 wlebiT ar aris marTebuli.
Tu es asea, maSin ra droiT unda ganisazRvros aRniSnuli ori sabuTis qronologia?
dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT, Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT orive sabuTis gamcem
gorgasal mefis pirovnebaze, romlis saxels eqvTime TayaiSvili CvenTvis gaugebari mizezebis gamo
gverds uvlis. imavdroulad niSandoblivia is faqti, rom gorgasal mefe orive sabuTSi mefed
ixsenieba da, Sesabamisad, am ori sigelis gamcemia.
mas Semdeg, rac Cven davinteresdiT mefe gorgasalis pirovnebiT, Tvali gavadevneT qarTul
saistorio sabuTebs, ris Sedegadac bagrationTa samefo ojaxidan ori gorgasali gamoikveTa:
1. qarTlis mefis daviT X-is Zmis, aleqsandre batoniSvilis vaJi − gorgasali (pirTa
anotirebuli leqsikoni 1991: 220).
2. erekle I nazaralixanis rigiT merve vaJi − gorgaslan/gurgaslani (pirTa anotirebuli
leqsikoni 1991: 275).
pirveli, qarTlis mefis daviTis Zmiswuli gorgasali unda gamoiricxos, radgan is qarTlis
bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgeneli iyo da Znelad dasajerebelia, rom mas pretenzia hqonoda
kaxeTis samefos taxtze. rac Seexeba meore versias, erekle I nazaralixanis Ze gorgaslan/
gurgaslans, vfiqrobT, rom igi am SemTxvevaSi ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
erekle I nazaralixanis Ze gorgaslan/gurgaslani mxolod or istoriul sabuTSi ixsenieba.
gTavazobT am ori sabuTis teqstidan CvenTvis saintereso adgilebs:
1. pirveli dokumenti daculia korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis Hd-
2521 fondSi da warmoadgens siTarxnis wigns, romelic boZebulia 1697 wels erekle I
nazaralixanis mier faremuz javaxiSvilisadmi. dokumentis CvenTvis saintereso nawili
ase gamoiyureba: `...Cuen, m[e]fed mefeman | da Pelmwifeman, patronman nazaralixan da
_ 37 _
Tamaz gogolaZe
Tanamecxedr|eman Cvenman, dedofalT ddofalman, patronman annam da Ze|<e>man Cvenman

sasurvelman patronman imanyulim, patronman | kostandilem da gurgaslan...~ xec. Hd
#2521).
2. meore dokumenti daculia saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivSis fondSi nomriT
1448-45; dokumenti warmoadgens wyalobis wigns, romelic 1697 wlis 13 seqtembers erekle
I nazaralixanma papua samlaRanaSvils uboZa. am dokumentSi CvenTvis saintereso monakveTi
ase gamoiyureba: `...mefeT | mefem{a}n da TviT Pelmwifem{a}n, patronm{a}n nazaralix{a}
n da Ta|namecxedrem{a}n Cvenm{a}n, dedofalT dedofalm{a}n patronman | anam, pirmSom{a}
n da sasurvelm{a}n Zem{a}n Cvenm{a}n, patron{a}n imamy|ulim da patronm{a}n mam{a}dyulim da
patron{a}n g<i>{o}rgasl{a}n...~ (sea, 1448-45).
gorgaslan/gurgaslanTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoa mixeil qavTarias 1978 wels
gamoqveynebuli statia saxelwodebiT bagrationTa qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxlis genealogia da
qronologia (XVII-XVIII ss.), sadac avtori cal-calke ganixilavs erekle I nazaralixanis Svilebs
qarTul saistorio sabuTebze dayrdnobiT. mecnieri erekle I-is rigiT merve vaJis gorgaslanTan
dakavSirebiT imowmebs Cven mier zemoT motanil 1697 wlis dokumentis dasawyis nawils:
„...nazaralixan, Tanamecxedreman Cvenman dedofalT dedofalman patronman anam da Zeman Cvenman

sasurvelman imanyulim, patronman konstantinem da gurgaslan, ese amieriT gasaTavebeli wigni
giboZeT~. gurgasali sxvagan versad davadastureT (ar vgulisxmobT Sd-46), romelic citirebuli
dokumentis nusxaa). ar gamovricxavT erT SesaZleblobas, rom giorgi da gurgaslani erTi da igive
piris ori saxeli iyos. TumcaRa aq isic unda iTqvas, rom naklebi Sansebia oficialur samefo
dokumentebSi mefiswulTa saxelebis aRrevisa. arc am gurgaslanis Sesaxeb viciT sxva rame~ (qavTaria
1978: 234).
rogorc vxedavT, avtori aRniSnuli gorgaslanis Sesaxeb mxolod erT, 1697 wlis dokuments
icnobs, romelic xelnawerTa erovnuli centris Hd-koleqciaSi 2521-e nomriT aris ganTavsebuli.
garda amisa, mas nakleb damajereblad miaCnia, rom erTsa da imave pirs (mxedvelobaSi aqvs
gorgaslani) ori saxeli − giorgi da gorgaslani hqonoda.
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis 1697 wlis wyalobis sigeli kidev erTxel adasturebs
dokumenturad mixeil qavTarias gamoTqmul varauds gorgaslanTan dakavSirebiT, rom erekle I-s,
marTlac, hyavda Svili saxelad _ gurgaslan/gorgaslani.
rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, eqvTimesaTvis aseve gaurkveveli rCeba warweraTa gaswvriv miwerili
grafemebis daniSnuleba, Tumca uSvebs SesaZleblobas, rom isini qoronikonis aso-niSnebi SeiZleba
iyos. mas gaWirvebiT amoukiTxavs `tJ~ grafemebi romlebic, misive TqmiT, 1702 wels Seesabameba.
Tumca aRniSnuli TariRi miuReblad miiCnia.
yovelive Tqmulidan gamomdinare, eWvgareSea, aRniSnul or sabuTSi moxsenebuli mefe
gorgasali aris erekle I nazaralixanis rigiT merve vaJi _ gurgaslan/gorgaslani.
Tumca aq Cndeba erTi winaaRmdegoba: 1697 wlidan qarTul saistorio sabuTebSi erekle I-is
vaJebs Soris gurgaslan/gorgaslani qreba. riT SeiZleba aixsnes es winaaRmdegoba?
aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba moiZebnos ramdenime axsna:
1. SesaZloa, 1697 wels gurgaslan/gorgaslan batoniSvili aujanyda Tavis mamas da Zmebs,
gamagrda TuSeTSi da Tavi kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada. swored amiT unda iyos gamowveuli
misi saxelis gaqroba qarTuli saistorio sabuTebidan. man, rogorc Cans, Tavisi mamis
gza airCia. Tu gavixsenebT XVII saukunis 60-ian wlebis dasawyisSi vaxtang-arCilisa da
erekle batoniSvilis dapirispirebas kaxeTis samefo taxtisaTvis, iq erekle batoniSvilis
ZiriTad dasayrdens qarTleli bagrationebis winaaRmdeg swored TuSebi warmoadgendnen.
aRniSnuli movlenebi kargad aris gaSuqebuli daviT JRentis naSromSi `Sinafeodaluri
brZola XVII s-is 60-70-iani wlebis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi“(JRenti 1994: 42-60).
2. agreTve, SesaZlebelia, davuSvaT is SemTxvevac, rom gurgaslan/gorgaslani moqmedebs ara
mamis winaaRmdeg, aramed masTan SeTanxmebiT kaxeTSi iranis mier daniSnuli yizilbaSi xanebis
winaaRmdeg. rogorc cnobilia, 1677 wels iranis Sahma qarTlis mefed giorgi XI daamtkica,
Tumca amis paralelurad, kaxeTSi yizilbaSi beJan xani (1677-1683 ww.) dasva mmarTvelad
da amis Semdeg, 1703 wlamde kaxeTs yizilbaSi xanebi marTavdnen (jamburia 1973: 350). mas
Semdeg (1688 w.), rac erekle I nazaralixani qarTlis samefo taxtze daamtkices, ra Tqma
_ 38 _
unda mas pretenzia eqneboda kaxeTis samefozec, rogorc mis legitimur samflobeloze.
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom erekle, Tavisi vaJis gurgaslan/gorgaslanis
meSveobiT Seecada kaxeTSi bolo moeRo yizilbaSTa mmarTvelobisTvis. Tu pirvel qvaze
daweril sabuTis Sinaarsidan amovalT, vnaxavT, rom gorgasal mefis ZiriTad dasayrdens,
yizilbaSi xanebis winaaRmdeg, TuSebi warmoadgenen, romelTa meSveobiTac, igi cdilobda
aRedgina misi legitimuri ufleba kaxeTis samefoze.
garda aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobebisa, qvaze Sesrulebul sabuTebis teqstSi, mowmeTa Soris
ixsenieba, vinme arCili/arCil batoniSvili, romelsac, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, e. TayaiSvili aigivebs
mefe arCil II-sTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom sabuTis Sinaarsi, mas amis Tqmis uflebas ar aZlevda.
am mimarTulebiT, Cven gamovTqvamT frTxil varauds, rom sabuTebSi moxseniebuli arCili/arCil
batoniSvili, SesaZloa iyos mefe gorgasalis vaJi.
amavdroulad, e. TayaiSvilis mier `gaWirvebiT amokiTxul~ `tJ~ grafemebs, Cven qoronikonad
miviCnevT, rac 1702 wels gvaZlevs, magram aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT is, rom avtoris mier gaWirvebiT
amokiTxul `tJ~ grafemebis gverdiT SesaZloa yofiliyo kidev sxva grafema, romlis amokiTxvac
avtorma ver moaxerxa. Tu aRniSnul mosazrebas mivyvebiT, sabuTi Sedgenis TariRad SesaZloa iyos
rogorc 1702, 1703, 1704 da a S. amis safuZvelze, gujrebis TariRs XVII saukunis II naxevriT ki ara,
rogorc maT eqvTime TayaiSvili aTariRebs, aramed aramed XVIII saukunis pirveli aTiani wlebiT
ganvsazRvravT.
Cven SegviZlia, kidev ufro davaviwrovoT aRniSnuli gujrebis zogadi qronologiuri
monakveTi, amis saSualebas gvaZlevs 1709 wlis ninowmindeli episkoposis Sewirulebis wigni,
micemuli dodorqis monastrisadmi (xec. Ad #2521).
aRniSnul Sewirulebis wignSi ukve mowmed nikoloz Weremeli ixsenieba. erTi mxriv,
mxedvelobaSi viRebT eqvTimes mier amokiTul gujrebis TariRs − qoronikons `tJ~, rac 1702 wels
udris, xolo, meore mxriv, viTvaliswinebT 1709 wlis Sewirulebis sabuTs, sadac ukve Weremelad
nikolozia dasaxelebuli da yovelive amis urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze, aRniSnuli ori sabuTis
qronologias ara XVII saukunis II naxevriT, an XVIII saukunis dasawyisiT, aramed Svidwliani SualediT
− 1702-1709 wlebiT ganvsazRvravT.
amrigad, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze Sedgenil saistorio sabuTebis urTierTSejerebis
safuZvelze metad saintereso daskvnebamde mivediT:
1. aRniSnul or sabuTSi moxseniebul mefe gorgasals erekle I-is rigiT merve vaJad _
gurgaslan/gorgaslanad miviCnevT.
2. rogorc Cans, 1697 wlis Semdeg erekle I-is rigiT merve vaJi − gurgaslan/gorgaslani
aujanyda Tavis mamas da TuSebis daxmarebiT Tavi kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada. / an Tavis
mamasTan SeTanxmebiT ibrZoda yizilbaSi mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg kaxeTSi legitimuri
uflebebis aRsadgenad.
3. gorgasal mefis ori sabuTis qronologias XVII saukunis II naxevris anu 1664-1675 wlebis
nacvlad, Svidwliani SualediT − 1702-1709 wlebiT ganvsazRvravT.
4. gorgasal mefis or sabuTSi moxseniebuli arCili/arCil batoniSvili vaxtang V-is vaJad,
arCil mefed ki ar miviCnieT, rogorc amas fiqrobda eqvTime TayaiSvili, aramed gamovTqviT
frTxili varaudi misi gorgasal mefis Svilad miCnevis Sesaxeb.
5. CvenTvis saintereso gujrebSi moxseniebuli daviT Weremeli dRemde ucnob, XVIII saukunis
pirvel Weremel episkoposad gvevlineba, romlis mwyemsTavrobis zeda zRvars − 1709 wliT
ganvsazRvravT.
_ 39 _
Tamaz gogolaZe
SeniSvnebi
1
statiaze gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis did madlobas movaxsenebT korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa
institutis wyaroTmcodneobisa da diplomatikis departamentis xelmZRvanels, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtors – qalbaton mzia surgulaZes.
2
goji, manZili ceris bolo saxsridan frCxilis wveramde. ixmareboda sigrZis sazomad (udris daaxl. 4 sm.)
(qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1990: 326-327).
damowmebani
TayaiSvili 1901: #1362: e. TayaiSvili. ori qvazed dawerili gujari, gaz. cnobis furceli, #1362.
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni 1991: pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni (XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis
mixedviT), gamosacemad moamzades: d. kldiaSvilma. m. surgulaZem. e. cagareiSvilma. g. jandierma, Tbilisi,
mecniereba.
JRenti 1994: d. JRenti. Sinafeodaluri brZola XVII s-is 60-70-iani wlebis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,
mecniereba.
sea, 1448-45: saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi
1448, sabuTi #45.
silogava 1972: v. silogava. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi dasavleT saqarTvelos lapidarul warwerebSi,
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, #4.
qavTaria 1978: m. qavTaria. bagrationTa qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxlis genealogia da qronologia (XVII-XVIII ss.).
mravalTavi filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani. t. VI, Tbilisi, mecniereba.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1990: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. nakveTi pirveli. a-l.
Tbilisi.
SavxeliSvili 1977: a. SavxeliSvili. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoriidan (TuSeTi XVI-XIX s, I
naxevarSi), Tbilisi, mecniereba.
xec: korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis Ad koleqcia.
sabuTi #508.
xec: korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis Hd koleqcia.
sabuTi #2521.
jamburia 1973: g. jamburia. saqarTvelos politikuri viTareba XVII s. 30-90-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi, t. IV, Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo.
_ 40 _
“TWO DOCUMENTS WRITTEN ON STONE” AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR HISTORY

OF THE KINGDOM OF KAKHETI AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Tamaz Gogoladze
Georgian acta are authenic sources for studying history of Georgia. Legal acts carved in stone belong to a
separate group of historical documents.
The paper concerns two documents writen on the stone surfaces. Informaion about the texts under the
itle Two Documents Writen on Stone was published by Eqvime Takaishvili in a newspaper Tsnobis Purceli, issue no.
1362 of January 23, 1901. By that ime the texts were kept at the library of the Society for Spreading the Literacy.
Unfortunately, we did not succeed in idenifying recent locaion of the above-menioned texts. Probably they were
lost or obliterated ater 1901.
According to the irst document, King Gorgasali donated territory with its mountain, valley and culivated land
to the Tusheians in return for certain services to the King. The Tusheians killed Alvanishvili from Parsma during the
capture of Gvelei and Eldari fortresses. It was for this service King Gorgasali donated them the land. Apart from
this, the Tusheians were granted a tax reducion by the King: only one sheep per lock. Prince Archil and mouravi
(appointed royal oicial) Zakaria are menioned as overlookers. Bishop Davit of Cheremi wrote the document.
According to another document, King Gorgasali had donated the Upper and Lower Chailuri with its ields,
spring and mill to the Mother of God of Cheremi. This document was also writen by Bishop Davit of Cheremi.
Prince Archil and mouravi Zakaria are also menioned in the document.
Eqvime Takaishvili considered that Prince Archil is a future King Archil II. Based on this consideraion, he
dated the document to the second half of the seventeenth century, or more precisely, to the years of the King’s
reign, 1664-1675. Date of the document suggested by Eqvime Takaishvili was accepted in Georgian historiography
(A. Shavkhelishvili).
Based on the comparaive analysis of the historical documents under consideraion, both compiled on the
turn of the seventeenth to eighteenth century, we have come to the following conclusions: a) in our opinion, King
Gorgasali menioned in the document is Gurgaslan / Gorgaslan, the eighth son of King Erekle I; b) one can suppose
that Gurgaslan / Gorgaslan, the eighth son of King Erekle I, rebelled against his father and announced himself the
King of Kakhei under the support of the Tusheians. Another scenario is also possible: Gorgasali strove against the
Iranians in coordinaion with his father for restoraion of legiimate rights in Kakhei; c) we date the above two
documents issued by King Gorgaslani to 1702-1709, instead of 1664-1675 as was accepted earlier; d) in diference
from Eqvime Takaishvili, we don’t think that Archil / Prince Archil menioned in the above two documents was
the son of King Vakhtang V. According to our cauious assumpion, Archil was the son of King Gorgasali. d) Davit
of Cheremi menioned in the documents is yet unknown bishop of Cheremi Bishopric. We consider 1709 as the
upper chronological limit of the bishop’s rule.
_ 41 _
alanTa Sesaxeb Cinuri cnobis warmomavloba
vaxtang goilaZe
am bolo wlebSi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad osTa winaprebis istoriazec momixda muSaoba. saSualeba
momeca ufro Rrmad gameanalizebina Cveni Zveli mezoblebis – osebis winaprad miCneuli alanebis
eTnogenezisa da gansaxlebis arealTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. qvemoT erT-erT aseT sakiTxze
meqneba saubari.
Zv. w. VII saukuneSi mdinare volgis dasavleTiT gadasuli sarmatuli modgmis tomebidan
Zv. w. II-I saukuneebisaTvis: roqsolanebis, iazigebis, siraqebisa da aorsebis gaerTianebebi iyo
Camoyalibebuli. ax. w. I s-is 30-ian wlebSi Crdilo azovispireTSi alanTa mTebidan (Aλανоu Oροs)1
Camosuli `cxenmravali~ alanTa gaerTianeba (imxanad isini skviT-alanebad iwodebodnen) iqve
momTabare iazigebs daupirispirda da Crdilo azoviszRvispireTidan dasavleTisaken gandevnili
– gadasaxlebuli iazigebis 2 kvaldakval dunaispireTSi gamoCnda. dunaispireTSi alanebi germanul
da sxva sarmatul tomebTan erTad ise aqtiurad Caebnen romis imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi,
rom Cqara maTma saxelma sxva sarmatuli tomebis (iazigebis, roqsolanebis, siraqebis, aorsebis da
sxvaTa) saxelebi gadafara. I saukunisa da Semdgomi xanis romaeli avtorebisaTvis sarmati da alani
identuri Sinaarsis terminebi gaxda (gamyreliZe 1973: 55).
sarmatuli modgmis tomebis alanebad moxsenebas evropeli avtorebidan oficialurad amianus
marcelinusma (gardaicvala ax. w. 400 wels) daudo saTave. magram, Tu qvemomotanil Cinuri cnobis
dReisaTvis miRebul erT-erT daTariRebas (Zv.w. II s.) gaviziarebT, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom
aseT tendencias ufro adre unda Cayroda safuZveli. TviT amianus marcelinusi romis istoriis
XXIII wignSi, romelSic ax. w. 363 wlis ambebs gadmogvcems, alanebis vrcel teritoriaze gansaxlebis
Sesaxeb jer kidev ar miuTiTebs. yuradRebas ufro metad skviTebze amaxvilebs. alanebs, skviTebsa
da sarmatebs cal-calke asaxelebs.
adgilebSi, sadac mTavrdeba imaviisad da apuriisad wodebuli mTebi sparseTis mxareSi cxovroben
skviTebi, romlebic esazRvrebian aziel sarmatebs da emezoblebian alanTa miwebis ganapira
sazRvrebs. dedamiwis daSorebul kuTxeebSi gafantulni, ganmartoebas SeCveulebi, isini cxovroben
erTmaneTisagan Sors, kmayofildebian mwiri da Raribuli sakvebiT (kulakovski, soni 2005:307).
amianusi evropisa da aziis sazRvrad radgan mdinare tanaiss (mdinare doni) Tvlida (kulakovski,
soni 2005:540), mis mier dasaxelebul àlanTa miwebis ganapira mxareSi~, cxadia, mdinare donis
dasavleTiT mdebare miwebi ivaraudeba. mdinare donis aRmosavleTiT mdebare velebi, marTlac,
azieli sarmatebis (am SemTxvevaSi, siraqebisa da aorsebis) momTabareobis areali iyo.
zemomotanili monaTxrobidan sul raRac 10/15 wlis gasvlis Semdeg, roca amianusi XXXI wigns
(es wigni 375/378 wlebis ambebs asaxavs) adgenda, igi ukve alanTa gansaxlebis areals exeba.
am mdinaris (e. i. md. tanaisis _ v. g) gadaRma alanebs uWiravT skviTuri udabnos3 ganuzomeli sivrce.
maTi saxeli momdinareobs mTebis saxelidan.4 TandaTanobiT, mravalricxovani gamarjvebebiT, maT
daimorCiles mezobeli xalxebi da maTze ganavrces TavianTi saxeli ise, rogorc es sparselebma
gaakeTes (kulakovski, soni 2005: 540).
amis Semdeg amianusi alanTa mier damorCilebuli xalxebis gansaxlebis adgilebs, Cacmulobasa
da zne-Cveulebebs gvacnobs da dasZens:
meore mxriv, amazonebis sacxovrisis5 maxloblad – aRmosavleTiT arian alanebi, gafantulni aziis
olqebis mravalricxovan da did xalxebSi, rogorc me Sevityve md. gangamde, romelic gadakveTs
indebis miwebs da samxreTis zRvas uerTdeba. alanebi gayofilni arian samyaros or nawilSi,
danawevrebuli mraval tomad, romelTa saxelebis CamoTvlas me saWirod ar vTvli. Tumca isini
momTabareoben rogorc nomadebi uzarmazar sivrceSi erTmaneTisagan Zalian daSorebiT. magram,
droTa ganmavlobaSi isini gaerTiandnen erTi saxelis qveS da erTnairi wes-Cveulebis, erTnairi enisa
da [erTnairi] SeiaraRebis gamo axla yvela alanad iwoda (kulakovski, soni 2005:541).
_ 42 _
im dros, roca amianusi zemomotanil ambavs mogviTxrobda, mis mier alaneTad saxeldebuli
teritoria ukve hunebis kontrolqveS iyo moqceuli da sxva sarmatuli warmomavlobis tomebTan
erTad alanebic maTi qveSevrdomebi iyvnen (sie 1961 b: 890), amitom alanebze Txrobisas amianusi,
rogorc Cans, Zvel tradicias eyrdnoba. ase rom, amianusis Txzulebidan motanili cnoba, upirveles
yovlisa, im mxrivaa saintereso, rom masSi sarmatiis yofil teritoriaze – aRmosavleT evropaSi
hunebis SemoWris wina xanis viTarebaa asaxuli (hunebi aRmosavleT evropaSi IV s-is 50/70-ian
wlebSi Semovidnen). rac mTavaria, amianusi gvarwmunebs, uzarmazar sivrceSi erTmaneTisagan Zalian
daSorebiT momTabare sarmatuli warmomavlobis tomebi droTa ganmavlobaSi, mxolod erTnairi
wes-Cveulebebis, erTnairi enisa da erTnairi SeiaraRebis gamo iwodnen alanebado.
amianusis aseTi miTiTeba, ra Tqma unda, ise ar unda gavigoT, aralis zRvis mimdebare velebidan
mdinare dunais napirebamde momTabare – aorsebi, siraqebi, iazigebi da roqsolanebi alanebi
gaxdnen.6 IV saukunis Suawlebis Semdegac romaeli avtorebi calkeul sarmatul gaerTianebebs
Zveli saxeliT araerTxel ixsenieben. Tumca, imave droidan berZnul-romauli samyarodan gamosuli
avtorebisaTvis (aseve im avtorebisaTvis, romlebic maTi cnobebiT sargeblobdnen) eTnikuri
saxeli alani zogjer iseTive zogadi Sinaarsisa iyo, rogorc Zvelad skviTi da Semdeg sarmati.
amianusis cnobis gaanalizebisas ismis kiTxva – ra teritorias moicavda alaniis saxelis qveS
nagulisxmevi yofili sarmatuli samyaro?
Zvel avtorebTan (stratanovski 2004:294; plinus ufrosi 1949:277; kulakovski, soni 2005:540)
aziad da evropad, marTalia, mdinare tanaisis dasavleTiTa da aRmosavleTiT mdebare velebi
(mdinare volgamde) miiCneoda, magram amianusis mier naxsenebi ìmaviis~ (igive imaionis) mTebi, radgan
tian-Sanis mTebia, amianusis istoriidan zemoT moyvanil cnobaSi, alanTa saxelis qveS moxseniebuli
tomebis momTabareobis adgilad mdinare volgis aRmosavleTiT mdebare velebic igulisxmeba.7
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, amianusis mier naxsenebi iranis imperiis Suaaziul samflobeloebSi
mcxovrebi skviTebis mosazRvre tomebi, mdinare volgis aRmosavleTiT (e. i. Sua aziis dasavleTiT)
momTabare is mcire sarmatuli gaerTianebebi unda yofiliyvnen, romlebsac qvemomotanili Cinuri
cnobis Tanaxmad, kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare velebi eWiraT. Sua aziaSi mcxovreb
skviTebs maTTan, marTlac, eqnebodaT garkveuli urTierToba.
amrigad, amianusis cnobidan gamomdinare, IV s-is 70-ian wlebSi alaniad iwodeboda ara marto Zveli
avtorebis mier sarmatiad cnobili, mdinare donis dasavleTiTa da aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoriebi
mdinare volgamde (e. i. straboniseuli evropa da azia), aramed mdinare volgis aRmosavleTiT mdebare
miwebi tian-Sanis mTebamde, Semdeg teritoria mdinare gangamde isev skviTeTi iyo.8
sarmatiad wodebuli vrceli teritoriis erTi nawili, kerZod, mdinare sir-dariis Crdilo-
dasavleTiT arsebuli gaerTianeba, rom alaniad iwoda, rogorc iTqva, es Cinur sinamdvileSicaa
asaxuli. Cinuri qronikis (esaa xanis umcrosi dinastiis istoria) cnobiT:
kangiuais Crdilo dasavleTiT 2000 lis manZilze mdebareobs saxelmwifo iancZi. am momTabareTa
saxelmwifos SeuZlia 100 aTasi meomris gamoyvana. CveulebebiT sruliad kangiuais msgavsia. iancZi
damrec napirebiani didi tbis, igive CrdiloeTis zRvis mimdebare qveyanaa. mas 5 patara samflobelo
emorCileba. esenia:1. suis mflobeli; 2. fumusis mflobeli; 3. iunisis mflobeli; 4. giskis mflobeli;
5. iugianis mflobeli (biCurini 1950:186).
imave qronikis sxva adgilas naTqvamia: `samflobelo iancZi axla alaniad iwoda. igi kangiuais
qveSevrdomia. hava zomieria, mravladaa fiWvebi da vaciwvera. wes-CveulebiTa da CacmulobiT
kangiuais msgavsia~ (biCurini 1950:229).
zemomotanil Cinur cnobaSi aRweril ambavs radgan Zv. w. II s-iT aTariReben (TofCiSvili 2008:9;
TofCiSvili 2009:176), gamodis, rom am cnobis avtoris moRvaweobis droisaTvis CrdiloeTis zRvis
(e. i. kaspiis zRvis) sanapiroze mdebare qveyana iancZis saxeli alania axali Serqmeuli hqonda.
axla vnaxoT romeli qveyanaa kangiuai, sad mdebareobda igi da, kerZod, romeli sarmatuli
gaerTianeba igulisxmeba iancZis saxelis qveS?
Zveli Turqebis istoriis cnobili mkvlevris l. gumiliovis Tanaxmad, kangiuais gaerTianeba
aralis zRvisa da balxaSis tbis Soris arsebul velebze momTabareobda (gumiliovi 1960:166). Zv.
w. I s-is SuaxanebSi kangiuai aRwerili iqna rogorc davanis (ferRanis) velidan 2000 lis (900 km)
daSorebiT arsebuli momTabareTa samflobelo. samxreTiT – Turanis dablobidan mas beTvay-dalis
unayofo veli yofda, aRmosavleTiT TarbaRaTais mTebi akravda, dasavleTiT saxelmwifo iancai
– e. i. alaneTi esazRvreboda (gumiliovi 1960:166).9 l. gumiliovi iqve aanalizebs Cinur rukebze
_ 43 _
vaxtang goilaZe
gamoxazul kangiuais sazRvrebs da aRniSnavs: Crdilo-dasavleTiT Tengizis tbasTan, kangiuais

CrdiloeTiT ui-s (romlis saxelis qveS eTnonimi ugri unda amovicnoT) tomebi cxovrobdneno
(gumiliovi 1960:166). rogorc l. gumiliovi wers, im droisaTvis kangiuai mniSvnelovan gaerTianebas
warmoadgenda 600 aTasiani mosaxleobiT. mas 120 aTasiani armiis gamoyvana SeeZlo. Tu xanis
ufrosi dinastiis istoriaSi arsebuli cnobiT, kangiuais dasavleTi mezobeli – iancZi, misgan
damoukidebeli iyo, xanis umcrosi dinastiis istoriaSi naTqvamia, rom iancZi mas eqvemdebareboda.
kangiuais igi ax. w. I-II s-ebSi unda daemorCilebina, Tumca kangiuais laSqars mdinare volga ar
gadmoulaxia (gumiliovi 1960:167-168).
sabWoTa istoriul enciklopediaSi kangiuais Sesaxeb naTqvamia:
kangiuai (igive kangxa, kangdizi) es iyo saxelmwifo warmonaqmni Sua aziaSi. mis birTvs, rogorc Cans,
md. sir-dariis maxloblad mcxovrebi da momTabare tomebi Seadgendnen. Zv. w. II s-is dasasrulisaTvis
kangiuaSi Sedioda Tanamedrove taSkentis oazisi, aseve md. amu-dariisa da sir-dariis SuamdinareTis
miwebis nawili. Zv. w. I s-Si man xorezmic10 daimorCila. ax. w. I-III saukuneebSi kangiuais, marTalia,
xorezmi da taSkentis oazisi Camocilda, magram damoukidebloba SeinarCuna. daimorCila saxelmwifo
iancZi (alanebi) Crdilo aralispireTSi da iani samxreT uralispireTSi (kangiuai 1965:954-955).
rogorc vxedavT l. gumiliovi da istoriul enciklopediaSi moTavsebuli werilis avtori

erTxmad miuTiTebdnen ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi kangiuais mier iancZis kuTvnili im nawilis dauflebis
Sesaxeb, romelic Crdilo aralispireTSi – mdinare volgis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda.
aRniSnulis Semdeg l. gumiliovis im daskvnas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, romlis Tanaxmad, kangiuais
laSqars ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi, iancZis damorCilebisas mdinare volga ar gadmoulaxavs, unda
vivaraudoT, rom iancZis gaerTianebis didi nawili – kerZod, mdinare volgis dasavleTiT mdebare
velebze momTabareebi, ax. w. II saukunis Semdegac damoukidebelni iyvnen. naTqvamTan erTad, Cinur
qronikaSi arsebuli miTiTebiT, qveyana kangiuaidan kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros
damrec ferdobebze mdebare qveyana iancZimde, radgan 2000 li (900 km) iyo (gumiliovi 1960:166),
Cinuri qronikis qveyana iancZi – sarmati aorsebis gaerTianebis aRmosavleTi nawili yofila.
am gaerTianebis samomTabareo areali ki kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT mdebare velebs (Crdilo
aralispireTi) garda, radgan kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-dasavleTiT da mdinare volgis samxreTiT
mdebare velebsac moicavda (sie 1961 a: 646), iancZis (aorsTa) gaerTianebis dasavleTi nawilis
Sesaxeb Cinel qronists, rogorc Cans, cnobebi ar hqonda. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,
Cinuri qronikis cnobiT, ax. w. II saukuneSi aorsTa gaerTianebis is nawili iwoda alaneTad, romelic
Crdilo aralispireTSi mdebareobda da xuTi patara samflobelosgan Sedgeboda. saxeli alania
SemdegSi mTel aorsTa gaerTianebaze iqna gavrcelebuli (sie 1961a: 646).
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom aorsebs sakuTriv skviT-alanebTan mxolod Soreuli saerTo
warmomavloba, da, rogorc amianusi wers, garkveuli wes-Cveulebebi akavSirebda, aorsTa
gaerTianebis aRmosavleTi nawili – Cinuri wyaros ìancZi~ mainc alaniad iwoda. aRniSnulma
ganapiroba SemdegSi aorsTa im qveSevrdomebs, romlebic ufro gvian, aorsebTan erTad mdinare
Tergis vakisze Semovidnen, ucxoeli avtorebi alanebad rom moixsenieben, Tumca maTi erTi nawilis
TviTsaxelwodeba ìr~ (ìron~) iyo (gagloiTi da sxvebi 1969:27). rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, aorsebis
msgavsad Zveli avtorebi zogjer alanebad sxva sarmatuli tomebis warmomadgenlebsac ixsenieben,
ris Sedegadac am calkeul sarmatul gaerTianebaTa istoria alanebs miekuTvna.
Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin gamodis: sarmatul samyaroSi alanTa
gamoCenis Semdeg momxdar cvlilebaze (yvela sarmatuli gaerTianeba rom alaniad iwoda) amiane
marcelinusma IV-s 70-ian wlebSi miuTiTa (ix. zemoT), Cinur sinamdvileSi ki es cvlileba ramdenime
saukuniT adre aisaxa, rac Zalian ucnaurad meCveneba.
istoriis asparezze roca alanTa gamoCenis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, upirveles yovlisa, unda
aRvniSno: alanTa Sesaxeb cnobebi ara aqvT Zv. w. I s-Si moRvawe diodore siciliels (diodore
sicilieli 1947) da ax. w. 24 wels gardacvlil Zvel berZen geografs – strabons (stratanovski
2004), amitom mxolod Cinur cnobaze dayrdnobiT ax. w. I s-is 30-ian wlebze ufro adreul xanaSi
alanebze saubari anaqronizmia. Zv. w. II s-is CineTSi Sua aziaSi mcxovrebi binadari xalxebis Sesaxebac
Zalian cota icodnen (vasilievi 1958:43), ris Sesaxebac qvemoT meqneba saubari.
roca Cinuri cnobis warmomavlobaze vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi ismis kiTxvebi: 1. ra icodnen
Zvelma Cinelebma dasavleTis qveynebis Sesaxeb da rodidan? 2. berZnul-romauli samyaros mesveurebi
Tu iyvnen dainteresebulni CinelebTan urTierTobiT?
_ 44 _
berZnul-romaul samyarosa da CineTs Soris urTierToba, adridanve rom iyo, amas CineTidan
wina aziisaken mimavali abreSumis didi savaWro gzis arseboba mowmobs. am gzis gakafva Cineli
diplomatisa da mogzauris Can cianis (gard. daaxl. Zv. w. 103 w.) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. magram,
Zv. w. 119 wels misi diplomatiuri misiis zogierTma wevrma mxolod wina aziis qveynebamde miaRwia
(vasilievi 1976; am misiis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT), Sesabamisad miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos alanebze
cnoba Zv. w. II s-is istoriis amsaxvel Cinur qronikaSi aris, ar SeiZleba. r. TofCiSvilis mier
damowmebul l. gumiliovis naSromis 284 gverdze Zv. w. II saukunis kaspiispireTSi alanTa ki ara,
sarmatebis cxovrebis Sesaxebaa naTqvami. es teritoria ax. w. II s-Si alanTa moTaveobiT Seqmnili
tomTa kavSiris aRmosavleTi – ganapira mxare iyoo.
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis dasazusteblad, upirveles yovlisa, unda davadginoT:
straboniseul evraziaSi rodis eWiraT alanebs dominirebuli mdgomareoba.
Crdilo azovispireTidan alanTa ZiriTadi masa dunaispireTSi, rogorc iTqva, ax. w. I s-is 30-
ian wlebSi gadavida da sxva gaerTianebebze Tavisi Zalaufleba TandaTanobiT gaavrcela. IV s-is
70-iani wlebidan ki, rogorc dunaispireTSi gadasuli, ise Savi da azovis zRvebis CrdiloeTiT
darCenili sarmatuli gaerTianebebi, maT Soris alanebi hunebis xelqveviT moeqcnen. hunTa beladis
atilas mier Seqmnili imperiis aRmosavleTi sazRvari mdinare volgis dasavleT sanapiroebamde da
kavkasiis mTebamde aRwevda (sie 1961 b: 980). ase rom, dunaispireTsa da azovispireTis CrdiloeTiT
alanTa aqtivobis xana ax. w. I s-is 30-ian wlebidan IV s-is 70-ian wlebamde ivaraudeba, rac saTanadod
aisaxa amianus marcelinusis TxzulebaSi, gavixsenoT XXXI wignSi arsebuli misi miTiTeba: alanebma
`TandaTanobiT, mravalricxovani gamarjvebebiT daimorCiles mezobeli xalxebi da maTze ganavrces
TavianTi saxeli~. amis Semdeg unda gaCeniliyo Cinur sinamdvileSi cnobebi sarmatul samyaroSi
alanTa dawinaurebis gamo momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. im droisaTvis berZnul-romaul samyaroSi
ki ukve saTanado codna hqondaT Sua aziis qveynebisa da CineTis Sesaxeb. aseve CineTSi dasavleTis
qveynebze.
samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli miTiTebiT, jer kidev aqemenianebis dros Sua aziuli
samxedro SenaerTebi aramarto monawileobdnen aqemenian mefeTa dapyrobiT omebSi (mag. saberZneTSi),
aqemenianTa imperiis Soreul provinciebSi samxedro garnizonebSic msaxurobdnen. aris Zv. w. V s-is
cnoba egviptis samxreT sazRvarTan xorezmeli meomris yofnis Sesaxeb (staviski 1964:176). mas
Semdeg, rac aleqsandre makedonelma Sua aziaSi ilaSqra (Zv. w. 327 w.), Zv. w. 250 wels ki Sua aziis
teritoriaze berZnul-baqtriuli samefo Seiqmna (igi moicavda: baqtrias, soRdianes, marRianes.
nawilobriv SaSs da ferRanas. Zv. w. 190/180 wlebSi SeierTa area da araxosia), romaulma samyarom
Sua aziis qveynebisa da xalxebis Sesaxeb ufro meti Seityo. aRniSnuliT unda aixsnas strabonsa
(gard. ax. w. 24 w.) da plinius ufross (gard. ax. w. 79 w.) mravalricxovani cnobebi rom aqvT `kaspiis
karis~ aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi xalxebisa da qveynebis Sesaxeb (stratanovski 2004:79; pliniusi
1949:303-306). CineTisa da Sua aziis qveynebis Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT meti icodnen11
pliniusis Semdeg moRvawe avtorebma – erT-erTi aseTia amianus marcelinusi.
amianus marcelinusis istoria Tu ZiriTadi wyaroa ax. w. IV s-is Suaxanebis straboniseul
evraziaSi momxdari ambebis Sesaswavlad, aRmosavleTi regionebisaTvis (ZiriTadad Sua aziis), am
mxriv mniSvnelovan cnobebs swored Cinuri qronikebi Seicaven. maTgan xanis ufrosi dinastiis
istoriis avtori ban gu ax. w. 92 wels gardaicvala (perelomovi 1962:115). rac Seexeba xanis
umcrosi dinastiis istorias (sadac zemomotanili Cinuri cnobaa), mis avtorad V s-Si mcxovrebi
swavluli – fan xua iTvleba12 (gumiliovi 1960:5). istoriis Sedgenisas igi Zveli masalebiTac
sargeblobda. rogorc l. gumiliovi wers, fan xuas monaTxrobi, marTalia sqematuri xasiaTisaa
da winamorbedTa naSromebTan SedarebiT mdared iTvleba (gumiliovi 1960:5), magram swored misma
naSromma Semogvinaxa cnoba sarmatul samyaroSi momxdari cvlilebis Sesaxeb.
gamodis, rom fan xuam ax. w. V s-Si Seadgina xanis umcrosi dinastiis istoria da misi moRvaweobis
droisTvis CineTSi ukve sakmao codna iyo dagrovili dasavleTi mxaris Sesaxeb. es codna CineTis
saimperatoro karidan dasavleTis qveynebSi wargzavnili diplomatiuri misiebis mier mopovebuli
cnobebis garda, imdroindel geografiul da saistorio literaturas emyareboda. Tavis mxriv,
CineTis Sesaxeb saTanado cnobebi hqondaT romis imperiaSi. aseTi urTierTobis dasturadaa
miCneuli ptolemaiosis rukaze mdinare iaqsarti (sir-daria) iseTive SecdomiT romaa gamoxazuli,
rogorc es Cinel kartografs aqvs (gumiliovi 1960:118).
CineTSi Sua aziis, kerZod, soRdianasa da ferRanas (Cinurad davani) Sesaxeb, rogorc iTqva,
zemoxsenebuli Can cianis misiis wevrebisagan Seityves. maTive monaTxrobiT gaiges Cinelebma
maTTvis ucnob qveynebze: kangiuais, iancZis, parTiis (Cinurad – ansi), mesopotamiis (Cinurad –
_ 45 _
vaxtang goilaZe
tiaCJi), saocar qveyana indoeTze (Cinurad – Sendu, indu) da romis imperiis (Cinurad – ligani)
Sesaxeb (gumiliovi 1960:112-113; vasilievi 1958:43).
TviT romis imperiaSi rodis Sedga CinelTa elCoba, amis zusti TariRis miTiTeba Znelia,
magram erTi dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, es Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukunis damlevs – oqtaviane
avgustusis mmarTvelobaSi (Zv. w. 27 – ax. w. 14 w.) unda yofiliyo. aseTi mtkicebis safuZvels
romaeli poetis horaciusis (Zv. w. 65-8) poemaSi dasaxelebuli serebi (Cinelebi) iZleva13 (sergeevi
1941:562). CinelTa elCoba romSi, marTlac, rom oqtaviane avgustusis mmarTvelobisas imyofeboda,
es ax. w. II s-is romaeli istorikosis lucius anei floris istoriaSi arsebuli cnobiT dasturdeba
(lucius anei flori 1972:34).
Cemi dakvirvebiT, floris Tanamedrove berZeni geografis ptolemaiosis TxzulebaSi cnobebi
romaa “imaionis mTebis iqiTa skviTeTze~, serikaze, sakebis miwebze (gumiliovi 1960:118), e. i. im
teritoriebze, romelTac Cinelebi siuis, anu dasavleTis mxares uwodebdnen, imas mowmobs, rom
ptolemaiosis moRvaweobis droisaTvis (ax. w. II s.) romis imperiis mmarTvel wreebs Sua aziasa
da CineTSi mimdinare procesebze saTanado informacia hqondaT. Tavis mxriv, Cineli avtorebi,
rogorc Cans, yuradRebiT adevnebdnen Tvals romis imperiasa da skviTur-sarmatul samyaroSi
momxdar ambebs, ecnobodnen saTanado literaturasac.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT unda davaskvna: amianus marcelinusis TxzulebaSi
alanTa Sesaxeb arsebulma cnobebma, kerZod, miTiTebam: àlanebma TandaTanobiT rom daimorCiles
mezobeli xalxebi da maTze ganavrces TavianTi saxeli, droTa ganmavlobaSi sarmatuli tomebi
gaerTiandnen erTi saxelis qveS da erTnairi wes-Cveulebebis, erTnairi enisa da [erTnairi]
SeiaraRebis gamo axla yvela alanad iwoda~ safuZveli misca V s-Si mcxovreb fan xuas xanis umcrosi
dinastiis istoriaSi Seetana cnoba: `samflobelo iancZi axla alaniad iwoda“-o. fan xua, radgan
Zveli masalebiT sargeblobda, da misi monaTxrobi, rogorc l. gumiliovi wers, `diplomatiuri
misiebis mier mopovebul cnobebs~ garda, imdroindel geografiul da saistorio literaturasac
eyrdnoba, saeWvo araa, mis Tanadroul CineTSi aramarto indoeTis, wina da Sua aziis qveynebisa da
mxareebis (maT Soris, aorsebis sarmatuli gaerTianebis aRmosavleTi nawilis – Cinuri wyaroebis
iancZi), Sesaxeb, aramed straboniseuli evraziis teritoriaze arsebul sarmatul gaerTianebebzec
saTanado codna hqondaT.
amrigad, mas Semdeg rac ax. w. I-IV saukuneebis dunaispireTSi arsebul sarmatul gaerTianebaTa
Soris yvelaze Zlieri da aqtiuri alanebis saxeli imdroindelma avtorebma sxva sarmatul
gaerTianebebzec ganavrces, amianus marcelinusi iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi Txzulebis XXXI wignSi
Seetana cnoba sarmatul samyaroSi momxdari cvlilebis Sesaxeb. swored am cnobas eyrdnoba V s-Si
mcxovrebi Cineli qronisti – fan xua, roca uTiTebs ìancZi (Cinuri wyaroebis aorsTa gaerTianebis
aRmosavleTi nawili) axla alaniad iwodao~.14
Cinuri qronikis cnobis arasworma interpretaciam mkvlevarTa nawils, erTi mxriv, safuZveli
misca Sua azia alanTa eTnogenezis adgilad mieCniaT (avgusti alemani; TofCiSvili 2008:49), xolo,
meore mxriv, aorsebisa da alanebis igiveoba emtkicebinaT (sie 1961a; gumiliovi 1960:252; gagloiTi
1966:61), ris Semdegac alanebis gansaxlebisa da momTabareobis arealad uzarmazari sivrce – mdinare
amu-dariidan mdinare dunais dasavleT napirebamde arsebuli teritoria iqna miCneuli (krupnovi
1961:329; TofCiSvili 2008:18, 49, 52). rac Seexeba alanTa Sesaxeb Cinuri qronikis cnobis Zv. w. II
s-iT daTariRebas, rogorc zemoT vaCvene, im droisaTvis Cinelebs Sua aziis qveynebzec ki naklebi
codna hqondaT. mxolod Zv. w. 119 wlis elCobis Semdeg gamoikveTa gansakuTrebuli interesi
dasavleTis mxaris (Cinurad si iui) da masSi Tavdapirvelad ZiriTadad aRmosavleT Turqestanis
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi igulisxmeboda (vasilievi 1958:44-45).
SeniSvnebi
1
klavdios ptolemaiosis mier sarmatiaSi arsebul mTaTa Soris dasaxelebul alanTa mTebad md.donis
(tanaisis) dasavleTiT mdebare donecis Wiuxi iTvleba (klavdios ptolemaiosi 1948:235, Sen. 7). dionise
periegetis XII s-is komentatoris evstafis ganmartebiT, àlani – esaa mTiani qedi sarmatiaSi, saidanac
albaT miiRo saxeli dionises mier `Zlier da cxenmravlad wodebulma alanTa tomma~ (evstafi 1948:246).
amianus marcelinusis Tanaxmad, xalxis saxeli “Halani~ mTebis saxelidan aris miRebuli (kulakovski, soni
2005:540). “alani~ mTaa sarmatiaSi wers stefanos bizantieli (vanevi 1959:26). alanTa mTebs aseve aigiveben
_ 46 _
uralis mTebis samxreTi gagrZelebis muRojarebis mTebTan (TofCiSvili 2008:49, 25-26; TofCiSvili 2012:47).
alanTa mTebad muRojarebis mTebi miaCnia kataloniel mecniers avgusti alemans (TofCiSvili 2012:51).
2
ase ixseniebs ptolemaiosi iazigebs (klavdios ptolemaiosi 1948:233). gamomcemlis ganmartebiT,
ptolemaiosis droisaTvis (ax. w. II s.) “gadasaxlebul iazigebs~ (‘Јαζιγεs Μεtαν’αstαι) dakebis mezoblad
md. dunaisa da md. tisas Soris arsebuli teritoria ekavaT (klavdios ptolemaiosi 1948:233. Sen. 3). i.
kulakovskis es cnoba imis maCveneblad miaCnia, iazigebi im mxaris ZiriTadi macxovreblebi rom ar iyvnen
(kulakovski 1899:7).
3
Zv. w. VII saukunidan skviTeTad ZiriTadad Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare veli iwodeboda, sadac Zv.
w. V s-Si skviTebis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda. rogorc Cans, am teritorias ixsenebs amianus marcelinusi
`skviTebis udabnod~. herodote skviTebis gansaxlebis (momTabareobis) arealad md. borisTenes (md.
dnepri) aRmosavleTiT mdinare tanaisamde arsebul teritorias miiCnevs (yauxCiSvili 1975:257). rogorc i.
kulakovski wers, SemdegSi `skviTeTis~ ganmarteba Seicvala. plinius ufrosi termin `Scythicae gentes~ qveS
sxvadasxva modgmis xalxebs ixseniebs (pliniusi 1949:278). marian tireli ki termin skviTeTs iyenebs aziis
Soreuli aRmosavleTis ucnobi qveynebis aRsaniSnavad (kulakovski 1899: 8).
4
igulisxmeba ptolemaiosis alanTa mTebi (Aλανоν οροu).
5
plinius ufrosis cnobiT, amazonebi mdinare tanaisTan (donTan) cxovrobdnen da alanebi maTTan
qorwinebis Sedegad warmoiSvnen (pliniusi 1949:293). es cnoba, rogorc Cans, herodotes im monaTxrobidan
momdinareobs, romlis Tanaxmad amazon qalebTan qorwinebis Semdeg sarmati Wabukebi `mdinare tanaisis
gadaRma dasaxldnen~ (yauxCiSvili 1975:285). alanebi maT STamomavlebad iTvlebian.
6
amianusis cnoba, marTlac, gaxda safuZveli ara marto alanebisa da aorsebis igiveobaze mieTiTebinaT
(gagloiTi da sxvebi 1987:55), alanebad iqnen miCneulni iazigebi, roqsolanebi, siraqebi, aorsebi. aseTi
gaigivebis safuZvelze, cnobilma rusma mecnierma e. krupnovma alanebs uzarmazari teritoria miakuTvna.
misi TqmiT, alanebi Zv. w. II saukunidan arian cnobilni roqsolanebis saxeliT da ax. welTaRicxvis pirvel
saukuneebSi isini cxovrobdnen: qvemo volgispireTSi, samxreT uralispireTSi, Crdilo kaspiispireTSi,
donispireTSi, kavkasiis mTiswineTsa da Crdilo SavizRvispireTis samxreT raionebSi mdinare dnepramde
(krupnovi 1961:329). e. krupnovs mxedvelobidan gamorCa ax. w. I saukunidan alanebi mdinare dunaispireTSi
rom iyvnen gadasulebi. mas Semdeg, rac alanTa mTebidan Crdilo azovispireTSi Camosulma skviTma-alanebma
iazigebis samomTabareo teritoria daikaves, am teritoriaze darCenil iazigebTan alanTa Serevis Sesaxeb
SeiZleba vilaparakoT. igive procesi mimdinareobda dunaispireTSic, Tumca iq gadasul iazigebsa da
roqsolanebs Zveli avtorebi isev cal-calke ixsenieben.
7
amianusis aseTi miTiTebis mxardasaWerad gviandel avtorTa im cnobebs imowmeben, romlebSic alanebi
ixseniebian ara marto Sua aziaSi, aramed CineTSic ki. X s. xorezmeli swavlulis al-birunis cnobaze
dayrdnobiT aRniSnul faqtze wers z. vaneevi. misive TqmiT, XIV s-Si Cingiz xanis samsaxurSi 72 iasi (e. i.
osi, - v. g.) Tavadi iyo (vaneevi 1959:53). r. TofCiSvilis Tanaxmad àlanebis Zvel sacxovrisSi (e. i. Sua
aziaSi, − v. g.) darCenili nawili, alanebisave saxelwodebiT, Sua aziaSi X saukunis bolomde mkvidrobda,
romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi gaTurqdnen~ (TofCiSvili 2012:47).
8
es tradicia evropaSi gvianobamde SemorCa. ase, magaliTad, XIV s-Si moRvawe bizantieli avtori laonik
xalkokondile Zvel bizantiur tradiciaze dayrdnobiT Tavis Tanadroul ruseTs “sarmatias~, xolo
oqros urdos `skviTeTs~ (igive saTaTreTs) uwodebs (diteni 1962:54).
9
Cinur cnobaze dayrdnobiT, rogorc vxedavT, l. gumiliovi iancZis ukve alanebad moixseniebs, rac
istoriul realobas ar Seesabameba.
10
s. tolstovis Tanaxmad, kangiuai igive xorezmia, avestis kangxa (tolstovi 1948:146). SeiZleba xorezmTan
siaxlovem ganapiroba kangiuais mmarTvelebma CineTTan urTierTobis damyareba rom scades. Zv. w. 36 wels
kangiuais mmarTvelma CineTSi Tavisi Zis meTaurobiT elCoba gaagzavna (vasilievi 1958:45).
11
b. staviskis naSromis qveTavSi – О связях Средней Азии с Римом. mravali magaliTia motanili CvenTvis
saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb. mag. ax. w. I s-is dasasrulisaTvis baqtrieli vaWrebi ixsenebian q. aleqsandriaSi,
xolo tajikeTis teritoriaze mikvleulia romis imperatorTa monetebi (staviski 1964:179-180).
12
fan xuas saxelia fan e., xolo Txzulebas hqvia xou xan Su (gumiliovi 1960:4-5; dumani 1965:308).
13
mimarTvaSi oqtaviane avgustusisdmi horaciusi wers, rom triumfSi monawileobdnen ùzomod Tavmomwone
parTebi~ da romis winaSe Zrwian àRmosavlur udabnoSi indoelebi da serebi (Cinelebi)~ (sergeevi 1941:562).
ax. w. 99 wels dakebis damarcxebis aRsaniSnavad imperator traianes (97-117) mier gamarTul triumfs
quSanTa elCebi eswrebodnen. aseve aris cnoba imperator adrianes (117-138) mier `baqtriis mefeTa~ miRebis
Sesaxeb, xolo imperator antoninus piusTan (138-161)~ ìndoelTa, baqtrielTa da hirkanelTa~ elCebis
Casvlaze (staviski 1964:177-178).
4
V-VI saukuneebSi savaWro da diplomatiuri urTierToba bizantiis imperiasa da CineTs Soris ufro
gaRrmavda. CineTis Sensis provinciis q. sianis maxloblad 1953 wels mikvleuli iqna imperator iustine
_ 47 _
vaxtang goilaZe
II-is (565-578) droindeli oqros moneta (sia nai 1962:128). tanis dinastiis CineTTan bizantiis imperiam
diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyara. amis Semdeg, Cinuri qronikis cnobiT, CineTSi masiurad gamoiyeneboda
dasavleTis qveynebis oqrosa da vercxlis monetebi. CineTSi aseve mravladaa mikvleuli sasaniani Sahebis
mier moWrili monetebi (sia nai 1962:181-182).
damowmebani
biCurini 1950: Н. Я. Бичурин (Иакинф). Собрание сведений о народах, обитавших в Средней Азии в древние времена,
т. 2, Москва-Ленинград.
gagloiTi 1966: Ю. С. Гаглойти. Аланы и вопросы этногенеза осетин. Тбилиси.
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gagloiTi da sxvebi 1969: Ю. С. Гаглойти и другие. Очерки истории Юго-Осетии, т. I, `Иристон~, Цхинвали.
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diteni 1962: Г. Диттен. Известия Лаоника Халконондила о России. Византийский Временник. №XXI. Москва.
diodore sicilieli 1947: Диодор Сицилийский. Историческая библиотека. Вестник древней истории (SemdegSi ВДИ),
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dumani 1965: Л. И. Думан. Китай. Исторический очерк до конца 18 в. СИЭ, т. 7, Москва.
evstafi 1948: Евстафий. Комментарий к `Землеописанию~ Дионисиа, ВДИ, № 1, Москва.
vaneevi 1959: З. Н. Ванеев. Средневековая Алания. Сталинир.
vasilievi 1976: Л. С. Васильев. Чжан Цянь, СИЭ, т. 16. Москва.
vasilievi 1958: Л. С. Васильев. Культурные и торговые связи ханского Китая с народами Центральной и Средней Азии.
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TofCiSvili 2012: r. TofCiSvili. osTa eTnogenezis Sesaxeb. krebuli – kavkasiis eTnologliri krebuli, XIV,
Tbilisi.
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TofCiSvili 2009: Р. Топчишвили. Осетины в Грузии миф и реальность. Тбилиси.
klavdios ptolemaiosi 1948: Клавдий Птолемей. Географическое руководство. ВДИ, № 2, Москва.
kangiui 1965: Кангиюй, Кангха, Кангдиз. СИЭ, т. 6, Москва.
krupnovi 1961: Е. И. Крупнов. Аланы, СИЭ, т. 1. Москва.
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lucius anei flori 1972: Луций Аней Флор. История. т. 2. Москва.
perelomovi 1962: Л. С. Переломов. Бань Гу. СИЭ, т. 2. Москва.
plinius ufrosi 1949: Г[аи] Плиний Секунд. Естественная История. ВДИ, № 2. Москва.
sia nai 1962: Ся Най. Золотая византийская монета, найденная в могиле периода династии Суи. Византийский Временник,
т. XXI. Москва.
sabWoTa istoriuli enciklopedia 1961 a: Аорсы. Советская историческая энциклопедия (SemdegSi – sie), т. I, Москва.
sie 1961 b: Атилла. sie, т. I, Москва.
sergeevi 1941: v. s. sergeevi. Zveli romis istoriis narkvevebi. naw. II, Tbilisi.
staviski 1964: Б. Я. Ставиский. Средняя Азия, Индия, Рим (к вопросу о международных связях в Кушанский период).
krebulSi - Индия в древности. Москва.
stratanovski 2004: Страбон. География. Перевод, вступительная статья и комментарий Г. А. Стратановского. Москва.
gamyreliZe 1973: tacitusi. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. analebi. laTinuri teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komentarebiTurT, gamosca al. gamyreliZem, Tbilisi.
tolstovi 1948: С. П. Толстов. По следам древнехорезмийской цивилизации. Москва-Ленинград.
yauxCiSvili 1975: herodote. istoria. t. I, berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da saZiebeli daurTo TinaTin
yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi.
_ 48 _
WHEN WAS SARMATIAN WORLD REFERRED AS ALANS’ LAND?

The Origins of the Chinese Data about Alans
Vakhtang Goiladze
Alans were irst menioned in the Roman literature (Seneca the Younger, Lucani, Pliny the Elder, Josephus
Flavius) of the 1st century AC. According to one group of the scholars Alans are menioned in the annals of the
Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC (A. Aleman, R. Topchishvili).
As soon as Alanis appeared on the stage of history and when they moved to the basin of river Danube they
became so acively involved in the military afairs against Romans that all authors of the 1st-2nd centuries called all
representaives of the Sarmaian union (Iazyges, Roksolans, Aorses, Siraques) Alans. On the basis of the menioned
tradiion Roman author Ammianus Marcellinus (died in 400) while wriing the history of the 375/378 years,
menioned: “Because Sarmats, like nomads, on a vast territory have common tradiions, language and armament,
now they are called Alans~. We have noiicaion alike in the Chinese Chronicle. It says: “Domain Yantsdzi (it is a
territory located in the East of the Aors Sarmats’ union ill the river Volga.) is now called Alans’ land~.
Chinese people learned about the Central Asian and Near Eastern countries ater diplomaic mission of Dan
Cyan (119 year BC). They established relaions with Rome at the beginning of the 1st century AD. Despite above
menioned Ban Gu, the author of The History of the Former Han Dynasty, who died in 92 BC had not an informaion
about Alans.
Chinese – Roman relaions became intensive in the 4th-5th centuries. Because, Chinese chronicler of the
5 century Fan Hua wrote The History of the Later Han Dynasty based on those days geographical and historical
th
literature and materials gathered by diplomaic missions~ (L. Gumiliov), supposedly, the informaion about the
Sarmaian world (that it is called land of Alans) he had taken from The History of Rome by Ammianus Marcellinus
and indicated: “Domain Yantsdzi is now called Alans’ land~.
Thus, the informaion of the Chinese Chronicle originates from Ammianus Marcellinus and belongs to the 5th
century author Fan Hua. The false interpretaions of the Chinese data gave scholars(E. Large, R. Topchishvili) an
occasion idenify Alans with other Sarmaian tribes and assume their setlement from the surrounding steppes of
Amu Darya to the river Danube, which does not correspond to historical reality.
_ 49 _
eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxisaTvis
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dros
manuCar guncaZe
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Seswavlis dros, saxeze gvaqvs mTeli rigi problema-
turi sakiTxebis, romlebic qveynis winaSea wamoWrili. erT-erT maTgans warmoadgens eTnikuri um-
ciresobebis Tema, romlis Seswavlac istorikosebis, eTnologebis, iuristebisa Tu sxva samecnie-
ro disciplinebis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens da sakmaod aqtualuricaa dRevandelobaSi.
sakiTxis dRes aqtualurobamac gaaCina Cveni interesi, rom momxdariyo misi Seswavla ara
mxolod Tanamedrove mdgomareobis mixedviT, aramed gadagvexeda warsuli gamocdilebisaTvis,
rac ukeT dagvanaxebda, Tu rogori iyo midgoma am sakiTxisadmi Cven qveyanaSi.
imisaTvis, rom sakiTxis kvlevas arc Zalian Soreul warsulSi gadaenacvla da dRevandelobasTanac
axlos yofiliyo, anu momxdariyo sakiTxis gaanalizeba im epoqaSi, rodesac saqarTvelos hqonda
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, Sesaswavlad aRebuli iqna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
arsebobis 1028 dRiani monakveTi.
saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis Camoyalibebas, win uswrebda rusuli
imperia da garkveul sakiTxebze mis sakanonmdeblo bazas gverds ver auvlidnen. Tumca saWiro iyo
Tvisobrivad axali, ufro dasavluri standartebis normatiuli aqtebis Sedgena, romlebic ara
mxolod konstituciis doneze, aramed yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic uzrunvelyofdnen moqalaqeebis
da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebs.
aqedan gamomdinare cxadi iyo, rom rodesac qveyana damoukideblobas gamoacxadebda, saWiro
gaxdeboda an ukve arsebuli kanonebisTvis reformis Catareba, an da axali kanonebis miReba,
romlebic saSualebas miscemda eTnikuri umciresobebis jgufebs, daecvaT sakuTari uflebebi da
Tavi egrZnoT qveynis Tanasworuflebian moqalaqeebad.
cota ufro mogviano periodis sabWoTa gamocdilebas rom gadavxedoT, am sakiTxis mogvareba
sakanonmdeblo doneze ufro martivia vidre misi realur cxovrebaSi danergvac. radgan sabWoTa
kavSiris periodi iyo TvalsaCino magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeeZlo qveyanas, furcelze hqonoda
daculi moqalaqeebis uflebebi, magram yofiT cxovrebaze es ar asaxuliyo.
zemoT dasaxelebulma sabWoTa kavSiris magaliTma mogvca kvlevis Catarebis mimarTuleba,
kerZod ki momxdariyo sakiTxis gaanalizeba im kuTxiT Tu pirveli, ra kanonebi arsebobda 1918-
1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi eTnikuri umciresobebis dasacavad; meore, ramdenad iyo saWiroeba
konkretuli kanonebis miRebis, Tu es iyo imisTvis rom ufro demokratiuli gamoCeniliyo
mTavroba; mesame, is kanonebi, romlebic exeboda CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs, xorcieldeboda Tu
ara realur cxovrebaSic, Tu isini mxolod furcelze daweril teqstebadve rCeboda.
axla ki gadavideT uSualod 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos periodze, rodesac qveynis
damoukideblobis aRdgenisTanave, mis winaSe dadga eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxic.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavidanve Seiqmna qveyanaSi arsebul sxvadasxva
erovnebis warmomadgenelTa Tanabaruflebianobis principze. saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis
aRdgenisTanave kargad acnobierebdnen, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa yvela warmomadgenels unda
hqonoda is uflebebi, rac qarTvelebs, ar unda momxdariyo maTi Cagvra da devna. ra Tqma unda,
saxelmwifo ena qarTuli iqneboda, magram es nebismieri damoukidebeli qveynisTvis Cveulebrivi
atributia da qveyanaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobis uflebebis darRvevas ar niSnavs.
eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi midgoma 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aqtSic aRiniSna. es faqti metyvelebs, Tu rogori prioriteti eniWeboda maTi uflebebis dacvas.
damoukideblobis aqtis mexuTe da meeqvse punqtebSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos yvela
moqalaqe Tanaswori iyo erovnebis, sarwmunoebis, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesis ganurCevlad;
aseve saqarTveloSi mosaxle yvela ers exsneboda Tavisufali asparezi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
(SaraSeniZe 1990).
am aqtiT damoukideblobis aRdgenisTanave gamoiricxa erovnuli niSniT Cagvra. amiT saqarTvelo
SeuerTda msoflios demokratiul standartebs da sakanonmdeblo donezeve gamoiricxa, rom
saqarTveloSi romelime moqalaqis ufleba darRveuliyo misi eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo.
_ 50 _
eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dros
saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilobda:
eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi eCvenebinaT, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da

erovnuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba maTdami dapirispirebas ar iTvaliswinebda, piriqiT, igi maTi
politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis garanti gaxdeboda. am nabijiT, xelisufleba
myar niadags qmnida respublikaSi urTierTdapirispirebis aRmosafxvrelad da stabilurobis
SesanarCuneblad (vadaWkoria 2006: 214).
es iyo mxolod pirveli nabiji eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis dasacavad, romelsac

sxva kanonebi mohyva. 1918 wlis 13 seqtembris kanoniT eTnikur umciresobebs ufleba miecaT,
TavianTi warmomadgenlebi hyolodaT saqarTvelos umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi _ erovnul
sabWoSi. warmomadgenlebis raodenoba iyo yoveli 20 000 mcxovrebidan erTi delegati. arsebobda
gamonaklisic: rodesac eTnikuri umciresoba am raodenobiT ar cxovrobda qveyanaSi, magram maT
mainc hyavdaT warmomadgenlebi, kerZod, eseni iyvnen berZnebi, germanelebi da ebraelebi (SaraSeniZe
1990).
amrigad, eTnikuri umciresobebis delegatTa raodenoba erovnul sabWoSi Semdegnairad
gadanawilda:
eTnikuri umciresoba raodenoba
somxebs 10
TaTrebs 4
afxazebs 3
rusebs 2
osebs 2
qarTvel ebraelebs 2
ebraelebs 1
berZnebs 1
germanelebs 1
aqedan Cans, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvas yuradReba eqceoda da am kanoniT
ukve umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs Tavadac eZleodaT sakuTari uflebebis dacvis SesaZlebloba.
am delegatebs irCevdnen an am erebis erovnuli sabWoebi an xdeboda iseTi warmomadgenlis gagzavna,
romelic arCeuli iyo demokratiuli respublikis sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi (SaraSeniZe 1990).
mTavroba iTvaliswinebda im faqts, rom damoukidebloba axali aRdgenili iyo da eTnikur
umciresobebSi qarTuli enis codnasTan dakavSirebiT seriozuli problemebi arsebobda. ruseTi
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis dros maT arc saSualeba da miTumetes arc saWiroeba ar hqoniaT
qarTuli ena SeeswavlaT, es problema ki ase male ver mogverdeboda. swored aman gamoiwvia 1918 wlis
15 oqtombers saqarTvelos parlamentSi axali kanonis SemoReba, romlis mixedviTac umciresobis
warmomadgenlebs ufleba eZleodaT sityva warmoeTqvaT umciresobis enaze, Tu is prezidiumis
erTma wevrma mainc icoda (SaraSeniZe: 1990).
msgavsi kanonebis ganxilva naTel surTs warmogviCens, Tu ra doneze xdeboda 1918-1921 wlebSi
saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacva. maT hyavdaT warmomadgenlebi sakanonmdeblo
organoSi da am warmomadgenlebs ufleba eZleodaT, umciresobis enaze gamosuliyvnen sityviT.
msgavsi xelSewyoba samagaliTo iqneboda nebismieri evropuli demokratiuli qveynisTvis.
Tumca mxolod xsenebuli kanonebi komforts ver Seuqminda umciresobebis im nawils, romelmac
qarTuli ena ar icoda, damoukidebel qveyanaSi ki saxelmwifo enis codna integraciis erT-erTi
saukeTeso saSualebaa. amas davumatoT isic, rom ganaTlebis misaRebad Tavidan mxolod sakuTari
enis codna sakmarisi ar iyo. amitom ganaTlebis saministroSi gatarda reforma, romlis mixedviTac
eTnikuri umciresobebis mozardi Taobis umravlesobas saSualeba eZleodaT pirveldawyebiTi
da zog SemTxvevaSi saSualo ganaTleba mieRoT ufasod. aseve ganapira regionebSi qarTveli da
araqarTveli axalgazrdebisTvis stipendiebis saxiT gamoiyo 200 000 maneTi. 1920 wlis monacemebiT
saqarTveloSi iyo 306 skola eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis:
_ 51 _
manuCar guncaZe
raodenoba skola
81 somxuri
66 berZnuli
60 rusuli
48 osuri
31 TaTruli
20 afxazuri
es yvelaferi gviCvenebs, rom qveyanaSi xdeboda eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo uflebebis dacvac.
saqarTvelos respublikis midgomas erovnuli umciresobebisadmi zustad asaxavs sagareo
saqmeTa ministris akaki Cxenkelis sityva damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze 1920 wels:
erTis eris bedniereba meoris bednierebaa da erTis ubedureba-ubedurebaa meorisaTvis. ayvaveba

saxelmwifosi aris ayvaveba da gamdidreba umciresobisa. es unda qondes Segnebuli yovel umciresobas,
rom adgili ar eqnes raime gaugebrobasa da undoblobas... umciresobam unda SeiTvisos is azri, rom
Cveni respublika maTi respublikaa da rac avnebs saxelmwifos avnebs, maTac (vadaWkoria 2003: 456).
msgavsi xedva warmoadgenda saerTo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnis survils, sadac erTiani
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba iqneboda. msgavsi strategia saxelmwifos mSeneblobis saqmeSi ara
marto meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, aramed dResac prioritetulia da erT-erTi yvelaze didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba.
eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis dacvisaTvis mxolod calkeuli kanonebis miRebiT ar
Semoifarglebodnen da am sakiTxs mniSvnelovani adgili daeTmo saqarTvelos konstituciaSi,
romelic 1921 wels iqna miRebuli. konstitucias moqmedeba, faqtobrivad, aRar dascalda
rusuli armiis SemoWris gamo, magram kargad asaxavs qveyanaSi arsebul zogad Sexedulebebs da im
mimarTulebas, rogorc qveyana apirebda ganviTarebas.
eTnikur umciresobaTa sakiTxis meToTxmete Tavi mTlianad eTmoboda da 9 muxls (129-137
muxlebi) moicavda (1921 wlis konstitucia).
T a v i 4.
erovnul umciresobaTa uflebani
muxli 129. ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis romelime erovnuli umciresobis

Tavisufali social-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT misi deda-eniT swavla-
aRzrda da erovnul-kulturul saqmeTa Sinauri marTva-gamgeoba. yvelas aqvs ufleba sweros,
hbeWdos da ilaparakos deda enaze.
muxli 130. erovnul umciresobisagan Semdgari adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebis
(Temi, eroba, qalaqi) ufleba aqvT SeerTdnen da daaarson erovnuli kavSiri Tavis kulturul-
ganmanaTlebeli saqmeebis ukeT mosawyobad da gasaZRolad konstituciisa da kanonis farglebSi.
25 erovnul umciresobas, romelsac aseTi TviTmarTvelobis organoebi ar moepoveba, SeuZlia
amis gareSec Seadginos erovnuli kavSiri am muxlSi aRniSnuli uflebiTa da kompetenciiT.
erovnul umciresobaTa kulturul-ganmanaTlebel saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad saxelmwifo
da TviTmarTvelobaTa biujetidan gadaideba finansiuri saSvalebebi proporciulad mcxovrebTa
raodenobisa.
muxli 131. ar SeiZleba SeizRudos visime politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi ufleba erovnul kavSirSi
monawileobisas.
muxli 132. yovel erovnul kavSirs SeuZlia aRZras da daicvas sasamarTlos winaSe is saqme, romelic
exeba konstituciiTa da kanoniT miniWebul erovnul umciresobis uflebis darRvevas.
muxli 133. saqarTvelos respublikis yovel moqalaqes Tanaswori ufleba aqvs miiRos saxelmwifo,
samoqalaqo, samxedro da saqalaqo Tu saerobo samsaxuri.
muxli 134. erovnulad narevi adgilobrivi mmarTveloba valdebulia swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis
gadadebuli TanxiT daaarsos sakmao ricxvi skolebis da kulturul-ganmanaTlebel dawesebulebisa
moqalaqeTa erovnul Sedgenilobis proporciis mixedviT.
_ 52 _
eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dros
muxli 135. erovnul umciresobis skolaSi swavleba swarmoebs bavSvis salaparako enaze.
muxli 136. adgilobriv mmarTvelobis farglebSi, sadac erTi romelime erovnuli umciresoba
aRemateba yvela moqalaqeTa 20 %-s, am erovnul umciresobis moTxovniT msjeloba da saqmis warmoeba,
saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi SemoRebul unda iqnes saxelmwifo enasTan erTad mis
dedaenazedac.
muxli 137. ara qarTvel deputats, romelmac saxelmwifo ena sakmaod ar icis, SeuZlia parlamentSi
sityva warmosTqvas deda-eniT, romlis swor Targmans winaswar warudgens parlamentis prezidiums.
dawvrilebiT wess gansazRvravs kanoni (1921 wlis konstitucia).
am muxlebis mixedviT, eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi ar unda SezRuduliyo, unda hqonodaT

sakuTar enaze ganaTlebis miRebisa da kulturuli ganviTarebis saSualeba. ufleba eZleodaT
erovnuli kavSirebis daarsebisa, rac xels Seuwyobda kulturul-saganmanaTleblo ganviTarebas,
ris dasafinansebladac saxelmwifosa da adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaTa biujetidan gamoiyofoda
Tanxa. maT agreTve eZleodaT sruli politikuri Tu moqalaqeobrivi Tavisufleba. erovnul
kavSirebs eniWeboda kidev erTi datvirTva: maT SeeZloT sasamarTloSi aReZraT sarCeli da
daecvaT umciresobaTa uflebebi, rac dacvis damatebiT garantias iZleoda. eTnikuri umciresobebi
Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs warmoadgendnen, faqtobrivad, im uflebebiT, rac qarTvelebs hqondaT,
amitom maT eZleodaT saxelmwifo, samoqalaqo, samxedro, saqalaqo da saerobo samsaxurSi muSaobis
ufleba.
konstituciaSic eqceoda adgili umciresobaTa ganaTlebis sakiTxs, romlis mixedviTac
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi valdebulni iyvnen, eTnikur umciresobaTa ganaTlebisTvis
gamoeyoT Tanxa biujetidan da ezrunaT skolebis aSenebaze. bavSvi ganaTlebas iRebda mis
salaparako enaze, amiT marto eTnikuri umciresobebis ki ara, aramed bavSvis uflebebis dacvac
xdeboda. konstituciaSi gawerili iyo isic, rom adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis farglebSi,
sadac eTnikur umciresobaTa raodenoba 20% -s aRemateboda, iq saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv
adgilebSi saxelmwifo enasTan erTad saqmis warmoeba da msjeloba eTnikuri umciresobis enazec
unda daSvebuliyo.
aseTia konstituciaSi eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis monaxazi, riTac araviTari Cagvra Tu
SezRudva ar unda momxdariyo. konstitucias xom mTavari mniSvneloba eniWeba qveyanaSi adamianis
uflebebis dasacavad, swored konstitucia aris qveynis ganviTarebis mimarTulebis maCvenebeli. am
mxriv, qarTuli konstitucia sakmaod demokratiuli iyo da mniSvnelovnad iTvaliswinebda eTnikur
umciresobaTa uflebebs.
ra Tqma unda, es calkeuli kanonebi, romlebic aq iyo moyvanili da TviT konstituciac aris
furcelze dawerili, romelsac praqtikaSi ganxorcielebac sWirdeba. amisTvis saqarTvelos
Zalian cota dro hqonda, mxolod 1918 wlis 26 maisidan, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlamde, ris gamoc
srulad ver moxda yvela am uflebis ganxorcieleba, Tumca eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis
dacvis faqtebi mainc sakmarisi raodenobiT arsebobs. swored ramdenime maTganiT SevecdebiT am
kanonebis gamyarebas.
erTi aseTi SegviZlia moviyvanoT somexTa uflebebis sakiTxi. 1918 wels somxeTma saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg wamoiwyo farTomasStabiani samxedro dapirispireba: misma jarebma gadmolaxes
saqarTvelos sazRvari da maTi daniSnulebis adgils Tbilisi warmoadgenda. samxedro moqmedebaTa
Semdeg saqarTvelom ukuagdo somxeTis jarebi da gamarjvebac moipova. somxeTis mxridan aseTi
agresiis fonze SesaZlebeli iyo saqarTvelos agresia gamoeCina im somexTa mimarT, romelnic
qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen, radgan Teoriulad SeiZleboda isini potenciur safrTxed ganexilaT.
miuxedavad amisa, somexTa mimarT msgavsi Cagvris faqtebi ar gvaqvs, ar momxdara saqarTvelos
teritoriaze maTi wmenda aseTi dapirispirebis Semdegac ki; aseve 1919 wels daSnakTa somxurma
partiam damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebac ki miiRo (CaCxiani 2007).
meore magaliTad SegviZlia ganvixiloT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb CinelTa sakiTxi, romelTa
problemac 1920 wels wamoiWra, swored im periodSi, rodesac mimdinareobda samxedro moqmedebebi,
erTi mxriv, bolSevikur azerbaijanTan, xolo, meore mxriv, ajanyebul osebTan viTareba
rTuldeboda da yoveldRe mosalodneli iyo samxedro dapirispirebis dawyeba. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, qveyanaSi sakmaod rTuli viTareba iyo, magram eTnikur umciresobebs mainc eqceoda
yuradReba. saqme imaSi iyo, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma Cinelebma qarTuli ar icodnen da
mZime ekonomikur pirobebSi uxdebodaT yofna. swored amitom 1920 wels, saqarTvelos mTavrobis
daxmarebiT, CinelTa jgufma daaarsa saqarTveloSi mcxovreb CinelTa kavSiri, romlis mizanic iyo
_ 53 _
manuCar guncaZe
saqarTveloSi myofi CinelTa daxmareba. gaixsna Sesabamisi punqtic, sadac xdeboda CinelTaTvis
daxmarebis gacema. informaciis gavrcelebas xels uwyobda imdroindeli presac. agreTve iyo
mimarTva im samsaxurebisadmi, sadac Cinelebi muSaobdnen, rom miecaT droebiTi Svebuleba maTTvis,
raTa maT kuTvnili daxmareba mieRoT (erToba 1920: №124).
bolos ki SegviZlia osebTan dakavSirebuli faqti moviyvanoT. 1920 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobis
dros samxedro agresia mimarTuli iyo mxolod ajanyebulebis mimarT da aravin ar Cagravda
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb sxva osebs, radgan es iyo ara osebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli
genocidi, aramed ajanyebis CaxSoba, romlis mizanic saqarTvelosTvis istoriuli teritoriis
CamoWra iyo, sadac qarTvelebi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT cxovrobnen (guncaZe 2013/2014).
maSasadame, aRniSnuli faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom TeoriaSi gatarebuli kanonebi praqtikuladac
sakmaod warmatebiT xorcieldeboda da mxolod furcelze daweril sityvebad ar rCeboda.
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas bevri xarvezi gaaCnda, rogorc axlad Seqmnil saxelmwifos,
yvelaferi TandaTan viTardeboda, magram demokratiul viTarebas mniSvnelovani yuradReba
eqceoda, rac, TavisTavad, gulisxmobda eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis dacvas da maT miRebas
saqarTvelos Cveulebriv, sruluflebian moqalaqeebad.
damowmebani
1921 wlis konstitucia: saqarTvelos konstitucia (miRebulia saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1921
wlis 21 Tebervals), Tbilisi, `samSoblo~, 1992, 28 gv. eleqtronuli versia: htp://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/
coll/0001/000299/
guncaZe 2013/2014: m. guncaZe. 1920 wlis osTa ajanyeba Sida qarTlSi qarTuli presis masalebis mixedviT,
Jurnali qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, # XV-XVI, Tbilisi, universali.
erToba 1920: kavSiri saqarTveloSi mcxovrebel Cinel moqalaqeTa, gaz. erToba, #124.
vadaWkoria 2003: S. vadaWkoria. saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (XX saukune), wigni 1, Tbilisi,
mematiane.
vadaWkoria 2006: S. vadaWkoria. saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (XX saukune), wigni 2, Tbilisi,
mematiane.
SaraSeniZe 1990: saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli (1918-1921),
redaqtori v. SaraSeniZe, Tbilisi, iverTa mxare.
CaCxiani 2007: a. CaCxiani. daSnakTa nacionalistur-eqspansionisturi ideologia da somxeT-saqarTvelos 1918-
1919 wlebis omi, Tbilisi, aradani.
_ 54 _
osmaleTis agresia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 1918 wels
daviT koxreiZe
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis brZolis erT-erT

mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis arseboba osmaleTTan.
statiaSi im periodSi gamomaval presaze dayrdnobiT warmodgenili iqneba politikuri da
samxedro movlenebis yoveldRiuri msvleloba da misi analizi, gamomwvevi mizezebi da Sedegebi.
pirveli msoflio omidan separatuli zavis Sedegad gamoTiSuli ruseTi samoqalaqo omis
qarcecxlSi gaexva, ruseTis jarebma masiurad daiwyes samxreT kavkasiis frontis mitoveba. amiT
dauyovnebliv isargebla osmaleTma da moindoma samxreT kavkasiaSi sakuTari gavlenis gaZliereba,
sadac im droisaTvis arsebobda amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebrivi Canasaxi.
1917 wlis 8 noembers sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam gamoaqveyna dekreti zavis Sesaxeb da mimarTa
meomar qveynebs SeewyvitaT omi da daewyoT sazavo molaparakeba.
1918 wlis 3 marts sabWoTa ruseTis delegaciam xeli moawera brest-litovskis sazavo
xelSekrulebas, romlis meoTxe muxlSic weria:
artaanis, yarsisa da baTumis olqebidan unda gavides ruseTis jari. ruseTi ar unda Caerios am
olqebis axal saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv da saerTaSoriso-sameurneo organizaciaSi da unda mieces
SesaZlebloba am olqebis mosaxleobas, daamyaros axali wyobileba mezobel saxelmwifoebTan,
gansakuTrebiT ki osmaleTTan SeTanxmebiT.
am zaviT sabWoTa ruseTma faqtobrivad aRiara damarcxeba pirvel msoflio omSi da amierkavkasiis
qveynebi Seatova TurqeTs. 1917 wlis 7 noembers ruseTSi bolSevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi
aRebis Semdeg amierkavkasiis partiebi da organizaciebi bolSevikebs gaemijnen da 15 noembers
daaarses amierkavkasiis komisariati, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, asrulebda am mxaris droebiTi
mTavrobis funqciebs. amierikavkasiis komisariatma gadawyvita sakuTari saxeliT molaparakeboda
osmaleTs, gadawyda dawyebuliyo samSvidobo molaparakebebi.
konferencia gaixsna 1 marts (14 marti), trapizonSi, konferenciaze amierkavkasiis komisariatis
warmomadgenlebi uars acxadebdnen brest-litovskis zavis cnobaze, Turqebi ki moiTxovdnen iq
miRebuli SeTanxmebis dacvas.
trapizonis samSvidobo molaparakebis mimdinareobis paralelurad osmaleTis samxedro
xelmZRvaneloba ganagrZobda amierkavkasiis sazRvrebisaken Setevas da osmaleTis razmebma
erTmaneTis miyolebiT daikaves trapizoni, erzerumi da yaraurgani. mtris razmebi ukve yarsisa
da baTumis misadgomebTan gamoCndnen, mdgomareoba Zalze kritikuli gaxda. sagareo safrTxes
daemata is, rom amierkavkasia SigniT ar iyo erTiani da adgilobrivi mahmadianebi iWerdnen cixeebsa
da strategiul obieqtebs. sofel varxanaSi Semdgara muslimanTa nacionaluri sabWo, romlis
irgvlivac didi Zala yofila Tavmoyrili, am sabWos mier gamotanili dadgenilebebis mixedviT
moxda mobilizacia. amrigad, osmaleTi yvelanairad cdilobda amierkavkasiaSi daenTo ajanyebis
cecxli da umtkivneulod daekavebina rac SeiZleba meti teritoria.
sainteresoa, rom TviTon osmaleTs ar hyavda maincdamainc didi Zalebi gadmosrolili kavkasiis
frontze, amierkavkasiis jarebis sardlobis daskvnis safuZvelze vityobT, rom osmaleTis
mTeli samxedro Zala warmodgenili iyo ori arasruli samxedro diviziiT (8 000 kacamde), Tanac
jariskacebs eubnebodnen, rom midiodnen ara sabrZolvelad, aramed daclili teritoriis
dasakaveblad (saqarTvelo 1918 #54: 3).
ra gasakviria, rom arsebuli SedarebiT mcire Zalebis gamo osmaleTi Zalze did imedebs
amyarebda adgilobriv mosaxleobaze, maT Soris, musliman qarTvelebze – aWarlebze, romlebic
raodenobrivad aRematebodnen kidec baTumis brZolaSi regularul osmalo askerebs, Tumca amaze
qvemoT.
mZime mdgomareobaSi myofma amierkavkasiis mTavrobam da seimma, romelic grZnobda garduval
katastrofas 1918 wlis 20 marts (2 aprils) miiRo samobilizacio kanonproeqti, romelic 13
muxlisgan Sedgeboda da meore dResve gamoqveynda yvela gazeTSi.
_ 55 _
daviT koxreiZe
amierkavkasiis mTavroba, romelic yovelTvis xazs usvamda imas, rom samxedro savaldebulo
samsaxuri didi boroteba iyo da yovelTvis ibrZolebda imisaTvis, rom samxedro samsaxuri
gaeuqmebinaT, iZulebuli gaxda mobilizacia gamoecxadebina, radgan osmaleTis mxridan safrTxe
dRiTi dRe matulobda.
ukve 15 martidan (28 marti) aWaris wylis raionSi, romelic baTumidan 21 kilometriT aris
daSorebuli, osmalo mzveravebi gamoCndnen da amierkavkasiis jarebTan Setakeba mouxdaT.
23 marts (5 aprils) TbilisSi movida cnoba, rom osmalebma sariyamiSi aiRes: `13 saaTze, somxuri
jaris nawilebma sariyamiSi ubrZolvelad daTmes~ (saqarTvelo 1918 #67: 2).
ukve 28 marts (10 aprils) Woroxis, Caqvis da qobuleTis raionebSi srola iyo, romelsac
pasuxi gasca sacixovno artileriamac, baTumis mimdebare teritoriaze nel-nela gaxureba daiwyo
brZolam (erToba 1918 #74: 2).
im dros, rodesac trapizonSi amierkavkasiis samSvidobo delegaciis warmomadgenlebi uSedegod
awarmoebdnen molaparakebas, osmalebi Zalze Sedegianad miiwevdnen win da advilad umklavdebodnen
demoralizebul da sustad momzadebul amierkavkasiis jarebs.
amierkavkasiis sazavo delegaciis gancxadebis meore dResve, osmalTa jarebis sardalma, romlis
sruli saxelicaa ferik-vehib-mehmed-faSa, depeSa gaugzavna baTumis cixis komendants, rom man
gasca brZaneba SeeCerebina baTumis winaaRmdeg brZola da amasTanave sTxova baTumis komendants
SeeCerebina baTumidan artileriis moqmedeba da aseve gadasca, rom Tu baTumis komendanti 11
aprils (ax. st) saRamos 6 saaTamde ar iqneba SeCerebuli srola, samxedro moqmedeba gagrZeldebao
(erToba 1918 #96: 1).
meore dRes, 12 aprils (ax.st.) amierkavkasiis jarebis ufross osmalebma ultimatumi wamuyenes,
sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom vinaidan brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad baTumi unda daicalos
da amierkavkasiis jarebma unda daixion 1877 wlis ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvarze. xolo fortebi,
romlebiTac baTumi iyo daculi, saswrafod unda dacliliyo, amasTan yvelanairi SeiaraReba da
sabrZolo masala, rac fortebSi iyo ganlagebuli, aucileblad osmaleTis xelSi unda gadasuliyo.
amasTanave gamagrebuli adgilebis daclisaTvis amierkavkasiis jarebis sardlobas eZleoda dro
31 martis (13 aprilis) SuadRis oTx saaTamde. Tu am droisaTvis piroba ar iqneboda Sesrulebuli,
osmalebi gadmovidodnen Setevaze. sapasuxod vada iyo micemuli 31 martis (13 aprilis) SuadRis 12
saaTamde.
amasTan amave dRes, amierkavkasiis sazavo delegaciis Tavjdomarem, a. Cxenkelma orjer acnoba
depeSiT baTumSi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs, rom fortebis dacla mas miaCnia aucileblad mTeli
rigi mosazrebebis gamo, romelsac ar akonkretebda.
baTumis cixis komendantma miiRo ra osmalTa ultimatumi, sTxova osmalTa jarebis sardals,
gaegrZelebina vada 24 saaTiT, vinaidan mas saSualeba ar hqonda Tbilisidan Sesaferi gankargulebebi
mieRo. vehib faSam am Txovnaze uari ganacxada da baTumic iaraRiT aiRes osmalTa jarebma 1
aprilis (14 aprili) RamiT, mas Semdeg, rac faqtobrivad 48 saaTiT iyo Sewyvetili sabrZolo
moqmedebebi (erToba 1918 #96: 3).
aq momyavs javSnosani matareblis ufrosis valodia goguaZis naambobi, sadac is aRwers baTumis
dacemas, romelic daibeWda gazeT erTobis 7 aprilis (20 aprili) nomerSi: baTumSi situacia metad
airia 30 martidan (12 aprili), rodesac saRamos gamocxadda droebiTi Serigeba. am faqtma isedac
gaqcevaze TvaldaWerili jarebi uaresad daqsaqsa, xalxSi is azri daibada, rom omi damTavrda da
bevri Sin dasabruneblad moemzada fsiqologiurad da zogic fizikuradac.
miuxedavad imisa, rom meTaurebi jariskacebs uxsnidnen saqmis namdvil mdgomareobs, magram
maT Segonebas aravin usmenda, poziciebze mxolod mcirericxovani razmebi idga da isinic metad
ugulisyurod ekidebodnen saqmes, rodesac valodia goguaZis mier erTi razmi iqna gagzavnili
garnizonis Sesacvlelad, garnizonis jariskacebma arc ki hkiTxes SemcvlelT vin iyvnen da hqondaT
Tu ara nebarTva (erToba 1918 #79: 2).
1 aprils (14 aprili) valodia goguaZe Sedis qalaq baTumSi, sadac naxulobs general arTmeliZes,
raTa misgan miiRos gankargulebebi. generlis brZaneba metad savalaloa, is goguaZes ubrZanebs
SeaCeros amierkavkasiis jaris nawilebi, romlebic stiqiurad garbian poziciebidan.
baTumis bedi gadawyvetili iyo. jarebis moumzadebloba aSkarad Canda, jariskacebma an ver
moaswres normalur wvrTnis gavla, an amaze didad arc aravis Seuwuxebia Tavi. ramdenime werilSi,
romelic Zvelma oficrebma gamogzavnes TbilisSi da romelic daibeWda erTobisa da saqarTvelos
furclebze, winaswar iyo gacxadebuli is, rac moxda pirvel aprils Zveli stiliT, oficrebi
araerTxel iTxovdnen mTavrobisagan baTumis poziciebze gaeSvaT gamocdili, ukve namsaxuri
_ 56 _
jariskacebi da ara axalwveulebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela werilSi, romelic ibeWdeboda gazeT erTobasa da saqarTveloSi,
jariskacebi mtris jarebs aWarlebad moixseniebdnen. faqtia, rom im momentSi an aWarlebi,
marTlac, sWarbobdnen osmalebs, an ubralod sayovelTaod iyo aseTi azri gavrcelebuli qarTul
oficrebSi. amis dadgena axla Zneli iqneba.
2 aprils dilis 7 saaTze Caqvidan telegrama mivida valodia goguaZis saxelze, romelic
gamogzavnili iyo Caqvis razmis ufrosis polkovnik yaralaSvilisgan, romelic alyaSi iyo
mowyvdeuli da iTxovda Svelas, javSniani matareblis daxmarebiT polkovnikma yaralaSvilma da
misma razmma brZoliT gamoiara mTeli gza da gavida qobuleTisaken mSvidobiT.
valodia goguaZe aRniSnavs, rom oficerTa umravlesoba gmirulad ibrZoda ukanasknel
wuTebamde, jariskacebis mxolod umciresobaze SeiZleba igive iTqvas, aseve, aRsaniSnia general
arTmeliZis da polkovnik gelovanis razmebis gmiruli brZola, romlebmac bolo wuTebamde ar
daTmes poziciebi da mxolod sardlobis brZanebiT datoves isini.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom artileria Rirseulad ibrZoda, mters did zians ayenebda da rogorc
valodia goguaZe aRniSnavs, qveiTi razmis normaluri momzadebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi sul sxva
iqnebodao (erToba 1918 #80: 2).
rogorc aRvniSneT, 31 marts (13 aprils) RamiT amierkavkasiis delegacia mTavrobam gaiwvia da
1 aprils (14 aprils) delegacia TbilisSi gaemgzavra. amis Semdeg samxedro moqmedebebi gagrZelda
rogorc Savi zRvis piris raionSi (brZola baTumisaTvis), aseve aranaklebi intensivobiT yarsis cixis
garSemo, rac osmalTa jarebis ufrosma a. Cxenkels acnoba 9 aprilis (22 aprilis) depeSiT, samxedro
moqmedeba imitom ganvaaxleT, rom amierkavkasiis delegaciam sazavo molaparakeba Sewyvitao. 10
aprils (23 aprils), vinaidan wina dRiT seimma daadgina, rom osmalebTan sazavo molaparakeba
ganaxlebuliyo, ministrTa Tavmjdomarem a. Cxenkelma1 axali kabinetis Sedgenamde winadadeba misca
osmalTa jarebis ufross 10 aprilis saRamos 8 saaTidan mTels frontze SeeCerebinaT samxedro
moqmedeba. amasTanave a. Cxenkelma acnoba osmaleTs, rom amierkavkasia gamocxadda damoukidebel
saxelmwifod.
amierkavkasiis laSqars esaWiroeboda gamarjveba imisaTvis, rom elementaruli TviTrwmena mainc
gasCenoda demoralizebul samxedro nawilebs, es gamarjveba maT generalma giorgi mazniaSvilma
aCuqa.
giorgi mazniaSvilis mogonebebis mixedviT, 12 aprils (ax. st.) samtrediaSi generali
mazniaSvili Sexvda muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, noe Jordanias da kavkasiis
armiis mTavarsardal lebedinskis, aseve am Sexvedraze dasaswrebad baTumidan Camovida baTumis
cixis komendanti – generali mdivani. generalma mdivanma mazniaSvils gadasca brZaneba, romlis
mixedviTac igi daniSnuli iyo SemovliTi razmis ufrosad, romelsac sadgur Caqvidan unda gaevlo
xeoba, asuliyo maRlobze, romelic midis samebis fortamde da yvelanairad unda ecada SeeSala
xeli osmaleTisaTvis, raTa maT ar daeWiraT forti sameba.
am gegmas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda da garkveulwilad baTumis bedi imaze iqneboda
damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad swrafad SeZlebda giorgi mazniaSvili am amocanis Sesrulebas.
mas Zalze rTul viTarebaSi mouwia sul mcire jaris Sedgenac ki, mis gankargulebaSi iyo 90
kacisagan Semdgari razmi, da erTi batarea, romelsac meTaurobda kapitani sergo kargareTeli.
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es yvelaferi xdeba maSin, rodesac matareblebi gaWedili iyo frontidan
gamoqceuli jariskacebiT, romlebic, miuxedavad oficrebis didi mcdelobisa, garbodnen TavianT
saxlebSi da Tan mihqondaT saxazino tanisamosi da iaraRi.
mTavroba ukve baTumis dakargvis wina dRes, 13 aprils (ax.st.) iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, rom
baTumi daecemoda, radgan 13 aprils giorgi mazniaSvili daibara noe Jordaniam da daavala
gamgzavrebuliyo sadgur natanebSi da mieRo saTanado zomebi, raTa mteri mdinare Coloqs ar
gadmoscdenoda (mazniaSvili 1990: 27).
1 aprils (14 aprils) diliT generali mazniaSvili daiZra samtrediidan sami eSeloniT. sul
generlis gankargulebaSi iyo: 174 SeiaraRebuli kaci, 4 tyviamfrqvevi da 6 saartilerio danadgari,
4 oficeri da 150 jariskaci. xolo natanebSi razms miemata javSniani matarebeli valodia goguaZis
xelmZRvanelobiT (mazniaSvili 1990: 29).
generali am mcire razmis imedad iWers mdinare Coloqis poziciebs, Tavis mogonebebSi giorgi
mazniaSvili aRniSnavs, rom axlo mdebare soflebidan man daibara uxucesebi, gaacno saqmis viTareba
da sTxova daxmareba Seqmnil situaciaSi. uxucesebis daxmarebiT Sedga moxaliseTa razmebi,
romelTac daekisraT ZiriTadad sadazvervo funqciebi (mazniaSvili 1990: 31).
_ 57 _
daviT koxreiZe
amis Semdeg mazniaSvili ukavSirdeba korpusis ufross – genaral gabaSvils da sTxovs damxmare
jarebsa da oficrebis gamogzavnas sameTauro Stabis Sesadgenad da partizanuli razmebis
sameTaurod. aseve samtrediaSi zurgisa da sanitaruli nawilebis organizebas.
am dros qobuleTSi imyofeba polkovniki yaralaSvili Tavisi meore legionis narCenebiT,
romlebic Caqvidan gamoiyvana valodia goguaZem Tavisi javSnosani matarebliT.
Sexvedrisas polkovnikma yaralaSvilma generals moaxsena, rom osmalebi gamoCndnen Caqvis
midamoebSi da moiweven qobuleTisaken, xolo generlis SekiTxvaze, Tu ras warmoadgens meore
legioni, rogorc samxedro Zala, polkovnikma upasuxa rom legionSi darCa 500 jariskaci, da rom
igi, rogorc samxedro nawili arafrad varga da rom maTi erTaderTi miswrafebaa rac SeiZleba
swrafad dabrundnen TavianT saxlebSi.
am moxsenebis Semdeg giorgi mazniaSvilma gadawyvita, rom es legioni ar daetovebina, radgan
`gamocdilebiT vicodi, rom amgvari jaris nawili aramcTu araviTar daxmarebas ar gamiwevda,
aramed piriqiT, im patara razmsac gamifuWebda, romelic poziciebze idga~ (mazniaSvili 1990: 32).
polkovnikma yaralaSvilma miiRo brZaneba, rom Tavisi legioniT asuliyo sadgur lanCxuTSi
da iq dabanakebuliyo, rom Seedgina damxmare razmi.
16-17 aprils (ax.st.) generali mazniaSvili amagrebs poziciebs, avsebs axali razmebiT da
emzadeba mtris dasaxvedrad. dRisiT mzveravis funqcias asrulebs javSniani matarebeli, xolo
RamiT adgilobriv mkvidrTagan Sedgenili mzveravi razmebi.
18 aprils (ax.st.) mazniaSvili miemgzavreba valodia goguaZis javSnosani matarebliT
qobuleTisken, sadac oCxamuris xidze osmalebis mzveravebs gza gaexsnaT, wina vagoni da orTqmavali
xramSi gadaiCexa, seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra generalsa da valodia goguaZes, Tumca sabednierod
isini uxifaTod gadarCnen, mxolod xelis guli daewva giorgi mazniaSvils (SaraZe 1992: 439-440).
sabednierod moxerxda javSniani matareblis gadarCena, samtrediidan gamoZaxebulma saremonto
matarebelma moaxerxa misi amoweva da garemonteba.
vidre generlis sicocxle da janmrTeloba safrTxeSi iyo, misi saqme win miiwevda, samxedro
razmebi ivseboda nawil-nawil 100-150 kacian mcire jgufebad. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini friad
mamuliSviluri grZnobiT ganwyobilni modiodnen general mazniaSvilis gankargulebaSi, maT mainc
ar aviwydebodaT axali tansacmlisa da fexsacmlis, aseve sadilis moTxovna da mxolod maSin
midiodnen poziciebze, rodesac yvela moTxovnas daikmayofilebdnen (mazniaSvili 1990:34).
me kargad mqonda Seswavlili fsiqologia qarTveli jariskacebisa, kargad vicodi, rom Tu mtris
pirvel ieriSebs gavuZlebdi, Cemi jarebi ibrZolebdnen bolomde, magram Tu pirvelive Setakebaze
Sedrkebodnen, ganmeordeboda baTumis istoria da iZulebuli viqnebodi damexia samtrediisaken da
iq kvlav damewyo Segroveba gafantuli jarebisa, romlebic ase siZneliT iqna Segrovebuli aseT
mokle xanSi (mazniaSvili 1990: 35).
saWiro iyo rezervi, romelsac aqvs metad mniSvnelovani funqcia, garda praqtikuli gamoyenebisa,
rezervs aqvs Zalze mniSvnelovani fsiqologiuri datvirTva im ZalebisaTvis, romlebic frontze
ibrZvian. radgan generals rezervi ar gaaCnda, misi funqcia unda etvirTa javSnian matarebels,
romelsac xelmZRvanelobda valodia goguaZe, romelmac dakisrebuli funqcia brwyinvaled
Seasrula.
samwuxarod mxolod am poziciis momzadeba ar kmarobda, arsebobda safuZvliani saSiSroeba,
rom osmaleTis jarebi SeZlebdnen zurgidan moevloT am poziciisaTvis im SemTxvevaSi Tu
ozurgeTi ar iqneboda gamagrebuli. amitom generali mazniaSivili ozurgeTSi gaemgzavra, sadac
moinaxula meoTxe qarTuli legioni, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda svimon wereTeli. generali
SeekiTxa mas, SeiZleboda Tu ara am legionze imedis damyareba da dayrdnoba, razedac miiRi pasuxi,
rom legionerebi darcxvenilebi arian baTumidan gamoqcevis gamo da ibrZolebdnen TavgametebiT
da daicaven TavianT miwa-wyals. ramdenad `daicves~ am jarebma ozurgeTi amas qveviT vnaxavT.
ozurgeTis poziciebis monaxulebis meore dRes mazniaSvils daukavSirdnen telefoniT
ozurgeTidan. telegrafisti acnobebda rom ozurgeTi daclilia saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis
jarebisa da meoTxe qarTuli legionis mier da isini ixeven daba Coxataurisken. advili warmosadgenia,
Tu ra moulodneli da Tavzardamcemi cnoba iqneboda es generali mazniaSvilisaTvis. situacia
saswrafod moqmedebebs moiTxovda.
6 aprils (21 aprils) gamTeniis 3 saaTisaTvis, generals acnobes, rom osmalebi miuaxlovdnen
qarTul poziciebs, aq iwyeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTels am omSi erTaderTi Rirseuli gamarjveba
_ 58 _
amierkavkasiis jarebisa, gamarjveba ColoqTan, romelSic kidev erTxel gamoCnda general giorgi
mazniaSvilis brwyinvale codna samxedro xelovnebisa. agreTve, am brZolaSi gadamwyveti roli
Seasrula javSniani matareblis ufrosma, kapitanma valodia goguaZem.
mas Semdeg, rac cnoba movida osmalebis gamoCenis Sesaxeb, javSnian matarebels ebrZana
tyviamfrqvevebiTa da artileriiT daecva qarTuli poziciebi, aseve daezvera midamo da StabisaTvis
miewodebina sruli infromacia mtris razmebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb.
dilis 5 saaTze javSnosani Coloqis xids miadga, mtris guSagebi daiWira da pirdapir mtris
banakSi SeiWra. mTeli velis garSemo sul osmalo jariskacebi iyvnen ganlagebuli. arcerT mxares
srola ar autexia, ubralod eloda movlenebis ganviTarebas. ai ras gadmogvcems javSnosnis meTauri
valodia goguaZe Tavis mogonebebSi: `me srola ar avtexe, mters vagrZnobine, rom SemTxveviT
movxvdi mtris banakSi da vnebdebi. ukve gaTenda da osmalebi Cveni javSnosnisken gamoiqcnen, axlos
movidnen da matareblis safexurebzec ki amococdnen, zarbaznebisa da tyviamfrqvevlebis lulebs
Camoekidnen. javSnosani Caketili iyo, SigniT ver Semovidodnen. osmalebi guldamSvidebulad
gamolagdnen rkinigzasTan, egonaT rom javSnosani cecxls ar gaxsnida. rodesac iq yvelam moiyara
Tavi, maSin gaveci brZaneba cecxli gaexsnaT, Seiqna sastiki brZola, mowinaaRmdege mamacurad
ibrZoda. rodesac mtris jarebs mTeli yuradReba javSnosnisken hqondaT mimarTuli, amasobaSi
general mazniaSvilis qveiTebmac daiwyes Semoteva da erTi mxridan rkalSi moaqcies mowinaaRmdege.
am brZolaSi amierkavkasiis jarebma dakarga mxolod oTxi jariskaci. samagierod osmalebi
Zalian dazaraldnen.
ase damTavrda 6 aprilis brZola, Coloqis midamoebSi brwyinvale gamarjvebiT, gamarjvebiT
giorgi mazniaSvilis strategiuli niWisa, romelmac moaxerxa da TiTqmis srulad moumzadebeli
qarTuli jarebiT SeZlo kargad gawvrTnili da gacilebiT mravalricxovani osmaleTis imperiis
jaris damarcxeba. es aris patara, magram ulamazesi epizodi amierkavkasiasa da osmaleTs Soris
mimdinare am patara, magram sakmaod tragikuli omisa.
rac Seexeba ozurgeTs, aq qarTul nawilebs, kerZod meoTxe qarTul legions, polkovnik wereTlis
meTaurobiT araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia mtrisTvis da daixia daba Coxataurisaken.
imis gamo, rom general mazniaSvilis marcxena frTa moiSala, iqmneboda seriozuli saSiSroeba
imisa, rom osmaleTis jarebi Semouvlidnen amierkavkasiis jarebis poziciebs da alyaSi moaqcevdnen,
magram osmalebma daagvianes manevris Sesruleba, raSic gadamwyveti roli Seasrola Coloqze
osmalTa nawilebis ganadgurebam. mazniaSvilma am dartymiT SeaCera osmalTa jari da maT ver
SeZles Setevis ganviTareba, aman dro misca generals da man energiuli qmedebebiT moaxerxa jarebis
ganlageba nasakiralis uReltexilze da mouspo saSualeba osmalebs zurgSi Tavdasxmisa.
nasakiralis uReltexilze ganTavsdnen ori legionis jariskacebi, polkovnik yaralaSvilis
meTaurobiT.2 aseve xaSuridan movida polkovniki gedevaniSvili Tavisi razmiT, romelic moixsna
axalcixis frontidan. uReltexilis sabrZolo raionis ufrosad dainiSna generali sumbaTaSvili.
ukve 7 aprilidan (20 aprili) iwyeba poziciuri manevrebi, rogorc osmalebi, aseve qarTuli
jarebi iwyeben Txrilebis gaTxras da Zveli Txrilebis gamagreba-gafarToebas, ramodenime dRis
ganmavlobaSi TxrilebiT daifara mTeli fronti da gadaiWima zRvidan sofel Semoqmedamde 21
kilometris manZilze.
9 aprils (22 aprili) jarebis StabSi movidnen gvardiis eSelonebi, SeiaraRebiTa da
aRWurvilobiT, aseve savele Stabis TanxlebiT.
generali mazniaSvili sainteresod da gasagebad aRwers Stabis muSaobisa da marTvis principebs
Tavis mogonebebSi, misi gadmocemiT saxalxo gvardias ar hyavda erTi romelime meTauri, iyo mTavari
Stabi da es Stabi saWiroebisamebr gamohyobda sakuTari rigebidan sami-oTxi wevrisagan Semdgar
komisias, miumatebda erT gamocdil da mcodne samxedro pirs da es Semdgari organo iyo gvardiis
meTauri brZolis dros. yvela sakiTxi, rogorc sabrZolo, ise administraciuli da sameurneo
wydeboda xmis umravlesobiT. rac Seexeba gvardiis brZolisunarianobas, generlis azriT, gvardia
sakmaod gamosadegi Zala iyo da SeiZleboda masze dayrdnoba (mazniaSvili 1990: 46).
yvela qarTvel jariskacs da gansakuTrebiT adgilobriv mosaxleobas Zalze awuxebda
ozurgeTis dakargva, rogorc giorgi mazniaSvili aRniSnavs, masTan midiodnen adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebi da sTxovdnen daebrunebina ozurgeTi.
StabSi gadawyda ozurgeTis dabruneba da iqidan mtris sajariso danayofebis gandevna,
SemuSavebuli gegma mdgomareobda SemdegSi, poziciebis marjvena frTa rCeboda Tavis adgilze da
xels Seuwyobda mTavari Zalebis ieriSs. saxalxo gvardiis razms sanapiro jaris ori razmisa da
samTo batariis daxmarebiT gverdidan unda Semoevlo mtrisaTvis sofel vaSnaridan ozurgeTamde.
_ 59 _
daviT koxreiZe
maT sacecxle daxmarebas gauwevda TxrilebSi myofi jaris nawilebi. marcxena frTas nagomaris
uReltexilidan nasakiralis uReltexilamde xeli unda Seewyo mTavari jarebis ieriSisaTvis,
sanam es jarebi ar miaRwevdnen Cais plantaciebamde, romelic mdebareobda nataneb-ozurgeTis
gzatkecilis piras da gZeldeboda ozurgeTamde. im wuTasve, rodesac mTavari Zalebi daiWerdnen
Cais plantaciebs, marcxena frTa general sumbaTaSvilis meTaurobiT unda gadasuliyo swraf
da gadamwyvet ieriSze da daeWira ozurgeTi. amis Semdeg, saxalxo gvardiis nawilebi unda
dasdevnebodnen ukan daxeul mters da gasuliyvnen sofel lixauramde, iq SeCerebuliyvnen da
gamagrebuliyvnen (mazniaSvili 1990: 48).
11 aprils (24 aprili) daiwyo ieriSi, osmalebi ver uZlebdnen qarTuli nawilebis miwolas da
ganuwyvetliv ixevdnen ukan. gamarjveba advili SesaZlebeli iyo, radgan generalma mazniaSvilma
moaxerxa da qarTuli nawilebis motivacia da SemarTeba ise aamaRla, rom arcerTi qarTveli
jariskaci ar fiqrobda ukan daxevaze, ixsenebs mazniaSvili. magram... dilis 10 saaTisTvis general
mazniaSvilTan gamocxadda Sikriki, romelmac gadasca mTavrobis Tavjdomaris brZaneba, romlis
mixedviTac unda Sewyvetiliyo sabrZolo moqmedebebi, radgan osmaleTTan mimdinareobs sazavo
molaparakebebio.
aRniSnuli brZanebis miRebidan cota xnis Semdeg general mazniaSvilTan midis meore Sikriki da
gadascems depeSas, romelSic generals atyobineben, rom amierkavkasiisa da germaniis mTavrobebis
SeTanxmebiT, germaniis saimperatoro mTavroba ar miscemda osmaleTis jarebs win wawevis saSualebas.
am brZanebasTan erTad generlis gankargulebaSi igzavneboda germanel jariskacebisagan3 Semdgari
razmi oficris TanxlebiT.
am brZanebis miRebidan ramdenime saaTSi qarTuli poziciebis Tavze ukve germaniis bairaRic
frialebda.
Semdeg dReebSi Savi zRvis piris mimarTulebaze xdeboda mxolod poziciebis gamagreba da
rezervebis Sevseba, droebiTi SeTanxmeba sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb ar darRveula.
samagierod paralelurad SedarebiT mZime mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili sariyamiSisa da yarsis
mimarTulebaze.
11 aprils (24 aprils) ministrTa Tavmjdomarem, saarmio korpusis Stabis ufrosis general
viSinskis cnobidan gaigo general odiSeliZesadmi micemuli is pirobebi, romlis Tanaxmad osmalebi
moiTxovdnen yarsTan brZolis SeCerebas, viSnskis depeSis Tanaxmad, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, yarsis
frontis osmaleTis jarebis ufrosis werilSi general viSinskisadmi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: Cvens
jarebs unda daexiaT yarsisaken da unda gaCerebuliyvnen ori kilometris daSorebiT fortebis win,
agreTve amierkavkasiis jars srola ar unda aetexa, roca osmalTa jarebi movidodnen, romelTac
imave dRes unda daekavebinaT aRniSnuli xazi.
am cnobis miRebisTanave ministrTa Tavjdomarem dauyovnebliv gasca brZaneba mieRoT osmalebis
pirobebi da SeewyvitaT samxedro moqmedeba, rac kidevac ecnoba somxuri korpusis ufross general
nazarbekovs. am gankargulebasTan erTad amierkavkasiis jarebis sardlebTan mivida osmaleTis
jarebis sardlis, vehib faSas depeSa, sadac ityobineboda, rom osmalebma SeaCeres moqmedeba
cixidan ori kilometris daSorebiT.
11 aprilsve (24 aprili) general nazarbekovs ebrZana araugvianes Ramis 12 saaTisa 11 aprils
osmalebTan gaegzavna parlamentiorebi, raTa ganesazRvraT dro da pirobebi yarsis daclisa,
amasTanave mas unda ecada rac SeiZleba didi meti dro gamoeTxova am saqmisaTvis da sakiTxis
sabolood gadawyvetisaTvis dro mieca misTvis, raTa igi mTavrobas SehkiTxeboda (erToba 1918
#91: 1-2).
yarsTan ganTavsebul osmalTa jarebis ufrosma 11 aprils diliT werili gaugzavna amierkavkasiis
samxedro razmis ufross vehib faSis zemomoyvanili sami pirobis Sesaxeb. cixis komendantma ar
daucada am pirobebis amierkavkasiis mTavrobis mier damtkicebas da Seudga mis aRsrulebas. cixis
komendants 11 aprils ver mouswro mTavrobis gankargulebam cixis ubrZolvelad osmaleTisTvis
gadacemis Sesaxeb, mas undoda mieRo Sesaferi zomebi rom SeeCerebina osmalTa jarebis Semoteva
saqmis gamorkvevamde, amitom man gaxsna cecxli sacixovno artileriidan, romelic Sewyda mxolod
mas Semdeg, rac osmalebi SeCerdnen. am gaugebrobas xeli Seuwyo agreTve osmalTa pirobebis
gaurkvevlobam ori kilometris manZilis Sesaxeb.4
cixis ubrZolvelad gadacemis Sesaxeb komendantma brZaneba miiRo mxolod saRamos 7 saaTze 11
aprils (24 aprils), maSin komendantma osmalebs gaugzavna parlamentiorebi da 12 aprils (25 aprili)
dilidanve winaswar SemuSavebuli pirobebis Tanaxmad amierkavkasiis jarebis nawilebma komendantis
gankargulebis Tanaxmad daiwyes fortebis datoveba, romlebic Semdeg daikaves osmalTa jarebma.
_ 60 _
yarsis daclis Semdeg amierkavkasiis jarebma daixies mdinare arpaCaize, xolo aleqsandropolis
is simagreebi, rac darCa arpaCais marjvena napirze Cvenma jarebma aafeTqes, radgan es fortebi
yarsis olqis midamoebSi iyo momwyvdeuli da saSiSroebas warmoadgenda erevnis guberniisaTvis.
osmaleTis jarebma 14 da 15 (27 da 28) aprils gadmolaxes amierkavkasiis sazRvari albaT
dazvervis mizniT, maleve jarebi ukan gabrundnen da daikaves sawyisi poziciebi.
rogorc zemoT naTqvamidan Cans, amierkavkasiis mTavroba zomebs iRebda imisaTvis, rom
osmaleTis mier daWeril teritoriebze mcxovreb xalxebs meti dro miecaT imisaTvis, raTa, visac
survili hqonda, daetovebina sakuTari miwa wyali, wamosuliyo da qoneba gamoetana, am SemTxvevaSi
es ufro naklebi ubedureba iyo, arCevani cudsa da uaress Soris, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom
mTavrobam araerTxel mimarTa kavkasiis frontis osmaleTis jarebis mTavar sardals – vehib
faSas da ganucxada, rom samSoblodan gamoqceuli xalxi did Seviwroebas ganicdida da rom am
niadagze mosalodneli iyo erovnuli dapirispireba, aseve ganacxades, rom erTaderTi saSualeba
ubedurebis Tavidan asacileblad iqneboda gadmosaxlebis SeCereba imaTi SeCereba da ukan
gabruneba, vinc gzaSi iyo. amierkavkasiis mTavrobam osmaleTis sardals acnoba, rom gadmosaxlebis
SesaCereblad Semdegi garantiebi gamodgeboda: sastiki brZaneba osmaleTis jarebisadmi, rom maT
mcxovreblebisaTvis araviTari Seviwroveba ar miayenon, SeiaraRebuli brboebis alagvma, gzebis
dacva, mSvidobian saxalxo organizaciebisaTvis nebis micema, rom soflebSi wesrigi daicvan da
ltolvilTa saqmeebi moagvaron. am zomebs, amierkavkasiis mTavrobis azriT, SeeZloT sacxovrebel
adgilebze SeeCerebinaT mcxovreblebi da gaqceulebi ukan daebrunebinaT. xolo imaTTvis, visac
gadawyvetili hqonda usaTuod gaqceuliyo da meurneobis likvidacia moexdina, miecaT erTi
Tvis vada.5 rogorc vehib faSas werilidan Cans, romelic 16– 29 aprils(Zv.st.) mouvida ministrTa
Tavmjdomares, da agreTve sxva cnobebiT, yarsis olqidan mimaval mcxovreblebs neba hqondaT
gadaetanaT yovelgvari saojaxo nivTebi da saWiro sanovage, xolo is uZrav-moZravi qoneba,
romelsac datovebdnen SeeZloT gaeyidaT, an gaeCuqebinaT sakuTari nebis Sesabamisad (erToba
1918 #92: 2). aqedan Cans, rom osmaleTis xelisufleba yvelanairad cdilobda yarsis olqidan
gaeZevebina adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, rac meti adgilobrivi datovebda olqis teritorias, miT
ukeTesi iqneboda osmaleTis imperiisaTvis.
aseT mZime viTarebaSi ixsneba baTumis sazavo konferencia 1918 wlis 11 maiss. am konferenciaSi
Caeria osmaleTis mokavSire germania, romlis wyalobiTac baTumis sazavo molaparakeba dasrulda
1918 wlis 4 ivniss. osmaleTis imperiasa da cal-calke amierkavkasiis qveynebs (saqarTvelo, somxeTi
da azerbaijani) Soris daido `zavisa da megobrobis~ xelSekruleba. osmaleTis mier baTumSi
amierkavkasiis respublikebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebi metad mZime iyo am qveynebisaTvis.
osmaleTs gadaeca baTumisa da yarsis olqebi, axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebi, surmalinis
mazra, aleqsandropolisa da eCmiaZinis mazrebis sami meoTxedi, Sirur-daralalezis mazris erTi
mexuTedi da sxv.
Cveni statiis mizans warmoadgenda mogvexdina im yoveldRiuri movlenebis realuri suraTis
asaxva, rasac adgili hqonda 1918 wels osmaleTisa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebul samxedro
konfliqtSi. samxedro movlenebs ra Tqma unda Tan axlavs diplomatiuri urTierTobebi, rasac
aseve vexebiT aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevis dros vukeTebT analizs, rogorc konfliqtis dawyebis
mizezebs, aseve mis msvlelobasa da dasrulebas.
statiis Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom CenTvis mTavari wyaro aris movlenebis periodSi
gamomavali yoveldRiuri qarTuli presa, romelmac saSualeba mogvca Tvali gvedevnebina
konfliqtis dros ganviTarebuli samxedro moqmedebebisaTvis, aseve im diplomatiuri Sexvedrebisa
da molaparakebebis dros wamoWrili problemebis garkvevisaTvis, rasac warmoadgens Cveni mcdeloba
SevavsoT is xarvezi, rac am problemis kvlevis dros arsebobda qarTul istoriografiaSi.
saqarTvelos Secdoma pirvel rigSi iyo meryeoba sagareo politikuri kursis aRebaSi,
saqarTvelos mesveurebma droulad ver gadawyvites sagareo politikuri kursis aReba, maT
droulad verc zavisa da omis sakiTxebi gadawyvites. Tumca Cven unda gavugoT maT, radgan es
periodi iyo umZimesi qarTuli saxelwmifos istoriaSi, axladSobili saxelmwifo iyo pirispir
momakvdavi mxecisa, romelic saqarTvelos gadayolasac cdilobda im ufskrulSi, sadac TviTon
mieqaneboda. miuxedavad bevri Secdomisa, qarTulma saxelmwifom mainc SeZlo situaciis ase Tu ise
daregulireba, droulad mouswro antantis mier osmaleTis damarcxebam. im momentSi saqarTvelo
gadaurCa katastrofas.
_ 61 _
daviT koxreiZe
SeniSvnebi
1
gegeWkoris mTavroba gadadga da ministrTa Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba akaki Cxenkelma daikava.
2
es is legionia, romelmac brZoliT gamoarRvia osmalTa alya da gamovida Caqvidan.
3
eseni uyvnen ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germanelebi, romlebsac saxeldaxelod gamouCxrikes
germanuli formebi, ramdenime dRe avarjiSes, raTa eswavlaT mwyobrSi siaruli da ise gaugzavnes
mazniaSvils.
4
amierkavkasiis jarebi Sordebodnen ori kilometriT fortebs, Tu osmalTa jarebi uaxlovdebodnen.
5
manamde ganzraxuli iyo ori kviris vadis daweseba.
damowmebani
erToba 1918: gazeTi erToba #16;29;31;34;44;45;48;62;63;65;71;72;74;76;79;80;89;91;92;96.

saqarTvelo 1918: gazeTi saqarTvelo #54;67;
mazniaSvili 1990: g. mazniaSvili, mogonebebi, baTumi, sabWoTa aWara.
SaraZe 1992: g. SaraZe. dabruneba t 3. Tbilisi, mecniereba.
OTTOMAN AGGRESSION AGAINST GEORGIA IN 1918
David Kokhreidze
This paper refers to the episode of struggle of Georgia for the territorial integrity in 1918, speciically, the
military conlict against Otomans.
The key sources of the research are the periodicals of 1918, in paricular Ertoba and Sakartvelo. The addiional
sources are memories, scieniic monographies and aricles.
In the previous works these events were studied, however there were many gaps. In present paper we will
try to ill these gaps and represent the everyday course of the events.
The issue of struggle for the territorial integrity of Georgia has been the problemaic one within the whole
twenieth century and does not loss urgency even today. So, it is important to examine all those episodes when
Georgia tried to setle this problem. Hence, we chose one from the important moments like this in the modernist
history – military conlict against Otomans which played the crucial role in strengthening and development of the
democraic Republic of Georgia of 1918-1921.
_ 62 _
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ИСТОЧНИКОВ О ВЗЯТИИ
СЕБАСТИИ ТАМЕРЛАНОМ В 1400 ГОДУ
Гор Маркарян
К концу XIV в. один из самых успешных и безжалостных завоевателей и полководцев Востока Тамерлан1
создал свою огромную империю и включил в нее в Центральной Азии земли Чагатайского улуса, завоевал
Иран, Ирак, Афганистан, Закавказье, разгромил могущественную Золотую Орду, совершил успешный поход
в Индию После смерти мамлюкского султана Баркука (1399 г.) в Ближнем Востоке единственная сила,
которая могла представить угрозу для империи Тамерлана была молодая Османская империя. К концу XIV
в. османский султан Баязид I (1389-1402) в свою очередь расширял границы своей империи завоеваниями
в Анатолии и на Балканском полуострове. Oсманская империя становилась одним из сильнейших государств
в регионе. К концу XIV в. воeнно-политическое столкновение между Тамерланом и Баязидом стало
неизбежным. Формальным поводом для войны стали требования Тамерлана о выдаче своих врагов Кара
Коюнлу Кара Юсуфа и Ахмада Джалаира, а также не беспокоить эмира Ерзнки Тахартена, от которого Баязид
потребовал платить ему налоги и отдать крепость Камах. Баязид отказывается выполнять эти требования и
дает Тамерлану повод для военной кампании. В 1399 г. Тамерлан перезимовав с войсками в Карабахе начал
так называемый “Семилетный поход~, вторгся в Грузию и, как пишет византийский историк Дука, “маршируя
по Армении~, занял Ерзнка и направился к Себастии (Doukas 1975, 89-90). Согласно источникам, Себастия
была цветущим и богатым городом, которого после смерти его правителя Кади Бурхан ед-Дина (1398 г.)
и кратковременного правления его сына Зейн ал Абидин, занял Баязид. В Себастии наряду с греками и
мусульманами значительную часть населения представляли армяне. Себастия имела важное стратегическое
значение для сторон и один из редких очагов, который смог оказать сопротивление армии Тамерлана.
Цель исследования темы является освещение событий осады и взятия Себастии, а также факты о защите
города армянской конницей.2
Источники об осаде и взятии Себастии.

Мусульманские источники о взятии Себастии.
Для изучения этой темы ценными источниками являются сообщения таких персидских авторов, как Низам
ад-дин Шами, Хафиз-и Абру, Шараф ад-дин Али Язди, Муин ад-Дин Натанзи. Низам ад-дин Шами, Хафиз-и
Абру, Шараф ад-дин Али Язди известны как авторы трудов о деяниях и победах Тамерлана «Зафарнаме»’
- Книга Побед. Более ранним является работа Низам ад-дина Шами и многие его сведения заимствовали
Хафиз-и Абру и Шараф ад-дин Язди. Низам ад-дин сообщает, что город защищали 4000 всадников3, по
большей части армяне, присланные Баязидом во главе с эмиром Мустафой, и что при взятии города Тамерлан
пощадил мусульман взяв с них māl-i amān4, а защитников захоронил заживо (Šāmī 1937, 219). Сведения
Низам ад-дина Шами потверждаются в «Зафарнаме» Шараф ад-дина Али Язди. Труд Язди для изучения
темы представляет особую ценность, так как события осады и взятия Себастии освещены более подробно и
красочно. Язди сообщает, что после осады города, его защитники оказывали сопротивление до тех пор, пока
стены и башни с западной стороны не начали рушиться, так как Тамерлан приказал подкопщиков разрушить
фундамент стен города. После этого комендант города Мустафа вместе с знатными горожанами выходит из
города и просит о пощаде. Об этих событиях Язди пишет:
Был издан приказ гарантией безопасности-взять с мусульман подать прощения (māl-i amān) и отдать
победоносному войску, а неверных армян и христиан5 взять в плен. И так как в городе кавалерия (сипахиан)
Илдирим Баязида, которые по большей частю были армянами, в заблуждении осмелились с дуру оказывать
сопративление и воевать, было приказано, чтобы этих 4000 всадников (сипахи) разделили между туманами и как
наказание заживо бросили в колодцы и засыпали землей, чтобы это было уроком для всех сопративляющихся.
Еще один обязательный приказ был-сравнить с землей стены Сиваса, и, согласно приказу, город был разрушен
(Yāzdī 1378, 1037)...
ّ ‫ینمرا نانيد یب و دنناسر نيرق رفظ رکشل هب و دنناتسب یناما لام ناناملسم هک تسويپ ذافن هب عاب‬
‫تالا مزال غيلريو‬
‫دننک ريسا ار ینارصن و‬.‫رهش رد هک ديزياب مردليا نايهاپس نوج و‬، ‫یاپ‬
ِ ‫تسد تلالض و لهج رس زا و دندوب هدرشف تفلاخم‬
‫هدروآرب لاتق و هبراحم هب تراسج‬، ‫دندوب ينمرا رتشيب‬، ‫دندرک تمسق تاناموت رب ار یهاپس رازهراهچ هک دش مکح‬، ‫زا ار همه و‬
_ 63 _
ГОР МАРКАРЯН
‫تسايس یارب‬، ‫هدرکاه هاچرد هدنز‬، ‫دنتشابنيب کاخ هب‬، ‫ددرگ نافلاخم رگيد تربعات‬، ‫تفاي رودص ناعذالا بجاو نمرف و‬، ‫ات‬
‫دنتخاس راومه نيمزاب هدومرف بسح رب و دنزاس ناري و ساسا ات هرگنک زا ساويس راصح‬6.
«Зафарнама» Язди имеет несколько переводов, которые тоже использованы в этой работе и имеют
немалую ценность. Среди них отличается французский перевод Пети ла Круа, в котором с точностью как в
оригинале приведены все основные сведения об осаде и взятии Себастии - о длительности осады (18 дней),
о подкопных работах с западной стороны города, о командующем гарнизона Мустафе, о пощаде мусульман,
которые заплатили Тамерлану за «подать прощения» (droit d’amnisie/māl-i amān), об использовании с обеих
сторон военных машин7 и об армянской коннице (La Croix 1722, 266-268). В 1723 году работа была переведена
на английский язык, но этот перевод особой ценности не представляет, так как является лишь переводом с
французского текста (The History of Timour-Bec 1723).
От персидского оригинала несколько отличается русский перевод со староузбекского языка. Здесь
некоторые подробности, которые есть в персидском оригинале, опущены и имеются некоторые отличия. Так,
согласно переводу, осада длилась не 18, а 17 дней, отсутствуют сведения о военных машинах, кроме того о
гарнизоне здесь речь идет не о конном войске, а о воинах, о которых сначала говорится, что большая часть
из них были армяне, а потом складывается впечатление, что все они были армянами: «четыре тысяч армян
схватить» (Зафарнаме 2008, 266). Кроме того есть отличия и в датировке: согласно переводу, Тамерлан пошел
на Себастию в начале месяца мухарам 803 года, а эту дату переводчик передает как 22-ое число августа
1400 года, но это сведение может быть ошибочным, так как при 18 дневном осаде получается Себастия была
взята 9-ого сентября, а не 26-27-ого августа (Зафарнаме 2008, 266).
Взятие Себастии описывает еще один персоязычный источник Тимуридской эпохи Муин ад-дин Натанзи8,
который подтверждает, что город защищала 4000-ая кавалерия, которая впоследствии была захоронена
заживо, а город был разрушен (Mu’īn al-dīn Naţanzī 1336, 375).
События о взятии Себастии отражены и в османских источниках той эпохи, но они в отличие от персидских
источников в основном лаконичны. К примеру у Орудж бека9 отсутсвует дата взятии города, а события
описываются после происшествий 798 г. Хиджры (1395/1396 г.). Орудж бек лишь сообщает о том, что Тимур
пришел и завоевал Сивас (Oruç beğ 1975, 57-58). В другом османском источнике XV в. у Ашык Пашазаде
также лаконично сообщается, что пришел Тимур хан со своим войском, взял город и население пленил
(‘Āshiq Pāshāzādeh 1914, 77). По сравнению с этими двумя источниками более многословен исторический
труд Мустафы ал-Дженаби (XVI в.). Дженаби дает точную дату событий (1400 г.), сообщает, что Тамерлан взял
город с западной стороны, защитники были заживо захоронены, однако, отсутствуют сведения об армянах
и о числе войск (Genabi 1680, 23).
Среди османских источников события в Себастии более подробно описываются в анонимной османской
хронике. Согласно сообщениям хроники, себастийцы пришли врасплох, когда Тамерлан приближался к
Себастии: «в один день утром жители города увидели, что мир окутан пылью и когда приближались увидели,
что это было несметное войско Тимур хана», который отправил своих представителей к горожанам, чтобы
те сдали крепость, но получил отказ Тимура и велел заминировать стены. Согласно хронике, осада длилась
8 дней и на 8-ой день разрушили стены. Хроника подтверждает факт обещания Тамерланом не убивать
горожан, однако, последний не сдерживает слово и «тех, кто был в городе, приказал зарыть ямы и в них их
захоронить»(Giese 1925, 50-51). Из этих сообщений видно, что источник не только не говорит об армянской
кавалерии, но и ошибочно передает, что всех захоронили и город разрушили, а что касается Малкоч бега
Мустафе, о нем говорится не как об амире войск Баязида, а о каком то Малкоче: «в городе остался один
человек по имени Малкоч бек, которого Тимур не убил и послал к Баязиду, чтобы тот рассказывал ему о
них (о Тамерлане и его войске)~.
О взятии Себастии ценные сведения есть у Ахмада ибн Арабшаха. Арабшах очень подробно описывает
эти события, но его сообщения несколько отличаются. Арабшах был современником событий, однако он
писал свой труд позднее этих событий, так как в начале XV века он был юношей. Сообщение Арабшаха,
якобы Таймур (Тамерлан) заранее заявил, что возьмет Себастию за 18 дней, по всей вероятности, является
вымыслом автора, однако Арабшах дает точную дату взятии города: 5-ый день месяца мухаррам 3-его
(803-его) года хиджры (26 августа 1400 г.). Арабшах, в отличии от других источников, пишет, что защитники
города были захоронены не под стенами города или в ямах, а в колодце Бадр. Автор сообщает, что число
защитников составляло 3000 воинов, но молчит об их этнической принадлежности, о виде войск гарнизона.
Арабшах не описывает, каким способом Тамерлан взял город (‘Arab shah 1882, 120). Надо заметить, что
взятие Себастии было настолько знаменательным событием, что нашло свое отражение и в «Уложении
Тамерлана», правда в тексте нет подробностей об осаде и взятии, однако, сообщается, что после взятии
_ 64 _
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ИСТОЧНИКОВ О ВЗЯТИИ СЕБАСТИИ ТАМЕРЛАНОМ В 1400 ГОДУ
города Тамерлан жителей предал мечу, добычу разделил между войсками, выбил и рассеял оттуда воинов
Баязида (Уложение 1999, 63).
Византийские источники.
События Себастии отражены также в византийских источниках XV века, среди которых нас больше
интересуют труды Халкондила (Халкокондил) Афинского и Михайила Дуки. Надо заметить, что несмотря
на то, что Халкондил являлся почти современником событий в его труде события представлены несколько
размазанные и порой неточные. Халкондил сообщает, что Паязет (Баязид) узнав, что Темир (Тамерлан) идет
на Себастию, отправляет своего сына Ортобулеса (Мустафа Челеби) с частью своего войска туда. Историк
знает, что Тамерлан, несмотря на ожесточенное сопротивление, овладел городом способом минирования
стен и приводит также число подкопщиков (8 000), которые зажгли сдерживающие фундамент стен бревна
и разрушили стену. Удивительно, но Халкондил молчит о массовом захоронении гарнизона, а вместо
этого сообщает, что после взятия города Тамерлан приказывает собрать в одном месте женщин и детей и
приказывает коннице, затаптывая, убивать их.10 У византийского историка отсутствуют даты происходящего
и длительность осады, не представлены силы обеих сторон и так далее, однако, только у него встречаем
сведение о числе жителей города – 120 000 (Chalcondyle 1577, 191). Осада и взятие Себастии, а также
расправа с осажденными красочно и подробно описаны в труде Михайила Дуки. Согласно Дуке, Тамерлан
овладев Арсинганом (Ерзнка) и зарезав в нем всех сторонников Баязида, направляется к Себастии, маршируя
по Армении. Дойдя до Себастии он ставит свой лагерь (осаждает город) и требует сдать город, однако,
получив отказ горожан, приказывает заминировать стены. Из сообщений Язды известно, что стены города
были построены еще сельджукским султаном Ала ад-дин Кей Кубадом и были очень толстыми и мощными
(Yāzdī 1378, 1036), к этому Дука добавляет, что стены были построены из необожженного кирпича. Тамерлан
приказывает начать подкопные работы и, согласно Дуке, жители города не могли догадываться об этом,
так как подкоп начали с расстояния одного миля от города. Далее подкопщики под пустыми фундаментами
стен ставят бревна и после очередного отказа сдать город, Тамерлан приказывает сжечь бревна и стены
рушатся. Войска проникают в город, грабят и режут жителей. Особенно живо Дука описывает расправу
Тамерлана, который приказывает всех знатных людей собраться в одном месте и приказывает копать ямы
для кладбищ, после чего – «несчастных, кем бы он не был, склоняли голову и засововали между ног, так
чтобы нос прикасался задници, а колени и голени тянули до ушей и так бросали в ямы. Когда в яму было
сброшено по 10 человек, ямы накрывали бревнами и потом только засыпали землей’’ (Doukas 1975, 89-91).
Естественно, такой способ захоронения обрекал захороненных на долгую и мучительную смерть. Как видно,
Дука тоже молчит о коннице и, согласно ему, хоронят не конницу, а знатных людей, что можно объяснить
тем, что вместе с войсками Тамерлан приказал таким способом наказать и представителей городской знати.
События Себастии отражены также в «Византийских малых хрониках». В XII хронике коротко сообщается,
что в 1400 г. пришел предводитель скифов и персов Тамир (Тамерлан) из Семарханина (Самарканд), взял
Себастию, перебил жителей и построил 3 кучи из человеческих голов (Schreiner 1975).
Армянские источники.
Из армянских источников в первую очередь стоит упомянуть труд Товмы Мецопеци. В этом историческом
труде, несмотря на общую схожесть с событиями, есть несколько отличающихся сообщений, на анализ
которых мы и остановимся. Автор не указывает точную дату взятия Себастии. Если ориентироваться
последовательностью сообщений текста «в году ՊԾ» (1401 г.) двинулся дракон дыщащий смертью (Тамерлан)
и пошел на нашу страну» (Товма Мецопеци 1999, 97), «и опять в следующем году (1402 г.) со своими войсками
пошел на город Себастия» (Товма Мецопеци 1999, 102), то получается, что Себастия была взята в 1402 г.,
что противоречит со всеми известными сообщениями источников. Мецопеци не сообщает о длительности
осады и не описывает как именно был взят город, однако, указывает число защитников (4000), упоминает
об обещании Тамерлана не убивать граждан в случаи сдачи города. Мецопеци сообщает, что после взятия
города население подверглось жесткой расправе со стороны войск-людей пытали, богатых грабили, бедных
пленили и так далее (Товма Мецопеци 1999, 103). Можно подумать, что эту участь разделили все жители
города, так как у Мецопеци нету сведений о том, что мусульмане города смогли избежать этой участи
заплатив māl-i amān. Согласно автору, Тамерлан приказал заживо похоронить защитников, покрывать землею
и пеплом, чтобы «они с приходом весны вышли из под земли» (Товма Мецопеци 1999, 104). Заслуживает
внимания еще одно сообщение Мецопеци, согласно которому, Тамерлан приказал собрать всех юношей и
девушек и пустить их под колесницы.
В памятных записях армянских манускриптов XV в. это событие также отражено. Так в одной записи
_ 65 _
анонимный автор из Востана сообщает, что после того как Тамур бек (Тамерлан) взял город Севаст (Себастия),
похоронил заживо 3 000 человек «тех, кто запустили в него стрелы», также в другой записи, Григор Хлатеци
пишет о взятии города и захоронения живых защитников города, однако другие подробности о взятии в
обеих записях отсутсвуют (Памятные записи 1955, 3, 288).
Сообщения европейских источников.
Из европейских источников факт взятия Себастии освещена в дневнике Рюи Гонзалеза де Клавихо
посетивший двор Тамерлана в Самарканде. Несомненно, сведения Клавихо имеют большую ценность и
в общем плане события представлены в правильном порядке, однако, автор допускает ряд неточностей.
Клавихо сообщает, что Тамерлан вышел “из прекрасных полей, которые называются Катарабаке (Карабах)~,
пошел на Арсингу (Ерзнка) и после этого в «турецкие владения»-в Сабастрию (Себастия). Далее автор
отмечает тот факт, что себастийцы попросили помощи у Баязида и последний отправил туда своего сына,
губернатора Себастии Мусульмана Челеби (Сулейман Челеби). Однако, Клавихо преувеличивает число
конницы (200 000) посланной Баязидом во главе с Сулейманом. Так как Себастия в это время была под
властью Баязида, Клавихо полагает, что город защищали турки, однако из других источников уже знаем, что
город защищало армяснкое войско, правда, подвластное Баязиду. Клавихо молчит о Малкоч бек Мустафе,
не указывает длительность осады и не говорит каким способом Тамерлан взял город, однако в точности
описывает сдачу города с выплатой дани «серебром и золотом»11, об обещании Тамерлана не пролить крови
осажденных при сдаче12. Но далее Клавихо допускает неточность, рассказывая о том, что знатные горожане,
поверив обещанию Тамерлана, вышли к нему, а последний приказал захоронить их в ранее выкопанных
ямах. Складывается впечатление, что захоронили не защитников города, а знатных граждан. К недостатком
труда Клавихо можно отнести и то, что датировка этих событий у автора отсутствует (Клавихо 1881, 142-143).
Из европейских источников особый интерес представляет описание путешествия Иогана Шильтбергера.
Ход событий у Шильтбергера изложен правильно, однако, и в этом источнике есть отличия в сообщениях.
Так, Шильтбергер начинает с того, что Тамерлан пошел на Себастию с войском численностью 1.000.000
человек и осадил город. Осада города длилась 21 а не 18 дней, а город пал после того, как часть стены было
разрушена. Несмотря на обещание, данное коменданту города Мустафе не пролить кровь, Тамерлан приказал
зарыть заживо гарнизон города - 5 000-ую армянскую конницу, ранее отправленный сюда Баязидом. После
взятия города, население, в их числе 9 000 девственниц, было увезено в плен (Schiltberger 1859, 71-72).
Шильтбергер также сообщает число потерь Тамерлана, которое составляло 3000 человек.
Для изучения данной темы важны также сведения мемуаров доминиканского отца, который был
дипломатическим посланником французского короля Карла VI (1380-1422) отправленным к Тамерлану. В
его сообщениях отличается длительность осады, так как согласно ему Темир бей (Тамерлан) осадил город
11 дней, после чего в течение 5 дней построил большую башню у стен города и «жители, поняв, что
пропали, пошли к Тамерлану просить пощады». Получается, что осада длилась 16 дней, а возведение башни,
возможно, было не у стен города, а у стен цитадели. Следующее сообщение автора больше удивляет, так
как согласно ему, Тамерлан, несмотря на обещание не пролить кровь осажденных, приказал зарыть заживо
36000 людей- всех, кроме греков (Mémoire sur Tamerlan 1894, 433-464).
Заключение13.
Для обеих сторон Себастия имела большую стратегическую важность, взятие которого позволило Тамерлану
углубиться во владениях Баязида и завоевать Сирию. Осада Себастии длилась 18 дней, город защищала 4000-
ная армянская кавалерия под руководством Мустафа Малкоч бека. Встретив сильное сопротивление и отказ
сдачи города, Тамерлан приказал подкопами рушить стены, а после взятия приказал разрушить город. После
взятии города сторонник Баязида и комендант города Мустафа Малкоч бек вместе со знатными горожанами
сдались на милость победителя и просив пощады вместе с мусульманским населением города смогли
избежать расправы, заплатив «налог пощады». Однако, судьба армянской конницы, героически защищавшей
город, была предрешена: защитники города подверглись жестокой расправе - их связанными бросали в
ямы и живыми хоронили, оставив их умирать длительной мучительной смертью. Также и христианское
население − армяне и греки − подверглись гонениям, пыткам и были увезены в рабство. Несмотря на
трагический конец защитников города, надо отметить важность упоминания об армянской коннице, которая
на стороне Баязида смогла оказать героическое сопротивление грозному завоевателю Тамерлану. Судя по
многочисленным отражениям в источниках, жестокая расправа с защитниками и жителями города могла
бы иметь и деморализирующее воздействие на войска Баязида, что в свою очередь могла быть одной из
причин неудач Баязида в войне с Тамерланом.
_ 66 _
Примечания
1
Тамерлан (Хромой Тимур) известен также как Тимур Ленк, Тимур Аксак, Тамбурлан, Тамур бек, Темир хан и т. д.
2
Исследуемая тема в разных степенях изучения находила свое отражение в современной историографии. Среди
американских историков отметим труды Адама Гиббонса и Стенфорда Шау. А. Гиббонс, основываясь на сообщения
некоторых европейских и персидских источников, в своей работе «Основание Османской империи» коротко
описывает события в Себастии, подчеркивая факт существования армянской конницы в городе (Gibbons 1916, 248).
Хотя труд Гиббонса был опубликован в первой половине XX в., он более информативный по сравнению с трудом
С. Шау, который поверхностно сообщая о взятии Себастии 27-ого (а не 26-ого) августа 1400 г. полагает, что после
взятия города Тамерлан расправился с населением города (Shaw 1976, 35), однако в этой статье будет показано, что
мусульмане города уплатив “налог помилования~, смогли избежать участи армян и греков, которых либо перебили,
либо увезли в плен. События в Себастии довольно подробно излагает Дж. Мароцци, приводя много интересных
фактов. Однако, как и у Гиббонса, в работе использована лишь некоторая часть известных источников, посвященных
этой теме (Мароцци 2010, 303-304). Большую научную ценность представляет исследование Беатриса Манза, в
которой подробно описана жизнь и деятельность Тамерлана. Однако, автор никак не освещает события в Себастии
(Manz 1989). Общую картину событий взятия Себастии также описывают армянские историки Л. Хачикян и Т. Акопян
(История… 1972, 31; Акопян 1987, 222). Из турецких историков эти события описывает И. Данишменд, который сдачу
или взятие города объясняет тем, что, якобы, элита города, согласившись на сдачу города, стремилась защитить
население, однако, об армянском происхождении защитников города автор умалчивает (Danişmend 1947, 125-126).
О событиях Себастии имеются сведения также и в труде турецкого историка И. Узунчаршылы в общем контексте
изложении истории османской империи (Uzunçarşılı 1947). Наиболее полныe сведения об исследуемой нами теме
приводит М. Александреску в своей работе посвященной военной кампании Тамерлана против Баязида. Автор,
ссылаясь на сведения разных источников, дает наиболее полную картину происходящего (Alexandrescu 1942, 42-44).
3
Автор для обозначения кавалерии вместо сипахи использует слово sawār (‫)راوس‬.
4
Подробнее см. Margaryan G., Quelques remarques sur l’histoire économique en Arménie sous la dominaion des Aq
Qoyunlus et Qara Qoyunlus au XIV-XV siècles, Aramazd, vol. 9/2 (2015), pp. xx - xx (Yerevan) (forthcoming).
5
Имеет в виду греков-Г. Маркарян.
6
Во избежание неточностей в понимании перевода и для сравнения с другимы переводами и сообщениями источников,
цитируется оригинальный персидский текст (Гор Маркарян).
7
В французском тексте-aradés-огнеметы, mangenies-катапульты метающие камни.
8
Работа Муин ад дина Натанзи-«Мунтахаб ал-таварих Муини», известна также как «Аноним Искендера».
9
Не надо путать с Орудж бек Баятом (Дон Жуан Персидский).
10
Как увидим далее этот же факт приводит и Фома Мецопский, по сообщениям которого Тамерлан приказал затоптать
юношей и девушек. Нам не известно, воспользовался ли Халкондил трудом Фомы Мецопского, или же оба автора
приводят этот факт независимо друг от друга, однако, нигде больше в источниках такое сведение не находим.
11
Из сообщений персидских источников уже знаем, что под этой данью надо подразумевать подать māl-i amān.
12
Надо заметить, что сообщение Клавихо о том, что Тамерлан обещал не пролить кровь (в итоге он «сдержал» слово,
захоронив их заживо), имеет исключительную важность, так как в остальных источниках говорится об обещании
или клятве Тамерлана «не убивать осажденных», но при таком обещании Тамерлан не смог бы мстить защитникам
Себастии за сопротивление одновременно «сдержать» слово, поэтому необходимо предпочтение отдавать сообщению
Клавихо.
13
Выражаем признательность профессору М. Чхартишвили за оказанную поддержку, а также к.и.н К. Костикяну, к.и.н.
Г. Даниеляну, Х. Гаприндашвили и Г. Мхитаряну за советы и помощь по усовершенствованию данной статьи.
Литература
Yāzdī 1378: Sharaf ad-dīn ‘Alī Yāzdī, Zafar nāmah, jild 2, Tehrān, 1378.
La Croix, 1722: Histoire de Timur-bec connu sous le nom du Grand Tamerlan, ecrite en persan par Cherefeddin Ali, Peis la
Croix, t. 3, Paris.
The History of Timour-Bec 1723: The History of Timour-Bec, J. Darby, in two volumes, London.
Зафарнаме 2008: Зафар-наме, Йазди Шараф ад-дин Али, А.Ахмедова, Ташкент.
_ 67 _
Šāmī 1937: Zafarnāma par Nizāmuddīn Šāmī, par Felix Tauer, t.1, Praha.
Hāīż-i Abrū 1381: Zubdat al-tawarikh, jild 2, Tehrān.
Mu’īn al-dīn Naţanzī, 1336: Muntakhab al-tawarīkh Mu’īnī, Tehrān.
Oruç beğ 1975: Oruç beğ tarihi, Atsiz.
‘Āshıq Pāshāzādeh 1914: Tewarikh āli ‘osmāndan, ‘Āshıq pāshā zādeh tewarikhī, Istanbul.
Al Genabi 1680: Mustaphæ Filii Hussein Al Genabi de gesis Timurlenkii seu Tamerlanis, Vienne.
Giese 1925: Die altosmanischen anonymen Chroniken, Friedrich Giese, Leipzig.
‘Arab shāh 1882: Shihāb ad-dīn Ahmad al-mağruf bi ibn ‘Arab shāh, ‘Ajāīb almaqdur ī akhbāri Taīmūr, Kalkuta.
Товма Мецопеци 1999: Товма Мецопеци, Историография, подготовка текста и предисловие Л. Хачикяна, Ереван.
Памятные записи 1955: Памятные записи армянских рукописей XV века. Часть первая (1401—1450 гг.). составил Л. С.
Хачикян, Ереван.
Уложение 1999: Уложение Темура. пер. Х. Кароматова, Ташкент.
Клавихо 1881: Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо, Дневник путешествия ко двору Тимура в Самарканд в 1403-1406 гг., под. ред.
И. Срезневского, Санкт Петербург.
Schiltberger 1859: Reisen des Johannes Schiltberger aus München in Europa, Asia und Afrika:von 1394 bis 1424, K. F. Neumann,
München.
Chalcondyle 1577: La decadence de l’empire Grec, et establissement de celvy des Turcs, par Nicolas Chalcondyle Athenien, Paris.
Doukas 1975: Dukas, Decline and Fall of Byzanium to the Otoman Turks, ed. By H.J. Margulias, Detroit.
Schreiner 1975: Peter Schreiner. Die byzaninischen Kleinchroniken. Teil I. Wien., перевод А. Досаевой, Восточная Литература,
htp://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Byzanz/Kleinchroniken/Texts/text12.htm
Mémoire sur Tamerlan 1894: Mémoire sur Tamerlan et sa cour par un dominicain, en 1403; H. Moranvillé, Bibliothèque de
l’école chartes, tome 55.
Alexandrescu 1942: Marie M. Alexandrescu, La Campagne de Timur en Anatolie (1402), Bucureşi.
Shaw 1976: Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Otoman Empire and Modern Turqey, vol.1.
Gibbons 1916: A. Gibbons,The Foundaion of the Otoman Empire: A History of the osmanlis up to the death of Bayezid I (1300-
1403), New York.
Мароцци 2010: Дж. Мароцци, Тамерлан-завоеватель мира, пер. А. Больных, Москва.
Manz 1989: B. F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge.
История… 1972: История армянского народа, т. 4, Ереван.
Акопян 1987: Т. Акопян, Города исторической Армении, Ереван.
Danişmend 1947: Ismail H. Danişmend, Izahli Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi, cilt 1, Istanbul.
Uzunçarşılı 1947: Osmanlı Tarihi, I cilt, I. Uzunçarşılı, Ankara.
1400 wlis agvistoSi Temur-lengis mier sebastiis dapyrobis

Sesaxeb arsebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi
gor margariani
statiaSi warmodgenilia Temur-lengis mier sebastiis dapyrobis Sesaxeb arsebuli werilobiTi

wyaroebis SedarebiTi Seswavla, 1400 wlis agvistoSi Temur-lengis (Tamerlanis) da misi jaris mier
qalaq sebastiaze laSqrobisa da dapyrobis detalebi. muslimuri (arabuli, sparsuli, osmaluri) da
qristianuli (somxuri, evropuli, bizantiuri) wyaroebis kvleva-Ziebis safuZvelze warmodgenilia
Temur-lengis jarebis sam kviriani gmiruli winaaRmdegobis, laSqrobisa da dapyrobis Sesaxeb
arsebuli cnobebi, somxuri cxenosani jaris mier qalaqis dacvis cnoba, qalaqis dapyrobis Semdeg
Temur-lengis mier mcvelebTan angriSsworebis Sesaxeb da a.S. wyaroebis cnobebisa da SedarebiTi
Seswavlis safuZvelze naSromSi mocemulia am movlenebis ufro sruli da detaluri aRwera.
_ 68 _
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOURCES ABOUT THE OCCUPATION OF

THE SEBASTIA BY TAMERLAN IN 1400
Gor Margaryan
In this aricle are introduced the details of the siege and the occupaion of the city Sebasia by Tamerlane
and his army in August in 1400. This research is based on the studies of the islamic (Arabic, Persian, Otoman) and
chrisian (Armenian, European, Byzanine) sources. There are details of the heroic resistance, which lasted nearly 3
weeks, the informaion about the occupaion of the city. There is examined the fact about Armenian Cavalry who
defended Sebasia and the descripion of Tamerlan’s esimate with the defenders of the city. Detailed descripion
of those events is presented in the paper providing comparaive analysis of the sources.
_ 69 _
toponimi `bolostike~ Tamaris pirveli
istorikosis TxzulebaSi
hairapet margariani
basianis brZola XIII saukunis damdegis saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da
kargad Seswavlili epizodia. Tumca samecniero literaturaSi naklebad aris gaSuqebuli am brZolis
adgilmdebareobis sakiTxi.1 am TvalsazrisiT did interess iwvevs Tamaris pirveli istorikosis
Txzulebis erTi adgili, sadac dasaxelebulia sulTan ruqn ad-dinis laSqris dabanakebis adgili:
`basianisa adgilsa, bolostiked wodebulsa~ (metreveli 2008: 464). radganac toponimi `bolostike~
arcerT wyaroSi moxsenebuli ar aris, misi zusti formis aRdgena da lokalizaciis garkveva
mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens.
Cven kvlevas ori principuli sakiTxis gaSuqebiT viwyebT. pirveli: ra Sedgeniloba aqvs
`bolostike~-s da meore: romeli enis safuZvelze SegviZlia avxsnaT aRniSnuli toponimi? marTalia,
pirveli kiTxva sagangebod dasmuli ar yofila, magram amaze pasuxi mogvepoveba literaturaSi.
toponimis zusti formis aRdgenis cdebi aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom arcerT mkvlevars eWvi ar
epareba imaSi, rom CvenTvis saintereso toponimi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. sayovelTao aRiarebiT,
toponimis pirveli kompoziti aris `bol~ an `bolo~ da swored meore nawilis aRdgenisas iwyeba
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba.
ras niSnavs `bol~ an `bolo~? pirvelad vaxuSti batoniSvils miuqcevia yuradReba im
garemoebisaTvis, rom („bolo~) somxuri sityvaa da amitom basianis brZolis saxelwodeba `bolokerti~
formiT mogvca (yauxCiSvili 1973: 187). marTalia, vaxuSti toponimis somxuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb
arafers ambobs, magram mis mier mowodebuli saxelwodeba mTlianad somxuria da ueWvels xdis
im mosazrebas, rom vaxuStim somxuri enis safuZvelze aRadgina aRniSnuli geografiuli punqtis
saxeli. momdevno mklevarTagan ase fiqrobda korneli kekeliZec da misi es mosazreba gamoxatulia,
rogorc mis mier aRdgenil dedanSi, aseve Tamaris pirveli istorikosis Txzulebis rusul TargmanSi
(kekeliZe 1941: 38-39; kekeliZe 1973: 223). marTlac, sufiqsi `kerti~ farTod aris gavrcelebuli
somxur toponimikaSi. somxurSi sityva «բոլոր» („bolor~) `mrgvals~ niSnavs da `bolokerti~ SeiZleba
gadavTargmnoT, rogorc `mrgvalad aRSenebul“-i (hibSmani 1907: 325; ter-poRosiani 1951: 123). ase
rom, vaxuSti batoniSvilis da korneli kekeliZis varaudi logikurad savsebiT gamarTlebulia.
magram saqme is aris, rom igi ar mtkicdeba wyaroebis monacemebis uqonlobis gamo. garda amisa,
mosalodneli iyo aseTive saxelwodebis arseboba somxeTis sxva mxareebSic, magram saqme ase ar
aris. toponimi `bolokerti~ dadasturebuli ar aris arc somxur da arc ucxoenovan wyaroSi.
toponimi `bolokerti~ badebs sxva kiTxvasac: Tu am saxelwodebis pirveli kompoziti somxuria,
maSin ratom unda iyos aRdgenili igi Semoklebuli („bolo~) da arasruli („bolor~) formiT.
miTumetes, rom qarTlis cxovrebis zog nusxaSi `bolo~-s Semdegi bgera swored `r~ aris da ara
_ `s~. iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom swored aseTi nusxa unda hqonoda farsadan gorgijaniZes,
romlis varaudiT, brZola momxdara `bolratav~-Si (jafariZe 1995: 151). gamodis, rom farsadan
gorgijaniZes Tavisi Sexeduleba hqonda toponimis meore komponentze da `tike~-is nacvlad `tav~-s
kiTxulobda. amJamad CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovani sxva garemoebaa. misi mosazrebiT, toponimis
pirvel nawilSi Sedioda kidev erTi Tanxmovani − saxeldobr, `r~ da, maSasadame, gvaqvs somxuri
fuZe Tavisi sruli saxiT. maSin, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, unda davsvaT kidev erTi kiTxva: ratom
moiqcnen ase vaxuSti batoniSvili da korneli kekeliZe? maT xom kargad icodnen somxuri sityvis
sruli forma, miTumetes, im xelnawerTa monacemebi, sadac gvxdeba formebi `bolort˜d~-i da
`bolorkad~-i. rogorc Cans‚ swori formis aRdgenaSi maT xeli SeuSala ara istoriulma, aramed
lingvisturma garemoebam. vaxuSti batoniSvili da korneli kekeliZe, mas Semdeg, rac toponimis
meore kompoziti aRadgines `kerti~-s saxiT, iZulebulni gaxdnen gamoericxaT `r~ bgeris arseboba
toponimis pirvel nawilSi. saqme exeboda qarTuli enis cnobil kanons − erT sityvaSi SeuZlebeli
iyo ori `r~-s Tanaarseboba.
moxda ase, rom forma `bolo~-s upiratesoba mianiWa ivane javaxiSvilmac, Tumca sul sxva
mizezis gamo. misi dakvirvebiT,
_ 70 _
toponimi `bolostike~ Tamaris pirveli istorikosis TxzulebaSi
am adgilis saxeli, ufro rom misi bolo, cota damaxinjebuli unda iyos gadamwerTagan; pirveli
nawili aris `bol~ anu `bolo~ da udris berZnuls `bolo~-s, xolo somxurs `bol-berd~-s; somxuri
saxelis meore nawili cixesa hniSnavs, prokopi kesarielic mas cixeda sTvlis; amitom SesaZlebelia
am adgilis qarTuli saxelis meore nawili `tike~ gadamwerisagan damaxinjebuli `cixe~ iyves? maSin
Tavdapirvelad iqmneboda `boloscixe~ (javaxiSvili 1983: 64).2
ivane javaxiSvilis Sexedulebis meore nawils Cven davubrundebiT, amJamad ki aRvniSnavT,

rom misTvis misaRebi iyo ara somxuri istorikosis lazare farpecis TxzulebaSi damowmebuli
`boR~-i, aramed prokofi kesarielis mier moxseniebuli `bolo~. ueWvelia, rom ivane javaxiSvilma
kargad icoda n. adoncis naSromi − somxeTi iustinianes xanaSi, sadac lazare farpecis «Բողբերդ»-
„boRberd~-is da prokofi kesarielis `bolon~-s identurobis sakiTxi specialurad aris ganxiluli
(adonci 1908: 24-25) da gaziarebulia misi mosazreba. es identurobis sakiTxi arasdros gamxdara
kamaTis sagani armenologiur literaturaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilad unda
CaiTvalos toponimi `bolon~-is Tavdapirveli formis sakiTxi. berZnuli sufiqsi − òn~ TiTqos
miuTiTebs imaze, rom bizantieli istorikosisTvisac aRniSnuli cixis realuri saxelwodeba
`bol~-i iyo. rac Seexeba lazare farpecis «Բողբերդ» − „boRberd“-s, aq aranair moulodnelobas ar
aqvs adgili. somxur saxelwodebaSi damowmebulia somxuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri
cvlileba − Tavdapirveli bgera «լ» − `l~ gadaqceulia «ղ» − `R~-d.
sad mdebareobda es cixe? lazare farpecis cnobiT, boRberdi mdebareobda basianSi, prokofi
kesarieli ki Tvlis, rom boloni sadRac Teodosiopolis, axlandeli erzrumis maxloblad iyo. n.
adonci fiqrobda, rom cixe boRi unda moiZebnos mosazRvre taos kanton buxaSi, magram mxolod im
mizeziT, rom orive toponims msgavsi JReradoba aqvs. mis am mosazrebas sxva argumenti ar gaaCnda da
armenologiur literaturaSi aman kamaTi gamoiwva (xaCaturiani 1925 № I: 54-57; ter-poRosiani 1951:
53-67). rogorc Cans, n. adoncis azri boRberdis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb arc ivane javaxiSvilisTvis
yofila damajerebeli da amitom igi boRberds basianad miiCnevda. saocari is aris, rom adoncsa
da javaxiSvils yuradReba ar miuqceviaT Revond aliSanis im naSromisTvis, sadac mocemulia
basianis olqis geografiuli daxasiaTeba da dawvrilebiTi istoria (aliSani 1890: 16-25). swored
aq aris moyvanili ori umniSvnelovanesi cnoba, romelze dayrdnobiTac SegviZlia ufro realurad
vimsjeloT boRberdis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb. aliSans jer mohyavs VII saukunis somexi istorikosis
sebeosis Txzulebis erTi adgili, sadac avtori mogviTxrobs bizantiur-sparsuli erT-erTi omis
dros momxdari erTi Setakebis Sesaxeb VI saukunis meore naxevarSi. sebeosis sityvebiT, dauZinebeli
mtrebis dapirispireba momxdara `basianSi bolorapahakSi, sadac erTmaneTs erTvis murci da araqsi~
(sebeosi 2005: 473). gamodis, rom lazare farpecis Senaxuli aqvs cixis saxelwodebis Semoklebuli
forma, romelSic pirveli kompoziti Secvlilia somxuri enis normebis mixedviT.
aseve Zalian sainteresoa meore kompozitic. somxurSi sityva «պահակ» − `pahaki~, Tavisi
pirveladi mniSvnelobis („daraji~) garda, `gamagrebuli adgili~-s mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba da,
amrigad, bolorapahaki udris bolorberds, romlis erT-erTi saxelwodeba iyo boRberdi. saqme is
aris, rom toponim bolorapahakis mTlianad gamoTqma saWiro ar iyo da, rogorc davinaxeT, es V
saukuneSi ukve SesamCnevi movlena iyo. Znelad warmosadgeni ar aris misi cvlilebebi arasomxur
wyaroebSi. cvlilebis safrTxe arsebobda ara imdenad pirvel nawilSi, aramed − meores nawilis
SuaSi. bgera `h“-s gamoTqma xSirad ugulebelyofilia bevr enaSi, maT Soris, qarTulSi. es movlena
kargad Cans iranuli warmoSobis sityvebSi. iq, sadac somxurSi gvaqvs Zlieri `h~, qarTulSi misi
warmoTqma savaldebulo ar aris. SevudaroT Tundac somxuri «համբաւ» − `hambavi~ da qarTuli
àmbavi~. magram Tu bgera `h~ ar JRers, maSin gveqneba ori erTnairi xmovani erTad Tavmoyrili,
ris gamoc damatebiTi siZnele Cndeba. davumatoT amas mesame à~ sityvis or kompozits Soris da
gasagebi xdeba toponimis Tavdapirveli saxis SenarCunebis mTeli siZnele.
rogor saxes miiRebda bolorapahaki cocxal somxur enaSi da sxva enebSi? Revond aliSanma
yuradReba miaqcia XIV saukunis pirveli naxevris italieli avtoris balduCi pegolotis im cnobas,
romelic nawilobrivad mainc gvipasuxebs dasmul kiTxvaze. pegoloti aRwers Tavisi drois
savaWro gzebs da asaxelebs erzrumi-Tavrizi magistralis punqtebs. mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom
erzrumis Semdeg mis siaSi dgas “Polorbecch“ − “Polorbecche“ (pegoloti 1936: 29), romlis identuroba
bolorapahakTan eWvs ar iwvevs (heidi 1886: 116; manandiani 1985: 210; miqaeliani 1952: 358).
yuradReba mivaqcioT or garemoebas: pirveli is aris, rom somxuri toponimis dasawyis nawilSi `b~-
s nacvlad gvaqvs aso `f~ da `p~-s adgilas italiur saxelwodebaSi `b~ aris warmodgenili, magram
es srulebiT ar aris gasakviri. aseTi fonetikuri cvlilebebi momxdara somxuri enis zog kiloSi
_ 71 _
hairapet margarioni
Zalian adre. amerikeli armenologisa da qarTvelologis robert bleiqis mosazrebiT, aq kilikiis

somxur samefoSi gavrcebuli kilos aSkara gavlena Cans (pegoloti 1936: 390). balduCi pegolotis
marTlac mWidro urTierToba hqonda kilikiis samefos gavlenian wreebTan da, rogorc Cans, somxur
gamoTqmas misdevda. or Tanxmovans Soris pirveladi à~-ebis nacvlad, is debs axal xmovans − è~-s.
pegolotis cnobebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia gavakeToT ori daskvna: pirveli − geografiul punqt
bolorapahaks samxedro mniSvnelobis garda,3 savaWro rolic hqonda. meore daskvna gvaaxloebs
basianis brZolis adgilis zusti saxelwodebis aRdgenis mcdelobasTan. vfiqrobT, `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ zog xelnawerSi Semonaxul `r~ bgeras upiratesoba aqvs `s~-sTan SedarebiT. Tu Cveni
varaudi sworia, maSin somxuri toponimis pirveli nawili zustad aris Semonaxuli qarTveli
istorikosis TxzulebaSi.
toponimis meore nawilis sakiTxi, rasakvirvelia, ufro rTulia. misi aRdgena rogorc `kerti~
_ gamoricxulia im mizezebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari. rogorc vnaxeT,
ivane javaxiSvili varaudobs, rom qarTlis cxovrebis Tavdapirvel teqstSi `boloscixe~ iyo.4 es
konieqtura Zalian gonebamaxvili da damajerebelia, Tuki daveTanxmebiT mis winaswar gamoTqmul
varauds qarTul toponimikaSi farTod warmodgenili kompozitis _ `cixi~-s damaxinjebis Taobaze.
Znelia imis warmodgena, rom qarTvelma gadamwerma ver icno wminda qarTuli Ziri. amitom
marTebuli iqneba, Tu ganvagrZobT kvlevas da movZebniT toponimis sxva SesaZlo variantebsac.
Cveni azriT, qarTveli mematiane gadmogvcems toponims im formiT, romelic dadasturebulia
pegolotis nawarmoebSi. magram‚ rogorc vnaxeT‚ italieli avtoris xelnawerebSi toponimi ori
formiT gvxvdeba da aqedan gamomdinare, Cven unda davadginoT Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba.
vfiqrobT‚ savsebiT marTalia Revond aliSani‚ rodesac bolo bgeras zedmetad ar Tvlis. amrigad,
pegolotis mier dasaxelebuli geografiuli punqtis saxels qarTulSi `bolorbeke~-s forma unda
hqonoda. amis safuZvelze SegviZlia vivaraudoT is, rom Tamaris pirveli istorikosis TxzulebaSi
Tavdapirvelad meore kompoziti iwyeboda `k~ bgeriT da mTavrdeboda è~ bgeriT. rogorc Cans‚ `t~
bgeris nacvlad xelnawerebSi jer iyo `b~, rogorc es aris pegolotis teqstSi. aseTi SesaZlebloba
marTlac arsebobda, Tu teqsti dawerili iyo nusxuriT, sadac `b~ da `t~ bgerebi erTmaneTs hgavs.
unda vivaraudoT isic, rom toponimis SuaSi iyo è~ da mis adgilas ì~-is gamoCena qaragmis mcdari
axsnis Sedegia. maSasadame‚ Tamaris pirveli istorikosis mier dasaxelebuli `bolostike~ SeiZleba
aRdgenili iyos rogorc `bolorbeke~. es konieqtura‚ ra Tqma unda‚ erT-erTi SesaZlebeli variantia‚
radganac dednis zusti aRdgena, marTlac, Zalian Znelia. amitom amJamad SemovifarglebiT im
faqtis kidev erTxel dadgeniT, rom `bolostike~ swored is cixea, romelic kargad aris cnobili
wyaroebSi rogorc `boRberdi~, `bolorapahaki~ da «Polorbecch» _ «Polorbecche».
basianis brZolis istoriis dawvrilebiTi Seswavla moiTxovs, rom vecadoT ufro zustad
davadginoT mTavari Setakebis adgili. bolo xanebSi goCa jafariZem pirvelad miaqcia yuradReba
XIII saukunis somexi istorikosis smbat sparapetis cnobas ruqn ad-dinis laSqris mJnkertis cixisken
moZraobis Sesaxeb. rodesac erzrumis aRebiT aRfrTovanebuli sulTani aviwroebda cixis mcvelebs,
qarTulma jarma Seutia da daamarcxa mteri (smbat sparapeti 1956: 212).5 mkvlevris mtkicebiT,
mJnkertis cixe aris dasaxelebuli brZolis adgilad XVIII saukunis damdegis Turqi istorikosis
munejim-baSis naSromSi jami ad-duvalSi. amrigad, dasaxelebuli ori cnobis mixedviT, ruqn ad-
dinTan brZola unda momxdariyo mJnkertis maxloblad (jafariZe 1995: 153-155). aseve yuradsaRebia
XIII saukunis arabi geografis iakuTis cnobac, romlis mixedviT, brZola moxda avniqis cixesTan.
basianis brZolis lokalizaciis problemis gamo diskusias iwvevs pirelwyaroebis garkveuli
mravalferovnoba. zog SemTxvevaSi es wyaroebi aSkarad upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. mkvlevarTa
Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobis meore mizezi aris is‚ rom maT garkveuli ara aqvT brZolis saerTo
suraTi da Taviseburad afaseben pirvelwyaroebis gadmocemebs. magaliTad, gaugebaria‚ Tu rogor
SegviZlia gadavwyvitoT mTavari Setakebis sakiTxi. SemTxveviTi ar aris‚ rom Sua saukuneebis
avtorebi amis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva punqtebs asaxeleben. rogorc Cans, yovel avtors Tavisi
warmodgena hqonda brZolis Sesaxeb. ueWvelia‚ maTgan mxolod Tamaris pirvel istorikoss aqvs
dawvrilebiT aRwerili brZolis mTeli msvleloba da amitom mis cnobebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
unda mivaniWoT saboloo daskvnis miRebaSi. amitom marTebuli ar aris im mklevarTa mosazreba,
romlebic miiCneven, rom gadamwyveti brZola basianSi ar momxdara. isini Tvlian, rom basianSi
metoqeni pirvelad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram brZolis bedi gadawyvita qalaq erzurumTan an
sariRamiSis maxloblad momxdarma brZolebma. gamodis‚ rom isini ugulvelhyofen Tamaris pirveli
istorikosis naTel cnobebs da mTavari Setakebis adgils deben sul sxva regionSi − karin-
erzurumSi anu vanandSi.
_ 72 _
toponimi `bolostike~ Tamaris pirveli istorikosis TxzulebaSi
vfiqrobT, saboloo daskvnis gamotanamde mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT ara mxolod calkeuli
punqtebis dasaxelebis faqtebi, aramed geografiuli faqtorebic. magaliTad, unda davsvaT
amgvari kiTxva − ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli didi samxedro moZraobebi da masStaburi omi avniqis
da mJnkertis cixeebTan? am gamagrebuli adgilebis zusti lokalizacia kargad aris cnobili
da maTi midamoebi araerTxel aris aRwerili istoriul-geografiul da samxedro-istoriul
literaturaSi. mJnkertis (aseve avniqis) cixis maxloblad didi brZolisTvis aucilebeli vrceli
veli ar arsebobs. aqauri Zlieri simagreebis mTavari amocana metoqeebis ieriSebisagan sazRvrebis
dacva yofila. amitom unda vifiqroT, rom mJnkertisa da avniqis cixeebis midamoebSi momxdar
brZolebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar hqoniaT. rogorc Cans, am punqtebis maxloblad yofila
selCukTa mowinave razmebTan pirveli Setakebebi. mTavar brZolad unda CavTvaloT is Setakeba‚
romelSic monawileoba miiRo Tavad sulTanma ruqn ad-dinma. swored am adgilas mdebareobda misi
karavi‚ aq inaxeboda simdidre da alafi.
saqme is aris, rom basiani geografiulad da istoriulad Sedgeboda ori nawilisagan. amaTgan
zemo basiani umTavresad vake mindoria da cnobili iyo utyeo basianis saxelwodebiTac. aq
mdebareobda sakuTriv basianis veli. qvemo basians SedarebiT mTiani reliefi aqvs, misi Crdilo
nawili mdidaria tyeebiT. zemo basiani cnobilia Tavisi wyaroebis simravliT (aliSani 1890:
16-18). am garemoebasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs qarTveli mematianis meore cnoba ruqn
ad-dinis laSqris karvebis adgilis Sesaxeb: `da iyo igi adgili wyaroTa savse~ (yauxCiSvili 1959:
98; metreveli 2008: 467). es aRweriloba metad niSandoblivia mTavari brZolis konkretuli
adgilis dasadgenad. sebeosis cnobidan irkveva, rom bolorapahaki mdebareobda mdinare araqsis
da murcis SesarTavTan da strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. mdinare murci, igive hasan-yala Cai,
araqsis marcxena Senakadia da erTvis araqss im adgilas, sadac aSenebulia cnobili qofriqois
xidi. qarTveli istorikosis cnoba dasturdeba ucxoenovani masaliT da miuTiTebs imaze, rom
saqarTvelosa da rumis sasulTnos Soris mTavari brZola momxdara zemo basianSi, basianis velis
samxreT zonaSi, sadac mdebareobda Zveli bolorapahakis cixe da dRevandeli qofriqois xidi
(eremiani 1953: 628).
SeniSvnebi
1
arsebuli samecniero literaturis mimoxilva micemulia goCa jafariZis naSromSi‚ ix. (jafariZe 1995: 150-156)
2
es mosazreba miiRo s. yauxCiSvilma‚ ix. (yauxCiSvili 1959: 96). i. javaxiSvils Tavisi naSromis ZiriTad nawilSi
kidev erTxel moaqvs Tamaris pirvelis istorikosis Txzulebidan saTanado nawyveti da upiratesobas
`bolostike~-s wakiTxvas aniWebs (javaxiSvili 1983: 48).
3
n. adonci ufro gvian daweril erT naSromSi imeorebs Tavis azrs boRberdim lokalizaciis Sesaxeb, magram
erTsa da imave dros dasaSvebad Tvlis, rom boRberdi mdebareobda dRevandeli hasan-yalas adgilas da
ketavda erzrumidan momaval gzas (adonci 1948: 217-220).
4
ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba simon yauxCiSvilma damajereblad miiCnia da saTanado cvlileba Seitana mis
mier dadgenil dedanSi, qarTlis cxovrebis ukanasknel gamocemaSi toponimi isev `bolostike~ formiT
ikiTxeba.
5
jafariZe sargeblobs inglisuri TargmaniT (S. Der Nersessian, The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or
of the “Royal Historian’’. - Etudes byzanines et arméniennes, Louvain, 1973).
damowmebani
adonci 1908: Н. Адонц, Армения в эпоху Юстиниана, СПб.

adonci 1948: Ն․Ադոնց, Հայաստանի ոսկեհանքը, «Պատմական ւսւնասիրւթիւններ», Պարիս.
aliSani 1890: Ղ․ Ալիշան, Այրարատ, Վենետիկ.
eremiani 1953: С.Т. Еремян, Армения в IX-первой четверти XIII в., “Очерки истории СССР. Период феодализма~, ч. I.
kekeliZe 1941: istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani (cda teqstis aRdgenisa), k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da
gamokvleviT, Tbilisi.
_ 73 _
hairapet margarioni
kekeliZe 1973: К.С. Кекелидзе, Этюды по истории древнегрузинской литературы, XII, Тбилиси.
manandiani 1985: Я.А. Манандян, О торговле и городах Армении в связи с мировой торголей древних времен, «Труды»,
Ереван.
metreveli 2008: qarTlis cxovreba, r. metrevelis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, meridiani.
miqaeliani 1952: Г.М. Микаелян, История Киликийского армянского государства, Ереван.
pegoloti 1936: Francesco Balducci Pegoloi, La Praica della Mercatura. Edited by Allan Evans. Medieval Academy Books(No.
24), Cambridge, Mass.
sebeosi 2005: Սեբէոս, Պատմւթիւն, «Մատենագիրք Հայոց», հ․Դ, Անթիլիաս-Լիբանան.
smbat sparapeti 1956: Սմբատ Սպարապետ, Տարեգիրք, Վենետիկ.
ter-poRosiani 1951: Պ․ Տեր-Պողոսյան, Տեղագրական հետազօտւթիւններ Հայաստանի մէկ քանի քաղաքներւ եւ
բերդերւ մասին, Վիեննա.
yauxCiSvili 1959: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiraTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier‚ t. II, Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1973: vaxuSti batoniSvili‚ aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa‚ qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV‚ teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier‚ Tbilisi, 1973.
xaCaturiani 1925: Ա․ Խաչատրյան, Հւյն պատիչների վկայւթյւնը հին Հայաստանի ոսկեհանքերի և նրանց տեղի
մասին, «ՀՍԽՀ պետական համալսարանի տեղեկագիր»
javaxiSvili 1983: i. javaxiSvili‚ Txzulebani Tormet tomad‚ t. II‚ Tbilisi.
jafariZe 1995: g. jafariZe. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro‚ Tbilisi.
heidi 1886: Heyd, Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen-âge, II, Leipzig.
hibSmani 1907: Հ․Հիւբշման, Հին հայոց տեղւոյ անունները, Վիեննա.
THE TOPONYM “BOLOST’IK’E~ IN THE WORK

OF THE FIRST HISTORIAN OF QUEEN TAMAR
Hayrapet Margaryan
From the perspective of localization of the battle of Basiani the part of the work of the first historian of the
Queen Tamar, where it is mentioned the location of the army of the sultan Rukn al-Din(“the place (called) Basiani,
known also by the name of Bolost’ik’e~), is in a great interest.
The study shows that “Bolost’ik’e~ is the fortress, which is well known from Armenian and Italian sources by
the names «Bolorapahak» / «Polorbecche « (both names mean «fortress built in circle»). It was situated at the
junction of rivers Araks and Murts’ (now the Hasankale river) and had strategic significance.
The second witness of the Georgian historian “there were many springs in this place~ is important for
clarifying the exact location of the battle. This information is confirmed by the foreign language sources and shows
that the decisive battle between Georgia and Rum Sultanate took place in Upper Basen, in the southern area of
Basen field, where were situating the old Bolorapahak fortress and our days’ Koprikoy bridge.
_ 74 _
qarTuli politikuri emigraciis monawileoba visbadenisa
da Starnbergis konferenciebSi (1951-1952 ww.)
Sorena murusiZe
civi omis dros amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ssrk-s winaaRmdeg e. w. `fsiqologiuri omis~
taqtikas mimarTavda. aSS–Si arsdeboda sazogadoebrivi komitetebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirSi
Semavali erebis emigrantul gaerTianebebs bolSevikuri reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebas
hpirdebodnen. 1951 wlis 8 Tebervals aSS-Si bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli amerikuli komiteti
daaarsda. misi erT-erTi mizani sabWoTa kavSiris emigrantuli organizaciebis gaerTianeba da
antibolSevikuri centris Camoyalibeba iyo1. komitetis es mizani rTuli gansaxorcielebeli
aRmoCnda. mTavari winaaRmdegoba, rac ssrk-is emigraciis gaerTianebas xels uSlida èrovnul
sakiTxSi~ arsebuli SeuTanxmebloba iyo.
sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebidan wasuli emigrantebi sxvadasxva organizaciebSi erTiandebodnen da
qarTuli emigraciis msgavsad daqsaqsulebi iyvnen. miuxedavad amisa, yvela erovnebis emigrantuli
gaerTianebis mizani saerTo iyo _ isini Tavisi qveynis damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen. am
miswrafebas ewinaaRmdegeboda rusuli emigracia. TviT rusuli emigraciac sxvadasxva partiebad
da organizaciebad iyo dayofili. misi erTi nawili ruseTis monarqiuli imperiis aRdgenas, xolo
meore ki federaciuli saxelmwifo wyobis Camoyalibebas miiCnevda saWirod. maT saerTo mxolod
erTi hqondaT _ arc erTi maTgani ar aRiarebda ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebis Secvlas da masSi
Semavali erebis suverenul uflebebs. rusuli emigracia sxva erebis mxridan damoukideblobis
moTxovnas separatizmad aRiqvamda da maT `separatistul jgufebad~ ixseniebda.
rusul emigraciasTan erovnuli sakiTxis irgvliv SeuTanxmeblobis gamo ssrk-is qveynebis
emigraciis urTierTSeTanxmeba da erToblivi moqmedeba ar xerxdeboda.
sabWoTa kavSiris erTa emigraciis gaerTianebas meore msoflio omis dros germaniac cdilobda.
Tumca es mizani ver ganxorcielda erovnul sakiTxSi germaniis mxares mebrZoli `ruseTis
ganTavisuflebis armiis~ xelmZRvanelis general andrei vlasovis (1901-1946) Seuvali poziciis
gamo (salia 1952: 4).
yvelaze mravalricxovan rusul emigracias angariSs uwevdnen evropaSic da amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSic. amerikuli komiteti pirvelad swored rusuli emigraciis e.w. demokratiul nawils
(solidaristebs) daukavSirda da masTan TanamSromlobiT daiwyo antibolSevikuri gaerTianebis
Camoyalibeba. komiteti mxars uWerda 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Sedegad Seqmnil ruseTis
federaciul saxelmwifos da gamoricxavda rusuli emigraciis im jufebTan kavSirs, romlebic
ruseTis imperiis da monarqiuli saxelmwifo wyobis aRdgenisaTvis ibrZodnen.
amerikulma komitetma antibolSevikuri gaerTianebis Seqmna rusuli emigraciis gaerTianebiT
daiwyo. am mizniT komitetma 1951 wels StudgardSi konferencia Caatara, sadac miiwva ruseTis
xalxTa ganTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli kavSiri, xalxTa TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis liga,
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mxedarTa kavSiri da upartio rusi emigrantebi (mebrZoli
saqarTvelo 1952a: 6). aq Sekrebilma rusulma organizaciebma SeimuSaves programa, sadac bolSevikuri
reJimis Semdeg yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze ruseTis xalxTa Tavisufali kavSiris Seqmnas
dauWires mxari. Studgardis konferenciaSi monawile rusuli emigraciis demokratiulma nawilma
Tavis winandeli pozicia erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb Secvala. programaSi isini sabWoTa kavSirSi
Semaval erebs kvlav ruseTis xalxebad moixseniebdnen, Tumca amjerad maT Tanasworobas da erTa
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis miniWebas hpirdebian. yrilobis monawileTa saprogramo dokumentSi
SeniSvnis saxiT Caiwera, rom erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi ar vrceldeba meore msoflio omis
dros sabWoTa kavSiris mier dapyrobil saxelmwifoebze (igulisxmeboda baltiispireTis qveynebi:
litva, latvia, estoneTi). maTi damoukidebloba upiroboT iqneba aRdgenili (mamuli, 1951: 74,75).
savaraudod, erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb StudgardSi Sekrebili rusuli emigraciis poziciis
cvlileba _ yofili ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi erebisaTvis erTa TviTgamorkvevis
uflebis cnoba amerikuli komitetis interesebis gaTvaliswinebam ganapiroba (urataZe 1951: 9).
ruseTis emigraciis e. w. demokratiul nawils undoda Studgardis rusuli programa
savaldebulo gaexada ssrk-is emigraciisTvis da amaSi amerikuli komitetis avtoritetisa da
gavlenis gamoyenebis imedi hqondaT (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 8).
_ 75 _
Sorena murusiZe
erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT rusuli emigraciis demokratiuli nawilis poziciis

cvlilebas, qarTuli politikuri emigracia gamoexmaura. am faqts saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobis wevrebi, social-demokratiuli partia da erovnuli sabWo dadebiTad
afasebdnen. Tumca isini amave dros cdilobdnen daesabuTebinaT, rom saqarTvelos sakiTxi
gansxvavdeboda yofili ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi Semavali sxva qveynebisgan, radgan misi
damoukidebloba, msoflios araerTi saxelmwifos, maT Soris, sabWoTa ruseTis mier, de-iure iyo
aRiarebuli. qveyanas hqonda konstitucia da arCeuli sakanonmdeblo organo (damfuZnebeli kreba),
Tavisi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebi (elCebi) hyavda msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. saqarTvelom
damoukidebloba dakarga ara Sida gadatrialebiT, aramed dapyrobis Sedegad. amis safuZvelze
isini miiCnevdnen, rom erTa TviTkamorkvevis ufleba saqarTveloze ar unda gavrcelebuliyo.
maTi SefasebiT, qarTul politikur emigracias saqarTvelosTvis okupaciis gauqmebis da qveynidan
ucxo jarebis gayvanis sakiTxi unda daeyenebina, rasac suverenitetis aRdgena mohyveboda. am
principebis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTuli emigraciis es nawili rusul emigraciasTan TanamSromlobas
ar gamoricxavda (urataZe 1951: 20).
Studgardis Sexvedraze xuTi rusuli organizaciis gaerTianebis Semdeg amerikulma komitetma
sabWoTa kavSiris ara rusi erebis emigraciasTanac daamyara urTierToba da isini 1951 wlis 3
noembers visbadenis konferenciaze miiwvia. visbadenis TaTbiri antibolSevikuri gaerTianebis
safuZveli da winapiroba unda gamxdariyo. masSi monawileobis misRebad àmerikuli komitetis~
warmomadgenelma evropaSi eJen laionsma 1951 wlis 30 oqtombrs qarTuli politikuri emigraciidan
mxolod qarTuli erovnuli sabWo miiwvia (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952g: 7).
visbadenis konferenciamde qarTuli erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebelma komitetma sagangebo
yriloba Caatara, sadac momaval konferenciaze qarTuli emigraciis samoqmedo gegma SeimuSaves da
delegatebi (noe cincaZe da daviT sxirtlaZe) airCies.
visbadenis TaTbiris dawyebamde qarTuli erovnuli sabWos wevrebma amerikuli komitetis
warmomadgenlebs qarTuli emigraciis politikuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi xazi gaacnes. maT scades
rusul emigraciasTan molaparakeba da winaswari SeTanxmebis miRweva. erovnuli sabWos delegatebi
Sexvdnen miunxenis qarTvelTa politikur komitets, romlis wevrTa nawili erovnuli sabWos
aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier parizis yrilobaze miRebul samoqmedo gegmas ar iziarebda da
ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda. qarTveli delegatebi noe cincaZe da daviT sxirtlaZe somxeTisa
da belorusiis emigraciis warmomadgenlebs, ukrainis radisa da mTavrobis pasuxismgebel
pirebsac Sexvdnen. ukrainelebi visbadenSi ar miuwveviaT, amitom isini konferencias ar daswrebian
(mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 6,7). Sexvedrebis mizani qarTuli erovnuli sabWos poziciis gacnoba
da mxardaWeris mopoveba iyo.
visbadenSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen Studgardis konferenciaSi monawile 5 rusuli
demokratiuli da socialisturi organizacia da qarTvelebis, belorusebis, azerbaijanelebis,
Crdilo kavkasiis (avtorxanovis jgufi), Turqestanis sabWoebi da komitetebi, romelic qarTuli
politikuri emigraciis nawilis azriT sagangebod am konferenciaSi monawileobisTvis winaswar
Seiqmna (iveria 1953: 15).
visbadenSi miwveuli rusuli politikuri gaerTianebebidan ruseTis ganTavisuflebis jgufi,
romelsac rusi istorikosi, publicisti da redaqtor-gamomcemeli sergei melgunovi (1879-1956)
xelmZRvanelobda (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952d: 23) da rusuli xalxTa ganTavisuflebisaTvis
mebrZoli liga istorikosisa da politikuri moRvawis boris nikolaevskis (1887-1966)
TavmjdomareobiT (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952e: 28), aRiarebdnen saqarTvelosa da baltiispireTis
saxelmwifoebis damoukideblobas. Tumca melgunovi kerenskisTan erTad ewinaaRmdegeboda
saqarTvelos am uflebis dokumenturad dafiqsirebas.
visbadenis konferenciaze qarTuli politikuri emigracia sxva ararus emigrantul gjufebTan
SedarebiT yvelaze kvalificiurad da Rirseulad iyo warmodgenili. qarTveli delegati noe
cincaZe TaTbiris Tavmjdomared airCies. is yvelaze did winaaRmdegobas uwevda visbadenis
konferenciaze rusuli emigraciis interesebis ganxorcielebas.
rusulma organizaciebma visbadenze Studgardis rusuli programis gaziarebis sakiTxi
daayenes, ramac visbadenis TaTbiris dRis wesrigi gansazRvra. konferenciaze imsjeles: 1. erovnul
sakiTxze, 2. momavali gaerTianebis saxelwodebasa da 3. organizaciul mowyobaze.
visbadebis konferenciaze qarTvelma delegatebma moiTxoves TviTgamorkvevis ufleba
mieniWebinaT ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali erebisTvis, xolo qveynebs, romlebmac bolSevikebis
dapyrobis Sedegad dakarges suvereniteti uSualod aRedginaT damoukidebloba (mebrZoli
_ 76 _
qarTuli politikuri emigraciis monawileoba visbadenisa da Starnbergis konferenciebSi (1951-1952 ww.)
saqarTvelo 1952v: 17). rusi emigrantebi molaparakebebis dros mxolod sityvierad aRiarebdnen
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis uSualod aRdgenis uflebas (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 8).
konferenciis monawileebi ver SeTanxmdnen saxelwodebaze, rusuli organizaciebi iTxovdnen
momavali antibolSevikuri gaerTianebis dasaxelebaSi ruseTis, xolo danarCeni emigrantuli
organizaciebi ki ssrk moxseniebas (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 8).
organizaciis mowyobis sakiTxSi uaryves upartio sazogado moRvaweebis miRebis wesi, rasac,
momaval gaerTianebaSi umravlesobis mopovebis mizniT, rusi emigrantebi uWerdnen mxars (mebrZoli
saqarTvelo 1952b: 8).
visbadenis konferenciaze airCies paritetuli komisia, romelsac visbadenze Riad darCenili
sakiTxebis irgvliv SeTanxmebis miRwevis mizniT morigi TaTbiris mowvevaze unda ezruna. paritetul
komisiaSi Sedioda sami rusi da sami sxva erovnebaTa warmomadgeneli, maT Soris, qarTvelebidan
iyo daviT sxirtlaZe (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 9).
interesTa konfliqtis, azrTa sxvadasxvaobis, zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeuTanxmeblobis
miuxedavad, visbadenis konferencia deklaraciis miRebiT dasrulda, romelsac mizanmimarTulad
1951 wlis 7 noembers, bolSevikuri gadatrialebis dRes moewera xeli (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b:
9). erovnuli sabWos saxeliT visbadenis dokuments noe cincaZem da daviT sxirtlaZem moaweres
xeli (iveria 1952: 40). konferenciis monawileebma miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT scnes sabWoTa
kavSirSi Semavali erebisTvis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis ganxorcieleba plebiscitis, erovnuli
damfuZnebeli krebis an saerTo rusuli damfuZnebeli krebis gziT (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 8).
deklaraciaSi dafiqsirebuli iyo ssrk-is emigraciis erToba bolSevikuri reJimisa da komunisturi
diqtaturis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (patariZe 1952: 32). visbadenis rezoluciaSi araferia naTqvami
saqarTvelos suverenitetis avtomaturad aRdgenis Sesaxeb.
qarTvelebis moTxovnas upirobod eRiarebinaT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena,
rusulma emigraciam taqtikuri svliT upasuxa: isini bolSevikuri reJimis gauqmebis Semdeg
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis avtomaturad aRdgenas mxolod sityvierad aRiarebdnen, Tumca
es zepiri SeTanxmeba ar Sevidoda rezoluciaSi, arc dokumenturad dafiqsirdeboda sadme da
amave dros ar gasajarovdeboda, riTac SeZlebdnen qarTvelebis daTanxmebas monawileoba mieRoT
rusebTan erTad molaparakebebSi, msgavs moTxovnas ar wamoayenebdnen sxva ararusi erebi da
amasTanave ar gamoiwvevda winaaRmdegobas da dapirispirebas rusuli emigraciis SigniT (mebrZoli
saqarTvelo 1952z: 24). maT es mizani advilad ganaxorcieles. qarTveli delegatebi saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis upirobod aRdgenis sityvieri SeTanxmebiT Semoifarglnen da am uflebis
rezoluciaSi Setana ar mouTxoviaT. konferenciis monawile qarTuli emigrantuli organizacia
erovnuli sabWo, amas ase xsnis: àseT aqtSi (rezoluciaSi, _ S.m.) Cveni eris moTxovnilebis calke
aRniSvna rom mogveTxova, amiT mxolod SevasustebdiT saerTo Tavdasxmis Zalas da mniSvnelobas...~
radgan maTi azriT, es sxva erebis ukmayofilebas da maTTan dapirispirebas gamoiwvevda da rusuli
emigraciis mimarT maT erTobliv winaaRmdegobas daasustebda (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952v: 18).
visbadenis konferencia iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca rusi da ararusi emigrantuli gaerTianebebi
saTaTbirod Seikribnen, aq miRebuli deklaracia ki _ pirveli politikuri aqti rusisa da sxva
erTa warmomadgenlebis mier dadebuli bolSevikuri reJimis winaaRmdeg. rogorc ukve iTqva,
manamde rusuli politikuri emigrantuli gaerTianebebi ara Tu ar scnobdnen saqarTvelos
damoukideblobas, aramed ibrZodnen am uflebis winaaRmdeg. arc erTi rusuli organizacia ar
aRiarebda ruseTis imperiis daSlas.
visbadenis TaTbiris dasrulebis Semdeg qarTveli delegatebi kvlav miunxenis qarTvelebs
Sexvdnen, iqve sagangebod konferenciis Sedegebis Sesaxeb sasaubrod ukrainis radis da mTavrobis
warmomadgenlebi Cavidnen (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 9).
visbadenis konferenciaSi monawileobiT qarTveli emigrantebi (qarTuli erovnuli sabWo da
maTi poziciis momxreni) Tavis mizans ase gansazRvravdnen:
mTavari da ZiriTadi iyo CvenTvis gzis gakafva amerikis sazogadoebisaken, radgan aSS-s saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba ar hqonda aRiarebuli da amerikaSi cotam Tu icoda saqarTvelos Sesaxeb... Cveni
mdgomareoba moiTxovs gaviCinoT damxmare SigniT, maTsave gavlenian wreebSi, romlebic sazogadoebriv
azris Semqmnel faqtorad iTvlebian... roca dadgeba momenti saqarTvelos bedis konkretulaT
gadaWris da am gadaWraSi dagvWirdeba xma da gamoZaxili did saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebis _ amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi dagvxvdes ara gaugebroba, aramed sayovelTao simpatia da TanagrZnoba. ara
gulgriloba, aramed xalxis gamowveva da daxmareba. ai aqeTken gvixsnis gzas visbadenis TaTbiri
(mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: 9).
_ 77 _
Sorena murusiZe
erovnul sabWos Tavis amocanad amerikuli komitetis poziciis Secvlac miaCnda, radgan
komiteti Tavidan prorusuli iyo. maTi SefasebiT, visbadenSi monawileobam ganapiroba maTi
daaxloeba komitetTan da komitetis wevrebis sabWoTa kavSiris erovnebaTa sakiTxiT daintereseba.
Tumca, komitetis damokidebulebis cvlileba ara visbadenis TaTbirma, aramed xelmZRvanelis
cvlilebam ganapiroba. roca komitets Jurnalisti eJen laionsi xelmZRvanelobda misi pozicia
iyo ssrk-s erovnebaTa sakiTxi ruseTis Sida sakiTxad eRiarebinaT. visbadenis konferenciis
Semdeg komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda aSS-s yofili elCi ruseTSi, erovnebaTa sakiTxSi garkveuli
admirali alan kerki. misi xelmZRvanelobis dros komitetis prorusuli orientacia Seicvala, is
ufro miukerZoebeli gaxda (kereseliZe 1952: 9). amerikuli komiteti yovelTvis aSS-is sagareo
politikuri interesebis gamtarebeli iyo, mis damokidebulebaze da Sexedulebebze sabWoTa
kavSirSi Semavali qveynebis emigracias gavlenis moxdena ar SeeZlo.
visbadenis konferenciis dasrulebis Semdeg rusulma emigraciam StudgardSi miRebuli rusuli
programa gamoaqveyna, ramac visbadenis TaTbiris araswori aRqma ganapiroba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom visbadenSi Studgardis programa uaryves, mainc moxda maTi gaigiveba (mebrZoli saqarTvelo
1952v: 15). visbadenis konferenciaze miRebuli rezolucia ssrk-is dapyrobil erTa emigrantulma
organizaciebma maTi saxelmwifoebis suverenitetis damcrobad miiCnies.
organizacia qarTuli politikuri centri ucxoeTSi4 visbadenis TaTbirs da deklaracias
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebad afasebda da masSi monawile
emigrantul organizaciebs ruseTis mesame imperiis Sesaqmnelad niadagis momzadebaSi adanaSaulebda.
maTTvis miuRebeli iyo rusul emigraciasTan TanamSromloba da molaparakebebi. igive poziciaa
dafiqsirebuli saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis parizis organizaciis 1951 wlis 16
oqtombris yrilobisa da parizis qarTvelTa krebis 1951 wlis 20 oqtomberis rezoluciebSi. rusul
emigraciasTan qarTvelebis TanamSromlobis winaaRmdegi iyvnen qarTul-amerikuli liga da aSS-is
qarTuli saTvistomo. centraluri evropis qarTuli politikuri komiteti emigraciisadmi Tavis
mimarTvaSi visbadenis konferencias ase afasebda: ùkanaskneli 30 wlis manZilze aseTi marcxi
saqarTvelos sakiTxs jer ar ganucdia. es aris xelis aReba qarTveli xalxis suverenobis dacvaze
da erovnuli brZolis gezisa da miznis Secvla~. am mimarTvas komitetis saxeliT xels awerdnen
mixako wereTeli, daviT vaCnaZe, dimitri SalikaSvili, niko nakaSiZe, aleqsandre comaia da mixeil
alSibaia (iveria 1952: 37-42).
rusul emigraciasTan molaparakebebis gamarTvas Secdomad miiCnevda erovnul sabWos wevri
TeTri giorgis organizacia, romelic sabWos gaemijna da misi Semadgenloba datova (1952 wlis 5
ivliss). maTi azriT rusebTan TanamSroloba `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis principis Seulaxavad
SeuZlebelia~. isini visbadenis SexvedraSi qarTvelebis monawileebis momxreni ar iyvnen, Tumca
aRiarebdnen, rom àm Sexvedris dros saqarTvelos uflebebi ar yofila daTmobili~ (salia 1952:
3). TeTri giorgis, erovnuli sabWodan gamosvlis uSualo mizezi gaxda sabWos monawileoba 1952
wlis 18 ivniss StarenbergSi gamarTul konferenciaSi (bedi qarTlisa 1952: 31).
visbadenis politikuri xazi (rusul emigraciasTan TanamSromloba èrTa TviTgamorkvevis
principis~ dacviT) miuReblad miaCndaT sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali qveynebis emigracias, kerZod,
ukrainis mTavrobisa da nacionaluri radas wevrebs (iveria 1952: 42), Crdilo kavkasiisa da
azerbaijanis emigrantul gaerTianebebs.
Crdilo kavkasielebma miunxenis yrilobaze uaryves rusuli emigraciis pozicia erovnul
sakiTxSi da gaakritikes generali lazar biCeraxovi Crdilo kavkasielebis saxeliT rusul
emigraciasTan TanamSromlobis gamo. Crdilo kavkasiis nacionalurma komitetma abduraxmar
avtorxanovi visbadenis konferenciaSi monawilebis mezeziT komitetidan garicxa (iveria 1952:
42,43).
ankarisa da azerbaijanis kolonis rezolucia visbadenis konferencias azerbaijanis
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli interesebisaTvis sazianod miiCnevda da protests ucxadebda a.
Seixul-islamovs, jeixun xajibeils da ismail akbers rusul organizaciebTan erTad visbadenSi
monawileobis gamo. azerbaijanuli musavaturi partia miiCnevda, rom visbadenis politikuri kursi
aris sabWoTa kavSiris erTa suverenitetis saerTaSoriso masStabidan ruseTis Sida sakiTxad qceva.
musavaturi partia ganmartavda, rom visbadenis konferenciaSi monawile azerbaijanis erovnuli
erTobis sabWo realurad ar arsebuli organizacia iyo (iveria 1952: 43).
visbadenis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebi ibeWdeboda miunxenSi gamomaval Jurnal kavkazSic
(redaqtori kantemiri), romelic rusul, Turqul da inglisur enebze ibeWdboda da mis irgvliv
e. w. bamatis jgufi iyo gaerTianebuli. am gamocemasTan TanamSromlobda qarTuli politikuri
_ 78 _
emigraciis memarjvene mimarTulebis gaerTianeba _ qarTuli erovnul-politikuri centri

(mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952v: 19).
visbadenis konferenciis sawinaaRmdegod aRmosavleT evropis, kavkasiis erebisa (maT Soris
qarTvelebis) da TurqestanelTa warmomadgenlebma miunxenSi 1951 wlis 30 noembers moiwvies
konferencia, romelic rezoluciis miRebiT dasrulda. mas qarTvelebis mxridan xels awerda
aleqsandre korZaia. rezoluciaSi naTqvami iyo, rom rusuli emigracia, kerZod ki `ruseTis xalxTa
ganmaTavisuflebeli sabWo~ sabWoTa sakSiris xalxTa emigraciis saxeliT saubrobs da ruseTis
imperiis sazRvrebis SenarCunebas cdilobs (iveria: 44).
visbadenis konferenciaze erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis cnobam winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia
rusul emigraciaSic. qarTuli politikuri centris cnobiT visbadenis TaTbirSi monawile
rusuli organizaciebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen rusuli samxedro da politikuri gaerTianebebi
(iveria 1953: 19).
qarTul da zogadad sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval erTa emigraciaSi aqtualuri ganxilvisa da
kamaTis sakiTxad qceul erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobisa da arsis
axsnas cdilobda strasburgis universitetis iuridul da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis
profesori mixeil musxeliSvili:
es principi ar aris kanoni, wesi saerTaSoriso pozitiuri samarTlisa e. i. cnobili da savaldebulod

aRiarebuli saxelmwifoTa mier arc saerTod, arc maTi umravlesobisagan. es imas niSnavs, rom
TviTgamorkvevis principi Cven araviTar uflebas ar gvaniWebs da arc rusebs akisrebs raime
valdebulebas Cvens mimarT (salia 1954: 17).
musxeliSvilis TqmiT saerTaSoriso praqtika cxadyofs, rom am uflebas realurad didi

saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebi angariSs ar uweven, mas amis damadasturebeli magaliTebic mohyavs.
saerTaSoriso samarTali ar ganmartavs, rogor unda SeaTanxmon Tavisi interesebi mpyrobelma
saxelmwifom da pyrobilma erma. aqedan gamomdinare mixeil musxeliSvilis azriT: èrTa TviT-
gamorkvevis ufleba dResac saerTaSoriso samarTlis gareSe imyofeba. mwared mostyuvdebian is
erni, romlelnic maT imeds damoukideblobis mopovebisa TviTgamorkvevis uflebazed daamyareben.
kidev ufro did ugunurebad CaiTvleba mitoveba maT mier damoukideblobis statutisa da gacvla
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis aRsarebazed. es niSnavs nanadirevis xelidan gaSvebas misi aCrdilisaTvis
(musxeliSvili 1954: 16).
erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas mxars uWerda amerikuli komiteti. komitetis pozicia
erovnul sakiTxSi miuRebeli aRmoCnda, rogorc rusuli, ise sabWoTa kavSiris erTa emigrantuli
organizaciebisTvis. komitetis gavleniT rusuli emigraciis nawilma aRiara erTa TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali erebisTvis, Tumca, mcdelobis miuxedavad, komitetis poziciis
Secvla ver SeZles ararusma emigrantulma gaerTianebebma. uSedegod dasrulda qarTuli erovnuli
sabWos warmomadgenlis da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis sagareo saqmeTa
ministris evgeni gegeWkoris mcdeloba moepovebinaT amerikuli komitetis mxardaWera sabWoTa
kavSirSi Semavali qveynebis damoukideblobis upirobod aRdgenaSi. komitetis wevrebi araerTgzis
ganmartavdnen, rom
usaSinlesi Secdoma iqneboda sazRvargareTidan, sabWoTa kavSirSi myof erTa Tanxmobis gareSe,
gamogvecxadebina momavali saxelmwifoebrivi forma rusis xalxis, an sxva romelime erovnebisa.
es iqneboda sruli winaaRmdegoba im demokratiul principebTan, romelTac Cven vaRiarebT. aseTi
gadawyvetileba SeiZleba miRebul iqnes mxolod TviT erebisagan, Sedegad sakuTari gansjisa
(mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952T: 22)
visbadenis konferenciidan erTi wlis Semdeg qarTuli emigrantuli politikuri organizacia

erovnuli sabWo, sakiTxis aqtualobidan gamomdinare kvlav cdilobda gaeca pasuxi kiTxvaze: iyo Tu
ara swori visbadenSi monawileoba da qarTuli sakiTxisaTvis ra SedegiT dasrulda igi? Sefasebisas
yvela Tanxmdeboda, rom amerikul komitetTan urTierTobis gza visbadenze gadioda, amitom am
mimarTulebiT muSaoba kvlavac unda gaegrZelebinaT, Tumca aucilebeli iyo gaeTvaliswinebinaT
miRebuli gamocdileba da ukeTesi SedegisaTvis ebrZolaT. sabWos wevrebisaTvis isic cxadi iyo,
rom mTavari ara rusul emigraciasTan SeTanxmeba, aramed saqarTvelos sakiTxis aqtualoba iyo,
romelmac maTi SefasebiT saerTaSoriso masStabi SeiZina. erovnuli sabWos SemadgenlobaSi myofi
social-federalisturi partiis wevri niko uruSaZe, miiCnevda, rom visbadenis konferenciaze
_ 79 _
Sorena murusiZe
qarTvlebis da nawilobriv belorusebis garda sxva sabWoTa kavSiris erTa emigrantebi saTanadod
ar iyvnen warmodgenili, xolo qarTvelebis monawileoba naCqarevi iyo, radgan mcire droSi maT
saTanadod momzadeba ver moeswres (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 14). visbadenis TaTbiris Sesaxeb da
rusul emigraciasTan urTierTobis sakiTxze msjelobisas erovnul sabWoSi ori pozicia gamoikveTa:
social-federalistebis azriT, rusuli da qarTuli emigraciis interesebi antagonisturi, maT
Soris kavSiri ki uperspeqtivoa, amitom miiCnevdnen, rom aucilebeli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval
erTa, upiratesad ki kavkasiis erebis emigrantuli organizaciebis gaerTianebis Seqmna. social-
federalistebi, sxva erebTan Sexvedrebis dros komunikaciisTvis rusuli enis gamoyenebasac
ewinaaRmdegebodnen, radgan am faqtors moxerxebulad iyenebda rusuli emigracia. meore pozicias
erovnuli sabWos social-demokratiuli partiis wevrebi afiqsirebdnen. maT umravlesobas miaCnda,
rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZola moiTxovda rusul demokratiul da
socialistur emigraciasTan urTierTobas da maT momxrobas. `Cven arasodes ar unda gamovideT
rusi eris winaaRmdeg. Cveni brZola unda iyos mimarTuli reJimis winaaRmde, romelic yvelas erTad
suls gvixuTavs~ (v. tuRuSi) (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 26). erovnuli sabWos wevri, saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis iusticiis ministri social-demokrati raJden arseniZe uimedod ar
uyurebda ruseTTan SeTanxmebis sakiTxs, misi azriT saSiSi da saziano iyo `ruseTis darRvevis~
moTxovna, radgan es niSavs rus erTan dapirispirebas. misi azriT, qarTuli emigracia mxolod èrTa
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis aRiarebiT~ unda dakmayofilebuliyo (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 21).
rusul emigraciasTan TanamSromlobas aucilebel pirobad miiCnevda visbadenis konferenciaSi
monawile erovnuli sabWos delegati, social-demokratiuli partiis wevri noe cincaZec. misi
TqmiT:
veraviTari angariSiT Cven am brZolidan ver amovagdebT im mTavar Zalas _ rusis ers, _ romelmac
SeiZleba gadamwyveti roli iTamaSos. uimisod gamarjveba problematuria da swored am mimarTulebiT
muSaobs dRes amerikis demokratia... aq laparakia ndobaze: rusebs sCveviT dapirebaze xelis mowera
da misi ukan waReba (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 29).
amerikuli komitetis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT ruseTTan TanamSromlobas gamarTlebulad,

swor gadawyvetilebad miiCnevda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri
evgeni gegeWkoric. is visbadenis Sedegs ase afasebda: `saqarTveloze dRes laparakoben saqmiani
simpaTiiT da codniT. niu-iork taimsi mas axasiaTebs, rogorc bolSevikuri imperializmis pirvel
msxverpls. 30 wlis siCumis Semdeg londonis taimsi farTo adgils uTmobs Cvens problemas, radgan
manamde saqarTvelos sakiTxiT, qarTuli politikuri emigraciis mcdelobis miuxedavad, aravin
interesdeboda~ (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 28).
erovnulma sabWom visbadenis politikuri xazis Sefasebisas miiCnia, rom sabWos kvlav unda
eTanamSromla rusul emigraciasTan, Tumca amis paralelurad aqtiurad ewarmoebina molaparakebebi
ararus erebTan, raTa momaval antibolSevikur gaerTianebaSi mZlavrad yofiliyvnen warmodgenili
sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali erebis warmomadgenlebic (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 32).
visbadenis konferenciis Semdeg amerikuli komiteti kvlav cdilobda rusebisa da sxva erTa
emigraciis SeTanxmebas.
visbadenis konferenciaze gadawyda, rom Seiqmneboda erTa Sorisi komisia, romelic
visbadenis konferenciaze Riad darCenili sakiTxebis irgvliv SeTanxmebis miRwevaze imuSavebda,
magram konferenciis dasrulebis Semdeg rusulma emigraciam (melgunovma da kerenskim) uaryo
visbadenSi miRebuli SeTanxmeba erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis Sesaxeb da konferencia rusuli
interesebisaTvis sazianod miiCnia. visbadenis konferenciis gadawyvetilebis ganxorcieleba CixSi
moeqca, mdgomareobis gamosworebis iniciativa amerikuli komitetis TanxmobiT noe cincaZem
iTava, magram uSedegod. rusuli emigracia kvlav ewinaaRmdegeboda erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis
cnobas da moiTxovda gaerTianebis saxelwodeba ruseTis erTa ganTavisuflebis centri yofiliyo.
amerikulma komitetma arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevisa da SeTanxmebis miRwevis mizniT
morigi konferenciis mowveva ganizraxa. axali TaTbiri 1952 wlis 19-21 ivniss StarnbergSi Sedga
(mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 9). mizani kvlav SeTanxmeba da antibolSevikuri centris Seqmna iyo.
konferenciis Tavmjdomared isev noe cincaZe airCies. masSi monawileobdnen: qarTuli erovnuli
sabWo, azerbaijanis, belorusiis, somxeTis, Crdilo-kavkasiis, Turqistanis, ruseTis emigranti
organizaciebi (rusma solidaristebma uari Tqves monawileobaze). konferencia dasrulda radio
komisiisa (radio komisiis muaobis Sedegad 1953 wlis martSi radio Tavisufleba dafuZnda)
_ 80 _
da politikuri erTa Sorisi komisiis SeqmniT. am ukanasknels daevala plenumis mowvevisaTvis

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Catareba.
politikuri komisiis saqmianoba miunxenSi plenumis mowveviT dasrulda. plenumze miiRes
politikuri komisiis mier SemuSavebuli proeqti, romelic kvlav visbadenis SeTanxmebas imeorebda.
Tumca is faqti, rom rusuli emigrantuli organizaciebi baltiispireTis qveynebis msgavsad
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis avtomaturad aRdgenas aRiarebdnen, sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali
sxva dapyrobili erebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda, rac maTTan urTierTobisa da SeTanxmebis gzaze
winaRobas da winaaRmdegobas iwvevda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT plenumSi monawile qarTvel emigrantebs
wesdebaSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis upirobo aRdgenis dafiqsireba, visbadenis rezoluciis
msgavsad, kvlav ar mouTxoviaT da mxolod sityvier SeTanxmebas dasjerdnen. Tumca cdilobdnen
CasWidebodnen dokumentSi dafiqsirebul TviTgamorkvevis principis ganxorcielebas erovnuli
damfuZnebeli krebis saSualebiT, rac maTi ganmartebiT TavisTavad gulisxmobda da iTvaliswinebda
imas, rom èri ukve suverenia da sruliad suverenulad swyvets saxelmwifo wyobilebis formasa da
wess~ (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952k: 22). miunxenis plenumze miRebul dokumentze qarTuli erovnuli
sabWos warmomadgenlis xelmowera qarTuli politikuri emigraciis nawilis mier uaryofiTad iqna
Sefasebuli. mixeil musxeliSvilis azriT, am faqtiT qarTvelebma uari Tqves saqarTvelos 1918
wlis suverenitetze:
am statutze (miunxenis dokumentze, − S. m.) xelis mowera qarTvelebis mier niSnavs yoveli iWvis
gareSe, mitovebas suverenul saxelmwifos statutisa, romelic saqarTvelom moipova 1918-1921 ww.
saerTaSoriso krebulSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom amieriTgan SeuZlebelia moviTxovoT es
suvereniteti, damoukidebloba rogorc ufleba, romelic Cven ukanonod wagvarTves... statutis
xelmomwerebma udaod icnes organuli da ganuwyveteli kavSiri qarTveli erisa ruseTTan (salia
1954: 17-18).
miuxedavad aseTi mwvave Sefasebisa, visbadenisa da miunxenis dokumentebs ar hqonia samarTlebrivi

Zala, radgan masze xelismomwer mxareebs ar hqondaT samarTlebrivi ufleba gadaewyvitad Tavisi
qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebi, isini ar iyvnen mTeli erisa da damoukidebeli respublikebis,
maT Soris saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis, mTavrobaTa warmomadgenlebi. Tumca qarTuli
emigraciis im nawilma, romelic visbadenis politikur xazs iziarebda da mis ganxorcielebas mxars
uWerda, daTmo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebis upirobo moTxovna, riTac saqarTvelos
sakiTxi ruseTis Sida politikis nawilad aRiara.
miunxenis plenumze sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali erebis emigrantuli organizaciebis
warmomadgenlebisagan 1952 wlis 16 oqtombers daarsda antibolSevikuri brZolis sakoordinacio
centri, misi Tavmjdomare sergei melgunovi gaxda. centri 60 wevrisagan Sedgeboda (30 rusuli
emigraciis da 30 ararusi emigraciis warmomadgenlebi). mas hyavda arCeuli aRmasrulebeli biuro (5
rusi da 5 ararusi erebis warmomadgenelebisgan), romelic centris saqmianobas uxelmZRvanelebda.
centrma erovnul sakiTxSi visbadenze miRebuli SeTanxmeba gaiziara da miiRo.
sakordinacio centri unda qceuliyo organod, romlis safuZvelzec mtkice politikuri
centri Seiqmneboda (iveria 1953: 16), magram man winaaRmdegobebis fonze ori weli imuSava da
daiSala. rusuli organizaciebi cdilobdnen umravlesobis mopovebas da `centris~ Tavisi gavlenis
qveS moqcevas. sakoordinacio centrs ararusi emigrantuli organizaciebi gamoeyvnen da calke
gaerTianeba parizis bloki Seqmnes (mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: 10).
amerikuli komitetis mizani Seeqmna antibolSevikuri gaerTianeba ver ganxorcielda, radgan
rusul emigraciasTan ssrk-Si Semavali qveynebis emigraciis, maT Soris qarTuli politikuri
emigraciis nawilis (erovnuli sabWo, social-demokratiuli da social-federalisturi partiebi)
TanamSromloba da SeTanxmeba ar Sedga. amis mizezi iyo rusuli emigraciis Seuvali pozicia da
mcdeloba upiratesoba da gavlena moepovebina sxva erovnul emigraciaze, SeezRuda maTi uflebebi
da interesebi.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli qarTuli politikuri emigracia meore
msoflio omis Semdeg aSS-is interesebis sferoSi moeqca, ramac misi gaaqtiureba ganapiroba. isini
miznis misaRwevad gansxvavebul gzebs irCeven. qarTveli emigrantebis nawili (qarTuli erovnuli
sabWo, social-demokratiuli, social-federalisturi partiebi) Tvlida, rom amerikis mxardaWeris
miReba maTgan garkveul kompromisebze wasvlas moiTxovda, maTi azriT, visbadenis, Starnbergis
konferenciebSi monawileoba da sakoordinacio centrSi gawevrianeba anu rusul emigraciasTan
_ 81 _
Sorena murusiZe
TanamSromloba swored am daTmobas warmoadgenda, radgan am movlenebis ukan àmerikuli komitetis~

da aSS-is interesebi iyo. qarTuli emigraciis nawili ki rusul emigraciasTan molaparakebebis
gamarTvas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Ralatad da suverenitetis eWvqveS dayenebad afasebda,
radgan rusuli organizaciebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen.
SeniSvnebi
1
amerikuli komitetis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. statia: S. murusiZe, bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli amerikuli
komiteti, kreb.: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2010, 2(8)
2
daarsda 1951 wlis 20 oqtombers. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda social-demokratiuli partiis, social-
federalisturi partiis, qarTuli axalgazrduli Taobis demokratiuli organizacia, TeTri giorgi (am
ukanasknelma maleve datova sabWos Semadgenloba). erovnul sabWosTan TanamSromlobdnen saqarTvelos
mTavrobisa da damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebi.
3
daarsda 1950 wlis 18 noembers. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda erovnul-demokratiuli partiis, social-
revolucionerebis, levan zurabiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT 1948 wlis 6 ivniss daarsebuli Tavisufal
qarTvelTa kavSiris, samxedro kavSiris da upartioTa warmomadgenlebi. organizaciis sapatio Tavmjdomare
iyo generali giorgi kvinitaZe.
damowmebani
bedi qarTlisa 1952: TeTri giorgis xelmZRvaneloba, ganmarteba, Jurnali bedi qarTlisa.
iveria 1953: ganmarteba da gafrTxileba, Jurnali iveria, 5-6.
iveria 1952: visbadenis konferencia, Jurnali iveria, 4.
kereseliZe 1952: kereseliZe giorgi, aRmasrulebel komitetis politikuri Sedegebi, Jurnali mebrZoli
saqarTvelo.
mamuli 1951: didi ambavi rusul emigraciaSi, Jurnali mamuli, buenos-airesi, 1951, rveuli mesame.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952a: is. don-levinis depeSa admiral b. alen kerks, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952b: visbadenze, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 1.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952g: depeSa b. e. laionsisa, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952d: rusul Jurnal-gazeTebidan, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 1.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952e: nikolaevskis gancxadeba, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 5.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952v: mimoxilva, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 1.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952z: presa, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 6.
mebrZolis saqarTvelo 1952T: amerikuli komiteti erovnul sakiTxSi, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 6.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952i: qarTuli erovnuli sabWos meore sesia, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 7.
mebrZoli saqarTvelo 1952k: miunxenidan, Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 6.
musxeliSvili 1954: mixeil musxeliSvili, erTa TviT-gamorkvevis uflebisaTvis Jurnali bedi qarTlisa, 18.
patariZe 1952: elise patariZe, erovnul politikur ZalTa mTlianoba da qarTuli erovnuli politikuri
gzebi, Jurnali iveria, #4.
salia 1954: kalistrate salia, saqarTvelos uflebaTa dacvisaTvis, Jurnali bedi qarTlisa, 16.
salia 1952: kalistrate salia, qarTveli eris brZola ocdaeqvsi maisisaTvis, Jurnali bedi qarTlisa, 12.
urataZe 1951: grigol urataZe, rusul emigraciaSi, Jurnali Cveni droSa, 10.
_ 82 _
PARTICIPATION OF THE GEORGIAN POLITICAL EMIGRANTS

IN THE CONFERENCES IN WIESBADEN AND STARNBERG (1951-1952)
Shorena Murusidze
During the period of the “cold war”, which started ater the Second World War, public organizaion American
Commitee, founded in USA, aimed to create an ani-Bolshevik organizaion by means of uniicaion of the poliical
emigrants of all naions living in the Soviet Union. This was the purpose of the conference of the Soviet Union
naions’ poliical emigrants, which was held in Wiesbaden in 1951. On the conference the following topics were
discussed: a) naional problem; b) itle of the future associaion; c) organizaional issues.
Conference in Wiesbaden was the irst case, when the Russian and non-Russian emigrant associaions gathered
for discussion. The declaraion passed on this conference was the irst poliical act against Bolshevik regime issued
by the representaives of Russian and the other naions.
Next conference was held in Starnberg on June 19-21, 1952. Aim of this conference was again creaion of
the ani-Bolshevik center. Finally, result of the conference was establishment of the two commitees – radio and
internaional poliical block. The work of the Poliical Commitee was ended with organizaion of the plenary
session. During this session was created “organizaional center~, aciviies of which, in spite of all diiculies, lasted
for two years and then was dissolved.
The fact of paricipaion of the Georgian emigrants in the historiography of these conferences are not studied
yet. But this informaion is extremely important for invesigaion of a) aciviies of the Georgian poliical emigrants;
b) interest of the USA’s government towards Georgian emigrants during the period of “the cold war~ and
c) relaions with the Russian emigrants.
_ 83 _
nekresisa da rusTavis epigrafikuli Zeglebis
daTariReba da qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis xana
qarTveli eris erT-erTi udidesi kulturuli monapovari misi martivi, lamazi da TviTkmari
(sruli fonemur-grafemuli Sesabamisobis mqone) damwerlobaa. anbanis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis
istoriis kvleva qarTvelologiis mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa. am sakiTxebze araerTi
monografia, fundamenturi naSromi da samecniero statiaa dawerili, magram dRemde ver xerxdeba
konsensusamde misvla iseT umTavres sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac
ki, rogorebicaa qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis wyaro da epoqa. dRes,
rodesac saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
saagentom qarTuli damwerloba aramaterialuri kulturis Zeglad
aRiara da iuneskoSi wardgenilia masalebi misi samive saxeobis _
mrglovanis, nusxurisa da mxedrulisTvis msoflio mniSvnelobis
aramaterialuri kulturuli Zeglis statusis misaniWeblad, am
sakiTxebis kvleva kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda.
V saukunis qristianul taZrebze aRbeWdili asomTavruli
grafemebi simaRleSi Tanabaria, maTi Semadgeneli elementebis
umetesi nawili ki _ wriuli. swored am warwerebis safuZvelze
SemuSavda axlad aRmoCenili epigrafikuli Zeglebis daTariRebis
koncefcia _ Tu maTze warmodgenili aso-niSnebi ar iqneboda
simaRleSi Tanabari da grafemebi, romlebic zemoxsenebul
warwerebSi TavSekrulia, warmodgenili iqneboda TavRia (rkaluri)
formiT, Zeglebi unda daTariRebuliyo gviandeli periodiT.
qarTuli damwerlobis Semadgenel aso-niSanTa istoriul-
SedarebiTi kvleva cxadyofs, rom mis grafemebs axasiaTebs
sistemuri msgavseba berZnul kapitalur damwerlobasTan (asoTa
rigi, simaRleSi Tanabroba, kuTxovaneba-wriuloba), magram am ori
damwerlobis msgavsi bgerebis aRmniSvneli asoebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebulia _ maTi specifikuri, urTierTganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi erTmaneTs ar hgavs. warmogidgenT berZnulisa da qarTuli
asomTavrulis fonetikurad msgavsi bgerebis aRmniSvneli
grafemebis paradigmatikas wignidan `weris anbanuri sistema
da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba~ (gamyreliZe 1989: 133). erTi
damwerlobis meorisagan warmomavlobis dasamtkiceblad mTavari am
maidentificirebeli elementebis msgavsebaa, asoTa rigi, simaRleSi
Tanabroba da mkveTrad gamoxatuli geometriuli moxazulobebi,
ki _ aso-niSanTa erT sistemas meorisagan SeiZleboda mieRo misi
ganviTarebis raRac konkretul etapzec.
realobidan gamomdinare, qarTuli anbanis berZnulidan warmomavloba kanonzomieri ar Cans,
magram dasturdeba ukve arsebuli qarTuli damwerlobis reforma berZnulis mixedviT. aseT
pirobebSi daTariRebis is principi, romliTac dRes mecnierTa umravlesoba xelmZRvanelobs,
realurad, gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom maT romelime Zegli am epoqaze ufro adreulad
daaTariRon. iqmneba Caketili wre, romelic saSualebas ar iZleva, akademiurad gadamowmdes
qarTuli anbanis Cveni welTaRricxviT IV saukunemde warmoSobis Teoria.
damwerlobaTmcodneoba mecnierebis iseTi dargia, romelic ZiriTadad paleografiuli
Zeglebis istoriul-SedarebiT da sistemur analizs emyareba. Sesabamisad, kvlevis SedegebisaTvis
SesaZloa ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba hqondes TiToeul axalaRmoCenil artefaqts. swored amitom
gadavwyviteT erTxel kidev yuradRebiT gagveanalizebina me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi rusTavsa
da nekresSi aRmoCenili warwerebi, romlebic grafemaTa moyvanilobiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
uZvelesi TariRiani Zeglebisagan da romelTa daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiTac mecnierTa Soris
_ 84 _
nekresisa da rusTavis epigrafikuli Zeglebis daTariReba da qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis xana
azrTa yvelaze radikaluri sxvaobaa. mag. levan WilaSvilis wignSi nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli
warwerebi da qarTuli damwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi es warwerebi I-IV saukuneebiT aris
daTariRebuli (WilaSvili 2004), besik xurcilavas naSromSi nekresis naqalaqaris qarTuli
asomTavruli warwerebis Sesaxeb ki _ V-X saukuneebiT (xurcilava 2003: 31-47). SemogTavazebT
zogierTi maTganis gansxvavebul wakiTxvas da Cveneul argumentebs daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT.
sayuradReboa nekresis #10 da rusTavis #1 warwerebSi erTnairi grafikuli niSnebis
amokiTxvis sakiTxi. levan WilaSvili wers, rom es `qarTuli anbanisTvis ucnobi grafikuli
gamosaxulebaa~ (WilaSvili 2004: 26) da midis im daskvnamde, rom ès aris albanuri damwerlobis `vie~
_ `K~ da rom niSanTa kompleqsSi unda ikiTxebodes saxeli `baKa~ (WilaSvili 2004: 26).
am azrs iziarebs Tamaz mWedliZec (mWedliZe 2013: 15, 21). wignSi asomTavrulidan pirvelsaxisken
(niniZe 2005: 33-34; niniZe 2007: 127) moxmobili gvaqvs am warwerebSi
`K~-d amokiTxuli grafemebis identuri moxazulobis araerTi magaliTi,
sadac es niSani bgera `j~-s aRmniSvnelia da Tan Secdoma gamoricxulia, radgan igi ZiriTadad
Sedis sityvis _ `juari~ dawerilobaSi da aRbeWdilia jvris kvarcxlbekebze (SoSiaSvili 1980: 75,
76, 81, 84, 100, 115, 165). saubari gvaqvs V-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul iseT epigrafikul Zeglebze,
rogorebicaa: bolnisis sionis vardan naxpetis warwera, lamazi goris fragmenti, lamazi goris
barnabas jvris warwera, pantianis eklesiis eremias da falavoWis mosaxseniebeli, daviT garejis
eklesiis marTuecis mosaxseniebeli, mcxeTis Temestias mosaxseniebeli da sxv.
ratomRac mecnierebi gverds uvlian im faqtsac, rom aso `j~-s jvris forma ara aqvs arc
IVsaukunis davaTis stelaze. sagulisxmoa, rom am niSans droTa ganmavlobaSi garkveuli elementebi
romc dazianeboda da waSloda, misi pirvelsaxe mainc ver iqneboda `j~ grafemis is moyvaniloba,
romelsac jvris forma aqvs da qarTuli anbanis warmomavlobaze msjelobisas eyrdnobian xolme
mecnierebi _ (javaxiSvili 1996: 226; patariZe 1980: 260; gamyreliZe 1989: 167; gamyreliZe 2011: 47;
maWavariani 1982: 49-54; maWavariani 1989). is araswori mosazreba, TiTqos grafema `j~-s qarTuli
anbanis SeqmnisTanave jvris forma hqonda, zogjer argumentadac ki aris gamoyenebuli imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom es damwerloba qristianul epoqaSi Seiqmna. Tamaz gamyreliZis wignSi Zveli
qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba vkiTxulobT: `Zveli qarTuli àsomTavruli damwerlobis~
qristianul damwerlobad miCneva da misi warmomavlobis drois gansazRvra qarTul saxelmwifoSi
qristianobis gavrcelebis xaniT, agreTve gasagebs xdis Zvel qarTul anbanSi `jvris~ moxazulobis
`jan~ asos moTavsebas anbanis boloSi, fonetikuri mniSvnelobis mqone ukanasknel niSnad, rasac
am TvalsazrisiT gasagebi simboluri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda~ (gamyreliZe 2011: 47).
nekresis #10 warweraSi zemoxsenebuli adgili unda amovikiTxoT, rogorc saxeli `baja~ da
ara `baKa~. vfiqrobT, am warweris winaqristianuli periodiT dasaTariReblad gasaTvaliswinebelia
levan WilaSvilis mier moxmobili argumentic _ col-qmris erTad dakrZalvis faqti, rac qristianul
epoqaSi mxolod maTi erTad gardacvalebiT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli, warmarTobisaTvis ki,
rodesac gardacvlil qmars cols swiravdnen da masTanve marxavdnen, sruliad tipiuri SemTxvevaa
(WilaSvili 2004: 28).
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania grafemebis identi-
ficireba rusTavis #1 warweris bolos. aq qaragmiT
ikiTxeba ara gaurkveveli mniSvnelobis sityva `vivi~
(WilaSvili 2004: 57, mWedliZe 2013: 14, 20), aramed _ `j-i
j-i i i~ `juari juari iyavn iyavn~. qristianuli warweris
dasruleba amgvari fraziT savsebiT bunebrivia. qaragma
ì i~ _ ìyavn iyavn~ bolnisis sionis daviT episkoposis
warweraSic dasturdeba, nekresis epigrafikuli Zegli ki
gamorCeulia imiT, rom teqstis dasasrulis ufro srul
qristianul formulas gvTavazobs. Sesabamisad, samecniero
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom es warwera
II-IV saukuneebs miekuTvneba, gadasaxedia. igi aSkarad
qristianuli (vgulisxmobT, saqarTveloSi mis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebas) epoqisaa da IV saukunis meore naxevarze adreuli ver iqneba.
kvlevis Sedegad ikveTeba erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani faqti _ grafema `j~-s arcerT
uZveles warweraSi jvris forma ara aqvs da es moxazuloba qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadebisTanavec ki ar SeuZenia, igi kidev ufro gviandelia. Sesabamisad, aSkarad mcdaria is
mosazreba, rom qarTuli anbani imTaviTve im saxiT Seiqmna, rogoriTac warmodgenilia bolnisisa da
_ 85 _
ierusalimis warwerebSi. warmoudgenelia, rom sityva `jvris~ pirvel asos jer jvris moxazuloba
hqonoda da mogvianebiT, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg mieRo sami
urTierTmkveTi xazis is moxazuloba, rogoric dasturdeba nekres-rusTavisa da zemoT CamoTvlil
araerT sxva warweraSi. Sesabamisad, unda vifiqroT, rom yvela es epigrafikuli Zegli bolnisisa
da ierusalimis warwerebze ufro adreulia.
logikuri iqneba, rom amis Semdeg pirdapir gadavideT im warwerebis ganxilvaze, romelTa
dasasrulSic ara qristianobaze mimaniSnebeli jvris iniciali, aramed sruliad sxva niSani
gvaqvs, Tan zustad iseTi moyvanilobisa, rogoric saqarTveloSi napovn warmarTobisdroindel
Zeglebzea aRmoCenili, vgulisxmob warwerebis bolos aso `C~-s an kompleqs `C i~-s arsebobas.
Cvenc viziarebT im mosazrebas, rom ì~ unda iyos ìyavnis~ qaragma (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
es bolnisis erT-erT warweraSic dasturdeba), magram calsaxad damtkicebulad ar migvaCnia `C~
grafemis funqciuri datvirTva da mniSvneloba. marTalia, sruli damajereblobiT ver vityviT,
aris Tu ara is mTvaris simbolur ricxv 28-ze miniSneba (WilaSvili 2004: 26), magram erTi ram
utyuari faqtia _ grafema `C~, romelic nekresisa da rusTavis oTxi warweris boloSi gvxvdeba,
aRbeWdilia saqarTvelos teritoriaze or sxvadasxva adgilas _ areSsa da vanSi napovn, Zveli
welTaRricxviT pirveli saukuniT daTariRebul nivTebze (ix. vanis wiTelkeciani WurWlisa da
areSis dergis warwerebi). grafikuli niSani, romelic ama Tu im nivTze calke, damoukideblad
aris gamosaxuli an warweris bolosaa aRbeWdili im adgilas, romelic qristianul epoqaSi sityva
`jvarma~ an jvris gamosaxulebam daikava, gvafiqrebinebs, rom aseve religias unda ukavSirdebodes
da warmarTuli xanisa unda iyos. Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom rusTavis #2, 3 da nekresis #1, 10
warwerebi, rusTavis #1 warwerisagan gansxvavebiT, winaqristianuli periodisaa.
nekresis qvevris pirze gake-

Tebul #6 warweras (`mb ese W(u)
ri me davrge~) levan WilaSvili
II-III ss. aTariRebs. savsebiT lo-
gikurad gveCveneba mis mier qa-
ragmaSi `mb~ mazdeanTa RmerTis _ miTra-bagas (miTra RmerTis, mze RmerTis) amokiTxva (WilaSvili
2004: 32). miTras Tayvaniscemis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi adasturebs borisa da armazisxevis
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasebi, romelTa fskerze Sida mxridan
gamosaxulia samsxverplos winaSe mdgari toraweuli cxeni anu is cxoveli, romelic, sazogadod,
mzis RvTaebas Seewireboda xolme. mecnierTa azriT, saqarTveloSi miTras Tayvaniscemis gavrcelebas
xeli Seuwyo iman, rom mas aq `daxvda adgilobrivi mzis RvTaebis tradicia~ (musxeliSvili da
sxvebi 2012: 182). saxels miTridate (miTras ZRveni) iberiaSi atarebda Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli
saukuneebis ramdenime mefe. garda amisa, nekresis samlocvelos gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda mazdeanobis
saritualo inventari _ brinjaos wkeplebis kona. sagulisxmod gveCveneba qaragma `mb~-s gaSifrvisas
levan WilaSvilis mier paralelis gavleba urbnisSi aRmoCenili qvevris pirze gakeTebul saqarTveloSi
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdegdroindel warwerasTan _ `qWe~ (WilaSvili 2004:
30, 34), romlis pirveli aso qristes inicialia da, savaraudod, am qvevris saeklesio daniSnulebaze
migvaniSnebs (`qristes Wuri ese~). ramdenadac Rvino miTraistul ritualebSic gamoiyeneboda, levan
WilaSvili miiCnevs, rom qvevri, romelzec #6 warweraa gakeTebuli, SesaZloa Sesawiravi RvinisTvis
yofiliyo gankuTvnili da warweris dasawyisSi miTra-bagas moxsenieba imave princips emyareboda,
romelsac qristianul epoqaSi aseTsave warweraSi qristes xseneba. Cans, rom religiuri aRmsareblobis
SecvlasTan erTad moxda warweraTa dasawyis-dasasrulebSi miTras qristeTi Canacvlebac.
_ 86 _
rac Seexeba sityva `Wuris~ siZveles (WilaSvili 2004: 29, 30), sagulisxmoa, rom ivane javaxiSvili
mevenaxeobis istoriis Sesaxeb Seqmnil Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `Wurs~ `qvevrze~ ufro
adrindel leqsikur erTeulad miiCnevs da wers, rom uZveles qarTulSi swored sityva `Wuri
yofila Rvinis Casasxmel-Sesanaxi WurWlis aRsaniSnavad miRebuli, Semdegdroindel sabuTebsa da
ZeglebSi, Wurs garda, qvevric Cndeba~. (javaxiSvili 1986: 652, 653). rac Seexeba sityvas `davrge~,
is faqti, rom es sityva qvevris CadgmasTan dakavSirebiT Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT wyaroebSi
aRar ixmareba, aseve migvaniSnebs warweris siZveleze.
nekresis #7 (`...an azatsi ars numcavin xrevs~) warwerasTan
dakavSirebiT (ax. w. I-II ss.), sayuradRebod gveCveneba levan
WilaSvilis SeniSvna xanmetobis periodTan dakavSirebiT
(WilaSvili 2004: 39). Cvenamde moRweuli werilobiTi wyaroebis
mixedviT, es tendencia V-VII saukuneebSi dasturdeba, magram
ufro adreuli epigrafikuli masalis ararsebobis gamo ver
vityviT, rodidan daiwyo. aseT pirobebSi teqstis xanmetoba
mis V saukuneze ufro adreuli periodisaTvis kuTvnilebis
damamtkicebeli ar aris, magram amis varaudis saSualebas mainc
gvitovebs. sarwmunod gveCveneba levan WilaSvilis mosazreba
imasTan dakavSirebiTac, rom warweraSi saflavis xelSeuxeblobis moTxovna ufro winaqristianul
periodSi SeiZleboda gakeTebuliyo, rodesac micvalebulisTvis saflavSi Catanebuli Zvirfasi
nivTebi maTi Zarcvis mizezi xdeboda xolme (WilaSvili 2004: 39).
nakleb argumentirebulad gveCveneba levan WilaSvilis mier
nekresis #8 (`...vi e avanisi da numcavin wa... erTvis~) warweris
dazianebuli adgilebis amokiTxva da teqstis miCneva `samefo Tu
municipalur sajaro gankargulebad~. Cveni azriT, bevrad ufro
meti safuZveli gvaqvs, vivaraudoT, rom warweris dasawyisSi
SemorCenili bolo ori aso _ `vi~ sityva `saflavi~-s nawilia da
epigrafikuli Zegli epitafiaa. Sav horizontalur paralelur
xazebs Soris warmogidgenT warweris zeda, Camotexili nawilis
rekonstruqciis SesaZlo models, romlis mixedviTac, meore
xazis zemoT SemorCenili odnav daxrili vertikaluri xazi
aso `f~-s fexi SeiZleboda yofiliyo. rekonstruqciisaTvis
pirobiTad gamoviyeneT `s~ da à~ grafemebis formebi amave
warweridan da `f~ da `l~ grafemebisa _ rusTavis #2 warweridan.
Cveni azriT, gadasaxedia im sityvis wakiTxvac, romelic levan WilaSvilis mier amokiTxulia,
rogorc `waerTvis~. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imave warweraSi erTi xaziT zemoT aRbeWdili `d~-s
moyvanilobas _ , niSani SesaZloa Seesatyvisebodes bgera~d~-s da ara `w~-s, radgan msgavsi `w~
arcerT sxva warweraSi ar gvxvdeba. rac Seexeba meore xazis bolos dazianebuli niSnis _ à~ da
`n~ grafemebad amokiTxvas, damajereblad ar gveCveneba. #8 warweris grafemaTa moxazuloba Zalze
Taviseburia. sxvagan arsad Segvxvedria aseTi `c~ _ `r~_ da `K~ _ ; iSviaTia `T~ _ ). amas
garda, grafemaTa forma arastabiluria _ gvaqvs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli erTi da
igive aso-niSnebi: à~ _ , ì~ _ , è~ _ da warweris SuaSi ganTavsebulia araepigrafikuli
elementebi _ geometriuli moxazulobebi (wreebi da wris SuaSi Cawerili wertili), romlebic,
bolo sityvas SuaSi wyvets. yovelive zemoTqmulis gamo, Znelia iseT araordinalur moxazulobaSi,
rogoricaa romelime grafemebis amocnoba, miT ufro, rom aq sakuTari saxelis dasawyisi asoebia
savaraudebeli da sityvis identificirebaSi konteqsti ver dagvexmareba. TavisTavad mniSvnelovani
faqtia, rom am asomTavrul warweraSi ar aris daculi grafemaTa simaRleSi Tanabrobis principi,
aso-niSanTa umravlesoba rkaluri formisaa da `K~ da `T~ grafemebi TavSeukvrelia, rac wignSi
asomTavrulidan pirvelsaxisken, qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis sistemuri kvlevis
safuZvelze miRebuli daskvnis mixedviT, SeiZleba warweris siZvelis niSani iyos.
levan WilaSvilis azriT, nekresis bazilikaSi aRmoCenili fiqalze Sesrulebuli #9
warweris dasawyisi ikiTxeba ase: `roi (rameTu oden iyo) satanani qristefore da salalrim do
salostmarianebo...~ mkvlevris azriT, igi Sesrulebulia warmarTTa mier da qristianebis winaaRmdeg
`wyevlis Tu jados daniSnuleba unda hqonoda~ (WilaSvili 2004: 49-50). Cveni azriT, warweris ase
amokiTxva garkveul eWvebs tovebs: 1. asoebs `roi~ ar axlavs qaragmis niSani da Cveni azriT, sakmarisi
safuZveli ar gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom aq `rameTu oden iyo~ igulisxmeba. teqstis dasawyisis magaliTebi
_ 87 _
_ ìyo~ da `rameTu iyo Jami~, romlebic

levan WilaSvilis wignSi Sesadareblad aris
moxmobili agiografiuli Txzulebebidan,
vrceli ambis gadmocemis win marTebulia,
magram ver vityviT, ramdenad miesadageba
msgavsi Sesavali ramdenime xazian warweras,
romelic, amave wignSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT,
mxolod moxseniebul qristianTa dasawyevlad
iyo gankuTvnili da ara vinmesTvis wasakiTxad.
warweriani fiqali iseTnairad iyo CaSenebuli taZris svetSi metrnaxevris simaRleze, rom eklesiaSi
myofi adamianebi ver amoikiTxvdnen. 2. ramdenad marTebulia warweris dasawyisis
meoTxe grafemis miCneva `s~ aso-bgerad. garda imisa, rom aseTi moxazuloba `s~ aso-niSnisTvis
asomTavrulSi gavrcelebuli ar aris, igi ar dasturdeba arc gansaxilvel warweraSi. `s~ bgeris
gamomxatveli niSani aq gvxvdeba Semdegi formebiT: , `z~-s gamomxatvelebi ki _ SemdegiT:
. ver vityviT, rom gaurkvevel sityvaSi _ àsme~ `s~-d amokiTxuli niSani marTlac `s~-
a. Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, warweris meore sityva ar unda ikiTxebodes, rogorc `satanani~. 3.
TavisTavad, sityva satana, rogorc avi Zalebisa da demonebis mTavari, aTeizmis momZlavrebamde,
sanam moxdeboda religiuri leqsikis garkveuli semantikuri transformacia, mravlobiT ricxvSi
ar ixsenieboda. Sesabamisad, misi aseTi formiT arseboba meoTxe saukunis Zeglze nakleb sarwmunoa.
Cveni azriT, warweris dasawyisidanve, pirveli sami grafemis calke gamoyofis gareSe,
CamoTvlili unda iyos saxelebi, savaraudod, `roizat, anani, qristefore...~ marTalia, saxeli
`roizat~uZveles wyaroebSi ver vipoveT, magram, rodesac epigrafikuli Zegli esoden dazianebulia,
iZulebuli vxdebiT metnaklebad logikur varaudebs daveyrdnoT. meore mxriv, saxeli ànani~,
romelic ànanias~ adreuli formaa, bibliuria. igi ebraulad RvTis madls, uflis mfarvelobas
niSnavs. saxeliT anani bibliaSi moxseniebulia iudeis mefe ioakimis dros mcxovrebi godolias
RvTismosavi vaJi, ieqonias erT-erTi STamomavali da mravali sxva; anania ki, iqedan gamomdinare,
rom erqva macxovris mowafes (samocdaaTidan), Sua saukuneebis selevkiel, spars, finikiel da
araerT sxva qristian mowames, pirvel saukuneebSive mTel saqristianoSi farTod unda yofiliyo
gavrcelebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom CvenTan arsebobs gvari ananiaSvilic.
Tu warweraSi saubari ar aris `satanebze~ da qristian RvTismsaxurTa saxelebia CamoTvlili,
unda vivaraudoT, rom igi ara maTdami dapirispirebuli warmarTis, aramed aseve RvTismosavi
adamianis _ mSeneblis, xatmweris, Semomwirvelis an sxv. mier unda iyos Sesrulebuli da taZris
erT-erT svetSi mokrZalebulad Catanebuli. rac Seexeba mosazrebas, rom taZari agebulia
Trdat mefis dros da, Sesabamisad, unda daTariRdes 369-383 wlebiT, igi emyareba moqcevaY
qarTlisaY-s cnobas: `da dajda mefed ZmaY misi Trdat... mis ze-ve nekress kaxeTisasa eklesiaY
aRiSena gansrulebiT~. (moqcevaY: 5) da, bunebrivia, viziarebT. ver vityviT, rom warwera ufro
adreulia da Semdeg aris Catanebuli taZris svetSi. `q~ grafemis jvris forma da warweris teqstSi
moxseniebuli qristianuli saxelebi _ qristefore da kviriakozi TavisTavadac imaze migvaniSnebs,
rom igi meoTxe saukunis 40-ian wlebze adreuli ver iqneba.
besik xurcilavas naSromSi nekresis naqalaqaris qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebis Sesaxeb
aSkarad igrZnoba winaswari ganzraxva, rom nekresSi napovni arcerTi warwera ar daTariRdes IV
saukuneze adreuli periodiT. mkvlevari cdilobs levan WilaSviliseul daTariRebaTa gabaTilebas,
magram argumentebi da mtkicebulebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac amas akeTebs, nakleb damajerebelia.
mag. igi wers, rom nekresis #6 warwera IX saukuneze adrindeli ver iqneba, radgan sityvaTa Soris
intervalebi qarTul epigrafikul ZeglebSi mxolod xsenebuli periodidan gvxvdeba (xurcilava
2003: 36). realurad, #6 warweraSi sityvis asoebs Soris araerTgan aris ufro didi intervali,
vidre sityvebs Soris. sityvebs Soris SemTxveviTi intervalebi ki gvxvdeba araTu sayofacxovrebo
warwerebSi (#6 warwera qvevris pirzea amokawruli), aramed taZarze amokveTil monumentur
epigrafikul Zeglebzec ki. mag. daakvirdiT intervalebs bolnisis sionis daviT episkoposis V
saukunis warweris sityvebs _
`xulocos igica Rn (RmerTman)
Seiwyale~ Soris. aseve daakvirdiT, rogori intervalebia #6 warweris
`sityvebs: `mb~ èse~ `Wuri~ da rogor aris erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli
sityvis `davrge~ Semadgeneli asoebi _ `d~, à~, `v~. sityvebs Soris
daSorebebi SemTxveviTobasac rom ar mivaweroT da romelime Zvel
_ 88 _
qarTul warweraSi marTlac iyos aseTi intervalebi an

sityvaTgamyofi niSnebi, maTi siZvele eWvqveS ar unda
davayenoT mxolod imitom, rom manamde Cvens xelT
arsebul qarTul warwerebSi aseTi ram ar Segvxvedria.
aseTi praqtika Cveni welTaRricxviT pirveli sau-
kuneebidan ukve arsebobda sxva damwerlobebSi,
dasturdeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil
epigrafikul ZeglebSic da savsebiT mosalodnelia,
rom igi qarTul warwerebSic gamoeyenebiaT. ix. mag.
armazSi aRmoCenil langarze gakeTebuli I saukunis
berZnuli warwera, romlis yvela sityva intervalebiT
aris gamoyofili erTmaneTisgan: `me mefe flavios
dadema vuZRvani pitiaxS bersums~.
argumentad ar gamodgeba mecnieris eWvebi epi-
tafiebis tradiciasTan dakavSirebiTac (xurcilava
2003: 42). im faqts, rom saflavze qvis aRmarTvis da
epitafiis gakeTebis Cveuleba saqarTveloSi namdvilad arsebobda, mowmobs serafitas II saukunis
samarxi da masze aRbeWdili warwera.
aralogikurad migvaCnia mo-
sazreba, TiTqos is warweriani
qvebi, romlebic levan WilaSvils
epitafiebad da mogvianebiT, marnis
kedlebSi meoradi daniSnulebiT
CaSenebulad miaCnia, xelosanTa mier
iyos Sesrulebuli uSualod marnis
mSeneblobisas (xurcilava 2003:
46). amas gamoricxavs #4 warweraze
sakuTari saxelis warmodgena kuTv-
nilebiTi formiT _ `YoTorisi~ da
#5 warweris dasawyisi èse saf~,
romelic, didi albaTobiT, sityva
`saflavis~ nawilia.
qristianobis SemoRebamde qarTuli damwerlobis arsebobis Tvalsazrisis mowinaaRmdegeni
aRniSnaven, rom sxvadasxva saukuneebis is qarTuli istoriuli werilobiTi qronikebi, romlebsac
eyrdnoba qarTlis cxovreba, arameuli an berZnuli aloglotografiiT iqneboda Cawerili
(xurcilava 2008: 11). Cveni azriT, es nakleb savaraudoa, radgan qarTlis cxovrebis im nawilSic
ki, romelic istoriis uZveles periods asaxavs, specifikuri qarTuli bgerebis Semcveli
sakuTari da geografiuli saxelebi da eTnonimebi sruli fonemur-grafemuli SesabamisobiT
aris warmodgenili (wundaY, durZukeTi, xerTvisi, oZrPe, Woroxi, RadoY, samcxe, WarTaleTi,
tyetba, berdujisi, rePi, xlaWa, xeneSgi, hereTi, jiqni, hromni sxv.). aq rom aloglotografiasTan
gvqondes saqme, is specifikuri qarTuli bgerebi, romlebic berZnulsa da arameulSi ar iyo,
pirTa da geografiul saxelebSi mainc daikargeboda. amis TvalsaCino magaliTi Cvens Tvalwinac
ki xdeboda, rodesac ruseTis politikuri gavlenisa da oficialuri dokumentebis rusul enaze
warmoebis gamo bevr qarTul gvarSi fuZiseuli specifikuri qarTuli aso-bgera daikarga da
misi agili daikava rusulSi am bgeris Camnacvlebelma niSanma. garda amisa, 36 qarTuli bgeris
gadmosacemad 22/24 grafemiani damwerlobebi yovlad mouxerxebeli iqneboda da ver Seuvsebda
qarTvelebs damwerlobis danakliss.
qristianul epoqaSi, rodesac yvela qristiani eri xazs usvamda misi kulturis, maT Soris
damwerlobis, kavSirs am religiasTan (ix. mag. somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnis istoria mesrof
maStocis mier, slavurisa _ kirilesa da meTodes mier), saeklesio moRvawe _ leonti mroveli,
ratom miawerda qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnas warmarT mefe farnavazs, am faqtis damadasturebeli
realuri istoriuli wyaroebi rom ar hqonoda xelT.
Tu am argumentebs davamatebT `j~ aso-niSanTan dakavSirebul realur suraTs da im faqts, rom
nekresisa da rusTavis oTxi asomTavruli warweris bolos calke mdgari grafema `C~-s gamosaxva
dagvexmara saqarTvelos teritoriaze or sxvadasxva adgilas aRmoCenil, Cveni welTaRricxviT
_ 89 _
pirveli saukuniT daTariRebul, or nivTze aRbeWdili amave niSnis qarTul grafema `C~-d
identificirebis dadasturebaSi, unda vaRiaroT, rom qarTuli damwerloba Cveni welTaRricxviT
pirvel saukuneSi namdvilad arsebobda da nekresisa da rusTavis calkeul warwerebSi aRbeWdili
grafemaTa moxazulobebi Cvenamde moRweulTagan uZvelesia.
wignSi asomTavrulidan pirvelsaxisken gamoTqmuli gvqonda mo-
sazreba, rom qarTulma damwerlobam ganviTarebis raRac etapze
reforma ganicada berZnulis gavleniT _ moxda grafemaTa simaRleSi
gaTanabreba, TavSekvra-gakuTxovaneba da berZnul anbanur rigze
dalageba. Tu vimsjelebT nekresisa da rusTavis zemoT ganxiluli
warwerebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialur religiad
gamocxadebamde am reformis erTi etapi ukve ganxorcielebuli iyo _ zemoT gaanalizebul uZveles
warwerebSiac ki, calkeuli grafemebi gvxvdeba TavSekruli an kuTxovani formiT da grafema
ù~ Sedgenilia ori aso-niSnis kompleqsiT (es movlena berZnulsa da qarTulSi erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad ver moxdeboda). davaTis stelis 367 wliT daTariRebuli warweris mixedviT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im droisTvis ukve momxdari iyo `q~ grafemisTvis jvris formis mikuTvneba,
asoTa dalageba berZnulis msgavs rigze, aso-niSnebisTvis berZnulis msgavsi ricxviTi odenobis
damkvidreba da ukanaskneli aso-niSnis _ O-s damateba 10 000-is aRsaniSnavad. bolnisis sionis,
urbnisis da palestinis warwerebi asaxavs reformis bolo etaps, rodesac moxda grafema `j~-sTvis
jvris gansxvavebuli formis (Crux decussata) mikuTvneba, aso-niSanTa simaRleSi gaTanabreba da iseTi
grafemebis TavSekvrac ki, romlebic manamde Tavgaxsnili iyo. Tuki mefe bakurs Rvawli miuZRvis
qarTuli damwerlobis winaSe (xurcilava 2008), es unda mdgomareobdes berZnuli alfavitis
mixedviT misi reformis dasrulebasa da qarTul aso-niSanTaTvis im iersaxis micemaSi, rogoriTac
is gvxvdeba V saukunis warwerebSi.
siaxleebi, romlebic uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebis daTariRebas ukavSirdeba, sxvadasxva dargis
mecnierTa (paleografebis, arqeologebis, wyaroTmcodneebis, istorikosebis) farTo CarTulobas
da mravalmxriv sistemur kvlevas moiTxovas.
SeniSvnebi
1. frazaSi `winaqristianuli periodi~ statiaSi yvelgan vgulisxmobT ara qristeSobamde xanas, aramed
saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebamdel periods.
2. statiaSi gamoyenebulia Tamaz mWedliZis blogze htp://asomtavruli.blogspot.com/ ganTavsebuli grafikuli
masala.
damowmebani
gamyreliZe 1989: T. gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba.
gamyreliZe 2011: T. gamyreliZe, Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba, Tb. : saq. eTnogr. memkvidreobis
dacvis fondi.
maWavariani 1982: e. maWavariani, qarTuli anbanis grafikuli safuZvlebi Tbilisi, xelovneba.
maWavariani 1989: mwignobrobaY qarTuli, Semdgeneli elene maWavariani, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,
Tbilisi.
moqcevaY qarTlisaY moqcevaY qarTlisaY Tanamedrove samecniero kvlevis asociacia _ Tska, Satberdiseuli
versia, veb-gverdi htp://www.amsi.ge/istoria/qm/qarTlis_moqceva.pdf
musxeliSvili da sxvebi 2012: d. musxeliSvili, o. jafariZe, g. meliqiSvili, a. afaqiZe, m. lorTqifaniZe, r.
metreveli, m. samsonaZe, n. asaTiani, g. jamburia, g. oTxmezuri, m. naTmelaZe, al. bendianiSvili, al.
dauSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, tomi 1, uZvelesi droidan qristianobis miRebamde, veb-gverdi htps://
tsulearn.iles.wordpress.com/2014/12/book1.pdf
mWedliZe 2013: T. mWedliZe, warmarTuli xanis qarTuli warwerebi.
niniZe 2005: m. niniZe, asomTavrulidan pirvelsaxisken.
niniZe 2007: M. Ninidze, A New Point of View on the Origin of the Georgian Alphabet, The Kartvelologist _ Journal of Georgian
Studies, #14, 2007. htp://www.liinfo.ge/volume-2/14%20dek.%20ingl%20anb.pdf
_ 90 _
patariZe 1980: r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, Tbilisi, nakaduli.

SoSiaSvili 1980: epigrafikuli Zeglebi da xelnawerTa minawerebi, t. 4, qarTuli warwerebis korpusi 1,
lapidaruli warwerebi 1, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-X ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada
nodar SoSiaSvilma Tbilisi, mecniereba.
WilaSvili 2004: levan WilaSvili, nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi da qarTuli damwerlobis istoriis
sakiTxebi.
xurcilava 2003: b. xurcilava, nekresis naqalaqaris qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebis Sesaxeb, gelaTis
mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali. 2003, #5.
xurcilava 2008: b. xurcilava, qarTuli asomTavruli anbani da misi Semqmnelebi: `bakur~ da `gri ormizd~,
Tbilisi.
javaxiSvili 1986: i. javaxiSvili, mevenaxeoba, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. 5, Tbilisi.
javaxiSvili 1996: i. javaxiSvili, qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu paleografia, Txzulebani Tormet
tomad, t. 9, Tbilisi.
DATING OF NEKRESI AND RUSTAVI EPIGRAPHIC MONUMENTS AND

THE TIME OF GEORGIAN ALPHABET’S CREATION
Mariam (Maia) Ninidze
There is a great number of books, monographs and scieniic aricles writen about Georgian alphabet but the key quesions
about the origin and the ime of its creaion are sill unsolved. In such a situaion analysis of each newfound inscripion may be of
great importance. Nekresi and Rustavi epigraphic monuments, found by archeologists in the second half of the 20-th century, are
dated very diferently. Some of the scienists atribute them to the I-IV centuries and the others to the V-X centuries. It is not only a
mater of dates of paricular inscripions, these dates are closely connected with diferent theories of the alphabet creaion _ some
researchers consider that it was created Before Christ while others suppose that the fact took place later _ ater the country was
converted to Chrisianity. The aricle suggests diferent readings of some inscripions and gives new arguments for their daing. The
most important informaion that Nekresi and Rustavi inscripions bear, is that the mark carved on the clay vessels found in Georgia at
two diferent places and dated back to I century A.D. is deinitely a Georgian leter expressing some pagan religious symbol. The same
mark is found at the end of 4 diferent Nekresi and Rustavi narraive inscripions writen with Georgian alphabet.
_ 91 _
axali welTaRricxviT pirveli saukunis qarTuli warwerebi
(pavle ingoroyvas istoriografiuli kvlevebis kvaldakval)
qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis sistemuri kvlevis safuZvelze wignSi asomTavrulidan

pirvelsaxisken (niniZe 2005: 39-40; niniZe 2007: 122-134) gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom Tavdapirveli
qarTuli grafemebi Tavgaxsnili iyo da mogvianebiT moxda maTi transformireba (TavSekvra,
simaRleSi gaTanabreba) berZnuli anbanis modelze (ix. sqema).
nekresis, rusTavisa da palestinis uaxlesma aRmoCenebma nawi-

lobriv daadastura es varaudi, magram, ramdenadac mecnierTa azri am
warwerebis daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxvagvaria, saWirod
miviCnieT, rom zemoxsenebuli koncefcia gadagvemowmebina iseT
warwerebTan mimarTebiT, romelTa daTariRebac eWvs aRar iwvevs.
2013 wels gamoqveynda iulon gagoSiZisa da soso margiSvilis
naSromi mefe flavios dades vinaobisTvis, romelSic gaana-
lizebulia armazis sapitiaxSo nekropolSi (samarxi #3) aRmoCenil
vercxlis did langarze gakeTebuli berZnuli warwera. statiaSi
fundamenturi istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi kvlevis safuZvelze
gamotanilia daskvna:
_ 92 _
axali welTaRricxviT pirveli saukunis qarTuli warwerebi (pavle ingoroyvas istoriografiuli kvlevebis kvaldakval)
...I saukunis 70-ian wlebSi iberTa mefes Seeqmna iseTi politikuri situacia... rodesac
igi saWirod CaTvlida misi Tanamedrove romaeli imperatoris saxelis miRebas... imxanad
iberiis samefo taxtze mjdomma mefe miTridate II-m miiRo kidec saxeli flaviusi da
vespasiane flaviusis pativsacemad iwoda flavius daded (gagoSiZe, margiSvili 2013: 80).
imis gamo, rom ucnobia miTridate II-s mefobis zusti wlebi, statiaSi langaric Sesabamisad
miaxloebiT aris daTariRebuli araugvianes ax. w. I saukunis 80-iani wlebiT (gagoSiZe, margiSvili 2013:
82). vespasianes mefobis wlebis (ax. w. 69-79) da mcxeTasTan aRmoCenili ax. w. 75 wliT daTariRebuli
warweris safuZvelze, romelSic saubaria vespasianes mier iberiis mefisTvis dedaqalaqis galavnis
gamagrebaze, Cven SevZeliT, langarze gakeTebuli berZnuli warweris TariRis dazusteba. vespasianes
75 wlis warweraSi iberiis mefe moxseniebulia miTridated da ara flavios daded. miTridates
rom im dros flaviusebis wodeba ukve miRebuli hqonoda, es faqti berZnul epigrafikul ZeglSi
namdvilad aisaxeboda. Sesabamisad, langarze gakeTebuli warwera, romlis mixedviTac miTridate
flavios daded ixsenieba, 75 wlis warweraze ufro gviandelia, xolo radgan vespasianem amis Semdeg
sul oTxi weli imefa, es warwera SegviZlia davaTariRoT ax. w. 75-79 wlebiT.
armazis langris berZnuli warweris Seqmnis TariRis dazustebam kidev ufro gazarda pavle
ingoroyvas im sensaciuri aRmoCenis mniSvneloba, romelic exeba zemoxsenebuli vercxlis langris
kideebze gakeTebul berZnul warweraSi moxseniebuli piris _ bersum pitiaxSis inicialebis
Sesatyvisi qarTuli grafemebis arsebobas amave langris fskerze (ingoroyva 1941: 411-427).
am naSroms sam aTeulze meti wlis Semdeg gamoexmaura akaki baqraZe. mis werilSi `matianis
kvaldakval~ vkiTxulobT: „armazSi napovni warwerebis Seswavla unda gagrZeldes. kidev bevri axali
aRmoCenaa mosalodneli... Tavis droze armazis warwerebis qarTulad wakiTxva scada pavle ingoroyvam.
sayuradRebo daskvnebic gaakeTa. magram maSin amas ar mieqca saTanado yuradReba. iqneb p. ingoroyvas
cdas ufro yuradRebiT unda movekidoT?“ (baqraZe 1977: 171-182). pavle ingoroyvas mignebebis Sesaxeb
daibeWda kidev erTi gamoxmaureba (WeliZe 1980), romelSic aRniSnulia is gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba,
rac am mecnieris kvlevebs aqvs qarTuli werilobiTi kulturis istoriisaTvis, 2013 wels ki _ Tamaz
mWedliZem wignSi „warmarTuli xanis qarTuli warwerebi“ pavle ingoroyvas mier aRmoCenil ligaturebs
saTanado adgili miuCina qarTuli damwerlobis Zeglebis qronologiur rigSi (mWedliZe 2013).
es gamoxmaurebebi mainc Zalian cotaa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mecnierTa did nawils
qarTuli anbani kvlav qristianul epoqaSi Seqmnilad miaCnia. Sesabamisad, saWirod CavTvaleT,
gangvexila didi mecnieris mier aRmoCenili qarTuli ligaturebi zemoxsenebuli modelis fonze.
erT-erT ligaturaSi bersum pitiaxSis inicialebis amokiTxva udavoa. aseTi „b“ da „p“ grafemebi
gvxvdeba araerT uZveles qarTul warweraSi, mag. SeadareT ligaturis (b) aseTive kuTxovani
formis mqone „b“ grafemebs nekresis #9 da #10 warweridan da (p) davaTis stelaze
gamosaxul „p“-s .
rac Seexeba meore ligaturas, saeWvod migvaCnda masSi aso „q“-s amokiTxva da misi dakavSireba
qarZam mefis saxelTan. amitom gadavwyviteT xelaxla Segveswavla es monograma. qarTuli
asomTavruli aso „q“ ar dasturdeba arcerT uZveles warweraSi, romelic aSkarad gamoxatuli
qristianuli periodisa ar aris. istoriulad Cveni mezobeli qveynebis (somxeTi, ruseTi)
qristianuli epoqis asomTavrul damwerlobebSi ieso qristes inicialTan asocirebuli grafema
yvelgan jvris formisaa da es logikuricaa, magram aradamajerebelia, rom romelime warmarTul
anbanSi jvris forma bunebrivad damTxveoda swored „qristes“ inicials.
im daskvnamde, rom ligaturaSi moiazreba „qarZami“ pavle ingoroyva mis mier „q“-d miCneulma
grafemam miiyvana (misi mosazrebiT orive ligatura erTad ase ikiTxeba _ „bersum pitiaxSi qarZamis
Zei“). ramdenadac pirveli saukunis langarze jvris formis aso „q“-s arseboba eWvqveS dadga da Tan
istoriuli wyaroebiT qarZami miTridate II-mde saukuneze meti xniT adre _ Zveli welTaRricxviT
I saukunis Sua wlebSi mefobda (WeliZe 1999), saWirod miviCnieT am mosazrebaze damyarebuli im
daskvnis gadamowmebac, romelic qarZams Seexeba.
bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu visi inicialebi SeiZleba moiazrebodes meore monogramaSi.
langris fskerze gamosaxuli ori ligatura sruliad gansxvavebuli stiliT aris Sesrulebuli.
erTi rkaluri moyvanilobisaa, meore ki marTkuTxovani; erTi ufro gakruli xeliT aris
Sesrulebuli, meore ki _ mkafiod gamoxatuli geometriuli sizustiT. maTSi gamosaxul grafemaTa
horizontaluri xazebi erTmaneTis gaswvrivi ar aris da arc vertikaluri xazebia erTmaneTis
paraleluri. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom langarze aRbeWdili sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva xeliT
Sesrulebuli ori grafikuli niSani cal-calke unda ganvixiloT.
_ 93 _
meore ligaturis amokiTxvaSi dagvexmara langarze gakeTebuli berZnuli warwera: “me mefeman flavios
dademan vuZRven bersum pitiaxSs”. radganac, grafikuli niSnebis stilisa da maTi sibrtyeSi ganlagebis
mixedviT mivediT im daskvnamde, rom ligaturebi sxvadasxva dros aris Sesrulebuli, gagviCnda azri,
rom meore monogramaSi SeiZleboda flavius dades saxeli yofiliyo aRbeWdili. berZnuli warweris
Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, igi bersum pitiaxSis ligaturaze ufro adre iqneboda Sesrulebuli.
Tu es ligatura langris fskeris zedapirze gakeTebuli pirveli warwera iyo, igi nebis-
mieri poziciidan SeiZleboda gakeTebuliyo. swored am varaudma gvikarnaxa, rom langari Semog-
vetrialebina da sxvadasxva rakursiT davkvirvebodiT grafikul niSans. ris Sedegadac mivageniT
pozicias, romlidanac ligaturam miiRo aseTi saxe da naTeli gaxda, rom igi marTlac flavios
dades monogramaa da iyofa Semdegnairad:
wignSi asomTavrulidan pirvelsaxisken warmodgenili modelis mixedviT aso „f“-s
Tavdapirvelad zemoT aRmarTuli rkalisa da misi vertikalurad mkveTi swori xazis forma hqonda
da aseTi zemoTgaxsnili rkaliT igi gvxvdeba me-7 saukunis xanmet leqcionarSi , naxevradgaxsnili
ki _ araerTgan, maT Soris, nekresis # 9 warweraSic , sadac marjvena elementi bolomde Sekruli
ar aris, marcxenas ki zustad iseTi maxvilkuTxovani forma aqvs, rogoric aris armazis langarze.
rac Seexeba aso „d“-s, imave koncefciis mixedviT, mas horizontalur xazze qvemodan mierTebuli
marcxniv gaxsnili rkalis saxe hqonda, rac uZveles warwerebSi araerTgan dasturdeba, maT Soris,
nekresis imave (#9) warweraSi . rogorc vxedavT, ligaturis Semadgeneli grafemebi realurad
emTxveva qarTuls da amokiTxuli saxelic _ flavios dade is pirovnebaa, visi monogramac,
bersum pitiaxSis darad, yvelaze metad iyo mosalodneli am langarze. unda vivaraudoT, rom
pirveli monograma gakeTebulia im dros, rodesac langari flavios dades ekuTvnoda, meore ki _
mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac igi bersum pitiaxSis mflobelobaSi gadavida.
armazis langris msgavsad, WurWlis fskerze wreSi, e. w. medalionSi, Casmuli grafemebi
msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aRmoCenil bevr sxva WurWelze gvxvdeba da umTavresad maTi
mflobelis vinaobas gvimxels. magaliTad, Zv. w. me-8 saukunis nestoris Tasze, Zv. w. me-5 saukunis
fidiasis Tasze, amave periodis WurWelze, sadac ligatura (delta da efsiloni) migvaniSnebs mis
xalxisadmi „demosisadmi“ kuTvnilebaze, semibratnis yorRanSi napovn Zv.w. me-4-3 saukuneebis da
tamanis naxevarkunZulze napovn Zv. w. 3-2 saukuneebis Tasebze da sxv.
gvxvdeba zustad armazis msgavsi SemTxvevebic, roca WurWelze sxvadasxva mflobelTa vinaobaa
amokveTili. qerCSi napovn ax. w. me-3 saukunis vercxlis langris SuaSi moTavsebul wreSi aRbeWdilia
imperator antonines inicialebi, langris ukana mxares ki _ mefe riskuporid mesamisa (Savrovi
2009:31). markus avrelius antonine karakala romis imperatori iyo (211-217), riskuporidi ki _
bosforis mefe (210-226). riskuporidic, armazis warweraze moxseniebuli flavios dades msgavsad,
Tavis saxels romaeli imperatorisas amatebda da iwodeboda „tiberius iulius riskuporidad“,
keisrisa da romaelTa megobrad. rogorc warweridan Cans, es langari mas romis imperatorma
uZRvna. am vercxlis langarzec, armazis langris msgavsad, sxvadasxva dros misi ori mflobelis
saxelia aRbeWdili da maTgan erT-erTi (romis imperatorisa), ligaturis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
sxvadasxva dros sami sxvadasxva mflobelis saxelia aRbeWdili 1962 wels SveicariaSi,
kaizeraugstSi aRmoCenili vercxlis saganZuris ori sxvadasxva langris fskerze, romlebic,
mecnierTa azriT, imperator ivlianes ekuTvnoda da am teritoriaze 361 wels misi vizitis dros
unda darCeniliyo (gugisbergi 2003: 47, 171).
vercxlis langrebze Sesrule-
buli warwerebi aris rogorc cen-
trisken mimarTuli, ise centridan
gareT mimarTuli, mag. kaizeraugs-
tis erT-erT Tasze aRbeWdili ini-
ciali „r“ mimarTulia garedan cen-
trisken (gugisbergi 2003: 65),
iseve, rogorc flavius dades mono-
grama, meoreze aRbeWdili „me“ ki,
piriqiT _ centridan gareT
(gugisbergi 2003: 48), rogorc ber-

sum pitiaxSisa. sagulisxmoa isic,
_ 94 _
rom langrebze axali warweris gakeTebisas iSviaTad aqceven yuradRebas mis poziciur mimarTebas
wina warwerisadmi. ix. mag. kaizeraugstis kidev erTi vercxlis langris vrceli warwera kidis
gayolebiT da mflobelis Semoklebuli saxeli „mar“ (mecnierTa azriT, „marceliane“) Sida naw-
ilSi (gugisbergi 2003: 53). erTsa da imave langarze gakeTebuli es ori warwera centris mimarT
sxvadasxva rakursiT aris gakeTebuli, iseve, rogorc flavios dadesa da bersum pitiaxSis mono-
gramebi.
imisaTvis, rom ukeT warmovidginoT, ra saWiro iyo langarze miZRvnis teqstis aRbeWdva an
mflobelTa monogramebis gakeTeba, Tvali gadavavloT istorias. arqeolog lev kleinis mtkicebiT:
vercxlis WurWeli (gansakuTrebiT, medalionebiani) romis garSemo mdebare warmarTuli

qveynebis mmarTvelTa wreSi samefo yofisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis elementi iyo
(kleini 1979: 217).
yubanSi napovn Zv. w. me-5-4 saukuneebis vercxlis Tasze gakeTebulia warwera: „me vekuTvni
fazisis mmarTvels _ apolons“, soWTan napovn ax. w. me-3 saukunis vercxlis langars ki aweria misi
wina mflobelis vinaoba: „winaT ekuTvnoda qermanis mefe varaxrans“. rogorc vxedavT, istoriuli
tradicia da sxvadasxva qveynebis arqeologiuri monapovari adasturebs imis SesaZleblobas, rom
armazis langarze warmodgenili ori ligatura misi pirveli da meore mflobelis _ flavios
dadesa da bersum pitiaxSis inicialebs warmoadgendes.
armazis langarTan mWidro kavSirSia imave teritoriaze aRmoCenili e. w. Saragasis / Cargasis
stela, romelze amokveTili ligaturac zemoxsenebul naSromSive hqonda ganxiluli pavle
ingoroyvas da kiTxulobda saxels „Wevaxos“. Cveni azriT, am stelaze namdvilad aris qarTuli
asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli inicialebi „W“ da „s“, magram nakleb sarwmunod gveCveneba, rom es
pitiaxSis mamis saxeli iyos. viziarebT mecnieris azrs, rom pitiaxSis arameulad daqaragmebuli
saxeli qarTulad SeiZleboda yofiliyo „Wargas“ da ara „Saragas“. saxeli „Saragas“ qarTul
dokumentur wyaroebSi arsad ar gvxvdeba, „Wargasis“ modificirebuli forma „Cargasi“ ki Cvens
dromdea gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. galaktion tabiZes piesis erT-erT personaJadac ki
hyavs gamoyvanili. sayuradReboa, rom gvaqvs am fuZidan warmoebuli
gvaric _ „Cargazia“.
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom, ligaturis garda,
„Wargasis“ saxelis iniciali aRbeWdilia qvasvetis sxva monakveTSic
_ monogramis aRsabeWdad zustad Sesaferis adgilas _ stelis
marjvena frTis zeda nawilSi, romlis paraleluri meore nawilic
Camomtvreulia. vfiqrobT, marcxena frTis imave adgilas SeiZleboda
aRbeWdili yofiliyo sityva „pitiaxSis“ sawyisi aso - „p“.
pavle ingoroyvas mosazreba, rom stelis dazianebis Semdeg venzelis dasawyisSi masze
SemorCenili vertikaluri xazi aris mflobelobis aRmniSvneli niSnis naSTi, ufro varaudis
doneze iyo gamoTqmuli, vidre mtkicebulebisa, radgan stelaze am vertikaluri xazis zemoT
qva mTlianad Camotexilia da dabejiTebiT veravin ityvis, iyo iq warweris gagrZeleba, Tu ara.
_ 95 _
Cveni azriT, es vertikaluri xazi unda iyos ligaturaSi Semavali grafemis nawili da ara calke
simbolo. saxelis „Wargas“ win, logikurad, unda yofiliyo sityva „pitiaxSi“ an „qarTlis pitiaxSi“.
sagulisxmoa, rom ligaturis sawyisi elementi wignSi asomTavrulidan pirvelsaxisken
warmodgenili koncefciis mixedviT, emTxveva grafema „q“-s (niniZe: 36) da marcxniv 90-gradusiani
SemobrunebiT, grafema „p“-s es swored is ori aso-niSania, romlebic savaraudo iyo
Wargasis saxelis win _ inicialebi sityvebisa „qarTlis pitiaxSi“. marTalia, qarTuli damwerlobis
xsenebul modelSi warmodgenili „q“ grafemis aseTi forma jerjerobiT arcerT sxva warweraSi ar
aris amokiTxuli, magram, rac Seexeba „p“-s, es moxazuloba qarTuli asomTavrulisTvis savsebiT
tipiuria. Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, pitiaxSis stelis venzeli unda gaiSifros ase: „qarTlisa pitiaxSi
Wargas“ an „pitiaxSi Wargas“ im faqts, rom qarTul damwerlobaSi
ligaturebi adreuli periodidanve gamoiyeneboda, adasturebs sasanuri periodis, kerZod VI

saukunis, fulze aRbeWdili ligatura _ , romelic iSleba asomTavrul grafemebad „g“ da „n“ _
. ligaturisTvis savsebiT bunebrivia, asos gadaxrac da isic, rom misi garkveuli elementebi
saziaro iyos ramdenime grafemisTvis. rac Seexeba stelis marjvena frTis TavSi aRbeWdili „W“-s
_ , igi savsebiT Seesabameba am grafemis gavrcelebul formas. ix. mag. nekresis #6 warwera _ .
bersum pitiaxSis monogramaSi jer ikiTxeba saxeli (bersum) da Semdeg misi Tanamdeboba (pitiaxSi).
ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom daaxloebiT imave periodis armazis stelis qarTul monogramaSi
Wargas pitiaxSi moxseniebuli iyos jer TanamdebobiT „pitiaxSi“ an „qarTlisa pitiaxSi“ da Semdeg
saxeliT „Wargas“? amis gadamowmebis erTaderTi gza uZvelesi qarTuli werilobiTi teqstebia.
„qarTlis cxovrebasa“ da „moqcevaY qarTlisaY“-Si Tanamdebobisa da saxelis kompleqsebSi sityvaTa
Tanmimdevroba gvxvdeba orivenairi wyobiT. ix. magaliTebi, sadac Tanamdebobas mosdevs saxeli: „da
misa Semdgomad mefobda mirdat. da ese wariyvana pitiaxSman varaS baRdads da mun mokuda“; „viTar-
igi Seipyres qarTvelTa mefe mirdat sparsTa wyobasa Sina“; „spaspeti sumbat bivritiani“; „mokuda
mefe mirdat da darCa vaxtang Svidisa wlisa yrmai“ agiografiaSi gvxvdeba aseTi wyobis frazac _
„qarTlisa pitiaxSi“ (martKlobaY: 1) Sesabamisad, wyoba _ „pitiaxSi Wargas“ an „qarTlisa pitiaxSi
Wargas“ sruliad bunebrivia Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvis.
armazis stelaze aRbeWdil arameul warweraSi Wargasi moxseniebulia farsman didis Zis
_ miTridates pitiaxSad. mkvlevarTa varaudiT es igive miTridatea, romelsac 75 wels romis
imperatorma dedaqalaqis galavnis kedlebi gaumagra (CxartiSvili 2009: 42, gagoSiZe, margiSvili
2013: 80) da, Sesabamisad, igi iberiis is mefea, romelic mogvianebiT flavios daded iwoda.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 75 wlis warweris msgavsad, Wargasis stelis warweris Sesrulebis
drosac miTridates flaviusebis saxeli jer miRebuli ara aqvs, Sesabamisad, isic armazis langris
warweraze ufro adreulia. rac Seexeba am ori epigrafikuli Zeglis qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas,
75 wlis warweris mixedviT miTridate ukve romis imperator vespasianes mokavSirea, xolo Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Wargasis stelaze gakeTebulia mxolod arameuli da ara berZnuli warwera,
romTan siaxlove miniSnebiTac ki ar Cans da naxsenebia iberTa brZolebi da momijnave teritoriebis
dapyroba, rac romisTvis misaRebi ar iyo, unda vivaraudoT, rom Wargasis stelis arameulenovani
warwera 75 wlisaze ufro adrindelia da Seiqmna ax. w. 75 wlamde.
rodesac vdgavarT faqtis winaSe, rom erT konkretul lokalur teritoriaze napovn
pirveli saukunis Zeglebze amokveTili Svidi iniciali ar emTxveva saqarTveloSi im droisaTvis
gavrcelebuli arcerTi ucxouri damwerlobis (berZnuli, arameuli/falauri) aso-niSnebs da
emTxveva im moxazulobebs, romlebic Seesatyviseba flavios dades, bersum pitiaxSisa da pitiaxS
Wargas-is qarTul monogramebs, es dadasturebaa imisa, rom aRniSnuli grafemebi qarTulia.
qarTuli damwerlobis qristianobamdel epoqaSi Seqmnis Teoriis aRiarebas xels uSlida is
faqti, rom uZvelesi qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia, warmodgenilia
ligaturebisa da calkeuli grafemebis, da ara naratiuli teqstis saxiT, magram amis gamo
maT istoriul Rirebulebaze uaris Tqma, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba. mecnierTa didi nawilis
mier aradamajereblad aRiqmeboda is faqti, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil, Cveni
welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuniT daTariRebul areSis dergze da vanis wiTelkecian WurWelze
erTnairi moxazulobis niSani qarTuli grafema „C“-a gamosaxuli, magram rusTavis #2, 3 da nekresis
#1, 10 warwerebis asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli teqstebis bolos zustad imave grafikuli niSnis
dadasturebam (niniZe 2015) sabolood daamtkica, rom pirveli saukuniT daTariRebul zemoxsenebul
or Zeglze gamosaxuli erTi da igive grafemac qarTulia. yvela es magaliTi, adreuli epigrafikuli
_ 96 _
Zeglebis simwirisa da specifikurobis pirobebSiac ki, gvaZlevs saSualebas davadasturoT, rom

qarTuli damwerloba axali welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi ukve arsebobda.
amdenad, swored pitiaxS Wargasis (daTariRebuli ax. w. 75 wlamde, xanmokle periodSi), flavios
dadesa da bersum pitiaxSis (daTariRebuli ax. w. 75-79 ww,) armazuli ligaturebiT iwyeba qarTuli
werilobiTi kulturis dokumenturi istoria.
SeniSvnebi
1. statiaSi gamoyenebulia Tamaz mWedliZis blogze htp://asomtavruli.blogspot.com/ ganTavsebuli grafikuli
masala.
damowmebani
baqraZe 1977: a. baqraZe, matianis kvaldakval, kritikuli gulani, Tbilisi.

gagoSiZe, margiSvili 2013: i. gagoSiZe, s. margiSvili, mefe flavios dadis vinaobisTvis, iberia-kolxeTi,
saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani, 9.
gugisbergi 2003: Der spatromische Silberschatz von Kaiseraugs, Herausgegeben von Marin A. Guggisberg. Unter Mitarbeit von
Annemarie Kaufmann-Heinimann, Römerstadt Augusta Raurica, Augst.
ingoroyva 1941: p. ingoroyva, qarTuli damwerlobis Zeglebi antikuri xanisa [aRmoCenili mcxeTa-armazSi
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros 1940 wels], enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis (enimkis)
moambe. _ Tbilisi, t.10.
kleini 1979: Л. Клейн, О характере римского импорта в богатых курганах сарматского времени на Дону, Научные
ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. «Античный мир и археология». Вып. 4. Саратов, 1979.
martKlobaY: martKlobaY da moTminebaY wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisaY htp://itus.kidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/
cauc/ageo/gh/gh1/gh1.htm?gh1023.htm
mWedliZe 2013: T. mWedliZe, warmarTuli xanis qarTuli warwerebi, fulda.
niniZe 2005: m. niniZe, asomTavrulidan pirvelsaxisken.
niniZe 2007: M. Ninidze, A New Point of View on the Origin of the Georgian Alphabet, The Kartvelologist _ Journal of Georgian
Studies, #14, 2007. htp://www.liinfo.ge/volume-2/14%20dek.%20ingl%20anb.pdf
niniZe 2015: m. niniZe, nekresisa da rusTavis paleografiuli Zeglebis daTariReba da qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis
xana, ix. amave nomerSi, XVII, 2015.
Savrovi 2009: О. Шавров, Серебрянное блюдо с монограммой из погребения с золотой маской в Керчи, Научные ведомости
№1(56).
CxartiSvili 2009: m. CxartiSvili, saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, gamomcemloba universali, Tbilisi.
WeliZe 1980: vl. WeliZe, saidan daviwyoT? saxalxo ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 12 noemberi.
WeliZe 1999: vl. WeliZe, leonti mrovelis mefeTa cxovreba da ucxouri saistorio gadmocemebi, literaturuli
Ziebani, XX.
_ 97 _
MODEL OF GEORGIAN ALPHABET AND I CENTURY A.D. GEORGIAN INSCRIPTIONS

(IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF PAVLE INGOROKVA’S HISTORIOGRAPHIC RESEARCHES)
Mariam (Maia) Ninidze, Vladimer Chelidze
More than a hundred years ago, when scienists began fundamental paleographic invesigaion of the Georgian Alphabet, the
most ancient scripts known to them were writen with capital leters (Asomtavruli) and dated around the 5-th century and later. The
oldest of those inscripions had leters with circular elements while the others (with later dates) had arc-shaped forms instead of the
circular. Scienists generalized the data and worked out the principle of daing _ if the leters of the inscripions instead of circular
forms have arc-shaped ones, they should be dated later than V-VI centuries. The book From Georgian Capital Alphabet to its Origins
suggests diferent vision, according to which the origin of Georgian graphemes had arc-shaped forms but the alphabet was reformed
according to Greek leters and the forms were replaced by circular and angular ones. Therefore the old principle, worked out by the
Georgian paleographers, if not revised, may cause daing of all newfound old inscripions with much later dates than they really
belong to. Pavle Ingorokva considered that on the I century large silver dish and stele found in Armazi necropolis, besides Greek
and Aramaic narraive inscripions, are some Georgian ligatures, represening iniial leters of the personal names menioned in the
narraive foreign texts. We speciied some details, added several arguments and came to the conclusion that these are Georgian
leters the forms of which correspond to the model given in the above menioned book and they represent monograms of Flavios
Dade (Mitridat II), Bersoumas Piiax and Piiax Chargas.
_ 98 _
mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqiis krebsiTi sigelebi
mzia surgulaZe
didi xania mkvlevarTa yuradRebas ipyrobs mcxeTis sabuTebis ramdenime, XIX saukuneSi
gadaRebuli piri, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad identurni arian, magram arsebiTad gansxvavdebian
sabuTis gamcemi mefeebisa da mwignobarTa saxelebiT. sabuTebi krebsiTia. maTSi Sekrebilia mcxeTis
arsebuli da yofili uZravi qoneba, mxareTa mixedviT CamoTvlilia yma-mamulisa da soflebis
saxelwodebani, amitom sabuTebi uaRresad mdidar da saintereso informacias Seicaven mcxeTis
sakaTalikoso eparqiis mflobelobis masStabebze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad.
am sabuTebis ori piri daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, ori − saqarTvelos erovnul
arqivSi, da oric peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis qarTul sabuTTa koleqciaSi.
es pirebia: 1. xec, Hd-8712, Zveli saaRricxvo nomriT №59, 2. xec, Qd-11248-b; 3. sea, 1449-1312; 4. sea,
1449-1588, gadawerili s. kakabaZis mier, Zveli saaRricxvo nomriT №349; oric peterburguli nusxa:
5. H6 (G 29b; H46)-42. Лл. 74б-79а;6.P7 (P 1).
sabuTebi ramdenjerme gamoica XIX-XX saukuneebSi. pirvelad m. brosem gamoaqveyna sabuTis
franguli Targmani (brose 1835: CXVI-CXXI). ufro gvian daibeWda imave versiis rusuli Targmani
(aqtebi 1866:1-3). mogvianebiT aqtebis VI tomSi gamoica qarTuli teqsti (aqtebi 1875: 769-770).
sabuTi, rasakvirvelia, ar darCenila T. Jordanias yuradRebis miRma. qronikebis II tomSi man
gamoaqveyna qarTuli teqsti da daurTo Tavisi dakvirvebebi (Jordania 1897: 195). am nusxebis
peterburguli versiebis aRweriloba gamosca saurmag kakabaZem (kakabaZe 1967: 149-150). sul bolos,
krebsiTi sabuTis erT-erTi versia (xec Hd-8712) gamoaqveyna i. doliZem (doliZe 1970: 176-181).
yvela zemoxsenebul publikaciaSi sabuTis TariRad miTiTebulia 1398 weli, mxolod T. Jordania
da i. doliZe uTiTeben 1392 wels.
T. Jordanias unaxavs sinodis kantoris ori Tavnakluli nusxa: №349 da №59, romelTagan
arcerTi iyo dedani. misi dakvirvebiT, erTi nusxa XV saukuneSi yofila gadawerili Zveli
gujridan, xolo meore − XVII saukuneSi. T. JordaniasTan dasaxelebuli orive nusxis nomrebi: №59
da №349 advilad identificirdeba amave nomrebiT Cvenamde moRweul gviandel pirebTan: 1. xec
Hd-8712, gadawerili XIX saukuneSi (Zveli saaRricxvo nomeri №59); 2. sea 1449-1588, gadawerili XX
saukunis dasawyisSi s. kakabaZis mier (Zveli nomeri №349). swored am ukanasknels uzis TariRad p
(1392), romlis ufro adrindeli nusxa xelT hqonia T. Jordanias. yvela danarCeni piri metnaklebi
sizustiT am identificirebul nusxebs imeorebs.
am identur pirTagan mxolod ors aqvs SerCenili bolo nawili, saidanac Cans, rom erTis
(sea a: 1449-1312) damweria qvaTaxevis winamZRvari filipe baraTaSvili, meorisa (sea b: 1449-1588) −
karis mwignobari iosebi. pirvels amtkicebs mefe aleqsandre, meores xels urTaven mefe svimoni,
dedofali nestan-darejani da batoniSvili giorgi. miuxedavad sabuTTa teqstebis igiveobisa,
maT gamcem mefeTa da damwer mwignobarTa gansxvavebuloba iZleva sakmaris safuZvels, rom isini
sxvadasxva sabuTebad miviCnioT.
m. brosemac da T. Jordaniamac SeamCnies is Seusabamobebi, romlebic arsebobda sabuTis TariRs,
sabuTis gamcem-damamtkicebel mefeebsa, sabuTis adresat kaTalikos domentis da sabuTis damwer-
mwignobarTa saxelebs Soris.
m. brosem sabuTi aleqsandre I kaxTa mefes miakuTvna, Tumca, amgvari identifikaciis
damabrkolebel garemoebad miaCnda sabuTis adresatad kaTalikos domentis moxsenieba. am saxelis
mqone kaTalikosi XVI saukunis II naxevramde ar gvxvdeba. amitom dokumentSi domenti kaTalikosis
moxsenieba m. brosem axsna sabuTis SesaZlo gadaweriT domenti kaTalikosis dros (brose 1849:680
sen 3) 1.
T. Jordania, radgan srul ndobas ucxadebda sabuTebSi miTiTebul qoronikonebs − p (1392) da
pv (1398) sabuTis gamcemad miiCnevda imerTa mefe aleqsandres, Tumca aeWvebda is garemoeba, rom
qarTl-kaxeTis samcxeTo mamulebis gujars imerTa mefe amtkicebda. sabolood T. Jordaniam saqmis
viTareba ase warmoadgina: 1392 wels aleqsandre mefis saxeliT gamoica mcxeTis krebsiTi sabuTi,
xolo svimon mefem es sabuTi daamtkica ori saukunis Semdeg (Jordania 1897: 198).
am sabuTebTan dakavSirebul gaugebrobebs, upirvelesad, iwvevs swored es TariRebi: nusxaTa
_ 99 _
mzia surgulaZe
qoronikonebi varirebs 1392 (p) da 1398 (pv) wlebs Soris. TariRis problemas uSualod ukavSirdeba
sabuTTa gamcemi mefeebisa da damwer mwignobarTa identifikaciis sakiTxi. rogorc ukve iTqva,
sabuTTa es maxasiaTeblebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, maSin, rodesac teqstebi arsebiTad
identuria.
aRniSnul sabuTTa teqstebi arasodes gamxdara kritikuli Seswavlis sagani, amitom am sabuTebSi
damowmebuli istoriuli realiebi samecniero literaturaSi Zvel publikaciebSi, upiratesad T.
Jordanias qronikebSi miTiTebuli TariRiT gavrcelda. radgan T. Jordanias xelT Zveli pirebi
hqonia, safiqrebelia, rom swored am Zvel pirebSi yofila damaxinjebuli TariRebi, romlebic
ucvlelad gadautaniaT XIX saukuneSi gadaweril pirebSi.
umniSvnelovanesi kriteriumi, romelsac SeuZlia sicxade Seitanos krebsiTi sigelebis
daTariRebis sakiTxSi, aris maTSi CamoTvlil samflobeloTa warmomavlobis qronologia. am
TvalsazrisiT wyaroebze, gansakuTrebiT, mcxeTis Zvel sabuTebze da, aseve, epigrafikul cnobebze
sagangebo dakvirvebam uCvena, rom krebsiT sabuTebSi gamoiyofa sxvadasxva epoqis qronologiuri
Sreebi. es garemoeba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs metnaklebi sizustiT davadginoT sabuTTa teqstebSi
Setanil samflobeloTa qronologiuri maCveneblebi.
krebsiTi sabuTebi emyareba mcxeTis saarqivo dokumentebs, romelTa monacemebi mis Semdgens
ara qronologiurad, aramed ufro geografiulad, mxareTa da xeobaTa mimdevrobiT daulagebia.
amitom teqstis Zveli da axali qronologiuri Sreebi mraval adgilasaa gafantuli da erTmaneTTan
Sereuli. sabuTebi iwyeba sveticxovlis Tbilisuri da misi mimdebare samflobeloebis CamoTvliT,
amas mihyveba Sida qarTlis, lixis, TrialeTis, javaxeTis, taos, artaanis, klarjeTis, aragvispiris,
Semdgom ivrispireTis, sagarejos, lagodexis, Ranuxis, erwos da sxva kaxuri provinciebis soflebi.
am monacemebis qronologiuri `gadawyobiT~ Semdeg suraTs viRebT: sveticxovlis qonebis
CamonaTvlSi yvelaze adrindel (dawyebuli adreuli Suasaukuneebidan) qronologiur Sreebs
ganekuTvneba mamulebi da eklesiebi SavSeT-klarjeTSi, taoSi, artaanSi, javaxeTSi (...Tuxars
saydari mociqulTa da saflavi aSot kurapalatisa, sxalTa, artanuji, dolisyana...). mesxeT-
javaxeTSi mcxeTis mamulebis (axalqalaqTan okami, Tavfaravani, toloSi, foka da sxv.) arsebobis
Sesaxeb krebsiTi sabuTebis cnobebi dadasturebulia mravali istoriuli sabuTiT da epigrafikuli
masaliT (SoSiaSvili 1984: 26, 177; berZeniSvili 2000: 41; jojua 2011 :154). am mxareSi mcxeTis
samwysosa da mflobelobis STambeWdav masStabebze, aseve, sakuTriv qarTlis kaTalikosis saxaso
mamulebis Sesaxeb iuwyeba XVI s. pirveli naxevris dokumentebi: `SavSeTi miWixianaT batonis
uwmindesis kaTalikozis yofila. im qveynis episkopozis iasaulic is yofila~ (doliZe 1970: 242-
244, 244-246). krebsiTi sabuTebis Zvel qronologiur Sres ganekuTvneba, agreTve, aq moxseniebuli
kaxuri samflobeloebis ukve toponimebad qceuli saxelwodebani: `daviT aRmaSeneblis eklesia~ da
`Tamaris ru~ da sxv. (sea a: 1449-1312).
teqstis am Zvel fenebTanaa Serwymuli mcxeTisaTvis ukve momdevno saukuneebSi boZebul
samflobeloTa saxelwodebani, romelTa zusti qronologiis dadgena, rig SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia
Cvens xelT arsebuli zusti sakontrolo masalis saSualebiT. magaliTad, xvedureTi da imerxevi
mcxeTam 1355 wels miiRo (lominaZe 2013: 47), garejis orive udabno maTi Sesavali soflebiT
sveticxovels aleqsandre I-ma uboZa 1424 da 1428 wlebSi (lominaZe 2013: 134-135,151). 1434 wels
manve Seswira loreSi sofeli amuWi (lominaZe 2013: 195). XV saukuneSi miiRo sveticxovelma yoranTa
baraTaSvilebisagan (lominaZe 2013: 143), sofeli baga 1448 wels Seswira giorgi VIII-m sveticxovels
(surgulaZe 2014: 45) da a.S.
krebsiT sigelSi gvxvdeba XVI saukuneSi boZebuli Sewirulobebic. magaliTad, 1525/1526 wels
daviT X-m Semonazvnebisas sveticxovels Seswira didgorze sofeli moxisi (sea v: 1449-1495). meore
moxisi, ùlumbis Zirs~ mdebare, sveticxovels daubrunda XV saukunis 50-ian wlebSi (surgulaZe
2010:175-176). iseTi magaliTebis moyvana, romlebic adastureben sxvadasxva pirTa mier XIV-XVI
saukuneebSi krebsiT sabuTebSi moxseniebuli yma-mamulis, monastrebis, cixeebisa da sameurneo
obieqtebis sveticxovlisaTvis Sewirvis faqtebs, kidev SeiZleba, magram zemoT miTiTebulebic
sakmarisia im suraTis Sesaqmnelad, romelic krebsiTi sabuTis Seqmnis TariRs XVI saukunis meore
naxevarSi aTavsebs. swored XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi isxdnen sakaTalikoso taxtze domentis
saxelis mqone kaTalikosebi: domenti I (1556-1560) da domenti II (1595-1610). rac Seexeba sabuTebis
damamtkicebel mefeTa saxelebs − aleqsandresa da svimons − maTSi mxolod aleqsandre II kaxTa
mefe (1574-1605) da qarTlis mefe svimon I (1556-1599) SeiZleba amovicnoT. meti albaTobiT, sabuTi
damtkicebuli unda iyos domenti II kaTalikosis dros (domenti I-is dros aleqsandre II mefe ar iyo).
rogorc sabuTebis faqtobrivi Sinaarsi, aseve masSi moxseniebul istoriul personaTa
_ 100 _
Tanadrouloba mowmobs, rom sabuTebis qoronikoni damaxinjebulia da Secdoma saerTo wyarodan

(Zveli pirebidan) momdinareobs. pirebis gadamwerma qoronikonis grafemebs daaklo aseulis
gamomxatveli `s-ani~ (SesaZloa, igi daqaragmebuli qoronikonis `qks~ damabolovebel s-anSi aeria).
rogorc Cans, zogierT nusxaSi daklebuli yofila qoronikonis erTeulis Tanxmovani `v-inic~,
ramac gamoiwvia zogi nusxis daTariReba 1392 wliT, zogisa − 1398-iT. am daklebul grafemaTa
aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi miiReba qoronikoni `spv~, rac gvaZlevs krebsiTi sabuTebisaTvis savsebiT
realur TariRs − 1598 wels. am wels kaTalikosoba uwevs domenti II-s (1595-1610), romelic erT-
erTi sruli nusxis mixedviT, sabuTis adresatad aris moxseniebuli.
Tu am daskvnas virwmunebT, pasuxi unda gaeces sxva kiTxvas: ratom aris es krebsiTi sabuTebi
gamocemuli XVI saukunis miwuruls erTnairi teqstiTa da TariRiT, magram gansxvavebuli
avtorebiT? am kiTxvas ukavSirdeba mwignobarTa sakiTxic. sanam kiTxvas vupasuxebdeT, saWiroa
ganvmartoT krebsiTi sabuTi, rogorc diplomatikuri movlena da zogadad SevexoT mcxeTis sxva
krebsiT sabuTebs − maTi Sedgenis mizezebsa da garemoebebs.
qarTul diplomatikur praqtikaSi araerTgzisaa damowmebuli krebsiTi sabuTebis Sedgenis
faqtebi. aseTi sabuTebi yvela did kaTedras gaaCnda kuTvnili uZrav-moZravi qonebis, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebis aRsanusxad da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, misi samarTlebrivi uflebebis gansasazRvravad.
krebsiTia, magaliTad, samTavisis gujari (surgulaZe 2014: 98-110), biWvintis iadgari (doliZe 1965:
176-183), quTaisis, xonis, cageris da sxv. davTrebi (doliZe 1970: 279-342; 358-373, 374-379), romlebsac
Tavad eklesia adgenda eparqiis saqonebelis aRnusxvisa da marTvis mizniT. amgvari dokumentebis
Sedgeniloba da struqtura yovelTvis erTnairi araa, magram yvela isini emsaxurebodnen eklesiis
praqtikul saWiroebebs.
krebsiT sabuTebSi Tavs iyris sxvadasxva drois, zogjer ramdenime saukunis informacia
mocemuli eparqiis samwysos, iurisdiqciis farglebis, misi samarTlebrivi, imuniteturi
uflebebis, fiskaluri wesrigisa da sxv. Sesaxeb (magaliTad, samTavisis gujari, biWvintis iadgari),
ris gamoc krebsiT sabuTebs memorialuri daniSnulebac hqonda. krebsiTi sabuTebi Zveli
sabuTebis kompilaciis gziT iqmneboda, swored amitom isini iuridiuli arsiT yovelTvis pirebs
warmoadgendnen, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, biWvintis iadgari (surgulaZe 1999: 376-383). maTSi
gadmocemuli iyo gamoyenebuli dednebis iuridiuli Sinaarsi, magram ar iyo daculi (da es verc
moxerxdeboda) dednebTan teqstobrivi sizuste. roca amgvar sabuTebs oficialuri Tanamdebobebis
pirebi amtkicebdnen, maSin maT iuridiuli Zala eniWeboda.
mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqia, romelic gamoirCeoda samwysos, yma-mamulis, eklesia-
monastrebis, sameurneo obieqtebisa da saxlebis mravalricxovnebiT, bunebrivia, iyenebda krebsiTi
sabuTebis Sedgenis praqtikas. mcxeTis krebsiTi dokumentebi, rasakvirvelia, emsaxureboda
sakaTalikoso eparqiis sazRvrebis kontrols, fiskaluri erTeulebis aRnusxvas gadasaxadebis
organizebulad mokrefis mizniT da, rac yvelaze arsebiTia, mcxeTis politikur amocanebs. aq
usaTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mcxeTis mflobeloba ar Sedgeboda kompaqturad ganlagebuli
miwebisagan, rogorc es Cveulebriv xdeboda sxva eparqiebis SemTxvevaSi. mcxeTis saqonebeli
qveynis yovel mxareSi iyo mimobneuli da saqarTvelos Zlierebis xanaSi misi sazRvrebi, samefo
xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT, politikuri mizanSewonilobis Sesabamisad farTovdeboda. saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi mcxeTa saqarTvelos yovel regionSi ayalibebda Tavis erTgul feodalur
kontingents, romlis daxmarebasac yovelTvis iyenebda politikuri krizisebis periodebSi. amiT
mcxeTa, SeZlebisdagvarad, akavebda qveynis daSlis process. amitom iyo, rom mcxeTis sakaTalikoso
taxti, rogorc samefo xelisuflebis yvelaze saimedo mokavSire, mudam ibrZoda Tavisi
samflobeloebis SenarCunebisaTvis, radgan amiT materialur SemosavlebTan erTad politikuri
zegavlenis instrumentsac inarCunebda adgilebze.
rasakvirvelia, mcxeTis saqonebelis moculoba da sazRvrebi mainc icvleboda, rac, garkveuli
periodulobiT, aisaxeboda kidec mcxeTis krebsiT sabuTebSi. sazogadod, krebsiTi sabuTebis
Sedgena, gansakuTrebiT iseTi didi da mdidari eparqiisaTvis, rogoric iyo mcxeTa, moiTxovda
xangrZliv saarqivo muSaobas, calkeuli sabuTebis gadasinjvas, saWiro informaciis amokrebas da
maT sistematizacias SerCeuli principiT. mcxeTis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisa da damsaxurebis
gamo erTiani qarTuli monarqiis winaSe saqarTvelos daSlis Semdgomac qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefo
saxlebi mcxeTas Tanabrad uWerdnen mxars da mis krebsiT dokumentebs, Cveulebriv, amtkicebdnen,
riTac xazs usvamdnen memkvidreobiT miRebul pasuxismgeblobas mcxeTis winaSe.
saqarTvelos erTianobis xanidan, rodesac faqtobrivad Camoyalibda mcxeTis vrceli
mflobeloba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, mcxeTis arc erT krebsiT sabuTs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, Tu
_ 101 _
mzia surgulaZe
ar CavTvliT melqisedek kaTalikosis dawerils, romelic, marTalia, erTi piris saqmianobis angariSs
warmoadgens, magram saukeTesod amJRavnebs sakaTalikoso kaTedris `teritoriuli politikis
tendenciebs~. aq kargad Cans kaTalikosis mier SeZenili da sveticxovlisaTvis Sewiruli mamulebis
geografiuli amplituda SavSeT-klarjeTidan moyolebuli, hereTamde (SoSiaSvili 1984: 20-21).
mcxeTam gansakuTrebiT didi danakargebi ganicada Temurlengis laSqrobaTa Sedegad, ris gamoc
aleqsandre I Tavidan iwyebs mcxeTis mamulebis Semokrebas: xelaxla umtkicebs mcxeTas gadarCenil
Zvel samflobeloebs da didi raodenobiT swiravs axlebs. aleqsandre I-is gardacvalebidan mokle
xanSi Sedga CvenTvis cnobili pirveli krebsiTi sabuTi, romelic giorgi VIII-is saxeliT gamoica
1447 wels (surgulaZe 2014: 36-42).2 sigelSi Setanilia upiratesad kaxeTisa da Sida qarTlis is
samflobeloebi, romlebic aleqsandre I-ma ganuaxla sveticxovels an axlad Seswira.
XVI saukuneSi, garkveuli intervalebiT, ramdenjerme Seiqmna mcxeTis krebsiTi sabuTebi,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian regionebis SerCevis principiT. es garemoebac iribad
mianiSnebs im gamudmebul brZolaze, romlis gadatanac uxdebodaT qarTlis kaTalikosebs mcxeTis
samflobeloebis SesanarCuneblad. krebsiTi sabuTebis kategorias ganekuTvneba 1516 wlis
siaxloves Sedgenili mcxeTis samwysos nusxa samcxe-saaTabagoSi, romelic 25 did Tavadur saxls
moicavs (doliZe 1970: 242-244). aseve krebsiTia 1516-1545 wlebis monakveTSi gamocemuli amJamad
Tavbolonakluli sabuTi (xec Ad-697). am ukanasknelSi erTadaa Setanili mcxeTis kuTvnili kaxuri
samflobeloebi da samcxe-saaTabagos zemoxsenebuli mamulebi, rac imis mowmobad unda CaiTvalos,
rom sabuTis Sedgenis dros mcxeTas kidev miuwvdeboda xeli samcxis mamulebze. 1559 wlis 1
dekembriT aris daTariRebuli svimon mefis saxeliT gamocemuli mcxeTis kidev erTi krebsiTi
sigeli (doliZe 1970: 263-268),3 romelSic ZiriTadad sveticxovlis qarTluri samflobeloebia
aRnusxuli. amaTTan erTad Setanilia mxolod erTi kaxuri mamuli („aSs odiSelisZeni~), ris
gamoc sigels xels kaxi batoniSvili aleqsandrec awers (doliZe 1970: 263-267). sakuTriv mcxeTis
kaxuri mamulebis vrceli CamonaTvali mocemulia 1589 wels Sedgenil aleqsandre II kaxTa mefis
sigelSi (doliZe 1965: 197-202). msgavs sigelebSi Setanil samflobeloTagan zogierTi realurad
sxvis mflobelobaSi SeiZleboda yofiliyo gadasuli, an imdenad gaveranebul-gapartaxebuli,
rom materialuri sargebeli verc moetana eparqiisaTvis. magaliTad, 1559 wlis krebsiTi sigelis
minaweris cnobiT, sigelis daweris droisaTvis CamoTvlilTagan ramdenime mozrdili samcxeTo
mamuli mcxeTas dakarguli hqonia (doliZe 1970: 268), magram mTavari mcxeTisaTvis mainc iuridiuli
mxare Cans. miuxedavad faqtobrivi mdgomareobisa, krebsiTi sigelebis saSualebiT mcxeTa yovel
jerze Tavidan adasturebda Tavisi iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis iuridiul sazRvrebs.
axla davubrundeT Cveni msjelobis mTavar sagans − XVI saukunis miwuruls Sedgenil mcxeTis
or, erTnairi Sinaarsis krebsiT sabuTs, romelTagan erTs qarTlis mefe amtkicebs, meores
− kaxeTis mefe. orive sabuTi wina krebsiT sabuTebs sisruliT mniSvnelovnad aRemateba. maTSi
asaxulia mcxeTis uaRresad STambeWdavi mflobeloba erTiani saqarTvelos istoriul mxareebSi.
qarTlisa da kaxeTis samcxeTo mamulebTan erTad aq Setanilia ukve osmalTa xelSi myofi samcxe-
saaTabagos samcxeTo mamulebi da, aseve, mocemulia uiSviaTesi cnoba imereTis samefoSi mcxeTis
samflobeloTa arsebobis Sesaxeb.
oriod sityviT unda SevCerdeT mcxeTis imeruli samflobeloebis sakiTxze. garkveuli
miniSnebani mcxeTis mflobelobaze dasavleT saqarTveloSi aqa-iq sxva wyaroebSic aris gabneuli,
magram ara iseTi sicxadiT, rogorc es Cvens krebsiT sabuTebSia. am sabuTTa mixedviT suraTi aseTia:
mcxeTis mflobelobaSi yofila: `monasteri kacxi SesavliTa da sofeli rkvia~ (xec a: Hd-8712; sea
a: 1449-1312) `monasteri kacxisa Tavisis mamuliTa da agarakiTa; samiqelaos orive saSavardne~
(xec b: Qd-11248-b). am cnobaTa mixedviT, garkveul periodebSi mcxeTas xeli miuwvdeboda, erTi
mxriv, argveTSi kacxis monasterze da sofel rkviaze, anu im adgilebze, romlebic XV saukunidan
abaSiZeTa saTavadoSi Sedioda (soselia 1973: 155,158), meore mxriv, imereTis centralur vakeze,
miqelaZeTa saTavados or sofelze _ samiqelaos orive saSavardne 4.
krebsiTi sabuTis es cnobebi exmianeba im ZvelisZvel saistorio tradicias, romlis Tanaxmad,
adreul SuasaukuneebSi, garkveuli wyvetilebiT, qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia istoriul
argveTzec vrceldeboda. am teritorias gulisxmoben mkvlevrebi magaliTad, ioane drasxanekertelis
cnobaSi, rom kirion qarTlis kaTalikosi egrisis (da gugarqisac) arqiepiskoposis pativs flobda
(abulaZe 1937:9). sxva cnobaTa Tanxmad, VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi yofila
moqceuli vake-imereTic da sakmaod vrceli teritoria rionis marjvena sanapiroze (abramiSvili
1977: 36; musxeliSvili 2003: 380-381). am teritoriebis moqcevas mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi èrTobasa
Sina~ adasturebs vaxuSti bagrationic xonis eklesiaze saubris dros (yauxCiSvili 1973: 750-751). es
_ 102 _
cnobebi, marTalia, Zalze adreul epoqebs ekuTvnis, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sazogadod mcxeTis
tradiciul teritoriul politikas, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom mas erTianobis xanaSic hqonoda
mcdelobebi moepovebina samflobeloebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. magram SemdgomSi, saqarTvelos
politikuri daSlilobis, metadre dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiuri gamijvnis pirobebSi, amgvari
mcdelobebisaTvis TiTqos naklebi saSualebebi unda arsebuliyo, magram, krebsiTi sabuTebis
mixedviT, mcxeTis imeruli samflobeloebi aqa-iq epizodurad mainc Cndeba.
unda vivaraudoT, rom mcxeTis mwignobrebi realur istoriul cnobebs emyarebodnen, rodesac
krebsiT sabuTebSi aseTi mniSvnelovani informacia SehqondaT.
dokumenturi mowmoba, rom qarTlis kaTalikoss, marTlac, hqonda imereTSi yma-mamuli,
Semonaxulia kidev erT sabuTSi, romelic mcxeTis sadroSos eZRvneba. am sabuTis daTariRebis
sakiTxi, samwuxarod, bolomde ar aris naTeli, magram aSkaraa, rom igi gacemulia `daSlili
saqarTveloebis~ dros. misi avtoria kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre (sakiTxavia, I Tu II)5:
q. Cven, xelmwifem, mefem aleqsandrem, ese wigni mogarTuiT Tquen, Cuens sasoebas da siqaduls svets
cxovelsa da kvarTs sauflosa da mironsa wmidasa da sulisa Cuenis meoxsa k(aTaliko)zs basils, ase
da ama pirsa zeda, rome, rac Tqueni yma iyos qarTlsa, kaxeTsa, saaTabagos, somxeTs Tu sabaraTianos,
TrialeTs zeda Tu imereTs, laSqarsa da nadirobas Tqueni yma Tquen nu gageyrebis... (klimiaSvili
1964:137-138).
sabuTSi asaxuli istoriuli realoba sakmaod gvianac, XVIII saukuneSi srul WeSmaritebad
miaCndaT, rasac uCvenebs sabuTze darTuli damtkicebebi erekle II-isa da samefo ojaxis sxva
wevrebisa. erekles dros rom cocxali iyo xsovna dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxeTis kaTalikosis
saqonebelis arsebobis Sesaxeb, kargad Cans erekles kidev erT sabuTSi − esaa 1769 wels gacemuli
mcxeTis sasardlos ganwesebis wigni: `radgan ZvelaT netarxsenebulis Cvenis Camomavlobisagan
svetiscxovlis ymisa ase ganweseba yofila, rom, rac svetiscxovlis yma qarTls, imereTs, kaxeTs,
saaTabagos, somxiTs, Tu saca iyos, mis uwmindesobas kaTalikozs unda axldes da Tavis ymiT Cvens
droSaze bZandebodes~ (doliZe 1965: 418).
amrigad, wyaroTa Cvenebebi mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom XV-XVI saukuneebSi mcxeTas dasavleT
saqarTveloSi periodulad mcire samflobeloebi mainc hqonda. amgvari periodebis moqceva zust
qronologiur CarCoebSi SeuZlebelia sakontrolo masalis ararsebobis gamo, magram zogierTi
varaudis gamoTqma mainc SeiZleba.
cnobilia, rom XII saukunis dasawyisSi daviT aRmaSenebelma `mamuli lipariteTi~, romelSic,
didi albaTobiT, kacxic Sedioda, gelaTs Seswira (yauxCiSvili 1955: 330), magram ramden xans darCa
kacxi gelaTis kuTvnilebaSi, ar viciT. 1529 wels malaqia kaTalikosis mier gelaTisaTvis boZebuli
sabuTis mixedviT, kacxi gelaTis samflobeloTa sazRvarzea, Tavad igi gelaTs ar ekuTvnis (kakabaZe
1921: 10-11). radgan XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze argveTi abaSiZeTa saTavado teritoria xdeba, kacxic
abaSiZeTa mamulebSi unda vivaraudoT, magram XV saukunis miwurulsa da XVI saukunis dasawisSi
abaSiZeTa aqtiuri saqtitoro saqmianoba mimarTuli Cans sofel WalaSi, romelic abaSiZeTa uZvelesi
rezidencia iyo (soselia 1973: 154). amitom Cndeba eWvi, rom kacxi am dros abaSiZeTa sakuTrebaSi
jer ar unda yofiliyo. kacxi abaSiZeTa Sewirulebis adresatad pirvelad moixsenieba amirejib
abulaxsar abaSiZis or uTariRo sabuTSi, romelTac s. kakabaZe 1515-1535 wlebs Soris aTavsebs
(kakabaZe 1928: 46-47, 42-44). Semdgom wlebSi kacxisadmi gansakuTrebuli siuxviT gamoirCeva vaxuSti
abaSiZis Sewirulebis sabuTi (soselia 1973: 155). es sabuTebi mianiSnebs, rom kacxi daaxloebiT
XVI saukunis 30-iani wlebidan iqca abaSiZeTa mTavar rezidenciad. manamde ki, XV saukunis meore
naxevarsa da XVI saukunis dasawyisSi, drois im monakveTebSi, roca qarTl-imereTis politikuri
sazRvrebi xSirad icvleboda da mkafiod gamijnuli arc iyo, Teoriulad SesaZlebelia, qarTlis
kaTalikosi mcire xniT mainc dapatroneboda argveTis nawils, maT Soris kacxs da rkvias.
am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs Cvens xelT arsebuli TiTo-orola cnobac imereTis
feodaluri aristokratiis mier politikuri koniunqturis mixedviT sveticxovlis sasargeblod
gacemuli Sewirulobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, XVI s. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTlis mefe
luarsabma, rogorc Cans, diplomatiuri mizniT, Tavisi da miaTxova imereTis Tavad gustan WilasZis
vaJs, javaxs. am e.w. ùxvedri qorwinebis~ sakompensaciod qarTlis kaTalikos malaqias moTxovniT,
gustan WilasZem sveticxovels sakanonod Seswira samoci litra cvili (sea, d: 1448-2285). SemdgomSi,
1549 wels, sofel bliskaris yma-glexebs maTi sabegro valdebulebebiT sveticxovels swiravs ukve
javax WilasZe, rogorc luarsab mefis siZe da misi politikuri mokavSire (sea e: 1449-1666).
_ 103 _
mzia surgulaZe
amgvar SewirulebaTa xangrZlivoba, didi albaTobiT, xanmokle iyo da igi ar aRemateboda

Tavad SemwirvelTa sicocxlis xangrZlivobas, magram Sesabamis dokumentebs formalur-iuridiuli
mniSvneloba mainc hqonda SenarCunebuli da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, isini inaxavdnen xsovnas
mcxeTis taxtis istoriuli uflebebis Sesaxeb.
amrigad, XVI saukunis bolos mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqiaSi iqmneba krebsiTi dokumenti,
romelSic proecirebulia saqarTvelos erTianobis istoriuli suraTi mcxeTis vrcel
samflobeloTa farglebSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imdroindeli saqarTvelos politikur viTarebas:
samcxe-saaTabgos osmalTagan dapyrobas, qarTlis TiTqmis mudmiv saomar mdgomareobas, kaxeTis
orWofobas osmaleTsa da irans Soris, gaugebari Cans, ra motiviT xelmZRvanelobda mcxeTa,
rodesac mocemul pirobebSi aseTi sisrulis krebsiT dokuments adgenda.
aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT cvlilebebi qarTlis kaTalikosis titulaturis formulebSi,
romelic XVI saukunis 80-iani wlebidan SeiniSneba da Semdgom saukuneebSi sayovelTaod vrceldeba.
magaliTad, kaTalikos nikoloz VIII-is mier 1588 wels gacemuli erTi wyalobis wigni ase iwyeba:
`q. Cuen, qristes R(mr)Tisa mier kurTxeulman, yovlisa saqarTvelos mamaTmTavarT mTavarman,
qarTlisa k(aliko)z-patriaqman, Pelmwifis leonis Zeman, patronman nikolaoz...~ (doliZe 1970:
346-347). ras gulisxmobda `yovlis saqarTvelos~ mamaTmTavarTmTavroba, es Cans SedarebiT ufro
gviandeli nimuSebSi, romlebSic es formula asea gaxnili: `...qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, samcxe-saaTabagosa
makurTxeveli...~ (doliZe 1970: 489, 579, 596-597, 600, 620, 618, 626).
SeuZlebelia am formulaSi, romlis komponentebi ufro feodal monarqs Seefereba, vidre
mwyemsmTavars, politikuri qveteqsti ar davinaxoT. rogorc Cans, am formulam Semoinaxa xsovna
qarTlis eklesiis mesveurTa pretenziaze − saqarTvelos politikuri daSla-dakninebisa da muslimuri
garemocvis pirobebSi swored qarTlis kaTalikoss etvirTa qveynis gamaerTianeblis funqcia.
1590 wels iran-osmaleTis zavis Sedegad mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis
gavlenis sferoSi moeqca. osmalTa politika qristianuli eklesiis mimarT gacilebiT ufro
xisti da sworxazovani iyo, vidre iranisa. qarTls win edo samcxe-saaTabagos magaliTi, sadac
ukve dawyebuli iyo eklesiis Seviwrovebis procesi. am dros qarTlis kaTalikoss da maRal
samRvdeloebas SeuZlebelia ar efiqraT eklesiis winaSe mdgar safrTxeebze, romlebic osmalTa
batonobas aucileblad Tan mohyveboda. magram ra meqanizmebi epyra xelT qarTlis kaTalikoss
esoden seriozuli safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad? mas SeeZlo miemarTa isev da isev ukve
tradiciad Camoyalibebuli erTaderTi saSualebisaTvis – cdiliyo Tavisi iurisdiqciis aRdgena-
damtkicebas istoriul sazRvrebSi (maT Soris samcxe-saaTabagosa da imereTSic), raTa legitimuri
sivrce moepovebina Tavisi samwysos dasacavad. amgvari poziciis gamoZaxili Cans mcxeTis krebsiT
sabuTebSi, romlebSic mcxeTis eparqialuri sazRvrebiT gadafarulia imJamindeli Sida politikuri
sazRvrebi, xolo qarTlis kaTalikosi warmoCenilia, rogorc SemakavSirebeli figura `daSlili
saqarTveloebisa~. aseTi iyo qarTlis kaTalikosTa tradiciuli `teritoriuli~ politika, sxva
aranairi meqanizmi mimdinare movlenebze zemoqmedebisaTvis maT ar gaaCndaT 6.
sul sxva saqmea, ramdenad adeqvaturi da Sedegiani iqneboda mcxeTis Zveli nacadi gza
axal politikur realobaSi, roca osmaleTis imperia ar cnobda erovnul eklesiebs da yvelas
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos uqvemdebarebda. rom ara 1603 wels iran-osmaleTis omis
ganaxleba, didi albaTobiT, qarTlis eklesiis winaSe realurad dadgeboda statusis sakiTxi, ris
dasacavadac imJamindel qarTlis eklesias sxva araferi gaaCnda, garda istoriuli argumentebisa.
aseTi argumentTagani iyo Zveli samflobeloebis Semokreba mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT da
mefeTagan maTze xelaxali mtkicebulobebis miReba.
Tu am poziciidan SevafasebT, mcxeTis krebsiTi sabuTebis ùcnaurobani~ advilad aixsneba.
dokumentis Tavdapirveli teqsti SeudgeniaT mcxeTaSi, Semdeg misgan gadauweriaT meore piri,
romelTagan erTi warudgeniaT qarTlis mefisaTvis, meore _ kaxeTis mefisaTvis. sabuTebs
amtkiceben orive samefos karze, radgan orive iziarebda dokumentis politikur suliskveTebas
da Tanabrad inawilebda mcxeTis mimarT pasuxismgeblobas.
krebsiTi sabuTebis arsebuli pirebi − yvela Tavnaklulia. sruli yofila mxolod is piri,
romelic safuZvlad dasdebia aqtebSi gamoqveynebul rusul Targmans. Targmanidanac Cans, rom
Tavdapirvel teqstSi sabuTi iwyeboda mefis titulaturiT, magram konkretuli mefis saxelis
gareSe. es garemoebac mianiSnebs, rom krebsiTi sabuTis Tavdapirvel versiebSi, swored imis gamo,
rom igi sxvadasxva mefisaTvis unda waredginaT, konkretuli mefis saxeli arc iyo Cawerili.
samagierod, mefeTa saxelebi sabuTebs daerTo boloSi, mtkicebulebiTi formulebisa da xelrTva-
beWdebis saxiT.
_ 104 _
sabuTebis Semdgenel-gadamwerTa saxelebic am or versias ukavSirdeba. kaxuri versiis

mwignobaria qvaTaxevis winamZRvari filipe baraTaSvili, qarTluri versiisa − svimon mefis karis
winamZRvari iosebi. orive mwignobris saxeli cnobilia sxva sabuTebidanac. filipe baraTaSvili
sveticxovlis sabuTebs wers 1559, 1570, 1574 wlebSi (xec g: Ad-1572; xec d: Hd-1557; Jordania
1897: 415). iosebs ki, 1595 wels dauweria svimon mefis Sewirulebis sigeli Tbilisis metexTa
RmrTismSoblisadmi (sea g: 1449-1630). am mwignobarTagan Tavdapirveli teqstis avtori filipe
baraTaSvili Cans. amas adasturebs filipes versiis diplomatikuri frazeologiis identuroba mis
mierve Sedgenil sveticxovlis sxva (xec g: Ad-1572) sigelTan. iosebis versia redaqciulad odnav
sxvaobs kidec filipe baraTaSvilis versiisagan.
sveticxovlis krebsiTi sabuTebi, Sedgenili XVI saukunis dasasruls, sakaTalikoso eparqiis
mflobelobis mTlian istoriul suraTs qmnis. am mxriv isini Semajamebeli dokumentebia. maTi
Sedgenis droisaTvis aq CamoTvlil samflobeloTa did nawils mcxeTa realurad veRar flobda,
magram xsovna misi masStaburi mflobelobis Sesaxeb kvlav cocxlobda da drodadro mas iuridiul
formas aniWebdnen, raTa, saWiro SemTxvevaSi, mtkicebulebad gamoeyenebinaT.
SeniSvnebi
1
aleqsandre batoniSvilis mtkicebulebis gaCena sabuTze, maSin, rodesac masSi ZiriTadad qarTlis mamulebia
CamoTvlili, axsnilia masSi im kaxuri mamulis moxseniebiT, romelic im droisaTvis kax batoniSvils
wilobrivi uflebebiT sWeria (odiSeli 1964: 101). qarTlis samefo ojaxidan am sabuTs beWdiT amtkicebs
svimon mefis Ze, giorgi batoniSvili.
2
sabuTi Tavadapirvelad Sedgenili yofila 1442 wels vaxtang IV-is mier, Semdgom igi gadaukeTebiaT da 1447
wels giorgiVIII-is saxeliT gamouciaT (jojua 2009: 123-135).
3
sigeli Tavnaklulia, amitom misi gamcemi mefis saxeli dakargulia. svimon mefis saxelis aRdgena SesaZlebeli
xdeba sabuTis TariRSi gamcemi mefis IV indiqtionisa da kaTalikos domenti I-is zeobis wlebis gadakveTiT.
4
samwuxarod, am saxelwodebis soflebi ver davadastureT vaxuSti bagrationTan, mas ar asaxelebs arc o.
soselia samiqelaos sofelTa CamonaTvalSi (soselia 1973: 54-55).
5
ufro mosalodnelia, sabuTi aleqsandre I kaxTa mefes ekuTvnodes. nakleb savaraudoa, amasiis zavis
Semdgom amgvari Sinaarsis sabuTi SeedginaT.
6
XVIII saukuneSi, osmalTa batonobis sawyis wlebSi msgavsi SinaarsiT iwereba mcxeTis kidev ori krebsiTi
sabuTi, romelTa mizani iyo osmalTa xelisuflebisagan qarTlis kaTalikosis kanonikuri uflebebis da
sveticxovlis samflobeloebis damtkiceba mis istoriul sazRvrebSi (surgulaZe 2015: 320-336).
damowmebani
abulaZe 1937: i. abulaZe. ioane drasxanakerteli, Targmani SeniSvnebiTa da saZieblebiT ilia abulaZisa,
Tbilisi.
abramiSvili 1977: g. abramiSvili. stefanoz mamfalis freskuli warwera atenis sionSi, Tbilisi.
aqtebi 1866: Акты. Собранные Кавказскою археографическою комиссиею, Архив главного управления наместника
кавказского, т. I, Тифлис.
aqtebi 1875: Акты. Собранные Кавказскою археографическою комиссиею, Архив главного управления наместника
кавказского, т. VI, часть. II,Тифлис.
berZeniSvili 2000: d. berZeniSvili. javaxeTi, Tbilisi, nekeri.
brose 1835: M.Brosset. Introduction dans l’histoire de la Georgie, Paris.brose 1849: M Brosset. Histoire de la Georgie depuis
l’antiquité jusquèn1469 de I.-C. St. Pétersbourg.
doliZe 1965: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, II,
Tbilisi.
doliZe 1970: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, III,
Tbilisi.
kakabaZe 1921: s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, I, tfilisi.
_ 105 _
mzia surgulaZe
kakabaZe 1928: s. kakabaZe. masalebi dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur da ekonomiur istoriisaTvis, saistorio
krebuli, III, Tbilisi.
kakabaZe 1967: С.С. Какабадзе. Грузинские документы Института народов Азии, Изд. Наука, Москва.
klimiaSvili 1964: a.klimiaSvili. masalebi XV-XVIII ss. qarTlisa da kaxeTis sadroSoebis istoriisaTvis, XIV-XVIII
ss. ramdenime qarTuli istoriuli dokumenti, Tbilisi.
lominaZe 2013: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, II, Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades: T. enuqiZem,
n. TarxniSvilma, b. lominaZem, Tbilisi.
musxeliSvili 2003: d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi,Tbilisi.
odiSeli 1964: j. odiSeli. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos politikuri istoriisaTvis, XIV-XV ss. ramdenime qarTuli
istoriuli dokumenti, Tbilisi.
Jordania 1897: qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili,
axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier, w. II, tfilisi.
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi a: saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi (SemdgegSi sea), fondi 1449-saqme #1312.
sea b: sea. fondi 1449, saqme 1588, gadawerili s. kakabaZis mier, Zveli saaRricxvo nomriT #349;
sea g: sea. fondi 1449, saqme #1630.
sea d: sea. fondi 1448, saqme #2285.
sea e: sea, fondi 1449 saqme #1666.
sea v: saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi (SemdgomSi sea), fondi 1449, saqme #1495.
soselia 1973: o. soselia. narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
istoriidan, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi.
surgulaZe 1999: m. surgulaZe. qarTuli diplomatikis istoriidan. `biWvintis iadgari~. mravalTavi XVIII,
Tbilisi.
surgulaZe 2010: m. surgulaZe. epizodebi XVI saukunissaqarTvelos Sida politikuri cxovrebidan, istoriul-
qronologiuri sakiTxebi, mravalTavi, 23, Tbilisi.
surgulaZe 2014: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, III, Seadgines T. enuqiZem, d. kldiaSvilma,
m. surgulaZem, Tbilisi.
surgulaZe 2015: osmalobis periodis mcxeTis ori dokumenti, mravalTavi, 24 (ibeWdeba).
yauxCiSvili 1955: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, t. I, Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1973: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, t. IV, Tbilisi.
SoSiaSvili 1984: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, I, Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem,
v. silogavam, n.SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi.
jojua 2009: T. jojua. qarTl-kaxeTis sakaTalikoso mamulebis siTarxnis gujris Tavdapirveli teqstis
dadgenisaTvis, saerTaSoriso simpoziumi qarTuli xelnaweri, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi.
jojua 2011: T. jojua. masalebi siqanelisZeTa feodaluri saxlis istoriisaTvis (XIII-XIV ss.), ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis da saqarTvelos
istoriis Sromebi, Tbilisi.
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri a: xelnawerTa erovnuli centri (SemdgegSi xec), fondi Hd, xelnaweri #8712,
Zveli saaRricxvo nomriT #59.
xec b: xec. fondi Qd, xelnaweri #11248-b.
xec g: xec. fondi Ad, xelnaweri #1572.
xec d: xec. fondi Hd, xelnaweri #1557.
xec e: xec. fondi Ad, xelnaweri #697.
_ 106 _
AGGREGATE CHARTERS OF EPARCHY OF MTSKHETA CATHOLICOS
Mzia Surguladze
The present paper is dedicated to two aggregate charters belonging to Sveitskhoveli Cathalicos Cathedral.
These charters present the historical picture of the most expanded ownership of Sveitskhoveli. Originals of the
documents are lost. In the XIX century copies, which reached us, texts of the charters are idenical, but they difer
from each other by the names of the kings (authors), who issued them and the scribes (writers), who compiled
them. Publishers of the document (M. Brosset, T, Zhordania) concentrate atenion on the dates of the charters
(1398/1392) and the kings, who issued them (Alexandre and Svimon). Here are also menioned chronological
discrepancies of Cathalicos (Domeni), though no eforts were made to review the documents’ dates. Just because
of this the historical realiies witnessed in the documents were brought unchanged into the scieniic literature
from the publicaions of the menioned authors.
Composiion of the aggregate documents is discussed in the present paper – through comparison with other
documents of Sveitskhoveli, the chronology is determined of transferring the lands named in the aggregate
documents into the ownership of Sveitskhoveli, in result of which it is clariied that the aggregate documents were
compiled not earlier than II half of XVI century. This conclusion made it possible to correct the date of documents
– it seems that in the process of copying the irst grapheme “S~ of Koronikon was lost that gave us two century
long diference with the real ime (1598 or 1592) of the documents compilaion. 1592 was excluded from these
two dates, because Domeni II, Catholicos of Kartli, menioned in the documents, was Cathalicos in 1595-1610.
Determinaion of the date clariied idenity of the kings, who conirmed the documents – one document is
conirmed by Svimon I (1556-1599), King of Kartli, the other – by Akexandre II (1574-1605), King of Kakhei.
Thus, an iniiator of compilaion of the documents seems to be Domeni II, Catholicos of Kartli. The fact of
legal conirmaion of the Sveitskhoveli aggregate documents by the kings of Kartli and Kakhei in the present
paper is connected with the poliical situaion formed in Georgia – from the 1950s East Georgia appeared to be
fully in the sphere of poliical inluence of the Otoman Empire. In this period, the Kartli Church faced the danger
of intensiied aciviies of the Otoman church policy, which prompted the Kartli Church to prepare Mtskheta
aggregate documents, in which the historical borders of Mtskheta jurisdicion spreading would be fully presented.
_ 107 _
maRalaZeTa sagvareulos istoriisTvis
elza xaindrava
Cveni qveynis istoriaSi yovelTvis did rols TamaSobdnen feodaluri sagvareuloebi.

saqarTvelos istoriis mravali sakvanZo sakiTxi feodalur sagvareuloTa istoriasTanaa
gadajaWvuli. uaRresad mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa im sagvareuloTa istoriis kvleva, romlebic
organulad iyvnen dakavSirebulni qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias. XIV-XVIII ss-is qarTlis
samefos cxovrebaSi kvlavindeburad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT
aRWurvili mcxeTiSvilTa fena. mcxeTiSvilebi iyvnen STamomavalni im aznauruli sagvareuloebisa,
romlebsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dakisrebuli hqondaT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso
mamulebis meurveoba. mcxeTiSvilTa Soris TvalsaCino adgili ekavaT maRalaZe/maRalaSvilTa
feodaluri saxlis warmomadgenlebs.
Cemi sakvalifikacio Tema kaspis raionis epigrafikul Zeglebs exeba. swored am Zeglebze
muSaobis dros davinteresdi maRalaZeTa sagvareulos istoriiT. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT,
`winarexs zeiT ars monasteri yovlad wmidisa, beTlemad saxeldebuli da iqav saxloben aznaurni
maRalaZeni~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 14).
maRalaZe/maRalaSvilTa gvaris Seswavlas didi amagi dasdo vaxtang beriZem. man pirvelma
waikiTxa da gamoaqveyna `maRalaanT kompleqsSi~ arsebuli warwerebi. aseve mas ekuTvnis am
kompleqsis aRweriloba. v. beriZis or naSromSi winarexel maRalaZeTa mSenebloba da winarexi,
sasxori, gomisjvari, mravali saintereso da yuradsaRebi faqtia moyvanili am sagvareulos Sesaxeb
(beriZe 1943; beriZe 1947).
maRalaZeTa gvars da maT rezidencias winarexSi, aseve Seexnen TavianT naSromebSi m. brose
(brose 1850; 1851), l. meliqseT-begi (meliqseT-begi 1925), s. makalaTia (makalaTia 1959) da sxv.
miuxedavad gaweuli Sromisa, vfiqrobT, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kvleva-Zieba unda
gagrZeldes. maRalaZeTa sagvareulo mTlianobaSi ar aris Seswavlili. ar aris dadgenili maTi
samamule mflobeloba da genealogia. ar aris srulyofilad warmoCenili sagvareulos calkeul
warmomadgenelTa moRvaweoba. Cveni mizania am sakiTxis monografiulad Seswavla. winamdebare
statia pirveli nabijia am mimarTulebiT Cven mier gadadgmuli.
maRalaZeebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, mcxeTiSvilebi iyvnen. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
mcxeTiSviloba gulisxmobda mcxeTis sakaTalikoso saydris kuTvnili mamulebis wilobriv flobas
da mamulTan dakavSirebuli yvela sxva valdebulebis Sesrulebas. amasTanave mcxeTiSviloba niSnavda
kaTalikosTan arsebul erTgvar saTaTbiro organoSi monawileobas. mcxeTiSvilebi kaTalikosTan
erTad iRebdnen gadawyvetilebas eklesiis Sida organizaciuli, sasamarTlo, administraciuli da
sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. mcxeTiSviloba memkvidreobiT gadadioda mamidan Svilze. im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac pirdapiri memkvidreobiTi xazi wydeboda, mcxeTiSviloba SesaZlebelia gadacemoda qalis
STamomavlebs. Tuki aseTebic ar iyvnen, maSin samcxeTiSvilo wilze svamdnen axal mcxeTiSvils.
aseT SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebas kandidaturis SerCevis Sesaxeb danarCen mcxeTiSvilebTan
TanxmobiT iRebda kaTalikosi, sabolood ki amtkicebda mefe. mcxeTiSvilebs upyriaT kaTalikosis
karze samcxeTiSvilo wilTan mibmuli yvela administraciuli, saeklesio da sameurneo
Tanamdeboba: jvrismtvirTveloba, qadagoba, sardloba, meRvineTuxusesoba, msaxurTuxucesoba,
mdivanmwignobroba, mouravoba, pirismwdeoba, amirajiboba da sxv. mcxeTiSvilebi Canan mefeebisa
da kaTalikosebis mwirvel-meaRapeebad; isini monawileoben mcxeTis samamule mflobelobasTan
dakavSirebul samarTalwarmoebaSi; erTmaneTTan deben saqmian garigebebs da gamodian erTmaneTis
mowmeebad; qorwinebis gziT erTmaneTTan kraven naTesaur kavSirebs da a.S. Tuki mcxeTiSvilis
ojaxi iyreba, saqmes danarCeni mcxeTiSvilebi arCeven. mcxeTiSvilebi qmnian calke socialur Sres,
maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia korporaciuloba da erTobis gancda. maTi samarTlebrivi da sameurneo
codnis moculobaze, agreTve, maRal samwignobro kulturaze metyvelebs maT mier Sedgenili
dokumentebic. mcxeTiSviloba qarTlis upirvelesi taZris saydrisSvilobas niSnavda (surgulaZe
2008: 171-179).
maRalaZeTa bevri wevri Tavisi epoqis TvalsaCino figuras warmoadgenda. isini daaxloebuli
iyvnen mefeebsa da kaTalikosebTan, aqtiurad monawileobdnen qarTlis samefos politikur
cxovrebaSi. sxvadasxva dros maRalaZeebi iyvnen: sveticxovlis qadagebi, arqimandritebi da
_ 108 _
saxlTuxucesebi, kaTalikosis mdivnebi, mwignobrebi, kaligrafebi, agreTve, krwanisis, cixedidis,

xatisoflis mouravebi da sxv. flobdnen didZal mamulebs kavTisxevSi, qvaTaxevSi, oCliurSi,
CoCeTSi, gorSi, mcxeTasa da sxv.
maRalaZeTa Sesaxeb cnobebi naratiul wyaroebSi faqtobrivad ar Semonaxula. mxolod
vaxuSti bagrationi, da isic mxolod erTxel, moixseniebs am sagvareulos warmomadgenels (masze
qvemoT gveqneba saubari). naratiuli wyaroebis cnobebis simwires avsebs dokumenturi masala da
epigrafikuli Zeglebis monacemebi.
arsebuli dokumentebis mixedviT, maRalaZeTa/maRalaSvilTa sagvareulos istoriuli
evolucia Semdegnairad SeiZleba warmovidginoT:
CvenTvis cnobili maRalaZeTa sagvareulos pirveli warmomadgenelia mRvdel-monazoni
maRalaSvili zabilon. is damweria daviT berisZis nasyidobis wignisa elioz kaTalikosisadmi,
romelic TariRdeba 1411 wlis 25 oqtombriT (surgulaZe 2013: 104). marTalia, wyaroebis simwire
ar iZleva misi da sxva maRalaZeTa naTesauri kavSirebis dadgenis saSualebas, magram is faqti,
rom zabiloni elioz kaTalikosisaTvis micemuli nasyidobis wignis damweria, gvaZlevs safuZvels
vivaraudoT misi maRalaZeTa mwignobruli gvarisadmi kuTvnileba.
1411 wlidan 1441 wlamde maRalaZeebis xseneba ar aris am periodis sabuTebSi. aleqsandre mefis
1441 wlis sigelSi sveticxovlisadmi, naTqvamia: `...mcxeTas Sevwire...maRalaurni...~ (surgulaZe
2013: 230). es maRalaurni, igive maRalaZeebi/maRalaSvilebi unda iyvnen.
mcxeTis qadagis Tanamdebobaze maRalaSvilTa sagvareulodan pirvelad ixsenieba dimitri
gageliSvili-maRalaZe 1443 wlis sabuTSi (fondi 1451; surgulaZe 2014: 19). dokumentebis monacemebiT
misi moRvaweoba gagrZelda 1449 wlamde. marTalia, pirvel sabuTSi dimitri mxolod gagelisSvilis
gvariT ixsenieba, xolo danarCen orSi maRalaZe-gagelisSvilad, magram udavoa, rom es erTidaigive
pirovnebaa. 1446 w. da 1449 w. sabuTebSi: `daiwera...PeliTa maRalaZisa gagelisSvilisa da mcxeTis
qadagisa dimitrisiTa~; 1443 w. sabuTSi `xeliTa mcxeTis qadagis dimitri gagelisSvilisa~. Cveni
azriT, aq unda aRdges maRalaZis gvari: `daiwera PeliTa maRalaZisa gagelisSvilisa da mcxeTis
qadagisa dimitrisiTa~. dimitri gagelisSvili da dimitri maRalaZe-gagelisSvili aSkarad erTi
piria.
sainteresoa dimitris ori gvariT moxsenieba. savaraudod, dimitri maRalaZes ewyaloba
gageliSvilTa mamulebi da maTi gvaric miiRo. feodalur saqarTveloSi msgavsi SemTxvevebi sxvac
aris dafiqsirebuli. erTi sagvareulosTvis romelime amovardnili an damcrobili sagvareulos
mamulebis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi gvaris misakuTreba xdeboda. mag. XIV-XV ss-is mijnis moRvawe
amilaxori ximSia abazasZe dokumentebSi abazasZe-marileli-abuleTisZed ixsenieba, rac abazasZeTa
mier marilisis xeobisa da amovardnili abuleTisZeTa mamulis dakavebiT iyo ganpirobebuli
(oTxmezuri 2006).
interess iwvevs gagelisSvilTa gvaris warmomavlobac. xom ar ukavSirdeba is Zvel feodalur
sagvareulos gagelebs? wyaroTa simwiris gamo, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT calsaxa pasuxis gacema
SeuZlebelia. rogorc cnobilia, gagelebi XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos didebul feodalTa sagvareulos,
mxargrZelTa ganStoebas warmoadgendnen. am gvaris fuZemdebeli iyo zaqaria gageli, varam
mxargrZelis Ze, romelmac Tamar mefisagan miiRo samemkvidreod cixe gagi da iwoda gagelad. XIII s.
50-iani wlebidan gagelTa saxli damcrobilia: mefes msaxurTuxucesoba grigol suramelisTvis
gadaucia. rogorc Cans, gagelebs daukargavT gagi da masTan erTad gagelobac; XIII s. 40-iani
wlebis moRvawe varamis Ze aRbuRa ukve gagelad aRar ixsenieba da gagis xseneba am droisaTvis
qreba wyaroebSi (enciklopedia 1977: 611). gamovTqvamT frTxil varauds: iqneb gagelisSvilebis
warmomavloba gagelebis am Zlier sagvareulos ukavSirdeba. Tumca, am faqtis mtkicebis pretenzia,
kvlevis am etapze ar gagvaCnia.
yuradRebas iqcevs 1447 wels Sedgenili Seuvalobis sigeli giorgi mefisa sveticxovlisadmi. am
sigeliT sveticxovels mravali yma-mamuli gadaeca, maT Soris, `...kavTisPevs − gagelisSvili misiTa
mamuliTa ivaniasZeuriTa...~ (surgulaZe 2014: 40). es imas niSnavs, rom giorgi VIII-m sveticxovels
daumtkica kavTisxevs mcxovrebi glexi gagelisSvili, romelic, rogorc Cans, amovardnil
ivaniaZeTa mamuls flobda. gamodis rom gagelisSvilebma miiRes ivaniasZeTa mamuli, xolo Semdeg
gagelisSvilebis (da, masTan erTad, ivaniasZeebis) mamuli maRalaZeebs gadaecaT.1
1447 wlis Seuvalobis sigeli TavisTavad saintereso dokumentia. giorgi VIII aRwers misi
papis Zmis, giorgi mefis (anu giorgi VII-is) zeobisas Temur-lengis mier saqarTvelos aoxrebas da
sveticxovlis daqcevas:
_ 109 _
elza xaindrava
mosrul iyo usjuloebiT aRZruli da yovlisa queyanisa maoPrebeli da yovlisa sjulisa mteri,
agaris monaTesave da winaaRmdgomi yovelTa juarismosavTa, usjulo Temur mravliTa da auracxeliTa
ulusiTa da amoewyuida saqarTvelo da mravalni sulni piriTa maxuilisaTa moesrnes; da axali
ierusalemi da qristianeTa sjulisa saZirkueli da ganmanaTlebeli qristeaneTa dedaqalaqi saydari
mcxeTa daeqcia. da usaSinles da umwares mowevnul iyo dRe-igi dResa mas, romel kretsabmel taZrisa
ganipo, mze dabnelda da queyana zartexil iqmna (surgulaZe 2014: 38).2
Temur-lengis mier eklesia-monastrebis daqcevis faqtebi dafiqsirebulia naratiul wyaroebSic

da dokumentebSic, epigrafikul ZeglebSi. sakuTriv sveticxovlis daqcevaze qarTlis cxovrebaSi
aRniSnulia:
rameTu esred saxed yovelive hyo mZlavrman uwyaloman lang-Temur/saqarTvelosa Sina, viTarca
efeman babilovnisaman nabuqodonosor moawia ierusalimsa zeda, aman ufrosRa gardamata mas, rameTu
man ara ikadra darRueva taZrisa mis solomonisa, TKnier warRebisa mravalfassa mas patiosanTa
WurWelTa taZrisaTa, aramed aman lang-Temur eseodeni boroti qmna, romel wariRo sruliad
patiosani samkauli da Semkobilni WurWrlni wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisani, da igi ara jer uCnda
kmayofad, aramed TKTca Sehkadra da bilwiTa PeliTa warmdebad Pel-hyo darRuevad da mooPrebad
suetisa cxovelisa Sinagan, da gareT zRudeni da palatni. da yovelnive Senobani sruliad iavar
hyves spaTa lang-TemurisTa (yauxCiSvili 1959: 452).
zemoT motanil 1447 wlis dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom sveticxoveli aRadgina aleqsandre
didma (surgulaZe 2014: 39). amas adasturebs qarTlis cxovrebac:
...ama mefis aleqsandres aRmzrdelman mravlis WirnaxulobiTa, bebia misman qucna amirejibis
meuRle-yofilman rusa, aman iwyo mravlisa RuawliTa da gulsmodginebiT aRSenebad wmidisa suetis-
cxovelisa... da verRara srul hyo aRSeneba misi, egreT miicvala amier sofliT....da viTar eguleboda
mefesa aleqsandres, egreTve igula da igulsmodgina: ocdaoTxisa wlisaman iwyo aRSenebad suetisa
cxovelisa da aw axlad aRaSena... (yauxCiSvili 1959: 474).
Semdegi sabuTi maRalaZeebis Sesaxeb 1470 wels aris Sedgenili. am wyalobis wigniT kaTalikosi
daviT V (1466-1479) bagrat mefis (1466-1478) nebadarTviT, maRalaZeebs, konkretulad ki, maxarebel
maRalaZes da mis oTx Svils: germanozs, markozs, egnatis da dimitris, uwyalobebs umemkvidrod
darCenili ivaniasZeTa da aseve uZeod gadagebuli ivaniasZeTa qadagis dimitris didZal mamulebs
da `saxelos~ anu qadagobas da samamTavro samwysos. es is dimitri maRalaZea, romelic, rogorc
zemoT gvaqvs aRniSnuli, 1443-1449 ww-Si moRvaweobda. maRalaZeebs agreTve gadaecaT `mcxeTas
senaki da samcxeTiSvilo wili~ (surgulaZe 2014: 183). maRalaZeebs kavTisxevSi sasaxle da mamulic
rgebiaT. rogorc Cans, swored am droidan mkvidrdebian maRalaZeebi winarexSi. sabuTSi pirdapir
aris naTqvami, rom maxarebel maRalaZe daisva ivaniasZed, maxarebeli xdeba ivaniasZeTa gvaris
matarebeli, rac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, miRebuli iyo feodalur saqarTveloSi. maxarebeli
maRalaZe ufro adreul sabuTSic gvxvdeba. igi damweria 1465 wlis 23 aprilis Sewirulebis wignis
vamiy SabusrisZisa svticxovlisadmi (surgulaZe 2014: 144-147). xels awers rogorc oqropiriSvili
maxarebeli. oqropiriSvili − gvaris forma aqvs mamis saxels, magram maRalaZeebSi es forma ar
damkvidrda.
maxarebel maRalaZe, agreTve, damweri da mowamea 1482 wlis anderZis wignisa misri edilaSvilisa
mRvdel ioane Warmaulisadmi: `...daiwera qronikonsa ro, PeliTa maRalisZisa mcxeTis qadagisa
maxarebelisaTa, mowameca ars~ (surgulaZe 2014: 257). es sabuTi dakargulia. misi dedani unaxavs T.
Jordanias elisabed zaalis asul TumaniSvilis kerZo koleqciaSi. T. Jordania ànderZs~ aTariRebs
1442 wliT. mas argumentad moyavs is faqti, rom anderZSi moxseniebuli Sio kaTalikosi 1440-1446
wlebSi moRvaweobda, xolo sxva Sio sabuTebiT cnobili ar aris (Jordania 1892: 252-253). qarTuli
istoriuli sabuTebis III tomSi es azri uaryofilia. rogorc m. surgulaZem daasabuTa, dokumentSi
moxseniebuli kaTalikosi aris Sio II, romelic XV s-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moRvaweobda da
araviTari safuZveli TariRis Secvlisa ar arsebobs. TviTon maxarebeli mcxeTis qadagad ixsenieba
1470 wlidan (surgulaZe 2014: 255).
sabuTebiT maRalaZeebis kidev erTi warmomadgenelia cnobili maRlaniZe ioTam. 1472 wlis
2 ianvris wyalobis wigniT konstantine mefe mas umtkicebs sofel zerts (surgulaZe 2014: 204-
205). `maRlaniZe~ SesaZlebelia, gadakeTebuli iyos. eWvs iwvevs, `maRlaniZis~ moTavseba sabuTis
gadafxekil adgilas. am eWvs aZlierebs is garemoebac, rom XVI saukuneSi micemul sabuTs uaxleben
_ 110 _
maRalaZe gedevans (surgulaZe 2014: 204). yovel SemTxvevaSi `maRlaniZe~ da `maRlanaZesa~ unda
wakiTxul iqnes rogorc `maRala <ni> Ze~ da `maRala <ni> Zesa~.
maRalaZeebis dawinaurebaze metyvelebs, agreTve, daviT kaTalikosis wyalobis wigni oqropir
maRalaSvilisadmi. am dokumentis TariRs aRadgenen rogorc 1472 wels (surgulaZe 2014: 206).
wyalobis wigniT daviT kaTalikosi, bagrat mefis nebiT, mcxeTis ymebs maRalaSvil oqropirs da mis
Svilebs: mRvdel maxarebels, zosimes, aleqsis, germanozs, daviTs, grigols da egnatis, gadascems
ivanisZiseul mamuls kavTisxevSi da samcxeTiSvilo wils (surgulaZe 2014: 206-207). es oqropir
maRalaSvili aris zemoT moyvanili, 1470 wlis daviT kaTalikosis wyalobis wignis adresatis
maxarebel maRalaZis mama. rogorc Cans, ori wlis Semdeg kaTalikosi maRalaZeebs uaxlebs wyalobas
ivaniasZeebis da qadag dimitris mamulebze. Tumca araferia naTqvami qadagobis miniWebaze. rogorc
irkeva, 1470 wlis wyalobis wignidan, maxarebeli maRalaZe xdeba sveticxovlis qadagi, magram 1472
wlis sabuTSi is ixsenieba mxolod mRvdlad. am wodebis misTvis CamorTmevas ver vivaraudebT,
radgan 1492 wlis Sewirulebis damtkicebis sigelis damweri maRalaZe maxarebeli mcxeTis qadagad
moixsenieba (surgulaZe 2014: 295). logikurad, oqropir maRalaSvilisadmi boZebuli wyalobis
wigni unda uswrebdes maxarebel maRalaZisadmi micemul wyalobis wigns, Tumca am sabuTebis
daTariRebaSic eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia. orive sabuTis gamcemia daviT kaTalikosi, xolo misi
moRvaweobis wlebia 1466-1479 ww. gamodis, rom gansaxilveli sabuTi 1466 welze adrindeli ver
iqneba.
XV saukunis dokumentebSi agreTve figurirebs amilbar maRalaZis da misi Zmebis dimitrisa
da giorgis saxeli. 1476 wlis sigeliT aleqsandre mefe maT uwyalobebs umkvidrod darCenili
ivaniasZe gabrielis mamulebs (surgulaZe 2014: 214).
maRalaZeTa sagvareulo gansakuTrebiT winaurdeba XVII saukunidan. am periodis maRalaZeTa
sagvareulos yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia nikoloz maRalaZe. maRalaZeTa sagvareulos
erTaderTi warmomadgeneli, romlis Sesaxeb cnoba moipoveba naratiul wyaroebSi, kerZod,
vaxuStisTan. magram es erTi cnobac sakmarisia imisTvis, rom davrwmundeT Tu ramdenad
dawinaurebuli iyo maRalaZeTa sagvareulo mis dros. XVII saukunis miwuruls is sakmaod gavleniani
figura Cans, trialebs mefis karze, uWiravs mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taZris sveticxovlis qadagis
Tanamdeboba (leqsikoni 1991: 99-100). vaxuStis cnobiT, 1691 w. axalcixel TaTrebTan tyveobaSi
myof giorgi XI-is gamosaxsnelad, didebul TavadebTan: aSoTan muxran-batonsa da givi amilaxvarTan
erTad, nikoloz maRalaZec gzavnis `mraval saganZurs~:
...da wariyvanes mefe axalcixes. aramed vinaYTgan upatio iyvnen qarTvelni erekle mefisagan, amisaTKs
ezraxoden mefes giorgis, raTa movides qarTls da dadvan sulni TKsni misTKs da aRuTqmidnen
ficiTa didiTa. kualad uvlinebdnen mravalsa saganZursa aSoTan muxran-batoni, givi amilaxori da
nikolaoz maRalaSvili, raTa miT/dauyos piri mefeman osmalTa angaarTa (yauxCiSvili 1973: 466).
mas xSirad SevxvdebiT sigelebSi, rogorc `mowames da damamtkicebels~ (berZeniSvili 1940: 54-
244; leqsikoni 1991: 88-90). dokumentebSi igi iwodeba `mRvdelmonazon-qadagad~, àrqimandritad~.
nikoloz maRalaZis saxeli aRbeWdilia sveticxovlis aRmosavleT fasadze mefe giorgi XI-Tan
erTad, 1678/1679 wlis warweraSi: `mefobasa giorgisa q. adams aqeT Svidi aTas as oTxmocda equssa,
qristes aqaT asaT equsas samocda ib (=12), qoronikons tn-z, RmerTo Seiwyale nikoloz maRalaZe~.
(sveticxoveli 2010: 144). rogorc Cans, nikolozi giorgi mefisadmi adrec didi erTgulebiT
da TanadgomiT gamoirCeoda, amitomac mieca ufleba saqarTvelos mTavari taZris aRmosavleT
fasadaze mefesTan erTad daefiqsirebina Tavisi saxeli.
qadagi nikolozi axatvinebs da eklesiebs swiravs xatebs, Sesawiravad yidulobs an sagangebod
awerinebs saxarebebs. misi Sewiruli oTxTavi dRemde Semoinaxa da mis meoTxe da mexuTe gverdebze
nikolozis minawerebi ikiTxeba (beriZe 1947: 198). dRemde daculia nikoloz maRalaZis mier 1689
wels `maRalaanT eklesiisTvis~ (literaturaSi cnobilia sxvanairadac: `beTlemis monasteri~,
`beTlemis RvTismSobeli~, `qadagis monasteri~ anu `monasteri saqadago~) Sewiruli xati -
àRdgoma qristesi~. xatis zurgze Savi saRebaviT Sesrulebuli 8 striqoni asomTavruli warweraa
moTavsebuli: q: Cemo: sasoo: da Sesavedrebelo beTlemisa: RvTis: mSobelo: Seiwire: monisa: Senisa:
nikoloz: maRalaZisagan: viTarca: Zeman: Senman: qvrivis: mwvlilni da Seiwyale: suli: mamis: Cemis:
papuasi. da dedisa elenesi: qoronikons: toz. (beriZe 1947: 200).
nikoloz maRalaZe TviTonac aSenebs da aRadgens eklesiebs. sasxorSi, Tavisi dis xoraSanis
saflavze igi agebs mcire eklesias. agreTve, 1682 wels anaxlebs niabis eklesias: mis CrdiloeT
_ 111 _
elza xaindrava
fasadze mxedruli warweraa, romelSic misi `meored aRmSenebeli~ nikoloz maRalaZe Sendobas
Txoulobs mamis papuasa da dedis elenesaTvis: `q:. adams: aqeT: SvidiaTas: asoTxmocda//aTsa:
aRvaSene: meored: saydari: ese: niabs: wmi//dis: giorgisa: me maRalaZem: mRudel: monazonm//an:
nikoloz: Sendoba: brZaneT: mamis: Cemis: saxls// ixucis: papuasTvis: da dedis: elensa qks to:~
(beriZe 1947: 198).
ufro adre, 1677 wels, nikoloz maRalaZem `maRalaanT eklesia~ SeakeTa, moaxatvina da
kankeliTac aRWurva. igi moxseniebulia maRalaanT eklesiis oTx warweraSi (erTi aRdgenis da sami
mosaxsenebeli: Tavisi da mSoblebis) da `zemo koSkis~ saamSeneblo warweraSi. (ix. suraTebi). yvela
warwera ganekuTvneba XVII saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevars. amave maRalaanT eklesiis kankelze
SemorCenilia freskebi papua maRalaZis, misi meuRlis, eqvsi vaJis da erTi asulis xoraSanis. yvelas
axlavs saTanado warwera. warwerebi asaxulia m. broses (brose 1850), l. meliqseT-begis (meliqseT-
begi 1925), v. beriZis (beriZe 1947) da sxvaTa SromebSi.
`maRalaanT eklesiis~ warwerebi mowmobs, rom beTlemad wodebuli monasteri maRalaZeebis
sagvareulo eklesia da saZvale yofila XVII-XVIII ss.
vaxuStis mixedviT, aznaurs unda hqonoda `gvari da Camomavloba. da simagre raime mTaTa anu
barTa da dabnebni~, agreTve unda SeZleboda `gamoslva marqafiTa, karviTa da maTTa gawyobilebiTa
da TKnier amisa ara iwodeboda aznaurad~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 14). maRalaZeebi yvela am kriteriums
akmayofilebdnen. maT sakuTari sasaxleebi da cixe hqondaT, eklesia da iqve eklesiasTan,
sagvareulo saZvalec. mravali sabuTi mowmobs, rom maT didZali mamulebi ekuTvnodaT mTeli
qarTlis masStabiT: kavTisxevSi, qvaTaxevSi, oClaurSi, niabSi, metexSi, CoCeTSi, zerti, armazi,
skra, cixedidSi, xatisofels, cixebdavs, ezats, TrialeTSi TeZams da Tavfaravans. maTi gvari ukve
sami saukunis arsebobas mainc iTvlida. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, eWvgareSea, rom
maRalaZeebi, miuxedavad aznaurobisa, TavianTi SeZlebiT arafriT ar Camouvardebodnen Tavadebs,
da erT-erT uZlieres feodalur sagvareulos warmoadgenden.
ra Tqma unda, maRalaZeebis sagvareulos istoriis sakiTxebi amiT ar amoiwureba. kidev mravali
saintereso faqtia gamosavleni da dasazustebeli, rac Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis saqmea.
SeniSvnebi
1
sabuTSi weria ivaniasZeuriTa da ara ivanisZeuriTa, SecdomiTaa wakiTxuli korpusSi.
2
kretsabmeli (kreTsabmeli) karis fardagi (abulaZe 1991: 388); ra Tqma unda, aq fardis `gapobaze~ araa
saubari; kretsabmelis qveS kedlis dangreva igulisxmeba.
damowmebani
abulaZe 1991: sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada i. abulaZem, tomi I,
Tbilisi, xelnawerTa insituti, merani.
beriZe 1943: v. beriZe. winarexi, sasxori, gomisjvari, Tbilisi.
beriZe 1947: v. beriZe. winarexel maRalaZeTa mSenebloba, Tbilisi.
berZeniSvili 1940: dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan. tomi I, red. n. berZeniSvili, Tbilisi
brose 1850; brose 1851: M. Brosset. Rapoorts. II; Rapports. III.
enciklopedia 1977: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 2, Tbilisi.
leqsikoni 1991: pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni. tomi III, Tbilisi.
makalaTia 1959: s. makalaTia. TeZmis xeoba, Tbilisi.
meliqseT-begi 1925: l. meliqseT-begi. arqeologiuri mogzaurobidan kavTuris xeobaSi 1923 wels. Tbilisi.
oTxmezuri 2006: g. oTxmezuri. qarTuli feodaluri sagvareuloebis istoriidan, abazasZe-marileli-
abuleTisZe, Tbilisi.
Jordania 1892: T. Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisTvis, tfilisi.
sveticxoveli 2010: sveticxoveli, saiubileo gamocema, Tbilisi.
_ 112 _
surgulaZe 2008: m. surgulaZe. mcxeTiSvilebi. Jurn. analebi. № 3. Tbilisi.

surgulaZe 2013: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, gamosacemad moamzada m. surgulaZem, tomi II,
Tbilisi.
surgulaZe 2014: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, gamosacemad moamzada m. surgulaZem, tomi III,
Tbilisi.
fondi 1451: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi. fondi 1451, dokumenti 1, saqme 100.
yauxCiSvili 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenilia yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, tomi II, Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1973: qarTlis cxovreba, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.teqsti dadgenilia yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi IV , Tbilisi.
sur. 1 nikoloz maRalaZis 1677 wlis saamSeneblo (aRdgenis) warwera.

`maRalaanT eklesiis~ aRmosavleT fasadi
sur. 2 nikoloz maRalaZis mSoblebis- papuasa da elenes mosaxsenebeli warwera.

_ 113 _
elza xaindrava
sur. 3 nikoloz maRalaZis mosaxsenebeli warwera.

sur. 4 `zemo koSkis~ papua da nikoloz maRalaZeebis saamSeneblo warwera.

koSkis mTavar fasadze
TOWARDS THE HISTORY OF MAGHALADZES’ FEUDAL HOUSE
Elza Khaindrava
The Maghaladzes’ house was a privileged feudal family in the Kartli Kingdom. Many members of the clan
were prominent public igures. Magaladzes were close to Kings and Catholicoses, were acively involved in the
poliical life of Kartli Kingdom. At various imes they occupied posiions of: preachers in Sveitskhoveli, Archbishops
and chief stewards, secretaries of Catholicos, scribes, calligraphists, mouravis (governors) of Krtsanisi, Tsikhedidi,
Khaisopeli and others. They owned large landed estates in Kaviskhevi, Kvatakhevi, Ochliuri, Chochei, Gori,
Mtskheta and others.
A great contribuion to the study of the Maghaladzes’ /Magalashvili/s house has made by Vakhtang Beridze.
He was the irst who read and published inscripions of “Magaladzes’ complex~. He described and analyzed the
complex, as well. The Magaladzes’ clan and residence in Tsinarekhi has been studied by N. Marr, L. Melikset-Beg,
S. Makalaia and others.
Despite the available impotant results the research have to be coninued in order to provide the representaion
of whole history of Magaladzes’ feudal family. Their estate ownership and genealogy hasn’t been deined yet. An
acivity of each family member hasn’t been fully outlined. My ulimate goal is to carry out monographic study
based on historical sources (narraive, documentary, epigraphic) as well as on the views exising in the scieniic
literature. The present paper is only the irst atempt made from this standpoint.
_ 114 _
wyaroTa kvleva, Targmani
da publikacia
SOURCE-STUDIES, TRANSLATIONS
AND PUBLICATIONS
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis raWa-samegreloSi
mogzaurobis dRiurebi rogorc saistorio wyaro
(peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis
institutSi daculi masalebis mixedviT)
cnobili qarTveli sazogado moRvawis, istorikosisa da arqeologis dimitri meRvineTxuce-

siSvilis mogzaurobis masalebi uaRresad saintereso wyaros warmoadgens da Zvirfasi SenaZenia
qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis, ramdenadac mis mier aRwerili eklesia-monastrebis, freskebis, iq
daculi siwmindeebisa da sigel-gujrebis mniSvnelovani nawili daingra, pirvandeli saxe daikarga,
ganadgurda, gaiZarcva, an saqarTvelodan iqna sxvadasxva dros gatanili.
meRvineTxucesiSvilma 1848-1850 wlebSi fexiT Semoiara saqarTvelos araerTi kuTxe, aRwera
uamravi materialuri Tu kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegli, iq arsebuli siZveleebi, gadmogvca
imdroindeli sazogadoebis gamoCenil moRvaweebTan SexvedraTa detalebi. Sekrebil masalebs igi
peterburgSi ugzavnida ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrs, cnobil mecniersa da qarTvelologs
mari broses, romelic, Tavis mxriv, amuSavebda da aqveynebda `raportebis~ saxiT.
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis naSromebis nawili dRemde gamouqveynebelia, xolo Cvenamde
moRweuli memkvidreobis umravlesoba inaxeba k.kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi,
QD fondSi, SifriT 986 da moicavs 56 saqmes (werilebi, nawarmoebebi, leqsebi, Canawerebi, dRiurebi,
oficialuri sabuTebi, meRvineTxucesiSvilis mimowera dimitri baqraZesTan, mari brosesTan da
sxva cnobil moRvaweebTan).
Tumca, zemoxsenebuli fondi dimitris namoRvawars srulad ar asaxavs da misi samecniero,
literaturuli da epistolaruli Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani nawili dRemde daculia peterburgis
mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis xelnawerTa ganyofilebaSi, mari bro-
ses fondSi SifriT H-47. broses uzarmazari memkvidreobidan dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilTan
urTierToba H-78 fondSia Tavmoyrili da Sedgeba 280 gverdisagan, romlis saerTo saTauria: “Voyages
de M. Dimitri de Gori 1848-1850“. peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis direqtoris, qalbaton
irina popovasTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, damzadda da CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi
gaxda am masalebis el-versia (jpg failebis saxiT), romlis nawils pirvelad vaqveynebT.
meRvineTxucesiSvilis mier aRwerili masalebi sakmaod moculobiTia. garda aRmosavleT
saqarTvelosa da imereTSi mogzaurobisa, romelsac Cven sxvadasxva dros calke gamokvlevebi
mivuZRveniT (alimbaraSvili 2015 a:446-491; alimbaraSvili 2015 b:56-64), moicavs samegrelosa da
raWaSi mogzaurobas.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi mogzauroba iwyeba mease gverdidan da mTavrdeba 126-e gverdze.
saqaRaldeze mari broses saTaurad wauweria: `baton dimitri meRvineTxucesovis imereTSi
eqskursia 1850 wlisa~ (frangul enaze) (arqivi b: 100). aqedan, 104-112 gverdebi exeba samegreloSi
mogzaurobas, xolo 122-123 gverdebi _ raWaSi mogzaurobas.1 mogzaurobis dRiurebi naweria
moyavisfro WvirniSnian furclebze gakruli, lamazi xeliT, gamoyenebulia furclis orive (verso)
mxare, mTlianobaSi kargad ikiTxeba. adgil-adgil furclis kideebze mari broses gakeTebuli
aqvs fanqriT SeniSvnebi qarTul-frangul enebze, ZiriTadad, pirovnebaTa saxelebi, qoronikonis
daangariSebuli TariRebi da komentarebi.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisaTvis dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvili safuZvlianad
emzadeba. saamisod mas guldasmiT Seuswavlia vaxuSti batoniSvilis geografia da xuroTmoZRvrul
ZeglTa da siZveleTa imJamindel viTarebas xSirad vaxuStis naSroms udarebs. broses sTxovs,
rom rusulad Targmnos da gamougzavnos germaneli mogzauris koxis naSromi,2 raTa mogzaurobis
TiToeul detalSi kargad gaerkves (arqivi g: #14). magram im dros, rodesac meRvineTxucesiSvili
dasavleT saqarTveloSi mogzaurobda, samecniero literatura saqarTvelos am regionis Sesaxeb
Zalze naklebi da dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilisaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli iyo.3
meRvineTxucesiSvili gasagebad da sainteresod wers, Tumca, misi TxrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
arqaizmebi da barbarizmebi, mag.: `raYca~, `Cuenis~, èkklesia~, `TKT~, `garna~, àR~ zmniswini, ùezdis
naCalniki~, `stancia~, `guberskis sudia~ da sxv.
_ 117 _
sainteresoa dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis Txrobis stili. igi nanaxi Zeglebisa da siZveleebis

mxolod mSrali aRweriT ar kmayofildeba da xSirad mimarTavs, rogorc xalxSi gavrcelebul
Tqmulebebs, legendebsa da wes-Cveulebebs, ise mematianeTa Txzulebebs. mag., martvilis monastris
aRwerisas aRniSnavs: `martvilis ekklesia aris gumbaTiani f~d Zveli da garedam gaaxlebuli
Tlilis qviT Sinagan mxatvroba Zueli berZnuli, erTs mxares daxatulia konstantine da elene
dagvirgvinebulni, romelTac upyriaT erTi didi jvari. ityvian viTomca ekklesia ese iyos maTi
aRSenebuli~ (arqivi b: 110). did adgils uTmobs da dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems Tavad daviT CxeiZis
dakrZalvis imerul Cveulebas, samegreloSi Wyondidis (didi muxis) warmarTul tradicias.
sagangebod asula mJave wylebamde da dauTvalierebia didi da `friad Zveli~ eklesia, radgan, iq,
vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, Tamar mefis `mkidare nawnavi~ unda yofiliyo da sxv.
rogorc Cans, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis marSruti dimitris mari broses
rekomendaciiT aqvs Sedgenili da imis mixedviTaa dagegmili, romlis naxva frang qarTvelologs
ver mouswria, an SekiTxvebi gasCenia sami wlis adre dasavleT saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisas.4
bunebrivia, meRvineTxucesiSvilma ufrosi megobris Txovna uyuradRebod ar datova da rogorc
ki Sesabamisi nebarTva miiRo, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaemgzavra.
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis mier moZiebul masalebs mari broseze didi STabeWdileba
mouxdenia da kmayofilebiT aRniSnavda: `didad saqebia mogzauroba Tqveni, mecadineobiTa da WkuiTa
TqveniTa bevri kargi warmoaCineT da Rirsi xsenebisa samsaxuri mecnierebisaTKs giCvenebiaTo~
(arqivi g: #16).
frangi mecnieri dimitris sTxovda informaciis miwodebisas maqsimalurad sityvamoWarbebuli
yofiliyo: `jer cota unda dagtuqsoT, imisaTKs, rom alagebisa da gzis aRweraSi PelmoWirebuli
iyaviT. msurda, rom aRgeweraT romelis gziT givlia, romeli mdinare, sofeli, cixe, tye gaiareT.
me ucxo var da imisaTvis didi swavla Cemi iqneboda adgilebis daniSvna~ (arqivi g: #11).
aRsaniSnavia, rom brose meRvineTxucesiSvils ganixilavs ara rogorc asistents, aramed
eyrdnoba da angariSs uwevs mis mosazrebebs, erToblivad aanalizeben da msjeloben sakvlev
sakiTxebze (alimbaraSvili 2014: 227).
dasavleT saqarTveloSi dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvils mogzauroba 1850 wlis 17 maiss iwyeba
da 21 ivlisamde, anu, mTlianobaSi 63 dRes grZeldeba. samegreloSi igi 26 maisidan _ 25 ivnisamdea,
xolo raWaSi 14-dan _ 18 ivlisamde.
mogzauroba Cxerimelas xeobiT, sofel moliTiT iwyeba, aqedan misula quTaisSi, aRwers mis
siZveleebs, geguTs, mowameTas, gelaTs, bagrats. Sexvedria imereTis mitropolit daviT wereTels,
platon ioseliansa da sxva cnobil moRvaweebs. 28 maiss gza gaugrZelebia odiSisaken da misula
xonSi, sadac paraskevobiT ikribebodnen sxvadasxva kuTxidan Casuli movaWreni. xonis centrSi igi
aRwers Tlili qviT nageb mcire zomis eklesias, romelSic dabrZanebuli yofila `friad Zveli
wm. giorgis xati~ mdgomare viTarebaSi. borniT gadasula md. cxeniswyalze da `yazaxTa~ cxenebis
daxmarebiT, 25 versis gavlis Semdeg, bindisas misula sujunas, odiSis Wyondidel episkopos
dadianTan (arqivi b: 105).
meore dRes stumrisaTvis uCvenebiaT sujunis Tlili qviT nagebi gumbaTiani eklesia da
mSenebare samreklo. eklesiaSi dabrZanebuli yofila vercxliT SeWedili, oqroTi daferili da
Tval-margalitiT Semkuli xati, levan II dadianisa da misi gardacvlili meuRlis mosaxseniebeli
1646 wlis mxedruli warweriT. taZarSi yofila sxva xatebic, warwerebis mixedviT, erTi maTgani
Seumkia Tevdore xoStarias baton dadianis Ze Wyondidel-mitropolit grigolis brZanebiT, xolo
meore, Wyondidel evdemoz CxetiZes sujunis monastrisaTvis Seuwiravs vamey liparitianisa da
elene dedoflisagan pirvelad Semowiruli sami komli glexi maTi mamuliTa da alagiT. aRniSnuli
Sewiruloba mogvianebiT ganuaxlebia gabriel liparitian-Wyondidels (arqivi b: 106). mesame
xati 1797 wels patiosani TvlebiT Seumkia, ganuaxlebia da sujunis monastrisaTvis daubrunebia
Wyondidel-mitropolit besarions, kacia dadianis Zes (arqivi b: 107).
sujunaSi dimitris WyondidelTan stumrobisas meRvineTxucesiSvili sakuTar ojaxSi miuwvevia
meliton CxeiZes. meore dRes aqve mosula guriis episkoposi eqvTimec da erTad daswrebian
dakrZalvas, romlis imeruli tradiciis aRweras dimitri did adgils uTmobs (arqivi b: 107-108).
meore dRes Wyondideli da meRvineTxucesiSvili gamgzavrebulan sofel kulaSSi, sadac
Wyondidels stumrisaTvis gaucvnia misi naTesavi Tavadi _ miqelaZe da misi daxmarebiT miuRweviaT
sofel kodoramde. Wyondidel mitropolits dimitrisaTvis gadaucia miweriloba samegrelos
mTavar dadianTan da gauyolebia ori kaci gzis saCveneblad, Tumca, erTi maTgani soflis bolodanve
gaparula, xolo meore mxolod didi xvewnisa da Tanxis gadaxdis Semdeg dasTanxmebia megzurobaze,
_ 118 _
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis raWa-samegreloSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi rogorc saistorio wyaro
ris Semdeg, didi gaWirvebiT miuRweviaT sofel xobamde (arqivi b: 108), sadac erT moxuc mRvdels
umaspinZlia da uCvenebia mcire zomis, magram Tlili qviT nagebi Zveli eklesia, romlis kedelze
gamosaxulni yofilan taZris aRmSenebeli: erisTav-TerisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi giorgi
dadiani. trapezze mdgar patara vercxliT SeWedil yuTSi dabrZanebuli yofila RvTismSoblis
kvarTi da sxva wminda nawilebi. dimitris gadauweria vercxlis yuTze arsebuli mxedruli warwera,
romlis mixedviT, kvarTis `kubo vercxliTa da oqroTi dauferavs da Tval-margalitiT Seumkia
levan dadians, misi axlad gardacvalebuli meuRlis nestan-darejanis sulis saxsrad da saoxad~
1640 wels (q˜ks 328). eklesiis karibWis Sida da gare kedlis marmarilos svetze dimitris Cauweria
xucuri warwera, romelic gadmogvcems mandaturTuxuces vamey dadianis jiqeTSi laSqrobas,
gamarjvebasa da iqidan marmarilos svetebis wamoRebas (arqivi b: 109).
6 ivniss dimitri misula daviT dadianTan da samegrelos mTavarTan oTxi dRe darCenila. aq
Sexvedria dadianebis kaxel `mZaxlebs~: gulbaaT WavWavaZes, mis rZals mariam WavWavaZisas, dediT,
diT da siZiT. meRvineTxucesiSvils SemTxveva xelidan ar gauSvia da `gausinjavs~ dadianebis
mdidari biblioTeka (arqivi b: 110). qarTlel stumars Tavisufal svaneTSi gamgzavrebis survili
gamouTqvams, magram maspinZlebs sifrTxilisa da gadawyvetilebis Secvlisaken mouwodebiaT, mTaSi
arastabiluri viTarebis gamo. mxolod Stabs-kapitan Tavad abaSiZes auRia Tavis Tavze megzuroba,
isic mxolod mis samoqmedo teritoriaze (arqivi b: 110).
11 ivniss meRvineTxucesiSvili megzuris TanxlebiT zugdididan cxeniT gamgzavrebula
da Waobiani da tyiani gzis winaaRmdegobebis Semdeg, imave saRamos misula Savi zRvis napiras
anakliaSi. mdinare enguris piras mkvlevars unaxavs dazianebuli cixe-koSki. Relvis miuxedavad,
mogzaurebi iZulebuli gamxdaran, ugzoobis gamo gza zRvis sanapiroze gaegrZelebinaT da erT
adgilas mdinaris SesarTavTan wyalSic Sesulan, rac lamis sicocxlis fasad dajdomiaT. oTxi
saaTis momqancveli da rTuli mogzaurobis Semdeg, isini misulan yulevs, anu redut-yales, 17-Si
_ xons, xolo iqidan martvilSi gadasulan. dimitris unaxavs da aRuweria martvilis monasteri.
aqve, Wyondidelisagan Cauweria Wyondidis istoria.
martvilidan meRvineTxucesiSvili Wyondidelis mier mimagrebuli kacis TanxlebiT misula
noqalaqevSi aleqsandre dadianTan. dadians stumrisaTvis dauTvalierebinebia mdinare texuras
piras arsebuli kolxeTis Zveli dedaqalaqi. kolxeTis Zveli didebis naSTebis naxvas dimitrize mZime
STabeWdileba mouxdenia. dangreuli galavani, qvevrebiT savse mitovebuli namarnebi, xavsgadakruli
CamoSlili duqnebisa da saxlebis nawilebi yofila irgvliv mimofantuli. adgilobriv eklesiaSi
dadians stumrisaTvis uCvenebia konstantine didisa da elene dedoflis freska Zeli WeSmaritis
fonze. winaparTa gadmocemiT, eklesia TiTqos bizantiis imperatorsa da dedofals aeSenebinos
ormoc mowameTa saxelze. dimitris adgilze marTlac unaxavs aguriT mopirkeTebuli ormoci
oTxkuTxa akldama da misi naxvis survili gamouTqvams, magram adgilobrivebis didi winaaRmdegobis
gamo, es ver momxdara. maTi rwmeniT, akldamebSi swored òrmeoc sebastianel mowameTa~ wminda
nawilebi iyo dakrZaluli da isini xelSeuxebelni iyvnen (arqivi b: 111).
texuras sanaxebTan dimitri Sexvedria Tavis Zvel nacnobs, gurul Tavad polkovnik erisTavs,
romelsac meRvineTxucesiSvili jer kidev 1845 wlis dargos eqspediciidan icnobda da am adgilas
samkurnalo Tvisebebis mqone abanos gamo Camosula, romelic adgilobrivebSi didi popularobiT
sargeblobda.
dimitri, abaSiswylis gavliT, mxolod saRamos pirs dabrunebula ukan martvilSi. Wyondidel
episkoposs siZveleTa mkvlevari stumrisaTvis uCvenebia Zveli sigeli, romelic gacemulia
levan II dadianis mier da masSi dawvrilebiTaa mimoxiluli samegrelos mTavris imereTis mefe
aleqsandre III-sa da mis Zma mamukaze galaSqreba da is auareba Zarcva, tyvevna da rbeva, rasac
dadiani axorcielebda imereTze (arqivi b: 111-112).5
25 ivniss dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvili Wyondidels gamomSvidobebia da xonis gavliT
dabrunebula quTaiss, xolo iqidan varcixes gadasula. aq mas unaxavs frangi konsulisa da mogzauris
Jak fransua gambas qaliSvili da misi xis damamuSavebeli saamqro, sadac wyliT `xerxavdnen xes~.
dimitris maTgan Seutyvia gambas mier saqarTvelos aRweris Sesaxeb. mkvlevari varcixeSi didxans
ar darCenila, radgan RirSesaniSnavi veraferi unaxavs, garda amaRlebis eklesiaSi vercxlis Zveli
xatisa, asomTavruli warwerebiT, SoSita erisTavisa da misi Tanamecxedris marexis mosaxseniebliT,
gacemuli 1613 wels (arqivi b: 112).
12 ivlisamde meRvineTxucesiSvili kvlav zemo da qvemo imereTSi mogzaurobs da misi siZveleebis
aRweriTaa dakavebuli (alimbaraSvili 2015 b).
13 ivliss blaRoCin mRvdels oqropirs dimitri wauyvania saCxeridan da uCvenebia jruWis
_ 119 _
monasteri. etratze dawerili Zveli wignebi, maT Soris, Zalze Zveli, asomTavruliT naweri,
daqaragmebuli da 926 wliT daTariRebuli saxareba (jruWis oTxTavi). dauTvalierebiaT jruWis
monastris ganZi, Tumca, meRvineTxucesiSvili mis saxarebisdroindel TanadroulobasTan eWvs
gamoTqvams (arqivi b: 123).
jruWidan dimitri gadasula raWaSi, sofel SqmerSi, xolo iqidan _ onSi. 14 ivliss onis
eklesiaSi mas unaxavs wm. giorgis Zalze Zveli xati, romelic, gadmocemiT, wlebis ganmavlobaSi
svaneTSi yofila daxiznuli `SiSianobis~ gamo da ukan mogvianebiT daubrunebiaT. xatze sami Zmis
xucuri warwera yofila garayanisZeTa sulis mosaxseniebliT (arqivi b: 123). amave eklesiaSi yofila
oqroTi daferili da vercxliT SeWedili, etratze naweri saxareba, romelic mecamete moqcevis
dasasruls (1312 w.) gadauweriaT giorgis mefobisas.
15 ivliss meRvineTxucesiSvilsa da oqropir `blaRoCins~ rioni gadaulaxavT da asulan maRal
mTaze naTali qviT nageb Zeglevis eklesiaSi, sadac, vaxuStis cnobiTa da adgilobrivebis mtkicebiT,
TiToeuli micvalebulis zeTiT ganbanvis miuxedavad, WiqaSi zeTi ar akldeboda, Tumca, dimitris
aq zeTi ar daxvedria.
Semdeg ahyolian rions, misulan mJave wylebamde da specialurad dauTvalierebiaT didi da
`friad Zveli~ eklesia, radgan iq, vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, Tamar mefis `mkidare nawnavi~
unda yofiliyo, magram verc nawnavi da verc amis momswre-mnaxavi dimitris iq ver mouZebnia da
imave saRamos onSi ukanve dabrunebula.
16 ivliss onidan sam versze maRla mTaze, sofel sxieris eklesiaSi unaxavs vercxliT SeWedili
xatebi.
17 ivliss meRvineTxucesiSvili aTvalierebs mravalZalis eklesias, sadac mravlad yofila
sabrZolo iaraRi Sewiruli: xmlebi, Subebi, muzaradebi da sxv. adgilobrivebis TqmiT, eklesiaSi
yofila Sah-abas I-is kuTvnili xmali, romelic im xanebSi gauyidiaT da aRebuli TanxiT taZris
iataki moupirkeTebiaT. dimitri Sewirul xmlebs Soris gamoarCevs sparsuli xelobis oqrostarian
xmals, odesRac Zvirfasi TvlebiT moWedils, Tumca, imJamad Tvlebamoclils (arqivi b: 124).
meRvineTxucesiSvils xatebze arsebuli warwerebic gadauweria da Sqmeris gavliT dabrunebula
saCxeres, sadac wvimiani amindebis gamo, ramdenime dRiT Seferxebula.
mogzauroba dimitris 20 ivliss gaugrZelebia, unaxavs savanis eklesia da aRuweria misi
warwerebi. iqve, eklesiis SigniT, kankelis marjvniv Zvel akldamaSi Senaxuli yofila Zveli xatebi,
magram misi gaxsnasa da naxvas adgilobrivebi ver bedavdnen da arc stumrisaTvis miuciaT amis
ufleba.
21 ivliss kvlav gaavdrebula da ugzoobis pirobebSi meRvineTxucesiSvils didi Zalisxmeva
dasWirvebia ukan dasabruneblad: `gardmoviare kortoxis mTa tyiani da xevebiani wvima-talaxSi
zogan cxeniT da zogan qveviTaT gaWirvebiT Camovel suramso~, aRniSnavs igi (arqivi b: 125).
amiT mTavrdeba dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis mogzauroba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. adamiani,
romelic xSirad sakuTari xarjiTa da iniciativiT, sicocxlis riskis fasad cdilobda erovnuli
siZveleebis Seswavlasa da gadarCenas, elementaruli problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe
dgeboda. es problemebi ganpirobebuli iyo zogan mosaxleobis crurwmeniT gamowveuli SiSiT,
zogan daudevrobiT da zoganac biurokratiuli aparatis umoqmedobiT. mas xan megzuri epareba
gzidan, xan Tanxas daxarbebuli uvici Tanamgzavri gzis gagnebas ver axerxebs, xanac adgilobrivebi
siZveleebs umalaven, radgan, maTi Rrma rwmeniT, maTi gaxsna da ucxo TvaliT naxva ubedurebis
momtania.
meRvineTxucesiSvili araerTgan swuxs, rom iseT megzurs ver Soulobs, romelmac adgilobrivi
gzebi kargad icis, miuxedavad imisa, rom imdroisaTvis sakmao dRiur Tanxas uxdis. misi survili
qveynis siZveleTa Seswavlis mizniT, bevrisaTvis gaugebari da drois fuWi xarjva iyo. es
gulistkivili mis dRiurebs cxadad atyvia: `veZiebdi kargs mogzaurs kacs dReSi maneTaT Tavis
cxeniT, romelTanac msurda damevlo danaSTenni alagebi imereTisa, raTamca mogzauroba Cemi
ese yofiliyo sruli, garna survili Cemi amao iyo, saxeldobr visac vetyodi ama da am qalaqebSi
minda wasvla da naxva ama ZvelTa SenobaTa, romelTac swers vaxuSti Tavis geografiaSi, igini
zogni daizarebdnen da zogni ver bedavdnen Sors siaruls, did xans moundebiT da Cven saqmes
movcdebiTo. amis gamo iZulebul viyavi gameTavebina imereTs mogzaurobao~ (arqivi b: 124).
imereTis Semdeg, dimitris survili hqonia aWaraSi gamgzavrebis, magram Tanxisa da Sesabamisi
nebarTvis uqonlobis gamo, iZulebuli gamxdara gorSi dabrunebuliyo.
Cveni azriT, dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis mogzaurobis masalebi qarTuli istoriografiisa-
Tvis Zvirfasi SenaZenia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis mier aRwerili eklesia-monasterTa aRwerebi
_ 120 _
da sigel-gujarTa warwerebi mogvianebiT sxva mecnierebmac (dimitri baqraZem, Tedo Jordaniam,

eqvTime TayaiSvilma da sxv.) gamoaqveynes, jer erTi, meRvineTxucesiSvili erT-erTi pirveli iyo,
romelmac samecniero brunvaSi Semoitana es masala. meore, mas xelT hqonda aRwerili sigel-
gujrebis dednebi, da mesame, igi aRwers eklesia-monastrebisa da iq daculi siwmindeebis imdroindel
bunebriv mdgomareobas, amitom Sedarebis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad saWiro informaciis Semcvelia
da mas danarTis saxiT warmovadgenT.
SeniSvnebi
1
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qvemoT mocemul teqstSi 112-121 gverdebi Segnebuladaa gamotovebuli.
2
igulisxmeba germaneli mecnieri da botanikosi karl koxi, romelmac XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi imogzaura
saqarTveloSi (koxi1981).
3
mag., dimitri, bunebrivia, ar icnobda cnobili frangi diplomatisa da mogzauris Jak fransua gambas
naSroms, romelsac dimitris mogzaurobamde jer kidev 25 wliT adre hqonda parizSi frangul enaze
gamocemuli, radgan gambas naSromi qarTulad mxolod 1987 wels iTargmna. dimitri mxolod gambas
qaliSvilTan Sexvedrisas igebs, rom aseTi aRweriloba arsebobs (arqivi b: 113).
Jak fransua gamba 1820 wlidan marTlac imyofeboda saqarTveloSi da aqve gardaicvala quTaisSi 1833
wels. 1824 wels man parizSi gamosca ortomiani naSromi, sadac mniSvnelovani cnobebia qarTvelebis adaT-
wesebis, religiis, eTnografiis, florisa da faunis Sesaxeb. misi qaliSvili Sarlota gamba saqarTveloSive
darCa, romelsac grafma voroncovma ajameTis tyeebis umetesi nawili uwyaloba, raTa adgilobrivebisaTvis
frangulad miwis damuSavebis magaliTi mieca. frang madmuazels safrangeTidan mebaReebis, mebostneebis da
sxva xelobis ostatebis Camoyvanis ganzraxva marTlac hqonia, magram daavadebula da maleve gardacvlila
(gamba 1987:9-15).
4
mari brose dasavleT saqarTveloSi imyofeboda 1848 wlis 13 aprilidan 25 ivnisis CaTvliT. 26 ivniss igi
gorSi dabrunda, 4 ivliss −TbilisSi, xolo 23 ivliss peterburgSi gaemgzavra (Алимбарашвили, ППВ, #1(20),
2014:224-225).
5
xsenebuli dokumentis dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis mier gadawerili piri daculia xelnawerTa erovnul
centrSic, oRond, SedarebiT gviandeli periodiT, 1867 wlis 01 noembriTaa daTariRebuli (arqivi a).
danarTi
mogzauroba da moxilva imereTisa
28 maiss vnaxe xoni sadaca aris ravdenime xis duqnebi da patara mazra garemo soflebTa. aqa yovels
paraskevs meidanzed Seikribebian mravalni qalni da kacni sxua da sxua savaWroT. meidnis Tavs sdga patara
ekklesia Zveli Tlilis qvisa zRude Semortymuli, ekklesiaSi asvenia f˜d Zveli da didi w˜s giorgis xati
vercxliT moWedili zezed mdgmoiare. aqedam wasuli gavel paromiT cxenis wyals da Semdgom viwye siaruli
yazaxis cxenebiT odisSi, gaviare TiTqmis ocdaxuTi versi swore gza tyiani da zed vaz aSvebuli, bindisas
mivel sujunas1 odiSis episkopoz Wyondidel dadianTan2 [104-V].
misman umaRlesobam mimiRo didis alersiT da ubrZana krebaTa TKsTa `dRes sasiamovno stumari gvewvia,
CuHn vyofilvarT amis saxlSi 1842 welsa momavalni tfilisidam, amisgan Cemi pativiT miReba im Rames da
meore dResa me yovelTvis maxsovs~. im Rames gavatareT mxiarulad da meore dRes maCvenes sujunas didi
ekklesia Tlilis qvisa gumbaTiani axlad dadgmuli eqvs svetzed da samreklosaca qvisas aSenebdnen berZnebi.
ekklesia sdga vakezeda, erTs mxares aris Senoba xisa ramdenime saxlebi Wyondidelisa meore mxareze krebaTa
misTaTvis da sxvaTa, Sigan asvenia Zveli xatebi vercxliT SeWedilebi, pirvel oqroiT daferili, firuzebiT
da Tval-margalitiT Semkobili sigrZiT TxuTmeti verSoki3 da siganiT rva verSoki adlisa4, romelzedac
sweria mxedrulis Zvelis asoebiT esred:
`q. eha mowameTa Soris mxneo Svid wil uZlevelo Rvawlisa mZleo dido mxedaro didisa mefisao wõ
giorgi Prmlisano borotman vinme kacman xel yo xatisa Senisa gatexa, xolo CuHn ZalTa SeniTa ukadrisad
Semkadrebeli Seni gamovaCineT da, viTarca avsa kacsa ferobda, ise uyaviT aw CuHn Sen mier ganZlierebulman
didman patronman levan ganvaaxleT axlad oqrosa wyliTa daferviTa gareSemo oTxis fengisa moWedisaTa da
TvalmargalitiTa da davasveneT sujunis [105] ekklesiisa mis kurTxeulis WilaZis asulisa da Tanamecxedrisa
CuHnisa dedoflisa patronis nestandarejnisa sulisa saxsrad da saoxad CuHnda sadRegrZelod da ZeTa
CuHnTa aRsazrdelad ganaxlda qoronikonsa samasocda aT ToTxmetsa~5.
_ 121 _
amave xatzed sweria xucurad: mt it bjt wibak ucZt

meoris w˜s giorgis xatzed sweria mxedrulis asoebiT:
q. R˜T da batono dadianis Ze Wyondidel-mitropoliti grigolis brZanebiT Sevamke xoStaria Tevdorema.
mesame w˜s giorgis xatzed sweria mxedrulad~
`q. åOoi yovelTa qristeaneTa zRudeo mcvelo da Sesavedrebelo mxneo mxedaro qristeso Svid
wil uZlevelo RvawliT Semosilo dido mowameTa mTavaro wmindao giorgi sujunisao Cven qristes mier
kurTxeulman mama Wyondidelman CxeiZe patronman evdemoz vigulisxmeT da movindomeT sasoebiTa mosavman da
madidebelma taZrisa Senisaman viguleT da vigulismodgineT gkadreT da SemogwireT mcire Sesawiravi ese ase
rome kodori vamey dadianisagan da elene dedoflisagan pirvelad Semowiruli yofiliyo da saWyondidelo
saxasoT yofiliyo da JamTa viTarebisagan eli... gogias misTvis daeWira awe Cven gamogvirTmevia xel axla
SenTvis Semogviwiravs da Cvenda saxasoT dagviWiravs kodols sami kvamli kaci sokiore Selia (Svili) misi
saxli kacebi [105-V].
Tvalikaci qubalia da xoxonia gagulia maTis saxlis kaciT mamul da alagiTa sxva iqauri partaxebi
mamuli da alagebi CvenTvis dagviWiravs awe ramanca Zeman kacisaman mefeman anu dedofalman gina ufliswulman
didman anu mcireman anu ramanca Zeman kacisaman anu Cvenman Semdgomman-Wyondidelman ukunisamde es Cvengan
garigebuli mamuli da es wignebi TquHn mogiSalos da an is glexebi gasces an im glexebis gacemaSi gaeros
da iSuamavlos da gacema moindomos masaca risxavs Tavad dambadebeli RmerTi da martvilisa RvTis mSobeli
da es wminda giorgi sujunisa da yovelni wmindani RvTisani zecisani da qveyanisani uxorcoT Zalni maTman
didebisa madlman nu ixsnas da nuca ixsenebis suli misi nuca wirviTa da locviT nuca ierusalimSi wasvliTa
nuras saRTo saqmiTa wyeul da SeCvenebul iyo suli da xorci misi amin.
q. CxeiZe evdemos Wyondidelisagan kodors sami komli kaci gigo eliasaTKs gamoerTmia da wmindis giorgisa
sujunisaTKs Seewira da CuHn liparitis Svilman Wyondidelman patronman gabriel ...gan vaaxleT saqadago
xati da Cvenc ase dagvimtkicebia [106] da guriidgan CxaiZe maxarebeli gamoviyvaneT da Selis SevyareT igic
Cven SevwireT Cvenda sadRegrZeloT da sulisa Cvenisa saoxad raTa Cvenca gvaqvndes dResa mas gankiTxvisasa.
åOoi yovelTa qristeaneTa Semweo da Sesavedrebelo Svid wil uZlevelo RvawliT Semosilo mxedaro
mowameTa mTavaro giorgi mondobili ur...eT da g... mxedarTmTavaro ...Svid wil uZlevelo mowameo giorgi
Sevamke xati ese patiosani saxisa Senisa mosavman saxelisa Senisaman dadianis kacias Zeman mama Wyondidelman
mitropolitman besarion da Sevamke patiosniTa ZvalTa da wminda nawilebiT da davasvene sujunas eklesiasa
saxsrad da saoxad sulTa CvenTa q˜es aqeT CRJz.
TKT sujuna ars patara mazra odiSisa, aq aris ravdenime duqnebi xisa da bazari yovels paraskevs. sujuna
aris WyondidelisaTvis sazamTro sadguri.
1 ivniss aqave sujunas movida Tavadi meliton CxeiZe6 da sTxova episkopozs Wyondidelsa ganapatiosnos
axlad gardacvalebuli naTesavi misi moxuci Tavadi daviT CxeiZe da nugeS sces mgloviaresa misTa.
meore dRes 2 ivniss misman udidebulesobam Camisva me kaliaskaSi TvisTan da dekanozi, sxvani kreba misi
mogvdevdnen cxenebiT da [106-V] Cven gaviareT vake gza gavediT cxenis wyals da saRamozed mivediT sadaca
dganan Tavadni CxeiZeebi. im Rames Wyondideli miiRes gardacvalebulis CxeiZis saxlSi da Cven gamogvipatiJa
Tavadma meliton CxeiZem Tavis saxlSi, meore dRes mobZanda aqave guriis episkopozi eqvTime7 krebiTurT
da mravalni Tavadaznaurni qalni da kacni. aqav vnaxe pirvelad Zveli Cveuleba imerTa micvalebulsa zeda
esred: Tavadis daviT CxeiZis saxli iyo xisa qvitkirzed dadgmuli ravdenime oTaxebi, romelTa Weri da
boZebi aWrelebulia mravalgvarad, Sua zalaSi erT mxares idga kubo morTuli xaverdiTa da meores mxares
Tavs ijda dabla xaliCazed Svili misi fexSveli, qudmoxdili da perangis sakinZ gaxsnili, masTan qalni da
monaTesavni TavSiSvelni ocamde motiralni, meores saxlSi iyo sawoli da qveSagebi zed dagebuli romelzedac,
tanisamosi micvalebulisa ewyo viTarca mwoliare, TviT patara stoli, stolzed sawer-kalami an kanoni
mefis vaxtangisa sadganac micvalebuli yofila dianbegi da saxelovani imereTSi. meores stolzed ewyo sxva
da sxva rigzed vercxleuli da Tofi vercxliT SeWedili eWira mosamsaxures. gareT karwin iyo grZlad
fanCaturi dadgmuli da ireoda mravali qali da kaci sxua da sxua gvarad Cacmul daxurvilni: imerelni,
megrelni, gurielni da sxuani, viTarca motiralni egreTca mayurebelni [107]. mecxre saaTzed Seiqmna ezoSi
uecrad saSineli xma da yvirili didi mosamsaxureTa vai, vai, vai isini iyvnen ormocamde Coxa CaZrobili
welamde da TavSiSvelni Secvivdnen saxlSi TavSi cemiT, gamoitires maT mcxedari, Semdgom miutires Wiris
ufalTa, qveSagebis da dalagdnen grZlaT xsenebuls fanCaturSi gareT, sadaca idga cxeni ukuRma Sekazmuli
Savgadafarebuli TaviT fexamde. am dros orTa maT episskopozTa da krebaTa misTa SemosilTa naxes mxedari
da Wiris ufalni, igini dasdgnen kubos Tavs, kubosTanve idgnen samni kacni da samni moaxleni TavSiSvelni
tiriliT, gareT moitanes eqvsTa kacTa tivis xe gaTlili da samTlad Sedgenili frialebiTa da sxua da
sxua feris mxatrobiT aWrelebuli, aanTes maszed ramdenime samTlebi da amarTes is karwin saxlis ban kidev
umaRlesi, xalxTaca iwyes erTi meorisa xmoba da Tqma: es sanTeli maWavarianma (quTaisis uezdis naCalnikma)8
Seawia da TviT orasi kaci cxenosniT movidao satirlad. maWavarians miuZRodnen win mozareni ravdenimeni
glexni; Tavad aznaurni da Tavni qud moxdil stiroda moTqmiT, aman itira moTqmiT kubosTan daCoqilman da
yovlis sityvisa mis bolos ismoda griali mozareTa vai, vai, am gvarad iwyes dineba rigrigaT maxlobelTa
monaTesaveTa da mcnobTa qalma da kacTa dids xans. kidev moitanes Tormetma kacma egreTi didi samTeli da
dasdges meoresTan mas mosdevdnen cxenosani, samasamde glexni da Tavad aznaurni [107-V] maT Soris bolos siZe
_ 122 _
micvalebulisa coliT TavSiSvelni SoriTve maRlis xmiT tiriliT momTqmelni, qali micvalebulisa da sxuani
masTan myofni qalni iyvnen darTuli mZimed daraxtul cxenebsa zeda msxdomiareni, amaT itires egreTve da
Semdgom romelnime wavidodnen Tav-Tavis saxlad. romelnime daseirnobdnen dids ezoSi, sadaca didroani
xeebi daaCrdilebdnen mSveniersa mwvanes, garda amisa, Tumca bevri SesaniSnavi vnaxe aqa, garna saWiroT ara
vracx dawvlilebiT Tqmisa, mxolod es unda vsTqva romel esreTi Cveuleba imerTa hqoniaT samwuxaroTa da
salxinoTaca, imereTSi SesabralisebelTa da satireli ara micvalebul, aramed Wiris ufali romelnica erTs
kviras zogjer mometebiT da nakleb zis sadaca kubo sdga da yovlisa mnaxvelsa missa TviTeulad TavSi cemiT
Sestiris miTqmiT. saRamozed daasaflaves micvalebuli da meore dRes Cuen viwyeT siaruli isev kaliaskiT
sofelsa kulaSi, aq maCvena da gamacno Tavis naTesavni Wyondidelma Tavadni miqelaZeebi. saRamozed mivediT
kodors. meore dRes misman usamRvdeloesobam mimiwera samegrelos mTavar dadianTan wigni da gamayola ori
kaci gzis maCveneblad, erTi iqav soflis axlos gamepara da meorem didis xvewniT da fulis CuqebiTa matara
tyiT daburvili da xlarTva gzebi da momiyvana Zlivs s. xofsa [108].
im Rames mimiRo moxucman mRvdelman da meoresa dResa maCvena ekklesia f˜d didi, garna Zvelis Tlilis
qvisa, Sigan sxuaTa mxatvrobaTa Soris kedlebzed arian gamosaxulni mrTlad fexzedan mdgomni Zveleburad
Cacmulni dadiani levan amisi Svili manuCar da dedofali. erTs mxatvrobasa sweria: àma saydris aRmSenebeli,
erisTavT erisTavi da mandaturT uxucesi dadiani giorgi Seundos RmerTman. raÎca aq warwera aris vercxliT
moWedilTa xatebTa zeda da sxuagan im mRvdelman mianbo srulebiT gadmoswera ufalman brosemo. aqave vnaxe
trapezzed sdga patara yuTi vercxliT SeWedili, romelSiac Zevs kvarTi RvTis mSoblisa da nawilebi sxua
da sxua, zeda sweria mxedrulis asoebiT esred:
`q. romel mamisagan samRToiTa ZaliTa Zlad gamoarCie da Zisagan mxolod Sobilisa deda Seyvarebulad
gamosCndi farviTa yovlad wmindisa sulisaTa Sen uqorwinebelad xmobili da qalwulebiT daculi mSobeli
meufisa da mxsnelisa usZlo dedofalo mariam, romeli yovelTa codvilTa meoxi xar da maradis Semwe Sen
WeSmaritad SemZlebelo lxinebisao saCino saxelo dido uxrwnelo meox mxsneli ganmasvenebelo cecxlisa
da satanjvelisagan ganmarinebelo eqmen dedofalsa nestan darejanis asulsa WilaZisasa romlisa saukunosa
saxseneblad da codvaTa misateveblad Sevamkev da movaWedine kvarTisa kubo ese vercxliTa oqro daferviTa
TvaliTa margalitiTa me xelmwifeman dadianman patronman [108-V] levan misTKs saoxad SegimkeT yovlad
wmidao qerobimTa umaRleso da serabinTa uaRmatebuleso qalwulT qalwulo yovlad sagalobelo lxinebiT
yovelTa qristianeTao Seismine vedreba Cveni daixsen da acxovne ganusvene da akurTxe suli dedoflisa
nestan darejanisa daamkvidre sasufevelsa amin moiWeda yovlad wmindisa perangisa kubo9 ese q˜ks samas ocda
rvasa.
ekklesiaSi SigniT da gareT karipWis kedelSi marjvniv aris marmarilos oTxi ficari didi da brtyeli,
rva mrgvali sveti marmarilosi karnizebiTa, karebis aqav erTs marmarilos qvazed sweria xucurad:
`q. saxeliTa RvTisaTa erisTavT erisTavman mandaturT uxucesman dadianman vamey mamisa maTisa ...xbjybcf
viTar eTvisa dadianis giorgis Sedgada da miuxda jiqeTs ...urwmunoebisa da orgulebisaTvis raTamca
memsaydresa da sZagda ...t;hfw[lf uxmar iqmna maTi simagreni gagari da uRalni yovelnive ZaliTa moirWvna
maTi mravalTa jiqeTisa patronTagan movlo moarbina raoden mowewyo maTi mZlevelni wamosxna da sxuani
aotna da maSin moiRo svetni [109] da fiqalni eseni marmarilosani da mama dedaTa larnaki (kfhyfrb) da misi
damarxvili gareTa svarmarsi ...gansveneba maTi~.10
6 ivniss aqedam yazaxis cxenebiT mivel zugdids samegrelos mTavars daviT dadianTan,11 aqa dadianis
biblioTeka gavSinje sadaca iyo qarTuli wignebi bevri, maT Soris: Zveli da vrceli leqsikoni, sapoletiko
Teatri anu sayofaqceo saxilxiveloba Targmnili qarTulsa enasa zeda jvaris mamis venediqtes mier qalaqsa
Tfiliss 1817 welsa. wigni mravalferi yvavilobani petre laraZisa leqsad Tqmuli, aleqsandres makedonelis
moTxroba leqsad, Zveli qarTlis cxovreba. wigni saqarTvelos mefeTa ZvelTa da axalTa cxoreba galeqsiT,
gremidame imereTs daxizvna mefis Teimurazisa. iosipos flaviosis iudebrivisa sityva dasabamobisa gaiozis
Targmnili – velizaroba da sxua da sxua rusuli da aS Targmnili da saeklesio (es sityva fanqriTaa
Camatebuli, – i. a.) wignebi. aqedam 10 ivnis vapirebdi Tavisufal svaneTSi mogzaurobas garna yvelani didaT
miSlidnen iq Sesvlas radganca svanni arian Tavisufalni pirutyvis msgavsni usikvdiloT maT ver morCebio
anu tyved gagcemeno. amasve dRes Stabs kapitani Tavadi abaSiZe, romelic aris ganwesebuli axls svaneTis
mxars metyoda Tu gsurs CemTan wamosvla me gaCveneb da dagatareb rac Cems uwyebis qveS ipoeba Zveli Senoba,
romelnica sxvaTac unaxavTo da pir iqiT svaneTSi ki arc me girCev wasvlasao [109-V].
11 ivniss zugdidam wamovel yazaxis cxenebiT da gamoviare cudi Waobiani da tyiani gza daxlaTuli,
saRamozed mivel anaklias Savi zRvis pirzed. aq aris cixe da koSki daqceuli romelsa Camoudis mdinare
enguri. aqedam meore dRes 12 ricxvs yazaxis cxenebiTve viare zRvis pirad, erTs alagas gavel zRvaSi
Semomdinar mTidam monadens wyalSi romelSica davsveldiT welamde da kinaRam daviRupeniT. zRva Relavda da
talRa misi grgvinviTa zedi zed momavali isroda naperwklebs, meoTxe saTze mivel yulevs anu reduTkales,12
sadaca vnaxe qalaqis mdebareoba yovelgan xavsmokidebuli da macxovrebelni misni sdganan bayayiviT wyalSi.
im dResa da meore dRe zRvaSi iyo furTvna. 15 Sevel da vnaxe paraxodi Боець, Semdgom viwye siaruli
cxenebiT foStis gzazed. 17-s mivel xonsa, aqedam martvils Wyondidel dadianTan, vnaxe martvili. martivad
maRlobsa alagsa zeda, saidamca sCans oTxkuTxiv didi da mSvenieri mdebareoba odiSisa da saCinosi mTebi
da mindori da wylebi, martvilis ekklesia aris gumbaTiani f˜d Zveli da garedam gaaxlebuli Tlilis
_ 123 _
qviT Sinagan mxatvroba Zueli berZnuli, erTs mxares daxatulia konstantine da elene dagvirgvinebulni,
romelTac upyriaT erTi didi jvari. ityvian viTomca ekklesia ese iyos maTi aRSenebuli [110]. aqa mdgara,
rogorc mianbo me misman usamRvdeloesobam pirvelad muxa didi, romelsaca hqvia megrulad Wyon didi da
sadac kerpni Zvelad Sehswiravdnen Sesawiravsa TKsTa RmerTTa, Semdgom odes moiqcnen igini WeSmaritsa
qristianobiTs sarwmunoebasa zeda maSinve mohkveTes xe igi didi da naalagevsa missa dasdges mcire ekklesia
xisa megrelTa, romlisa gamo ewodeba aqaurs episkopozs Wyondideli. raYca warweriloba vnaxe aq xatebzed
da sxvagan, me miTxres ufalman brosetman gadmowerao. aqedan gamatana Wyondidelma kaci Tavisi da CuHn
wavediT noqalaqevs aleqsandre dadianTan,13 aman damatara es Zveli qalaqi, romelsac ityvian kolxidaT, ese
ars mdinarisa texuras pirs gatyevebuli, mas hqonia galavani, romlis kedeli sdga dResac ramdenime saJeniani
sigrZiT da simaRliT zed mwvane suro gafoTlili, mravalsa adgils hyria nangrevi SenobaTa, galavanSi sCans
saZirkvlebi saxlebisa Tu duqnebis texuris pirad, erTs mxares aris Casuli texurazed wylis sazidi gvirabi
cadaqnili Tlilis qvis mrTeli, meores mxares daqceuli Senoba, qveS marani qvevrebiT, aqav aris f˜d Zveli
ekklesia gunbeTiani, romelSica wirva da locva aris yovelTvis, aqaurTa mRvdelTa da TavadTa dadianebTa
maCvenes daxatuli eklesiaSi konstantine da elene hjvariTa, iginive metyodnen: `Cven ase gagvigonia CuHnis
mama-papisagan es ekklesia am konstantines da elenes aRuSenebiao saxelzeda ormeocTa wamebulTa silianis
tbaSi, sxva f˜d Zveli xati anu warweriloba raime ar minaxavs ra, mxolod dasavleTis mxares karipWeSi
marjvniv vnaxe gansakvirveblad miwaSi saflavis [110-V] msgavsad aguris pirebi oTxkuTxiv da Sig mwkrivad sxeds
oTxpirad ormoci koWopi Taveb gadakiruli. me didaT msurda dameSinja es koWobebi da viTxovdi Semweobasa
mazed, garna igini gancvifrebiT uars hyofdnen da ityodnen, romel CuHn gagvigonia, viTomca amaTSi iyos ima
ormeocTa wamebulTa nawilebic, rac es ekklesia aRSenebula mas aqeT mtersac bevrjel unaxams da veravis
xeli ver Seuxia, verc CuHn SegviZlian gavxsnaT da vnaxoT. aqedam amiyvanes maT kldeebzed, sadac vnaxeT koSki
da raRac daqceuli Senoba, Semdgom SevsxediT cxenebzed da SemouareT gatyevebul maRlobsa Zvels qalaqs,
romelica dascqeris odiSis mdebareobas da dafantviT mdinaresa texuras. aqave vnaxe cixe-galavani didi
kldezed, Tavsa da bolos simagreebi daqceuli da TKT galavanica egreTve daqceuli. cixes ukan gadaviare
kldeebi, Cavel texuris pir abanos,14 imisi wyali amodis kldeSi da sanapiro texurisa gadadis zed. aqa vnaxe
guriis Tavadi podpolkovniki erisTavi,15 romelic menaxa 1845 welsa darRoSi,16aman mianbo mravalni sneulni
ikurnebian amaSi banebiTa da meca samkurnaloT var aqa colSviliT es ori kvira ariso, CuHn ganvatareT
sadili siamovnebiTa da Semdgom viwye siaruli Cveulebisamebr, Semouare mTas gare, gamovel mdinaresa abaS
meoreT da movel martvilsa saRamos Jamsa [111].
Wyondidel episkopozman maCvena Tavisi wignebi, romelTa Soris vnaxe gadmowerili ese: `tttlno RTisano,
saydarno saSinelno, cecxlno sulad sityvaTa mswraflad kacTa meoxad Seqmnilni brZanebiTa saRmrToTa
wamisyofiTa mortymelno miqail, ZaliTa mTavarno, gabriel qalwulsa xarebiTa kacTa da RvTisa, Tquen,
romelni wamis yofiTa RTisa brZanebasa uxilavad ZlierebiTa umjobesisa ganagebT romeli scavs casa da
qveyanasa frTiTa TqveniTa; xolo aw meca maCrdileT meoxeba Tqueni me, dadiansa levans; mTavarangelozno
mixail da gabriel saxeliTa da mRvTisaTa da ZaliTa SeniTa. CuHn Pelmwifeman dadianman patronman levan
gavilaSqreT mefesa aleqsandresa da mis Zmasa mamukazed da mivediT quTaTis cixis sabrZolvelad TKT mefe
srulni imerni da sxvanni (`lentexelni~ – es sityva mari broses mieraa fanqriT Camatebuli, – i. a.) da
safar faSis meTofeebi bevri axlda da soxesa da jebirebidan idgnen: CuHn mivediT da sofia wmidis saydari
meTofeebiT aevso da gaemagrebina, uyaviT RamiT ieriSi da saydarai wavarTviT raca meomari meTofeebi idga
yvela gamovasxiT da jebiris gareT ori didi qvis palati iyo ZvelTagan naSenebi da is meTofiTa da meomris
kaciT aevso da gaemagrebina; sofia wmindis saydarTana didi zarbazani mivitaneT da iqiT daRma dauwyeT
srola da cema da im qvis saxlebsa da davamtvrieT zarbaznebiTa da mravali kaci imaSig mdgomi davxoceniT.
merme ieriSi uyaviT da iqeT [111-V] mefeman gamoaSvela laSqari, dauSineT erTmaneTsa TofebiTa srola da
sakvirveli omi Seiqmna, mravalni kacni daixoca iqeTac da aqeTac, iqiT mokvda Tavadi da aznaur Svili giorgi
lorTqifaniZe. elizbar (broses mier fanqriT Camatebulia `lolaZe~?) RoRoberiZe (broses mier fanqriT
Camatebulia: òri Zma axvledian ...da ovrive sxva zogi...~). sxua zogi daixoca da zogi daikoda da wavarTviT
is qvis palatebi ...iq zedan sasaxles zarbaznebi ver miutaneT misatani alagi ar hqonda CamovediT dabla
rionis pirs da davsdeqiT. sasaxlis qvis saxlebs dauwyeT zarbaznebiT srola da cema da davamtvrieT is
axali qvis palati TKT aleqsandre mefisagan aRSenebuli, gausieT laSqari gaRma quTaTis qalaqs, davwviT
(broses mier Camatebulia: `da movaoxreT~) avaoxreT, mravali iSoves da wamovediT gamarjvebuli. movediT
odiSs Zigurs da erTi kvire ar gasula, iseve vqeniT ilRari cxenis wyals SemoviRameT is Rame viareT da
gaTenebis dros davesxiT quTaTiss sasaxlesa da qalaqsa uwindlisagan oTxi da xuTi zoma saSovari alafi
da tyveebi viSoveT, rom laSqari Zliv daeriva da wamovediT gamarjvebuli da SevasveneT laSqari da cxeni
da kidev gavilaSqreniT imereTzed Tvesa febervalsa da mivediT (broses mier Camatebulia fanqriT: `Jrias~)
ajameTs, davswviT, avaoxreT da movediT Cxaris qalaqs da iq davsdeqiT da sofelni daswves (broses mier
Camatebulia: `soflebi nam...ruli daswves~) da aaoxres [112].
`ra qnam sasaxle ar davswviT (broses mier fanqriT Camatebulia: `sqanda m...sasa davswviT~) vardis gora da
Cixoris qalaqi davswviT, avaoxreT, argveT lorTqifaniZis sasaxles davsdeqiT (broses mier Tavze miwerilia:
èsva ...deT argveTs ruT...sZis axlos davsdeqiT da...~) da iqidaRma Cvenma da man laSqarman sruli argveTi
da Wala tyes aqeTac sasaxle da soflebi iyo dauwvavi da auoxrebeli da ara daagdes ra da iqi daRma
_ 124 _
aviyareniT da TeTri Jolas da gofanTo, mxeiZis sasaxles davsdeqiT da iqidaRma sadac laSqari miuwvevda
dauwvavi da auoxrebeli ara daagdes ra, wamovediT gamarjvebuli da naSovriT savse, rom laSqari ver
daerivnes, balaxovanze rions gamovediT da quTaTis cixis daRma mefe da srulni imerelni laSqarni Seyrili
TvaliT gvimzerdnen misis Temisa da qveynis amowyvetas hxedavda imodena naSovris tyveebis aq JRavili yuriT
esmodaT, magram cixis daRma Tavi ar gamohyves da vercara dagvakles ase SevarcxvineT da wamovediT odiSs
gamarjvebuli, gamovgzavneT davasveneT taZarsa Sensa xvtrelsa (broses mier Tavze minaweri aqvs fanqriT:
`vxtrelsa~) da alagsa da Temsa ecersa, xati ese mTavarangelozisa, qoronkonsa samas ocda aToTxmetsa.17
es xati romelzedaca sweria ese, Wyondidelma mibrZana svaneTSi asveniao, sadaca svanni aravis uSvebeno.
meore dRes gamoveTxove mis umaRlesobasa da viwye siaruli cxeniT, movedi xons. aqedan saRamoze qalaqsa
quTaiss [112-V].
...13 ivliss saCxeridam wamiyvana blaRoCinma oqropir mRvdelma da maCvena jruWis monasteri, aqav Zvel
etratzed dawerili saeklesio sxva da sxva wignebi, maT Soris vnaxe saxareba mrgvlovanis saoebiT qaragmiT
naweri etratzed, bolos furcelzed sweria qoronikons hyd 18.
kidev vnaxe jruWis monastris ganZeuloba, garna f˜d Zveli ara iyo ra. iqaurma gamgebelman maCvena Zvali,
romeli raRac cxovelisa gaqvavebuli qvaSive mjdomi da miTxra es riRacis Zvalia kacisa Tu nadirisa didi
xania am ekklesiaSio aris Senaxuli ase. aqedam aviareT mTebi tyiT daburuli da kldovani daxlarTuli gza,
CuHn gadavediT vakes, Semdgom gavediT mdinaresa xarisTvalas, mivediT Cqmers19 mRvdelTan, meores dRes
viwyeT siaruli Tavqve da CavediT raWaSi, viTarca WaSi ons, romelsa artyia irgvliv mTebi tyiani da mdinare
rioni Camoudis, aqaurma uezdis naCalnikma miTxra SarSan win ufalma brosetma sul daiara aqauri ekklesiebi
da Tu gsurso, TquHnc mogcemT kacs naxeTo.
14 ivliss ons vnaxe sasuneblebi ormoebi20 da ekklesia patara, Sig asvenia xati w˜s giorgisa f˜d Zveli,
romlisaTs ityvian: pirvelad xati ese iyo saqarTvelodam21 mosvenebuli Semdgom svaneTSi daxiznuli da
axla aqa ars, visgan da rodis utarebiaT ese aravin uwyis, zeda sweria xucuris asoebiT: `wmindano mTavar
angelozo mixeil da gabriel meox eyveniT samTa ZmaTa garayaniZeTa mixeils, forTis da ioanes da zeTa maTTa
orsave cxorebaTa Sina winaSe qristesa [122-V].
aznaurni garayaniZeni dRes scxovroben tfilisis guberniaSi saguramos, romelTa ekuTvnis nawili zemo
avWalisa, me vicnob maT da vicnobdi gardacvalebulsa mamasa maTsa giorgi garayaniZesa, romelic iyo bunebiTi
mexaniki kargi. igi ityoda xolme: odes imereTSi gelaTs xatamda Tavadi afxazovi, maSin me Teqvsmet Cvidmetis
wlisa Segirdi vSvelodi mas gelaTis Signidan daxatvasa. giorgi gardaicvala ruseTs oTxmoci wlisa meti
Tu nakleb sam-oTxi wlis winaT.22
amave onis ekklesiaSi vnaxe meore xati vercxliT SeWedili da oqroTi daferili naweriT:
q. wmidao mTavar angelozo meox eyveniT orTa ZmaTa sosiasa giorgis Ze, ajolediansa da vardans winaSe
qristesa.
aqav vnaxe saxareba etratzed dawerili, romelzedac sweria:
q. dideba RmerTsa yovlis mpyrobelsa da srul myofelsa yovilisa keTilisasa aRiwera wminda ese oTxTavi
senTa mkurnali da sulTa ganmanaTlebeli mefobasa giorgisasa dasasruls mecamete qoronikonsa.23
15 ivliss me da oqropir blaRoCini gavediT rions da viwyeT siaruli maRal kldeebzed tyian mTaSi
cud gzaze [123] avediT mTis wverzed, sadaca vnaxeT sruliad daqceuli patara naTali qvis ekklesia, aqa
CuHn bevri vZebneT da vera vnaxeT is zeTi, verca naalagevi an WurWeli misi, romelsac swers vaxuSti Tavis
geografiaSi da aqaurnica, da WeSmaritebiT ityvian, viTomca uwin ramdenic unda micvalebuli SeemusraT
im zeTiT, Wiqa zeTisa kidev da kidev ivsebodao.24 iqidam CamoviareT imave gziT, CavediT Zirs da avyeviT
mdinaresa rions, Semdgom mivediT mJave wyalzed, aqa didsa da f˜d Zvels ekklesiaSi, romelic aris nagebi
sadaT da vaxuStica Tavis geografiaSi moixseniebs aqa kidebuls nawnavs, garna ara iyora da arca Tu mnaxavi
misi aris vinme25. kvalad davbrundiT da mivediT saRamos onsave.
16 ivliss onidam sams verszed maRla mTaze sofelsa sxiers26 vnaxe ekklesia qvisa, sadaT nagebi da Sigan
Zveli xatebi vercxlSi SeWedilebi, sxva Rirsi SesaniSnavi ara raÎme ara minaxams aqa.
17 ivlis onidam viare cudi aRmarTebi. pirvels Zvel gzazed, romliTac mivel ons, Semdgom gardauxvie
da mivel mravalZalsa, sadaca soflis ivs (?) sdga ekklesia Tlilis qvisa. 27aq mianbes, rom xmali Sax-abazisagan
iyo am ekklesiaSi dakidebuli, gaiyida28 da im fuliT am ekklesias iataki daufineTo, sxua xmlebi maCvenes
Sewirulebi Zvelad, erTi sparsuli, oqros Taviani Tvleb amotvifruli, meore Cerqezuli, Subebi, bairaRebi,
muzaradi, CaCqani da yanwebi anu jixvebi, yomrali vercxli gadabmuli f˜d Zvelebi. [123-V] egreTve Zveli xatebi
vercxlisferSi SeWedilebi, romelTa zedawarwerebi me gadmovwere da viwye siaruli mTamTa samxreTisaken.
Semdgom gadmovel Cqmers mRvdelTan, meore dRes Zvelisave gziT Rrubliansa dRes Camovel kvaladve saCxeres,
sadaca davrCi wvimebis gamo ramdensame dRes da veZiebdi kargs mogzaurs kacs dReSi maneTaT Tavis cxeniT,
romelTanac msurda damevlo danaSTeni alagebi imereTisa, raTamca mogzauroba Cemi ese yofiliyo sruli, garna
survili Cemi amao iyo, saxeldob visac vetyodi ama da am alagebSi minda wasvla da naxva ama ZvelTa SenobaTa,
romelTac swers vaxuSti Tavis geografiaSi, igini zogni daizarebdnen da zogni ver bedavdnen Sors siaruls,
did xans moundebiT CuHns saqmes ki movcdebiTo, amis gamo iZulebul viyav gameTavebina imereTs mogzauroba.
20 ivliss saCxeridam gamovel yvirilas da Svid rva verszed marcxniv yvirilas saTavisken vnaxe maRlobze
sofelsa savanes ekklesia. didis Tlilis qvisa, romlisa kankeli ara sruliad Sabaqa amokveTili mrTelis qvi-
_ 125 _
sa. dasavleTis mxares sweria kldis qvazed amoWrils asoebiT karebis Tavze xucurad qaragmiTa gadacveTil
siZvelisa gamo.
q. saxeliTa mRvTisaTa, meoxebiTa wmindisa RvTis mSoblisaTa wmindisa giorgisiTa damayena me suliTa
sawyalobeli [124] luarsab aRsaSeneblad wmindisa amis saydrisa adiden RmerTo giorgi da ioane salocvelad
sulisa maTTKs da mSobelTa maTTKs.29
CrdiloeTiT karibWeSi karebis Tavzed sweria egreTisave asoebiT qvaze:
q. saxeliTa mRvTisaiTa me giorgi ioane aRvaSene wminda ese ekklesia savanisa salocvelad sulisa
fldkcfyvbcf da Zmisa Cvenisa [˜t da mSobelTa CuHnTaTKs u˜kplcsc lf mariamisaTKs da Svilisa CuHnTaTKs
gabrielisaTvis da dedisa misisaTvis w˜dao giorgi meox eyav winaSe RvTisa amin. iyvnen qoronikoniT c.f d
ftityf mefobasa kurapalatissa.30
karipWeSi kldis qvazed sweria xucurad _ qaragmiTa Znelad wasakiTxi:
q. saxeliTa mRvTisaTa da SewevniTa savanisa vs tvtcf (Tavze broses mier fanqriT miwerilia `mowamisa~
_ i. a.) it mvyc rhyb mdshCtstdycf q,jqcvmkc da misis meuRlisa Tamarisa Seundos Rñ31 (ix: danarTi
foto 1).
aqve karibWeSi patara samwirvelos karebis Tavzed kldis qvazeda sweria egreTis asoebiT: `wmindao
RmerTo da yovlad wmindao RvTis mSobelo Seiwyale qavTaraZe daviT ZeTa da asulTa misTa ganusvene qriste
amin~ [124-V].
garedam aRmosavleTis mxriT fanjris gverdze sweria kldis qvazezd amoWrilis asoebiTa32 (ix.: danarTi
foto 2).
Sigan ekklesiaSi kankeli win marjvniv aris saflavis msgavsi iatakzed erT arSin maRla, romelsa afaria
fiqali qva. aqaurni ityvian viTomca iyos amaSi Zvelad Senaxuli avis drois gamo am ekklesiis xatebi, axla
Tumca surT axda garna vera bedven da arca me momces Semweoba maT, romel marTlad Semetyo maTi moTxroba.
sxua aqa Rirsi SesaniSnavi ara minaxamsra. ekklesia sadaT aris nagebi, ugunbaTo, galavangadaqceuli. aqedam
viwye siaruli aR˜savleTisa mxriT, gardmoviare kortoxis mTa tyiani da xevebiani wvima talaxSi zogan cxeniT
da zogan qveviTaT gaWirvebiT Camovel surams 21 ivliss.
suramidam msurda gamgzavreba aWarisaken magram ukeTu [125] mogzauroba Cemi gangrZeldeboda ucxo
qveyanas erTs ors Tves, maSin sakmao fuli aRar meqmneboda Tana da davbrundi 22 ivliss kvalad tfiliss.
SeniSvnebi teqstisaTvis
1
sujuna _ sofeli abaSis municipalitetSi, raionuli centridan 6 km. md. abaSiswylis napiras, zRvis
donidan 15 metrze. soflis teritoriaze mdebareobs XVIII s. bolos agebuli jvargumbaTovani taZari.
sujunaSi iyo Wyondidelebis sazamTro rezidencia (kekelia, 2011: 67-74).
2
odiSis episkoposi Wyondidel-dadiani _ saubaria anton giorgis Ze dadianze (1796-1852 ww.), romelic
biZad ekuTvnoda samegrelos mTavar daviT dadians. Wyondidelis xarisxSi aiyvanes 1843 wels mTavris
moTxovniT. mis dros gafarTovda Wyondidelis uflebamosileba da samRvdeloebis gareSe ar formdeboda
samTavro karis arc erTi mniSvnelovani dokumenti (Wyondideli, 2010).
3
verSoki _ rusuli Вершок, sigrZis Zv. rusuli sazomi (arSinis 1/16 nawili), udris 4,4 sm. ixmareboda
metruli sistemis SemoRebamde.
4
adli _ sigrZis sazomi erTeuli Zvel saqarTveloSi. ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg TandaTanobiT rusulma
arSinma Secvala. ixmareboda metruli sistemis SemoRebamde. udrida daaxl. 101,15 sm-s.
5
zemoxsenebuli xati levan dadianis warweriT aRwerili aqvs eqvTime TayaiSvilsac (TayaiSvili 1913-1914:
22-31), Tumca, xucur warweras xatze eqvTime TayaiSvili ar asaxelebs da xatis zomebsac umniSvnelo
cvlilebebiT (48 X 34 sm) gadmogvcems.
6
meliton CxeiZe (1819-1870 ww.), simon CxeiZis vaJi. hyavs Svilebi nino da barbare. meuRle _ pupi, Tavad vamey
dadianis asuli (1833-?) (Ciqovani 2004:70-72).
7
guriis episkoposi eqvTime _ guriis saepiskoposo aRdga 1844 wlis 1 aprils da mis episkoposad dainiSna
eqvTime wulukiZe. man Zalze bevri ram gaakeTa guriaSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis
mizniT, ris gamoc imperator nikoloz I-is brZanebiT wm. anas pirveli xarisxis ordeniT daajildoves.
mitropolit daviT wereTelis gardacvalebis (†11. 04. 1853 w.) Semdeg, episkoposi eqvTime wulukiZe
egzarqos isidores mier gadmoyvanil iqna imereTis episkoposad. imereTis eparqiaSi sami wlis moRvaweobis
Semdeg, 1856 wlis 4 aprils igi gardaicvala da dakrZales didi pativiT quTaisSi, bagratis taZarSi
(xurciZe 2008:55-57).
8
igulisxmeba general-maiori spiridon simonis Ze maWavariani, quTaisis mazris ufrosi 1848-1850 wlebSi,
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli wevri (kalendari 1850:16).
_ 126 _
9
saubaria amJamad zugdidSi, dadianebis istoriul muzeumSi dacul RvTismSoblis kvarTze.
10
igulisxmeba vamey I dadiani (1384-1396 ww.), romelmac marTlac moawyo xsenebuli laSqroba, daimorCila
jiqeTi, mZevlebi wamoiyvana da kvlav SemouerTa saqarTvelos (xorava1996: 43-44).
11
samegrelos mTavri dadiani – igulisxmeba samegrelos ukanaskneli mTavari daviT dadiani (1813-1853 ww.),
mTavrobda 1846-1853 wlebSi. dakrZalulia martvilis monasterSi. mTavris gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1859
wlamde samTavros marTavda misi qvrivi ekaterine WavWavaZe.
12
redutkale – navsadguri mdinare xobiswylis SesarTavSi, amJamindel yulevis adgilas. daarses 1804
wels rusebma, romelTac am adgilas samxedro nawili eyenaT da zRviT erT-erT mTavar sasursaTo bazas
warmoadgenda. foTis navsadguris zrdasTan erTad, yulevis mniSvneloba TandaTan daeca.
13
aleqsandre dadiani – SesaZloa, es iyos aleqsandre manuCaris Ze dadiani, romelic 1856 wels gardaicvala.
hyavs Svilebi: tarieli, nikolozi, platoni, pelagia, marTa, giorgi, petre. ix: www.nplg.gov.ge/dadiani/
images/tabula-3-17jpg.
14
saubaria mdinare texuras piras noqalaqevis (nosiris) cnobil saxalxo abanoebze.
15
Tavadi polkovniki erisTavi _ igulisxmeba goris mazris keTilSobilTa winamZRoli aleqsandre SanSes
Ze erisTavi, romelic dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilTan erTad monawileobas iRebda 1845 wels dargos
eqspediciaSi (alimbaraSvili 2013: 66).
16
1845 wels mefisnacval m. voroncovis xelmZRvanelobiT Samilis winaaRmdeg mowyobil dargos (CrdiloeT
kavkasia) operaciaSi dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvili piradad monawileobda da specialuri naSromic
(Rirsaxsovari laSqroba kavkasiasa Sina 1845 w.) miuZRvna mas.
17
udris 1646 wels.
18
furclis kideze broses mier fanqriT aqvs minaweri: `186-926~. saubaria 936-940 wlebSi kaligraf gabrielis
mier gadaweril jruWis oTxTavze. amJamad inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, H-1660.
19
Cqmeri _ igulisxmeba sofeli Sqmeri, onidan 21 kilometrSi, zRvis donidan 1720 metrze. Sqmerze gadioda
istoriuli saqaravno gza. vaxuSti Sqmeris Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `daba didi uvenaxo, uxilo, msgavsi sxua mTis
adgilTa da Suenier zafxulis friad~ batoniSvili 1973:766).
20
onis sasunebeli ormoebi _ savaraudod, saubaria onis maxloblad, mdinare jejoras xeobaSi, sofel
sorgiTTan arsebul `sasunTqelaze~, romelsac Taviseburi sunis (gazis) gamo, samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs
Tavistkivilis, Tavbrusxvevis, gripiT, asTmiT daavaldebulTaTvis.
21
igulisxmeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.
22
meRvineTxucesiSvili saintereso informacias gvawvdis afxaziSvilis (afxazovis) mier taZris moxatvis
TariRTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc viciT, dimitris imereTSi mogzauroba 1850 wlis zafxulSi ganxorcielda.
giorgi garayaniZe gardacvlila `sam-oTxi~ wlis win, anu daaxloebiT 1846-47 wlebSi oTxmoci wlis asakSi.
Tu igi afxazovTan taZris moxatvisas 16-17 wlis asakSi muSaobda, gelaTi daaxloebiT 1783 wlisTvis unda
moexataT (1846-80+17=1783 w.). Tumca, sxva cnobebiT es faqti ar dasturdeba.
23
mecamete moqceva dasrulda 1312 wels. am droisaTvis saqarTvelos mefed ori giorgi Cans. giorgi VI
`mcire~ da giorgi V `brwyinvale~, romelic, marTalia, 1318 wels gamefda, magram oficialurad jer kidev
1299 wlidan iTvleboda mefed (javaxiSvili 1966:385-398).
24
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvili mianiSnebs vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobaze, romelic Zeglevis eklesiis
aRwerisas gadmogvcems: àqa eklesiasa Sina ars zeTi WiqiTa da mduRarebs maradis da raoden iReben, ar
akls Wiqasa mas~ (batoniSvili 1973:767-768).
25
vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, `rions CrdiloT, ars eklesia sioni, didi. am eklesiis kamarasa Sina
mkidarebs Tma erTi nawnavi da ityKan Tamar mefisasa. aqav ars miwa, romelsa uwodeben sasuneblad~
(batoniSvili 1973:768).
26
sxieri _ sofeli onidan 7 km-ze, raWis qedis Crdilo kalTaze, zRvis donidan 1100 metrze. sofelSi
mdebareobs XVIII s. wm. giorgis eklesia.
27
mravalZalis wm. giorgis eklesiis aRwerisas dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvili taZris arqiteqturas ar
akonkretebs da mxolod miuTiTebs, rom igi iyo `Tlilis qviT~ nagebi. saqme isaa, rom meRvineTxucesiSvili
mogzaurobisas naxavda darbazul eklesias. igi mniSvnelovnad gadaakeTes gafarToebis sababiT 1894
wels. dasavleTis mxridan miuSenes samreklo da daadges gumbaTi, riTac mniSvnelovnad dairRva Zveli
arqiteqtura da adgilobrivTa winaaRmdegobac mohyva, radgan `restavraciisas~ Zveli eklesiis qvebi
dakargula (iveria, 1895, #192).
28
am faqts vaxuSti batoniSvilic adasturebs. misi cnobiT, saswaulTmoqmedi Zalis gamo, mravalZalis
eklesiisaTvis Sah-abas I-s oqroTi mooWvili xmali piradad Seuwiravs mnaxvelebze gavlenis moxdenis
mizniT: àraTu sarwmunoebiT, aramed scnan, rameTu Prmali misi kidavs mun~ (batoniSvili 1973:765).
29
rogorc d. meRvineTxucesiSvili aRniSnavs, warwera `gardacveTili siZvelisagan~ da daqaragmebuli
_ 127 _
yofila, amitom mcireoden xarvezebiT (mag. `harabas~ nacvlad kiTxulobs `luarsabs~, bolonaklulia
da sxv.) amouweria. valeri silogava xsenebul warweras Semdegnairad kiTxulobs: `q. s[a]x[e]l[i]Ta R[mr]
T[i]s[a]YTa, m[eo]x[e]b[i]Ta w[midi]sa R[mr]T[i]smSobel[i]s[a]YTa, w[midi]sa g[iorg]isiTa, damayena me, s[u]l[i]
Ta s[a]wy[a]l[o]b[e]li h[a]r[a]b[a]Y, aRsaSeneblad w[midi]sa amis s[a]ydrisa, _ ad[ide]n R[merTma]n g[iorg]i
e[risTavT]-e[risTavman], s[a]l[o]cv[e]l[a]d s[u]l[i]sa m[a]T[i]s[a]T[K]s da mSob[e]lTa m[a]TTaT[K]s da g[olia]
T[i]saT[K]s da dedisa m[a]T[i]saT[K]s~ (silogava 1980:59-60; #39).
sagulisxmoa, rom warweraSi miTiTebul adgilas m. brose da g. wereTelic `luarsabs~ kiTxuloben. ix:
(brose 1857-59:40-41; wereTeli 1898:103).
30
rogorc pirvel danarTze Cans, d. meRvineTxucesiSvils warweris qoronikoni zustad ver gaurkvevia da
`c“-s (=200) da `f“-s (=1) Soris wertili dausvams, xolo `d~ calke dauweria. amave fotos marcxena gverdze
mari broses fanqriT minaweridan gamomdinare, frang qarTvelologs qoronikoni `cf~ (=201) waukiTxavs
da warwerac amis mixedviT dauTariRebia (780+201=981) (arqivi b: 124-V), xolo `bagrat kurapalatSi~,
bagrat IV-s nacvlad bagrat III miuCnevia (brose 1857-59:44-45). broseze dayrdnobiT, mogvianebiT es Secdoma
dimitri baqraZemac gaimeora (beriZe 1942:78). dReisaTvis gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, warwera 1046 wliT
(`qoronikoniT cQd„) TariRdeba (silogava 1980: 59; #38; beriZe, 1974:146).
d. meRvineTxucesiSvils mTliani warwera mxedruliT amouweria, xolo is adgilebi, romlebic misTvis
bundovani yofila, asomTavruliT, qaragmebis gauxsnelad moaqvs. bunebrivia, mas arc xursi da giorgi
erisTavebis qaragmebis gaxsna ucdia. es mxolod mogvianebiT, sxva warwerebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze
gaxda SesaZlebeli. mag., g. wereTeli 1898 wels `xursis~ nacvlad kiTxulobda `xaxus~ (wereTeli 1898:102).
valeri silogava xsenebul warweras Semdegnairad kiTxulobs: `q. s[a]x[e]liTa R[mr]T[i]s[a]YTa me, g[iorg]
i e[risTavT]-e[risTavman] avaSene ese w[mida]Y eklesiai savanis[a]Y; s[a]l[o]cv[e]l[a]d s[u]lisa c[o]dv[i]l[i]
sa C[e]misa, da Zmisa C[e]misa x[ursi] e[risTavisa] da mS[o]b[e]lTa C[e]mTaT[K]s _ g[u]lz[via]d[i]sT[K]s da m[a]
r[iami]sT[K]s, da Svilisa C[ue]nisa g[o]l[ia]TisT[K]s, da dedisa misisaT[K]s.
w[mida]o g[iorg]i, meox ey[a]v w[inaS]e R[mr]Tisa, a[me]n iy[a]vn.
qronikoni iyo sYv.
aeSena m[e]f[o]b[a]sa b[a]gr[a]t k[u]r[a]p[ala]t[i]s[a]sa (silogava 1980: 58-59; #38).
mariam dedofali da misi Svilebi: giorgi da xursi, qaragmis gareSe moxseniebulni arian qoreTis
RvTaebis eklesiis (saCxeris raioni, yvirilas xeobaSi) 1000 wels Sesrulebul qtitorul warweraSi. g.
gafrindaSvili ar gamoricxavs, rom qoreTisa (1000 w.) da savanis (1046 w.) warwerebSi moxseniebulni erTi da
igive pirebi arian (gafrindaSvili1970:59-60). ra Tqma unda, amaSi logika aris, Tumca, matiane qarTlisais
avtori da sumbat daviTis Ze miuTiTeben, rom xursi erisTavi, rati liparitis ZesTan erTad Sirimnis
brZolaSi (1021 w.) `moiklnen~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 284; 383).
31
broses mier furclis kideze fanqriT miwerilia: `990-210~. (780+210=990 w., _ i. a.). am SemTxvevaSic d.
meRvineTxucesiSvili tradicias ar Ralatobs da warweris nawili mxedruliT aqvs gadmowerili (ix:
danarTi 2), xolo mis Sua nawils (rogorc TviTon wers: `qaragmiT Znelad wasakiTxs~) asomTavruliT
gvTavazobs. miuxedavad amisa, warweris Sinaarsi, ZiriTadad, gasagebi xdeba da masSi moxseniebulni arian
miqael qavTaraZe da misi meuRle Tamari. g. wereTeli warweras mTlianobaSi Semdegnairad kiTxulobs:
`saxeliTa RvTisaTa da SewevnTa savanisa mTavarmowamisa karni eseni SevqmeniT qavTaraZeTa RvTaebao
RvTisao Seunde miqels; gakeTda safasiTa misis meuRlisa Tamarisa~ (wereTeli 1898:102).
aRsaniSnavia, rom valeri silogavas xsenebuli warwera motanili ara aqvs, rogorc batoni valeri wers,
im mizeziT, rom isini amJamad ganadgurebulia (silogava 1980:18).
32
èrisTavT-erisTavis~ samSeneblo warwera d. meRvineTxucesiSvils gadmowerili aqvs asomTavruliT,
qaragmebis gauxsnelad (ix: danarTi 3) da bolonaklulia. pirveli striqonis bolo or kidur asos masTan
Cven vkiTxulobT, rogorc `z\i~. mari brose imave adgils kiTxulobs ùuk~ (savaraudod, g[ri]g[o]l)
(brose 1857-59: 43). valeri silogavas warwera mTlianobaSi Semdegnairad aqvs wakiTxuli: `q. saxeliTa R[mr]
Tis[a]YTa me, e[risTavT]-e[risTavman] g[iorg]i, dauwere da mivec amis eklesi[i]sa n[a]x[e]v[a]ri s[a]v[a]n[i]sa
s[o]f[e]lsa. T[a]nadamidges, odes S[e]n[e]b[a]i dav[i]wy[e]T, m[u]S[a]ob[i]Ta fasiTa da y[ov]liTa f[e]r[i]Ta.
R[merTma]n ub[e]dn[i]er[e]n uk[unisamd]e.
vin uqcios, hr[i]sx[av]s-mca R[merT]i da w[mida]Y g[iorg]i~ (silogava 1980:62-63; #41).
damowmebani
alimbaraSvili #1(20), 2014: Алимбарашвили И. Из взаимоотношений Мари Броссе и Димитрия Мегвинетухуцесишвили,

`Письменные памятники Востока~, ИВР РАН (Институт восточных рукописей Российской Академии наук) № 1(20), Москва.
alimbaraSvili 2013: alimbaraSvili ioseb (soso). `dargos eqspedicia Samilis winaaRmdeg 1845 wels da wyaroTa
interpretacia~, Jurn. analebi, # 9.
_ 128 _
alimbaraSvili 2015 a: alimbaraSvili ioseb (soso). dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis Sida qarTlSi mogzauroba,
prof. eldar mamisTvaliSvilis dabadebidan 75 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi.
alimbaraSvili 2015 b: alimbaraSvili ioseb. daviTis nakvalevze (dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis imereTSi
mogzaurobis masalebi), goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis II
saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi.
arqivi a: xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis piradi saarqivo fondi, werili: # 15.
arqivi b: Институт восточных рукописей Российской Академии наук (ИВР РАН), фонд Н-78, дело _ `Voyages de M. Dimitri
de Gori 1848-1850~.
arqivi g: xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, mari broses piradi saarqivo fondi, werilebi: # 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
batoniSvili 1973: batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba IV, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi.
beriZe 1942: vaxtang beriZe. savane (XI s-is qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli), qarTuli xelovneba, I, Tb.
beriZe 1974: vaxtang beriZe. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi.
brose 1857-59: M. Brosset. Noice detaillee sur les eglises de Sawane et de Manglis (Avec deux Planches lithographiees), Mélanges
Asiaiques irés du Bullein de l‘Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, t. III (1857-59).
gamba 1987: gamba Jak fransua. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi da urTo mzia
mgalobliSvilma, t. I, Tbilisi.
gafrindaSvili 1970: gafrindaSvili g. 1000 wlis samSeneblo warwera qoreTis eklesiaze, Jurn. Zeglis
megobari, #21.
TayaiSvili 1913-1914: TayaiSvili e. arxeologiuri mogzaurobidan samegreloSi. saqarTvelos saistorio da
saeTnografio sazogadoebis krebuli `Zveli saqarTvelo~, t. III, tf., 1913-1914.
iveria 895 #192: gaz. iveria , # 192.
kalendari 1850: Кавказский календарь, отд. IV.
kekelia 2011: kekelia i. abaSis raionis dasaxlebuli punqtebis saxelwodebani, quTaisi.
koxi 1981: k. koxisa da o. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali
da komentarebi daurTo londa mamacaSvilma, Tbilisi.
silogava 1980: qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi, II, Seadgina da gamosca valeri silogavam,
Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier. tomi I, Tbilisi.
Ciqovani 2004: iuri Ciqovani, ioseb biWikaSvili, SoTa CxeiZe. qarTuli warCinebuli gvarebi, CxeiZeTa sagvareulo
(istoriul genealogiuri gamokvleva), w. II, Tbilisi.
wereTeli 1898: Церетели Г., Саванская базилика, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. VII, под. ред. графини Уваровой,
Москва.
Wyondideli 2010: anton II Wyondideli, Wyondideli mRvdelmTavrebi.
xorava 1996: xorava beJan. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba (XV-XVIII ss.), Tbilisi.
xurciZe 2008: xurciZe beJan. imereTis eparqia 1821-1917 ww. givi tyeSelaSvilis red., quTaisi.
javaxiSvili III, 1966: javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria, t. III, Tbilisi.
htps://demetros.wordpress.com/2010/12/14
htp://books.google.ge/books?id=jVLnp3G7YcAC&source=gbs_similarbooks
htp://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/4719/1/Chxeidzeta_sagvareulo.pdf.
htp://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/index.php?opion=content&task=view&id=3988
htp://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044083797084;view=1up;seq=9
_ 129 _
DIMITRI MEGHVINETKHUTSESISHVILI’S TRIP TO THE WEST GEORGIA
Ioseb (Soso) Alimbarashvili
This paper concerns Dimitri Meghvinetkhutsesishvili’s trip to the West Georgia (In Samegrelo and
Racha) on May 17 - July 21, 1850 according to his diaries.
The trip diaries describe well-known churches and monasteries as well as relaively less explored
sites (in Samegrelo: Khoni, Martvili, Kulevi, Zugdidi, Anaklia. In Racha: Oni, Mravaldzali, Skhieri, Chkmeri
etc.).
Dimitri Meghvinetkhutsesishvili does not describe just only churches, monasteries and holies, survived
there but oten applies popular legends and tradiions.
To the diaries are enclosed with drawings which signiicantly increase the importance of them; they
give us a clearer picture of the described churches, monasteries, holies and aniquiies protected there.
The diaries are also supplied with the author’s extensive commentaries and analysis based on the views
of famous Georgian historians
The main part of the paper is based on the materials protected at Georgian Naional Center of
Manuscripts, in Dimitri Meghvinetkhutsesishvili private collecions and in the manuscript department
at the Insitute of Oriental Studies of St. Petersburg Academy of Science, in Marie-Félicité Brosset
collecions. It is noteworthy that some of the above-menioned materials are to be published for the
irst ime.The text of dieries is published in the appendix.
sur. 1
sur. 2
_ 130 _
sur. 3
sur. 4
_ 131 _
carizmis politika hereTis mosaxleobis mimarT
XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi
(axali saarqivo masalis mixedviT)
1801 wels ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTSi mefis xelisufleba gaauqma da igi Tavis guberniad gamoacxada,
riTac bolo mouRo qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas. 1811 wels ruseTima gaauqma saqarTvelos
eklesiis damoukidebloba da igi ruseTis sinods dauqvemdebara. saqarTvelos eklesias saTaveSi
Caudga ruseTis sinodis ganyofileba – dikasteria. kaTolikosobis nacvlad ki SemoiRes egzarqosis
Tanamdeboba.1
1801 wlis Semdeg ruseTi aqtiurad Seudga War-belaqanSi fexis mokidebisaTvis niadagis momzadebas,
radgan am mxares strategiulad didi mniSvneloba hqonda imperiisaTvis, rogorc politikuri, aseve
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT: savaWro gza – Tbilisi-Semaxa-baqo War-belaqanze gadioda.
1844 wlis 12 noembers saqarTvelos eklesiis egzarqosad dainiSna isidore nikolski (1844-
1858). mis moRvaweobis dros moxda araerTi qarTuli taZris (Tbilisis sionis, alaverdis taZris,
samTavros, martyofis, qvaTaxevis da sxv.) ganaxleba. egzarqosi yuradRebas aqcevda ganaTlebas.
misi TaosnobiT mcxeTaSi qalTa, xolo guriaSi, jumaTSi vaJTa sasuliero saswavleblebi gaixsna.
egzarqosis iniciativiT 1849 wels Seiqmna bibliis qarTuli Targmanis Semsworebeli pirveli
komiteti. isidore kovalskim 1849 wels platon ioselians aTonis mTidan 978 wels gadawerili
oSkis biblia Camoatanina da ori (zogi informaciiT ki sami) piri gadaawerina.2 egzarqosi did
yuradRebas uTmobda oseTis sasuliero komisiis saqmianobas. misi iniciativiT 1851 wels xelaxla
gaixsna saeklesio kaTedra afxazeTSi. isidore nikolski iyo erT-erTi iniciatori kavkasiaSi
marTlmadidebluri qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis Seqmnisa. igi xels uwyobda saeklesio-
samonastro miwebis xazinisaTvis gadacemas _ sekularizacias. 1858 wels isidore nikolski kievis
mitropolitad gadaiyvanes da Tavisi moRvaweoba iq gaagrZela.3
saingilosTan dakavSirebiT qarTul istoriografiaSi araerTi saintereso naSromi arsebobs,4
romlebic ZiriTadad ganixilavs am mxaris socialur-ekonomikur da istoriul viTarebas. winamdebare
statiis mizania axali saarqivo masalis mixedviT vaCvenoT carizmis politika hereTis mosaxleobis
mimarT XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, rac TavisTavad gansazRvravda saqarTvelos saegzarqosos
religiur politikas da qmediT RonisZiebebs ingiloTa Soris marTlmadideblobis aRdgenis saqmeSi.
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris aRmosavlur sacavSi nomriT Ros – 155 daculia ori werili: erTi
1847 wlis 22 seqtembriT daTariRebuli da meore 1853 wlis ianvriT daTariRebuli dokumentebi.
orive maTgani ekuTvnis saqarTvelos egzarqoss – isidores (werilebs vaqveynebT Sesabamisi TargmaniT).
aRniSnuli werilebi Zalzed saintereso da mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens imdenad, ramdenadac
kargad asaxavs ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebisa da saqarTvelos saegzarqosos politikas hereTis
teritoriaze sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis da aq qristianobis xelaxali gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.
Ros – 155-is orive werilis adresati nuxis mRvdeli xucievia. pirveli werili warmoadgens
egzarqos isidores mier xucievisadmi gagzavnil saidumlo instruqcias, sadac detalurad aris
aRwerili, Tu rogor da ra TanmimdevrobiT unda momxdariyo ingiloTa dabruneba muslimobidan
marTlmadideblobaze. xelnaweri Seadgens Svid gverds. igi dawerilia TbilisSi. saidumlo
instruqcia Sedgeba Svidi punqtisa da ramdenime qvepunqtisagan. TiToeuli punqti mkafiod
gamoxatavs saqarTvelos egzarqosis interess konkretuli sakiTxisadmi, am interesis mizezs da
iqve iZleva mosalodneli Sedegis prognozs.
werilis SesavalSi saqarTvelos egzarqosi nuxis mRvdels, xucievs atyobinebs, rom nuxTan
axlos mcxovrebi ingilo tomebi am teritoriaze qarTvel mefeebs dausaxlebiaT aq sazRvris
dacvis mizniT. es mosaxleoba ki droTa ganmavlobaSi iZulebuli gaxda islami eRiarebina, Tumca
saidumlod qristianobas misdevdnen. dokumentSi vkiTxulobT:
nuxTan axlos cxovroben ingiloTa tomebi, romelTa winaprebi TiTqosda qarTvelebi5 (igulisxmeba
qristiani, – x. b.) iyvnen. isini qarTvelma mefeebma aq daasaxles, raTa daecvaT qveynis sazRvari. maT
lekebisagan ZaldatanebiT islami aRiares, magram dRemde aqvT eklesiebi.6
_ 132 _
XVIII s. 20-ian wlebidan osmalTa batonobis xanaSi saqarTvelos Camoscilda War-belaqani

(saingilo).7 mosaxleobis didma nawilma fizikuri gadarCenis mizniT islami aRiara, Tumca
xSiri iyo faruli qristianobis SemTxvevebic.8 aRniSnul periodSi War-belaqanSi gavrcelebuli
iyo da mosaxleobaze did gavlenas axdenda gansakuTrebiT reaqciuli muslimuri movlena
miuridizmi. molebi da miuridebi osmaleTis waqezebiT aSkarad Tu farulad sdevnidnen yovelive
qristianuls. am mxriv urTulesi viTareba Seiqmna XVIII saukunis bolodan, rodesac aRniSnul
procesebs osmaleTidan marTavda cnobili muslimi sasuliero piri Seix-mansuri, igive uSurma.
es pirovneba iyo reaqcioneri muslimi, romelic farTo agenturuli qselis meSveobiT iRebda
informacias da iZleoda Sesabamis direqtivebs, romelTa nawili aSkarad, nawili ki saidumlod
unda ganexorcielebinaT. am dros qarTuli ena ojaxebSic ki idevneboda (es procesi mxolod XIX
saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi SeCerda, rodesac ingiloTa gaqristianeba daiwyo).9
ruseTisaTvis War-belaqani kavkasiis dapyrobis erT-erTi ubani iyo. 1801 wlis Semdeg ruseTi
aqtiurad Seudga aq fexis mokidebisaTvis niadagis momzadebas. War-belaqanSi gamagreba carizms
uqmnida mniSvnelovan strategiul upiratesobas, uadvilebda kavkasiis mTielebze ieriSis mitanas
da iranis winaaRmdeg brZolas.10 ruseTis xelisuflebis Cinovnikebi jer kidev 1806 wlidan
gegmavdnen da amuSavebdnen War-belaqnis dapyrobis strategias, rac gulisxmobda aqedan lekebis
gadasaxlebas ruseTSi da maT adgilze rusebis Casaxlebas. es kargad Cans oficer lofickis mier
peterburgSi 1806 wlis 30 aprils wardgenil moxsenebaSi.11 ruseTis es politikuri mosazreba
ki ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa Sexedulebebs, romlebic aq qarTvelobis
(qristianobis) aRdgenas iTxovdnen.12
jer kidev 1801 w. aprilSi, rodesac ruseTis imperiis umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi,
saxelmwifo sabWoSi sabolood wydeboda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos bedi, qarTvelma elCebma: eliazar
falavandiSvilma da giorgi avaliSvilma saimperatoro kars warudgines nota, sadac sxva mraval
mniSvnelovan sakiTxTa gverdiT garkveuli adgili eTmoboda War-belaqnis sakiTxs. notaSi xazgasmiT
iyo aRniSnuli, rom Warelebi eTnikurad qarTvelebi iyvnen da lekebma isini ZaliT gaamuslimes.13
1822 wels saingiloSi saqarTvelos egzarqosis ionas gadawyvetilebiT (ingiloTa warmomad-
genlebis Txovnis Semdeg, romlebmac qristianobaze dabrunebis survili gamoTqves) gaigzavna ori
mqadagebeli. muslimma sasuliero pirebma maT misionerul saqmianobas didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies.
1826 wels saingiloSi myofi polkovniki kocebu aRniSnavda, rom:
ingilo xalxis TiTqmis mTeli naxevari saidumlod icavs qristianul sarwmunoebas, radgan molebi,
romlebic mebatone soflebs dauyenebiaT, sastikad uTvalTvaleben muslimur wes-CveulebaTa
dacvas. ingilouri soflebis mamasaxlisebi xSirad gulaxdilad marwmunebdnen, rom Tu maT miwa-
wyalze rusTa razmebi mudmiv samyofelad gamoCndebian, maTi soflebi aSkarad daubrundebian mama-
papur aRsarebas da meCeTebis nacvlad eklesiebs aaSeneben.14
aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos egzarqosi isidore kargad icnobs kocebus, iaiSnikovis da qarTveli
elCebis notebsa da raportebs, romlebic ruseTis xelisuflebas garkveuli periodulobiT
waredgineboda am mxareSi arsebuli istoriuli da Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos egzarqosi informirebulia ingiloTa Soris arsebuli surviliT qristianobaze
moqcevis Sesaxeb da dainteresebulia im socialuri da ideologiuri foniT, romlis gaTvaliswinebac
aucilebeli iyo War-belaqanSi qristianobis qadagebisaTvis. xazgasasmelia is sifrTxile da
diplomatia, romelsac egzarqosi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT avlens. dokumentidan vityobT, rom
aRniSnul teritoriaze aqtiurad muSaobdnen ruseTis imperiis informatorebi, rac xels uwyobda
Sesabamisi struqturebis adgilze efeqtur muSaobas. werilSi vkiTxulobT:
...zogma maTganma (igulisxmebian ingiloebi, – x. b.) saidumlod gamoTqva survili marTlmadideblur

sarwmunoebaze moqcevis Sesaxeb. rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi, aqac xom ar SevxvdebiT muslimTagan
winaaRmdegobas. SeiZleba gavarkvioT, xom ar gamoiwvevs muslimi mosaxleobis gaRizianebas aq
marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis Riad qadageba da xom ar gaaZlierebs igi maTSi muslimur fanatizms.15
XIX s. mTel manZilze, TiTqmis 70-ian wlebamde, mefis mTavroba saqarTvelosa da zogadad
amierkavkasiaSi qristianobis dacvis lozungiT moqmedebda. aRmosavleT kaxeTSi ruseTis
mmarTveloba Tavidanve gamoexmaura qarTveli ingiloebis interesebs.16 ruseTis xelisuflebam
kargad icoda, rom religiuri sakiTxiT manipulireba grZelvadian gegmebSi, xelsayrel Sedegebamde
miiyvanda.
_ 133 _
War-belaqanSi ruseTis mier gadadgmuli TiToeuli nabiji osmaleTis xelisuflebas

uyuradRebod ar rCeboda, romelic aq sakuTari interesebis dasacavad aqtiurad iyenebda
islams. 1829 wels daRestnidan WarSi Camosaxlda miuridizmis cnobili mqadagebeli haji-iahia,
romelic muslim mosaxleobas wmindanad miaCnda. misi aq moRvaweobis Sedegi iyo is, rom 1830
wels War-belaqnis mosaxleoba ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyda, Tumca mosaxleobis nawilma ruseTis
mxare daiWira. SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba mimdinareobda rusebsa da miuridebs Soris. am dros
moRvaweobdnen cnobili miuridi imamebi yazi-mola, hamzaT-begi, Seix-Sabani. es ukanaskneli
muslimi mosaxleobisadmi Tavis mowodebaSi – ganedevnaT rusebi da aRedginaT SariaTis kanonebi,
wyevlida ingilo mosaxleobas, romelic maT mxares ar dadga. daRestans ruseTis winaaRmdeg
aqezebda osmaleTi. daRestani ki Tavis agentebs agzavnida War-belaqanSi. miuridizmis gaaqtiureba
gansakuTrebiT 1828-1829 wlebSi ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros xdeba.17 1830 w. ruseTma xangrZlivi
omis Semdeg SeZlo War-belaqanSi Tavisi mmarTvelobis SemoReba.18
1831 wels saqarTvelos saegzarqosom saingiloSi kvlav gagzavna xuTi misioneri, magram im
dros iq arsebulma daZabulma politikurma situaciam maTi moRvaweoba isev Seaferxa.19
1834 wlidan miuridebs saTaveSi Caudga Samili.20 miuridebis gaZliereba did zegavlenas axdenda War-
belaqanze, sadac maT bevri momxre hyavdaT. ruseTiT ukmayofilo muslimuri samRvdeloeba da feodalTa
nawili WarSi Samilis gamoCenas elodnen. Waris mTavarmmarTebeli generali Svarci 1842 wels weriliT
saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTebel golovinisagan iTxovda àucilebeli seriozuli Setevis ganxorcielebas~,
rac ver moxerxda. 1843 wels ruseTis mmarTvelobas kavkasiaSi seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna.21
1844 welsac War-belaqanSi ruseTisaTvis ara saxarbielo mdgomareoba rCeboda. rusebis
mTavrobas erTgulebdnen mxolod ingiloebi da muRalebi, Tumca maTze Warel lekTa gavlena
jer kidev Zlieri iyo.22 1847 wels mola Saban-Wareli da beladi adalovi WarSi Cavidnen da
sofeli katexi aajanyes. amas Tan erTvoda Samilis razmebis Semotevebi.23 WarSi 1852 wlamde
Zalzed daZabuli viTareba iyo. dokumentis Ros-155-is (1847 wlis werili) mixedviT, saqarTvelos
egzarqosi dainteresebuli iyo ingiloTa socialuri fenebiT, mosaxleobis tomis uxucesebis
vinaobiT, maTi avtoritetiTa da gavleniT. egzarqosi dainteresebulia arsebuli religiuri
fonis SeswavliT. ainteresebs, ingiloebi ramdenad Rrmadmorwmuneebi arian da ramdenad icaven
muslimur wes-Cveulebebs. egzarqoss surs miiRos informacia ingiloTa mxridan qristianobisadmi
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb da SesaZlebelia Tu ara maTTan marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebaze
dabrunebis Sesaxeb saubari. werilSi vkiTxulobT:
saWiroa: 1) saidumlod [gavarkvioT] ra sazogadoebriv fenebad iyofa ingiloTa tomi? vin arian
[tomis] uxucesebi, ra azrisani arian qristianobaze, rogorc uxucesebi, ise maT daqvemdebarebaSi
myofi mosaxleoba? sad aris maTi meCeTi? maTi molebi adgilobrivebi arian, Tu drodadro modian
da [Tu modian] saidan? winaaRmdegobas uweven Tu ara molebi mosaxleobis mier qristianulis
msgavsi tradiciebis Sesrulebas – marxvis dacvas da zogierTi qristianuli dResaswaulis
aRniSvnas, Tu amas gulgrilad uyureben? ingiloTagan konkretulad vis surs mamapapaTa religiaze
[marTlmadideblobaze] moqceva da aqvT Tu ara raime wona [avtoriteti] mosaxleobaSi? xom ar surT
vinmes [dekanozTagan], aRzardos Svili TbilisSi xazinis xarjze, romlis Semdegac isini ingiloebis
mRvdlebi gaxdebian. ra Tqma unda, dasmul SekiTxvaze pasuxebis Segroveba erTbaSad ver moxerxdeba.
aCqarebas arc viTxovT... ufro metic, werilis miRebisTanave nu daiwyebT informaciis Segrovebas,
mxolod ramdenime xnis gasvlis Semdeg mieciT mas kerZo cnobismoyvareobis saxe [da ise gamoikiTxeT
ambebi] da ara rogorc ufrosis davaleba.24
egzarqosi detalurad swavlobs hereTSi arsebul viTarebas. misi interesis miRma arc
samxedro garnizoni da misi xelmZRvaneloba rCeba. igi mRvdel xucievs pirdapir mouwodebs, rom
man nuxis samxedro xelmZRvanelTan daamyaros kargi urTierToba, rac SemdgomSi misgan sasurveli
informaciis moZiebas gauadvilebda.
SeecadeT: a) daimsaxuroT nuxTa samxedro xelmZRvanelis keTilganwyoba da droTa ganmavlobaSi

gamohkiTxeT, Tu vin arian ingiloTa da elisus soflebis Cinovnikebi? ingiloebi lekebTan
mtrul Tu keTilmezoblur urTierTobaSi arian? iq myofi Cinovnikebi ra sarwmunoebis arian:
marTlmadideblebi, kaTolikeebi, luTeranebi Tu muslimebi? arian Tu ara isini raime formiT nuxebis
samxedro xelmZRvanelze damokidebuli? icis Tu ara man [nuxebis samxedro xelmZRvanelma] rom
ingiloebi warmoSobiT qarTvelebi arian, rom maT surT, magram uWirT gaqristianeba, da SeiZleba Tu
ara imedi viqonioT, rom maT odesme es molodini SeusruldebaT? rogoria amis Taobaze samxedro
xelmZRvanelis azri?25
_ 134 _
egzarqosi isidore mRvdel xucievs sTxovs SesaZleblobisTanave gaicnos nuxis samxedro nawilis
mRvdeli da misgan Seityos, Tu romel dReebSi Camodiodnen ingiloebi nuxSi savaWrod da visTan
hqondaT urTierToba. egzarqosi adresatisagan iTxovda ingiloebTan kontaqtis damyarebas da maTi
keTilganwyobis mopovebas, raTa SemdgomSi SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo maTTan religiur Temaze saubari.
werilidan irkveva, rom egzarqoss urTierToba ar aqvs nuxis samxedro nawilis mRvdelTan.
b) Tu SesaZlebloba mogecemaT, gaicaniT samxedro nawilis mRvdeli da misgan gaarkvieT rac saWiroa:
g) gaigeT romel dReebSi Camodian ingiloebi nuxSi savaWrod da visTan rCebian binaze, gaicaniT am
saxlebis patronebi, raTa maTTan misvlisas ingiloebTan saubris saSualeba gqondeT.
d) im ingiloebs, visac gaicnobT, ecadeT gulTbilad moeqceT, miiwvieT isini stumrad TqvenTan
saxlSi, daexmareT yvelaferSi, rac maT dasWirdebaT qalaqSi, uSuamdgomleT CinovnikebTan da
a. S. da roca maT ndobas moipovebT, maSin daiwyeT maTTan saubari imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor
vwuxvarT Cven, rom [ingiloTa] winaprebi ZaliT CamoaSores qristianobas, romlis kvali maTSi
dRemdea SemorCenili. da rom xelisuflebac da mTeli saqristiano Zalian gaixarebda Tu RmerTi
gamougzavnida maT survils, rom kvlav mama-papaTa sarwmunoebas daubrundebodnen. Tu aseTi
saubari maTSi gaRizianebas gamoiwvevs, araviTar SemTxvevaSi maTTan konfliqtSi ar SexvideT da
Tavmdablad upasuxeT, rom Cven vilocebT, raTa RmerTma maTi goneba da guli gaanaTos da ase
SewyviteT maTTan saubari. [amis Semdegac] araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SecvaloT maTTan gulisxmieri
da Tbili damokidebuleba.26
saidumlo werilidan irkveva, rom saqarTvelos egzarqoss winaswar mofiqrebuli da kargad

gaanalizebuli hqonda hereTis mosaxleobis xelaxla gaqristianebis gegma da isic, Tu ra formaluri
mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT unda momxdariyo igi. am procesebSi saeqzarqoso, rogorc wesi, ruseTis
saimperatoro xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedebda.
gaqristianebis msurvelTaTvis aucileblobas warmoadgenda, TxovniT miemarTaT kavkasiis
mTavarmmarTeblisaTvis, romlis Tanxmobis Semdegac monaTvlisaTvis saWiro xarjebs saxelmwifo xazina
dafaravda. sakiTxisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba calsaxad mianiSnebs, rom saxelmwifo daicavda hereTis
xelaxla gaqristianebul mosaxleobas, Tumca, problemebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saegzarqoso
mizanSewonilad miiCnevda, rom Tavdapirvelad monaTlulebs gaqristianebis Sesaxeb araferi eTqvaT.
amiT SesaZlebeli iyo religiur niadagze warmoqmnili konfrontaciis Tavidan acileba.
dokumentSi vkiTxulobT:
Tu vinme gaqristianebis msurveli gamoCndeba, urCieT maT, rom fostiT gamoagzavnon nuxebis Txovna
kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis winaSe, gaqristianebis yvela msurvelis xelmoweriT da daarwmuneT isini,
rom mRvdlebi maTgan aranair Tanxas [gasamrjelos] ar aiReben da yvela saeklesio xarjebs maTTvis
xazina gaiRebs.
Tu vinme nuxSi isurvebs monaTvlas, aswavleT mas mokle swavleba macxovris cxovrebisa da wminda
samebis Sesaxeb, aswavleT maT aTi mcneba da locvebi da monaTleT isini xelisuflebisagan raime
gansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe.
monaTlulebi daarwmuneT, rom adgilze dabrunebisas saidumlod Seinaxon TavianTi gaqristianebis
ambavi, raTa Tavi aaridon urwmunoTagan devnas, ... TiToeulis monaTvla CawereT [saeklesio]
metrikaSi.27
egzarqosi isidore, viTarebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi, xucievs sTxovs, rom damoukideblad

nu miiRebs gadawyvetilebas da mxolod misi instruqciiT imoqmedos.
ingiloebi saqarTvelos CamoSorebulni kvlav muslimuri mosaxleobis garemocvaSi rCebodnen
da aSkarad da oficialurad qristianobis aRiarebas didi siZneleebi xvdeboda. garda amisa, TviT
ruseTis mTavroba, garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi, XIX s. 50-60-ian wlebamde, sanam igi daRestneli
tomebis da saerTod kavkasiis saboloo dapyrobisaTvis ibrZoda, erideboda War-belaqanSi
qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis raime praqtikuli RonisZiebis gatarebas, im mizniT, rom amiT
mas ar gamoewvia War-belaqanSi mcxovrebi muslimi mosaxleobis ukmayofileba. igi am mxareSi
qristianobis Ria propagandas jer-jerobiT naadrevad Tvlida. qristian ingiloTa ricxvis zrda
SesamCnevi xdeba mxolod 1850 wlidan. am wels sofel kaxidan TbilisSi gamocxadda rva ingilo,
romelTac survili gamoTqves qristianuli sarwmunoebis miRebaze. maTi Txovna mefisnacvalma
voroncovma daakmayofila da isini sionis taZarSi monaTles. amis Semdeg qristianobis gavrcelebam
gansakuTrebiT farTo xasiaTi miiRo War-belaqnis samxedro olqis aRmosavleT nawilSi – yofil
elisus sasulTnoSi.28 1850 wlidan qristianobis gavrcelebam ufro farTo xasiaTi miiRo. 1851 wels
_ 135 _
1200 gamuslimebulma qarTvelma saingilodan miiRo qristianoba.29 1853 wlis 9 ianvris voroncovis
brZanebiT monaTluli ingiloebi gaTavisufldnen komlobrivi gadasaxadebisagan.30
am procesebis Sedegi iyo is, rom zaqaTalaSi 1863 wels moxda cnobili ajanyeba, rodesac
miuridulma reaqciam jihadis droSiT daiwyo ingiloTa devna-Seviwroeba. mizezi ki iq dawyebuli
gaqristianebis procesi iyo.
muslimebTan SedarebiT qristianebs meti privilegiebi hqondaT rusul mmarTvelobaSi da
isini xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebzec iniSnebodnen, rac muslimebTan dakavSirebiT iSviaTad xdeboda.
qveyanaSi jer kidev arsebul calkeul politikur erTeulebSi mefis ruseTi sastikad krZalavda
mxolod tyve qristianebiT vaWrobas. muslimur raionebSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa Tu aRdgenis
dros saimperatoro xelisufleba amsubuqebda axalmonaTlulTa mdgomareobas da zogjer maT
xarjze begravda muslimebs.
rogorc vxedavT, ingiloTa kvlav gaqristianebis procesi upirispirdeboda reaqciul
miuridizms, rac, Tavis mxriv, imarTeboda osmaleTidan. es ki did sirTuleebs warmoSobda.
amitomacaa ase frTxili egzarqos isidores aRniSnuli instruqcia. Cans, saingiloSi mimdinare
procesebi egzarqoss pirad kontrolze hqonda da saero xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedebda.
1845 wels peterburgSi daarsda ruseTis saimperatoro geografiuli sazogadoeba, sadac
arsebobda eTnografiuli ganyofileba. aq moRvaweobdnen ruseTis imperiaSi cnobili mecnierebi.
aRniSnuli sazogadoebis arsebobas da mis samecniero muSaobas didi politikuri datvirTva
hqonda. geografiuli sazogadoebis eTnografiuli ganyofileba axdenda ruseTis imperiis
mier axladSemoerTebul teritoriebze mosaxle xalxebisa da eTnikuri jgufebis Seswavlas
eTnografiuli, anTropologiuri, religiuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT. samecniero kvlevis
Sedegebs, Tavis mxriv, swavlobda saimperatoro xelisufleba da mniSvnelovan angariSsac uwevda.
kvlevis Sedegebi maT exmareboda religiuri politikis da diplomatiis sworad dagegmvasa da
warmarTvaSi.
1850 wels regionis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare TbilisSi daarsda ruseTis saimperatoro
geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofileba.
Ros-155-is 1853 wlis 6 ianvriT daTariRebuli meore werilic, rogorc aRvniSneT, egzarqos
isidores ekuTvnis da misi adresati kvlav evstafi xucievia. werilidan irkveva, rom saqarTvelos
egzarqosi aqtiurad ecnoba ruseTis saimperatoro geografiuli sazogadoebis kvlevebs da
TanamSromlobs maTTan. isidore nikolski flobs am sazogadoebis informacias samxreT kavkasiis
erT-erTi Zveli, mkvidri mosaxleobis – udiebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da dainteresebulia
aRniSnuli sakiTxiT.
werilis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, egzarqos nikolskis udi mosaxleobis warmomavlobis
garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT xSiri mimowera hqonda xucievTan. am sakiTxis garSemo informaciis
moZiebaSi xucievs exmareboda vinme Coloyaevi, romelic nuxSi ar cxovrobda da iq konkretuli
davalebis Sesasruleblad unda Casuliyo. saqarTvelos egzarqosi xucievs sTxovs, rom man
ufro sruli informacia moiZios udiebis warmomavlobis, religiuri kuTvnilebis, cxovrebis
wesis Sesaxeb. ainteresebs maTi anTropologiuri monacemebi, xasiaTis Strixebi da maTi SesaZlo
msgavseba-naTesaoba ebraelebTan Tu sxva xalxebTan. egzarqosis mxridan gansakuTrebuli
daintereseba igrZnoba im gadmocemis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac varTaSenSi (nuxTan axlos)
moklul iqna winaswarmetyveli elise, xolo nuxSi misi sami mowafe. es informacia Tavdapirvelad
moipova peterburgis eTnografiulma sazogadoebam. nikolski cdilobs am Tqmulebis sinamdvileSi
sakuTari arxebis saSualebiT darwmundes. cxadia, Tu ratom eniWeboda aRniSnul informacias
didi mniSvneloba. ruseTis sasuliero xelisufleba am legendas erT-erT damatebiT komponentad
gamoiyenebda ingilo da ud mosaxleobaSi marTlmadideblobis aRdgenis saqmeSi, Tundac muslim
sasuliero pirebTan da mosaxleobasTan urTierTobisas.
zemoT ganxiluli orive werili aris TvalsaCino da saintereso magaliTi XIX saukunis 40-50-
ian wlebSi ruseTis saero da religiuri politikis warmoebisa axlad SemoerTebul teritoriebze
sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad. am amocanis gadasawyvetad ki saWiro iyo War-belaqanSi
qristianobis gavrceleba. risTvisac didi sifrTxile da windaxeduleba iyo saWiro.
egzarqos isidores werilebidan irkveva, rom War-belaqanSi ruseTis xelisuflebis farTo
agenturuli qseli moqmedebda, romelSi monawileobas samRvdeloebac iRebda. miuxedavad
samisionero moRaweobis Tavdapirveli warumateblobisa, ruseTis imperiis saero da sasuliero
Zalebis erToblivma moqmedebam mainc miaRwia garkveul Sedegs ingiloTa kvlav gaqristianebis
saqmeSi.31
_ 136 _
danarTi: 1.
Ros-155.
I werili (saidumlo instruqcia).
с.1.
Нухскому свяшеннику Е. Хуциеву.
Секретная инструкция.
Недалеко от Нухи Расположены селения племени Ингилоицев, коих предки были Грузины, поселенни царями для
охронения границ. Побежденные Лезгинами, они насилиями совращены о Магометанство. Но досел имеют церкви с
некоторыми утварями, и потомки священников, под именемъ деканозовъ, и исправляют для них некоторые обряды.
Многие из них, по одиначни секретно обявляли желание возвратиться на Православнои вере. Как много таковых,
и не встретимся ли со стороны Магометан каких либо важных к водворению там христианства препятствий, можно
узнать только на месте. Но военное начальство все попытки к тому прекрашало в самом начале, опасаясь чтобы
открытое проповедание веры у Ингилоицев и вмешательство православного духовенства не усилило на линии фанатизма
Мусульманъ и чтобы жители,
с. 2.
упоривые в Магометанством, не стали переходить к Лезгиинам, для сохронении своей веры. Обстоятельство сеи
деиствительности требует величаищей осторожности со стороны православного духовенства.
Посиму, скрывая до времени [...]начальства, нужно:
1) Секретно [расуждать] на какие общества разделено племя Ингилоисев? Кто в каждом обществе старшины?
Какого образа мыслей относительно Христянства как сами старшинй, так и подчинившие им жители? Где у них мечети?
Постоянны ли [....] мулли, или на время приходят, и откуда? Препятствуют ли муллы жителям, исполнить обряды подобные
Христянскими, соблюдать посты и праздновать некоторые Христянские рпаздники, или смотрят на это равнодушно? Кто
иммено из Ингилойцев желает возвратиться на Праотеческой Православной вере, и имеют ли токовые на кой нибудь
весь в народ? Не препятствуют ли таиному желанию деканозы, их опосения, потерять доходы, [...] получаемые от народа?
с. 3.
Не пожелает ли кто из деканозов, воспитать сына в Тифлис на казенный сщеть, [с тем ], чтобы он мог в последствии
быть священником у Ингилоицев? Само сабою разумееться, что ответы на изложевшие вопросы нельзя собрать скоро.
Поспешности и не требуеться. Даже и приступать к [расинданию] не должно вскоре по прибитии на место, но спустя
несколько времени, и [расужданию] давать вид частного любопытства, а не поручится от начальства. Для сего нужно:
2) Постараться
а) заслужить расположение Нухинского Военного начальника и по времени входить сними в разговор о том кто
из чиновников заслужывает селенями Ингилойскими или Элисуйскими? близкое ли Ингилоицы имеют сношение съ
Лезгинами или враждевны один с другим? Православные ли там чиновники, или лютерани, и татары? Зависят ли они
сколько нибудь от Нухиинского военного начальника?– слыхаль ли он, что Ингилойцы, [помнят] о происхождений от
грузин, с корбию отзываются, что им трудно возвратиться к
с. 4.
Христианству, и можно ли надеяться, что когда нибудь это ожидание исполнится? какое ко мнению Начальника
было бы для сего средство самые действительность?
б) Познакомиться, если откроеться случай, съ свяшенником воинских команд, в Элисуиских [если... ... ] расположениых,
и от него разяснить что нужно:-
в) узнать, в какие торговые дни приезжают Ингилоицы в Нуху для покупок, и у кого остановливаються на квартиры.
Съ хозяевами этих квартир воити знакомство, чтобы, рпиходя к ним иметь случай бесседовать с Ингилоицами;
г) Тех Ингилойцевъ, съ [коими] случиться познакомиться, стараться всячески приласкать – приглашением к себе в
дом услугами в их нуждах по городу, ходотайством за них у кого либо из чиновников и т. п., и когда [их] [снискана] будет
их доверенность и расположение, начать сними говорить о том, сколько мы сожелеем, что предки их при несчастных
обстоятельствах разными насилиями вождей отвлечены были от Христианской веры, кои следы остаються у них
с. 5.
[доселю (?)], и как и правительство и вся христиане были бы обрадованы, если бы Бог послал им желание
возвратиться к вере отцов. Если такое напоминание принято будет с раздражением, отнюдь не входить ни в какие споры,
а съ скромностью отвечать, что мы будем молиться, чтоби Господь просветил их умы и смягчил сердца,- и так прекратить
разговор, нимало не переминять ласкового с ними обращения.
д) Если наидуться желающие возвратиться в Христианство: советовать им, чтобы послали от себя чрез Нухинского
почту прошение на имя Наместника Кавказского, с подписъем имени всех желающих, и уверить их, что Свяшенники не
будут брать с них платы ни за какия требы, и все нужное для церквей будет послано на казенный щеть.
е) Кто пожелает креститься в Нух, преподать ему краткое учение о лице Спасителя и св. Троицы, о заповедах и
молитве Господней, и крестить не испрашивая особаго разрешения от Начальства, а только доносить по исполнении.
Крестившиися
с. 6.
внушать чтобы, по возвращении на место, до времени содержали веру свою в тайно, дабы не подвергнуться
_ 137 _
гонению от неверных, чтобы поутру и вечером молились Спасителью на восток, чтобы совлюдали посты и чистоту в
жизни, чтобы любили Бога и ближних, чтобы в посты приходили в Нуху на исповедь и для приобщения Св. Таинюы.
Крешение их кажды раз записывать в метрику.
З) Не дожидаться, пока все требуемая свядение будут собраны,а доставлять мне по частямъ в рапортах каждое
сведение в тоже время, как [оное] получено, и излагать подробно, помещая [подлинния] слова в каких получены будут
от кого либо ответы на предлаженые вопросы.
4) Если в чем встретятся затруждение, тотчась испрашивать моего наставления, и самому не приспупить ни кь
какимь деиствиям,не пояснившим в сей инструкции.
5) Если Ингилоицы будутъ просить, приехать в их селения: не решаться на это; не испросив моего разрешения.
с. 7.
6) Если кто из Грузин или благонамеренных Армян Нухиинских ездит к Ингилоицам для торговли: можно употребить
его оружием для получения нужных сведений. Но прежде подробно узнать человека, поверить, можно ли положиться
на его скромность и благонамеренность.
7) Инструкцыя сия не должна быть никому известна. –
Исидор Эгзархъ Грузии.
Сентябрь. 22.
1847.
Тифлись.
Ros – 155 egzarxos isidores werili (saidumlo instruqcia) ingiloebis muslimobidan marTlmadideblobaze
dabrunebis Sesaxeb /Tbilisi. 1847 w. 22 seqtemberi. 7 gv. werilis adresatia nuxeTis mRvdeli e. xucievi.
Targmani
gv. 1.
nuxis mRvdels e. xucievs.
saidumlo instruqcia.
nuxTan axlos cxovroben ingiloTa tomebi, romelTa winaprebi TiTqosda qarTvelebi iyvnen, romelebic
qarTvelma mefeebma aq daasaxles, raTa daecvaT qveynis sazRvari. maT lekebisagan ZaldatanebiT islami aRiares,
magram dRemde aqvT eklesiebi ramdenime saeklesio WurWliT, da arian mRvdlebis STamomavlebi dekanozebi, da
asruleben maTTvis zogierT rituals. zogma maTganma cal-calke, saidumlod gamoTqva survili marTlmadideblur
sarwmunoebaze moqcevis Sesaxeb. ramdenad bevria aseTi. xom ar SevxvdebiT muslimTagan qristianobis aRorZinebisas
raime saxis winaaRmdegobas. Tu SeiZleba gavarkvioT, xom ar gamoiwvevs muslimi mosaxleobis gaRizianebas aq
marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis Riad qadageba da xom ar gaaZlierebs igi maTSi muslimur fanatizms.
gv. 2.
da xom ar mimarTavs mosaxleoba lekebs TavianTi sarwmunoebis dasacavad. es garemoebebi da arsebuli
mdgomareoba moiTxovs udides sifrTxiles marTlmadidebluri samRvdeloebisagan.
amisaTvis saWiroa [Cveni ganzraxva] Sesaferis dromde saidumlod SevinaxoT.
saWiroa:
1) saidumlod [gavarkvioT] ra sazogadoebriv fenebad iyofa ingiloTa tomi? vin arian [tomis] uxucesebi,
ra azrisani arian qristianobaze rogorc uxucesebi, ise maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofi mosaxleoba? sad aris
maTi meCeTi? maTi molebi adgilobrivebi arian Tu drodadro modian, da [Tu modian] saidan? winaaRmdegobas
uweven Tu ara molebi mosaxleobis mier qristianulis msgavsi tradiciebis Sesrulebas – marxvis dacvas da
zogierTi qristianuli dResaswaulis aRniSvnas, Tu amas gulgrilad uyureben? ingiloTagan konkretulad
vis surs mamapapaTa religiaze [marTlmadideblobaze] moqceva da aqvT Tu ara raime wona [avtoriteti]
mosaxleobaSi? xom ar aqvT SiSi dekanozebs, rom isini xalxisagan Semosavals dakargaven.
gv. 3.
xom ar surT vinmes dekanozTagan, aRzardos Svili TbilisSi xazinis xarjze, romlis Semdegac isini
ingiloebis mRvdlebi gaxdebian. ra Tqma unda, dasmul SekiTxvaze pasuxebis Segroveba erTbaSad ver moxerxdeba.
aCqarebas arc viTxovT. ufro metic, werilis moRebisTanave nu daiwyebT informaciis Segrovebas, mxolod
ramdenime xnis gasvlis Semdeg mieciT mas kerZo cnobismoyvareobis saxe da ara rogorc ufrosis davaleba.
amisaTvis saWiroa:
2. SeecadeT:
a) daimsaxuroT nuxTa samxedro xelmZRvanelis keTilganwyoba da droTa ganmavlobaSi gamohkiTxeT, Tu
vin arian ingiloTa da elisus soflebis Cinovnikebi? ingiloebi lekebTan arian mtrul Tu keTilmezoblur
urTierTobaSi? iq myofi Cinovnikebi ra sarwmunoebis arian: marTlmadideblebi, kaTolikeebi, luTeranebi Tu
muslimebi? arian Tu ara isini raime formiT nuxeTis samxedro xelmZRvanelze damokidebuli? icis Tu ara
man, rom ingiloebi warmoSobiT qarTvelebi arian, rom maT surT, magram uWirT gaqristianeba,
_ 138 _
gv. 4.
da SeiZleba Tu ara imedi viqonioT, rom maT odesme es molodini SeusruldebaT? rogoria amis Taobaze
samxedro xelmZRvanelis azri?
b) Tu SesaZlebloba mogecemaT gaicaniT samxedro nawilis mRvdeli da misgan gaarkvieT rac saWiroa:
g) gaigeT romel dReebSi Camodian ingiloebi nuxSi savaWrod da visTan rCebian binaze, gaicaniT am
saxlebis patronebi, raTa maTTan misvlisas ingiloebTan saubris saSualeba gqondeT.
d) im ingiloebs, visac gaicnobT, ecadeT gulTbilad moeqceT, miiwvieT isini TqvenTan saxlSi stumrad,
daexmareT yvelaferSi, rac maT dasWirdebaT qalaqSi, uSuamdgomleT CinovnikebTan da a. S. da roca maT
ndobas moipovebT, maSin daiwyeT maTTan saubari imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor vwuxvarT Cven, rom [maTi]
winaprebi ZaliT CamoaSores qristianobas, romlis kvali maTSi dRemdea SemorCenili.
gv. 5.
da rom xelisuflebac (mefis ruseTi) da mTeli saqristiano Zalian gaixarebda, Tu RmerTi gamougzavnida
maT survils, rom kvlav mama-papaTa sarwmunoebas dabrunebodnen. Tu aseTi saubari maTSi gaRizianebas
gamoiwvevs, araviTar SemTxvevaSi maTTan konfliqtSi ar SexvideT, da Tavmdablad upasuxeT, rom Cven
vilocebT, raTa RmerTma maTi goneba da guli gaanaTos da ase SewyviteT maTTan saubari. amis Sedegac
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SecvaloT maTTan gulisxmieri da Tbili damokidebuleba.
e) Tu vinme gaqristianebis msurveli gamoCndeba, urCieT maT, rom gamoagzavnon nuxebis fostiT Txovna
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis winaSe, gaqristianebis yvela msurvelis xelmoweriT da daarwmuneT isini, rom mRvdlebi
maTgan aranair Tanxas (gasamrjelos) ar aiReben da yvela saeklesio xarjebs maTTvis xazina gaiRebs.
v) Tu vinme nuxSi isurvebs monaTvlas, aswavleT mas mokle swavleba macxovris cxovrebisa da wminda samebis
Sesaxeb, aswavleT maT aTi mcneba da locvebi da monaTleT isini xelisuflebisagan raime gansakuTrebuli
nebarTvis gareSe.
gv. 6.
monaTluli daarwmuneT, rom adgilze dabrunebisas saidumlod Seinaxos Tavisi gaqristianebis ambavi,
raTa Tavi aaridos urwmunoTagan devnas, da, rom yovel dila-saRamos ilocos aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.
daicvas marxva da siwmide yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, rom uyvardes RmerTi da Tavisi axloblebi. marxvis
periodSi Camovidnen nuxSi aRsarebis saTqmelad da wmida samebasTan mis dasaaxloveblad [ziarebisaTvis].
TiToeulis monaTvla CawereT [saeklesio.] metrikaSi.
3) nu daelodebiT rodis SeagrovebT yvela moTxovnil informacias. mogvawodeT isini periodulad
raportebis saxiT, Tu ra pasuxebi iqneba TiToeul dasmul SekiTxvaze (igulisxmeba zemoT CamoTvlili
kiTxvebi, – x. b.).
4) Tu rame garTulebas eqneba adgili, Cemgan daukiTxavad nu miiRebT raime saxis gadawyvetilebas da
daelodeT Cems instruqciebs.
5) Tu ingiloebi moiTxoven Tqvens Casvlas maT sofelSi, gadawyvetileba ar miiRoT Cemi nebarTvis
gareSe.
gv. 7.
6. nuxidan Tu vinme qarTveli an keTilmosurne somexi saingiloSi wava savaWrod, SeiZleba isini
gamoviyenoT saWiro informaciis miRebis iaraRad. magram manamde saWiroa kargad gavicnoT es adamianebi da
maT sandoobaSi da gulwrfelobaSi davrwmundeT.
7) es instruqcia aravisTvis ar unda iyos cnobili.
isidore. saqarTvelos egzarqosi.

seqtemberi 22.
1847.
tfilisi.
Ros.-155.
II werili.
6 Январь. 1853 г. II. Письмо эгзарха Грузии Исидора свяшеннику Евстафию [Хуциеву].
с. 1.
О. Еuстафий! Постараитесь окончить данное вам поручение относительно Удиновъ. Визовите в Нуху Чолокаева, и с
ними заимитесь. Петербургское Этнографическое общество говоритъ, 1) что Удини [тоже что] Гунны,- известно ли Удинам
имя Гуннов? 2) что между Удинами есть придание, будто в Варташени убит пророк Елиссей, а в [нухи] убиты при ученика
его,-правда ли? 3) Что Удины [знают ] сродство с Мордовским народом, [передали ] и знают ли Удины что нибудь о
[Мордев] ? Желательно, что бы описать наружный вид Удинов – цвет и [ ] лица, рост, характер. [Узнайте], [как] много
их в [Нухи]. Не знают ли они по наружности сходства с Евреями? С каким племеним [окружаясь] живут – Евреями или
Татарами? Как зовут их Татарй, как Армяни и как Еврей? –
с. 2.
Не знают ли Удины [где говорят одним с ним языком?] Или не знают ли об этом Евреи. Занимающиися [... .]
торговлю? Не пересикали когда либо [ ] Удины в другие места, и куда именно? Соберите [ ] нибудь собственние имена
_ 139 _
и фамилии, как называют себя Удины, независимо от Христянский имен. Распросите Чолокаева пояснить ихние обычаи
наблюдаться при оплачивании [ ] пред бракосачитании, на обычиях похоронных и сводебных. Заставте его разяснить
чего [ ] не знают. Говорят, что [ближ ] Кавкази к Северу от Варташени, есть селения сходные с Удииноми. Правда ли?
Спросите у кого либо их старожилов, не знают ли обь них чего либо? Не знают ли тамошние Евреи каких либо деревнях
приданыи устных или письменных, [ ] они сюда заняли, и кто жили там прежде их?
c. 3.
[ Короткий ответ - ], слишно ли [ ] Ежели [поишите, ........наидите ответ ] хотя [неверный ] или [ .... ] но [ ] нибудь
[занимательныи. Один ]
Если случится [ ] с ним либо их Дагестанцы или Персиян, [ ], не употребляться ли [ ] слова [ ?]
Что узнаите, усведомляите меня.
[ ] Ваш благословение.
Исидор Эгзарх Грузии.
Янв. 1853.
1853 wlis 6 ianvari. saqarTvelos egzarqosis isidores werili mRvdel evstafis [xucievs].
gv. 1.
evstafi! SeecadeT daasruloT Tqvenze dakisrebuli davaleba [udiebTan] dakavSirebiT. daibareT Coloyaevi
nuxSi da masTn erTad SeudeqiT davalebis Sesrulebas. peterburgis eTnografiuli sazogadoeba acxadebs,
rom 1) udiebi [igive xalxia], rac hunebi, udiebisaTvis cnobilia Tu ara hunebis saxeli? 2) rom udiebSi aris
gadmocema, TiTqos varTaSenSi moklul iqna winaswarmetyveli elise, xolo [nuxSi] misi sami mowafe mokles –
simarTlea Tu ara es? 3) rom udiebma [ician] mordovelebTan naTesaobis Sesaxeb, [...] da ician Tu ara udiebma
rame [mordovelTa] Sesaxeb? sasurvelia, rom aRweroT udiebis garegnoba – feri, saxis [ieri?], simaRle, xasiaTi.
[gaigeT], nuxSi isini ramdenni arian. xom ar ician maT ebraelebTa TavianTi msgavsebis Sesaxeb? romeli tomebis
[garemocvaSi] cxovroben – ebraelebis Tu TaTrebis? ras eZaxian maT TaTrebi, ras somxebi da ebraelebi?
gv. 2.
xom ar ician udiebma [sad laparakoben maT enaze?]. an xom ar ician amis Taobaze ebraelebma; dakavebulebma
[...] vaWrobiT? xom ar gadaukveTavT rodisme [ ] udiebs sxva adgilebSi, da saxeldobr sad? SekribeT [ ] sme
sakuTari saxelebi da gvarebi, qristianul saxelebisgan damoukideblad. gamokiTxeT Colokaevs, gagarkvioT
maT adaTebSi datirebisas [ ] niSnobis win, dakrZalvisa da qorwinebis CveulebebSi. aiZuleT is axsnas ra [ ]
ar ician. amboben, rom kavkasiasTan [axlos] varTaSenis CrdiloeTiT, aris dasaxleba udiebis msgavsi. marTalia
Tu ara? hkiTxeT vinme mcxovans, xom ar ician maT Sesaxeb raime? xom ar ician iqaurma ebraelebma raime
soflebze gadmocema zepiri an werilobiTi, [...] da vin cxovrobda iq manamde?
gv. 3.
[mokle pasuxi-] Tu ismis [ ] anda [moiZieT, ... ipoveT pasuxi] Tumca [mcdari] an [...] magram [...]
Tu moxdeba [ ] masTan an maT daRestnelebi an sparselebi, [ ], xom ar gamoviyenoT [ ] sityva [?]
rasac SeityobT, macnobeT.
[ ] Tqveni kurTxeva.
isidore saqarTvelos egzarqosi.
ianvari, 1853.
SeniSvnebi
1
pirveli egzarqosi iyo varlami _ qsnis erisTavTa ojaxis wevri, II iyo Teofilaqte rusanovi.
2
il. feraZe, saqarTvelos eqsarxosebi, `mogzauri~, #4, tf. gv. 359. meliqiSvili, n. narkvevebi Zveli
qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis istoriidan, I, gv. 80.
3
xuciSvili, m. isidore, qse., V, 1980, gv. 228.
4
papuaSvili, T. saingilos istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., 2008, misive, War-belaqani, istoriuli narkvevi, Tb.,
1972. dumbaZe, m. aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilos) istoriidan, Tb., 1953. berZeniSvili, n. aRmosavleT
kaxeTis warsulidan, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, Tbilisi., 1966.
5
aq qarTvelebSi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi igulisxmeba.
6
Ros-155, 1 v.
7
dumbaZe, m. aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilos) istoriidan, Tbilisi., 153, gv. 19.
8
dumbaZe, m. dasax. naSr. gv. 236.
9
dumbaZe, m. dasax. naSr. gv. 28.
10
papuaSvili, T. saingilos istoriis narkvevebi, Tb. 2008, gv. gv. 6-7.
11
Лофоцкий, Замечания о Грузии, АСКАК. III, Тифлис,1879. с. 7.
_ 140 _
12
papuaSvili, T. dasax. naSr. gv. 8, 148.
13
Нота врученная Министерству Грузинскими послами б Апрель, 1801 г, Цагарели, Грамоты, т. II, выр. I, с. 207.,
papuaSvili, T. saingilos istoriis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2008, 145.
14
Коцебу. Статистические сведения о Чарских владениях, собранные на месте полковником Коцебу в 1826 году, Москва,
ЦГВИА, ф. ВУА, д. 18498, л. 3-11. papuaSvili, T., dasax. naSr., gv. 8, 211.
15
Ros-155, 1r.
16
dumbaZe, m. aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilos) istoriidan, Tbilisi, 153, gv. 229-230.
17
dumbaZe, m. dasax. naSr. gv. 170-171.
18
dumbaZe, m. imereTis saxelmwifos gauqmeba da carizmis batonobis gafarToeba saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, IV. gv. 887.
19
dumbaZe, m. dasax. naSr. gv. 235. Коцебу, gv. 3-11.
20
dumbaZe, m. dasax. naSr., gv. 212.
21
Волконский, Н. А. История Грузинской пешей его дружины, Тифлис, 1884, gv. 84.
22
dumbaZe, m., dasax. naSr. gv. 215.
23
iqve. gv. 218.
24
Ros-155, 1v, 2r.
25
Ros-155, 2r, 2v.
26
Ros-155, 2v-3r.
27
Ros-155, 3r- v.
28
dumbaZe, m. saarqivo sabuTebi War-belaqnis Sesaxeb, saistorio moambe. t. 4, Tb, 1948. gv. 497. zaqaTalis
komisiis Jurnali #45, 1872 , 20 noemberi, papuaSvili T. dasax. naSr. gv. 211.
29
mogzauri, 1901 , #4 gv. 359.
30
dumbaZe, m. saarqivo sabuTebi War-belaqnis Sesaxeb, saistorio moambe, t. 4. Tb., 1948, gv. 497.
31
1858 wlis 1 marts saqarTvelos egzarqosad dainiSna episkoposi evsevi (ilinski, 1858-1877 ww.). mis dros
oseTis komisiis nacvlad 1860 wels daarsda kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoeba.
1r 1v
_ 141 _
2r 2v
3r 3v
_ 142 _
4r I
II III
_ 143 _
stefane burnaSevi da misi naSromi
saqarTvelos suraTi anu qarTlisa da
kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri mdgomareobis aRwera
daviT merkvilaZe
1783 wlis 3 aprils, qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris georgievskis

xelSekrulebis gaformebamde daaxloebiT samTvenaxevriT adre, imperator ekaterine II-is
favoriti da imxanad imperiaSi yvelaze gavleniani saxelmwifo moRvawe, grigol potiomkini
saidumlo orderiT ruseTis armiis polkovnik stefane burnaSevs atyobinebda, rom es ukanaskneli
miivlineboda saqarTveloSi, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-sTan da imereTis mefe solomon I-Tan
ruseTis sagangebo rwmunebulad (komisionerad). `didi Tavadi~ iqve dasZenda, rom erekles miReba
ùmaRlesi misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis mfarvelobaSi~ da amis Sesabamisi traqtatiT
gaformeba ukve gadawyvetili saqme iyo (burnaSevi 1901: 1-2).
imave wlis maisSi stefane burnaSevi ukve saqarTveloSia. aqedan igi intensiur miwer-moweras
awarmoebs kavkasiis xazis sardalTan, grigol potiomkinis axlo naTesav pavle potiomkinTan,
romlisaganac mudmiv da detalur samoqmedo miTiTebebs iRebs.
stefane burnaSevi 1743 wlis 8 oqtombers daibada kurskis warCinebuli Tavaduri gvaris ojaxSi.
1759 wels Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi miiRes sainJinro korpusSi konduqtorad. ori wlis Semdeg ukve
inJiner-praporSCikis Tanamdebobazea general graf Suvalovis samxazveloSi. male monawileoba
miiRo cixe-simagreTa mSeneblobaSi, meTaurobda Cernigovis cixis garnizonis sainJirno nawils,
xelmZRvanelobda sawyalosno kavSirgabmulobis komisias da agegmarebda saWiro proeqtebs. 1766
wlidan poruCikis wodebiT agrZelebda samxedro samsaxurs (burnaSevi 1901: 41).
ruseT-TurqeTis pirveli omis dawyebisTanave burnaSevi Tavisi surviliT iwyebs samsaxurs
frontze moqmed armiaSi da iRebs jer kapitnis (1769 wels), xolo momdevno wels sekund-maioris
wodebas. omSi Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc sazrianma samxedro meTaurma. gamoigona axali tipis
saalyo kibeebi da yirimSi saomari moqmedebebisas aiRo qerCi, arabaTisa da enikales cixeebi. am
damsaxurebisaTvis man miiRo premier-maioris wodeba da dajildovda wm. giorgis IV klasis ordeniT
(burnaSevi 1901: 41-45).
omis dasrulebis Semdeg monawileobda peterburgis sazogadoebrivi Senobebis agebaSi. 1775
wels burnaSevs podpolkovnikis xarisxi mieniWa. 1778 wels ki igi Sirvanis polks miuZRveba
salaSqrod yirimSi, sadac geometriulad gadaiRo yirimis mTebi da axtiaris ube. 1779-1782 wlebSi
aqtiurad monawileobs xersonis fortifikaciebis gamagrebaSi (burnaSevi 1901: 45-46).
saqarTveloSi sagangebo rwmunebulad daniSvnamde cota xniT adre, 1782 wels s. burnaSevi
daawinaures polkovnikad riazanis karabinerTa polkSi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi georgievskis
xelSekrulebis mixedviT gamosagzavni rusuli jaris meTauradac Cans, aq ukve sagangebo rwmunebulad
movlinebuli burnaSevis daniSvna iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. amitomac 1783 wlis 2 noembers egerTa or
batalions saqarTveloSi ufro adre Camosuli polkovniki burnaSevi TbilisSi Tavad SemouZRva.
saqarTveloSi yofnis periodSi s. burnaSevi erTmaneTs uTavsebda samxedro da politikur
saqmianobas. Tavisi batalionebiT igi erekles gverdSi idga sxvadasxva mtris winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi: 1784 wels _ muRanlosTan lekebis damarcxeba, 1785 wlis dasawyisi _ faT ali-xanis mier
Segulianebuli gamdgari ganjis xanis damorCileba, imave wlis aprilsa da maisSi _ axalcixidan
gadmosul marbiel lek-osmalTa jaris ganadgureba. miuxedavad amisa, qarTl-kaxeTSi rusuli jaris
Semosvlis Sedegad am samefosaTvis gamowveuli garTulebebi bevrad aRemateboda aq gamogzavnili
ori batalionis samxedro SesaZleblobebs. s. burnaSevi amave dros Suamavlobas swevda qarTl-
kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebs Soris politikuri urTierTobis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT.
solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, ruseTis mTavrobis davalebiT, ereklesagan moiTxovda, ar
Careuliyo imereTis saqmeebSi. ufro adre, 1784 wlis seqtemberSi, manve uzrunvelyo erekle mefisa
da p. potiomkinis uSualo Sexvedra.
s. burnaSevs, rogorc kvalificiur kartografs, 1783-1784 wlebSi saimperatoro karisaTvis
Seuqmnia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebisa da misi samezoblos araerTi saintereso rukac.
maT Soris, specialuri samarSruto rukebi: mozdokidan Tbilisamde, quTaisidan Tbilisamde,
_ 144 _
stefane burnaSevi da misi naSromi saqarTvelos suraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis...
Tbilisidan bambakSi orTnavamde, kaxeTis samarSruto ruka. aseve qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis

generaluri ruka, maT mimdebared kavkasiis mTebSi mcxovreb xalxTa CaTvliT da a.S. (burnaSevi
1901: 34).
ganjis saxanoze batonobis aRdgenis mizniT ereklesTan erTad laSqrobis dros, 1787 wlis
13 seqtembers burnaSevma p. potiomkinisagan miiRo saidumlo brZaneba, Tavis daqvemdebarebaSi
myof egerTa or batalionTan erTad dauyovnebliv daetovebina saqarTvelo da gamocxadebuliyo
`xazze~ (burnaSevi 1901: 29).
ruseTSi dabrunebuli s. burnaSevi maleve Caeba ruseT-osmaleTis axaldawyebul omSi, sadac
is meTaurobda riazanis karabinerTa polks. mdinare rimnikTan brZolaSi (1789 wlis 11 seqtemberi)
Tavis gamoCenis Semdeg mas mieniWa general-maioris wodeba, aseve dajildovda III klasis wm. giorgis
ordeniT 1790 wlis 30 marts.
1791 wels burnaSevs Caabares kurskis samefisnacvlo samarTavad. xolo samefisnacvlos
gauqmebis Semdeg (1797 wlidan), igi gaxda kurskis pirveli samoqalaqo gubernatori.
momdevno wlis bolos burnaSevs xvda pativi, gamxdariyo imperiis umaRlesi dawesebulebis,
samTavrobo senatis wevri. marTalia, imperatorma pavle I-ma sxva senatorebTan erTad igi senatidan
daiTxova, magram maleve aRudga senatoroba aleqsandre I-is taxtze asvlis Semdeg.
pensiaze gasulma burnaSevma cxovrebis darCenili wlebi gaatara Tavis mamulSi, kurskis
guberniis sofel spasskoeSi. aqve igi gardaicvala 1824 wlis 31 marts.
spasskoeSi mas dauweria sxvadasxva saxis naSromebi. arcerTi es naazrevi ar gamoqveynebula.
samagierod, kurskSi Tavis mmarTvelobis Jams burnaSevma gamosca kavkasiisadmi miZRvnili
sakuTari gamokvlevebi: 1. saqarTvelos suraTi, anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri
mdgomareobis aRwera (1793 weli); 2. sparseTSi azerbaijanuli olqebis aRwera da maTi politikuri
mdgomareoba (1793 weli); 3. mTiel xalxTa aRwera (1794 weli).
burnaSevis dasaxelebuli naSromebi unda iyos erTgvari Semajamebeli moxseneba-pataki,
Sedgenili sagangebo davalebiT, ruseTis saimperatoro karisaTvis warsadgenad, raTa iq rac
SeiZleba sruli warmodgena SeqmnodaT kavkasiaSi imxanad Seqmnil politikuri, ekonomikuri da
samxedro viTarebis irgvliv. aseTi saxis cnobebi peterburgSi haeriviT sWirdebodaT, vinaidan
saimperatoro karze ukve gadawyvetili iyo samxreT kavkasiis saqmeebSi ruseTis aqtiuri samxedro-
politikuri Careva da momavlisaTvis am mimarTulebiT kidev ufro Sorsmimavali, imperiis
gasafarToebeli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebac igegmeboda.
saqarTvelos suraTi... aris sayuradRebo wyaro XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis saqarTvelos (da, calke-
ul SemTxvevebSi, aseve misi samezoblos) istoriisaTvis. mis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is garemoebac,
rom igi warmoadgens ganswavluli rusi oficris, rogorc TviTmxilvelis, dakvirvebuli TvaliT
aRweril viTarebas. polkovniki burnaSevi im dros saqarTveloSi arsebul viTarebas gadmogvcems
sxvadasxva kuTxiT: mosaxleobis eTnikur-religiuri Semadgenloba, socialur-wodebrivi saxe,
xalxis saxasiaTo Taviseburebani, saxelmwifo Semosavlebi, mmarTvelobis forma, ekonomikuri
viTareba, vaWroba, Sidapolitikuri mdgomareoba, urTierToba mezobel saxelmwifoebTan da
xalxebTan. didi yuradReba eTmoba samxedro xasiaTis cnobebs: jaris SeiaraReba da samxedro
SesaZleblobebi, brZolisunarianoba da brZolis warmoebis adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi.
samxedro sakiTxebis gadmocemisas, burnaSevi, rogorc am saqmis profesionali, ufro sakuTari
dakvirvebebis mixedviT msjelobs. danarCen SemTxvevebSi, rogorc Cans, is sxvadasxva wyarodan
momdinare cnobebsac emyareba. Tavis wyaroebs is ar asaxelebs. es bunebrivia da gamowveulia
naSromis specifikiTa da mizandasaxulobiT. avtoris mizania mopovebuli informaciis Sejameba-
Sejereba da am saxiT miwodeba zemdgomi adresatisaTvis, ris gamoc wyaros miTiTeba usargeblo da
uadgilo iqneboda. zogier sakiTxebSi (qarTvel TavadaznaurTa sruli uswavleloba, saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobebze ZiriTadad somxebis yofna da sxv.) burnaSevis cnobebi maincdamainc marTebulad
ver asaxavs imdroindel realur viTarebas. magram es garemoeba burnaSevis araobieqturobis
gamovlinebis nacvlad ufro misi mikerZoebuli wyaros (savaraudod, somxuri warmoSobis
pirovnebis) miwodebis Sedegi unda iyos.
mniSvnelovnadaa gamaxvilebuli yuradReba qarTl-kaxeTis samefos urTierTobaze mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan. calkea aRwerili qarTuli samefoSi da mis irgvliv arsebuli politikuri
mdgomareoba ereklesa da ekaterines Soris mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis dadebamde da calke
msjeloba eTmoba traqtatis Semdgom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Seqmnil politikur viTarebas.
aSkaraa, rom ruseTis sagangebo rwmunebuli georgievskis traqtats, sruliad samarTlianad,
erTgvar gardamtex mijnad aRiqvams ereklesa da misi samefosaTvis. am piruTvneli aRwerilobidan
_ 145 _
daviT merkvilaZe
TvalsaCinod vlindeba, Tu rogor damZimda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikuri mdgomareoba

ruseTTan mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebis Sedegad (merkvilaZe 2012: 79). aRwera sakmaod
obieqturia da warmoadgens burnaSevis sagulisxmo politikur analizs. ruseTis rwmunebulis
mizania, saimperatoro kars miawodos rogorc ukve arsebuli, ise mosalodneli viTarebis
SeZlebisdagvarad sruli analizi da, maT Soris, erekle mefis SesaZlo mdgomareoba rusuli
jaris mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos datovebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc Cans, peterburgSi winaswarve
ganixileboda es sakiTxi, imisda miuxedavad, rom ruseTis mxridan es aSkara darRveva iqneboda
traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebisa.
meores mxriv, es naSromi am periodis (XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis) rusul-qarTuli politikuri
urTierTobis SeswavlisaTvis umniSvnelovanes pirvelwyaros warmoadgens, vinaidan avtori
ZiriTadi aRwerili movlenebis Tanamedrovea da, amave dros, aRniSnuli saxelmwifoTaSorisi
urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc imperiis sagangebo rwmunebuli, ruseTis saimperatoro
karis miTiTebebis uSualo Semsrulebelic.
naSromi ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareoba da
imereTis politikuri mdgomareoba. cxadia, `saqarTveloSi~ qarTl-kaxeTis samefo moiazreba,
xolo ìmereTSi~ _ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo. pirveli nawili bevrad aWarbebs meores
moculobiT da es gasagebicaa: burnaSevi saqarTveloSi yofnisas ZiriTadad swored aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi imyofeboda (im iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, roca mas mouwia mcire xniT imereTSi
gadasvla), amitomac aq arsebuli viTareba ufro ukeT hqonda Seswavlili. garda amisa, rogorc Cans,
ruseTis saimperatoro karis yuradReba ZiriTadad swored erekles samefosaken iyo mipyrobili,
rasac adasturebs xelSekrulebis gaformebac swored am ukanasknelTan im dros, roca msgavsi
xelSekrulebis gaformebaze faqtobrivad uari eTqva imereTis mefes (sxvaTa Soris, pirvel rigSi
swored solomoni iyo dainteresebuli ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT da ara erekle, romlis
daTanxmebisaTvisac ruseTis xelisuflebam Zal-Rone ar daiSura da masze zewolis araerT xerxs
mimarTa).
burnaSevis es Txzuleba udavod dawerilia misi saqarTveloSi yofnis periodSi. is aq imyofeboda
1783 wlis maisidan 1787 wlis seqtembris CaTvliT. safiqrebelia, misi dawera unda dawyebuliyo 1784
wlis meore naxevarSi, vinaidan naSromSi imereTis mefe solomon I cocxali aRar Cans. xolo solomoni
gardaicvala 1784 wlis 23 aprils (Zv. stiliT). aq aseve TviTmxilvelis poziciidanaa aRwerili omar
xanis SemoWra aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1785 wlis seqtembers, imereTis mefe daviT II-is mier mis
mowinaaRmdegeTa da imereTSi daviT arCilis Zis gamefebis mizniT, am ukanasknelis dasaxmareblad
axalcixidan gadmosul TurqTa da lekTa jaris ganadgureba, rac 1786 wlis ianvarSi moxda.
zemoTqmuls srulad Seesabameba Cvens xelT arsebul gamocemaSi Tavfurcelze arsebuli
miTiTeba, rom dasaxelebuli naSromi Sesrulebulia `polkovnikisa da kavaleris burnaSevis mier
tfilisSi 1786 wels~ (burnaSevi 1896). Tumca, amave dros, yuradRebas iqcevs teqstSi arsebuli
aRniSvna, rom giorgi erekles Zis memkvidre daviT batoniSvili aris oci wlis. daviT batoniSvili ki
dabadebulia 1767 wlis 1 ivliss. amitom zemoxsenebuli miTiTeba 1787 wels unda ganekuTvnebodes.
SeiZleboda es SeniSvna umniSvnelo uzustobad migveCnia, rom ara kidev erTi garemoeba. s. burnaSevi
imereTis taxtis maZiebel daviT arCilis ZesTan dakavSirebiT erT aseT saintereso gancxadebas
akeTebs:
„Tavadi daviTi saidumlod wavida axalcixeSi da iq imyofeboda amJamindel dromde, saqarTvelodan

Cemi gamomgzavrebis win ki suleiman-faSas mier gaSvebul iqna igi imereTSi, mcire drois gasvlis gamo
CemTvis ucnobia, Tu ra ganzraxviT (burnaSevi 1896: 23).
e. i. am SemTxevaSi s. burnaSevi gadmogvcems mis mier uSaulod saqarTvelos datovebis win

(„mcire droiT~ adre), anu 1787 wlis Semodgomamde momxdar ambavs (polkovniki burnaSevi xom
saqarTvelodan miemgzavreba 1787 wlis seqtemberSi). Tu naSromis Sesrulebis zemoaRniSnuli
miTiTeba avTenturia, maSin masSi dacul am monacemebsa da naSromis Sesrulebis miTiTebul drosTan
arsebuli erTwliani Seusabamoba savaraudod SeiZleba aixsnas Semdegi garemoebiT: gamoricxuli
araa, s. burnaSevs naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis wera, marTlac daesrulebina 1786 wlisaTvis, Tumca
saqarTvelodan wamosvlamde masSi kidev Seetana garkveuli Sesworebani da Camatebebi.
amrigad, Txzuleba saqarTvelos suraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri
mdgomareobis aRwera burnaSevs unda Seesrulebina daaxloebiT 1784 wlis maisidan 1787 wlis
seqtembramde drois monakveTSi.
_ 146 _
polkovnik burnaSevis dasaxelebuli naSromi sakuTari winasityvaobis darTviT 1896 wels

xelmeored gamosca k. n. begiCevma TbilisSi. rogorc Tavad gamomcemeli miuTiTebs, burnaSevs
Tavisi naSromebi kurskSi mcire tiraJiT gamouqveynebia da ukve asi wlis Semdeg bibliografiul
iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli gamocema ki begiCevs gadmouRia `peterburgSi mdebare mTavari
Stabis biblioTekis egzempliaridan~ (burnaSevi 1896: IV).
burnaSevis Txzulebis Targmani qveyndeba pirvelad. Targmnisas vixelmZRvaneleT zemo-
dasaxelebuli gamocemiT. wyaroSi gadmocemul movlenebze mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro sruli warmod-
genis Sesaqmnelad Cven mier naTargmn teqsts aseve davurTeT SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi.
saqarTvelos suraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis

politikuri mdgomareobis aRwera
Sesrulebuli mis umaRlesoba qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefesTan irakli Teimurazis ZesTan myofi polkovnikisa
da kavaleris burnaSevis mier tfilisSi 1786 wels.
saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareoba misi Zala.
kaxeTisa da qarTlis samefoebSi, kavkasiis qalaqebSi da saqarTvelos mefis qveSevrdomobaSi myof
aderbijanis qalaqebSi − erevansa da ganjaSi, mcxovrebni maTi miwebiT, qarTvelebi, somxebi, berZnebi,
mahmadianebi, sxvadasxva mTieli xalxebi da qurTebi, 1783 wels, sruliad ruseTis umaRlesi taxtis
mfarvelobaSi saqarTvelos Sesvlisas moiTvleboda 42 000 komli.
mdgomareoba.
saqarTveloSi bunebiT qarTvelebs Soris sami mdgomareobaa: samRvdeloeba, Tavadaznauroba da glexebi.
pirvelni umeteswilad keTilSobilTagan arian. somxebs Soris: Tavad-aznaurebi, vaWrebi, xelosnebi da glexebi.
berZnebs Soris: vaWrebi, xelosnebi, xolo umetes wilad memadneni, romelnic amuSaveben oqros, vercxlisa da
spilenZis samefo qarxnebs. mahmadianTa Soris: moxeleTa sagvareuloebi (romelTa Taobebic sparseTSi, iseve
rogorc saqarTveloSic, metad gamorCeulia), vaWrebi, xelosnebi da glexebi. mTieli xalxni glexebi arian,
mcire mesaqonleobiT. maTi nawili moxetialeebi arian, mtaceblebi da metad midrekilni omisken. qurTebi
momTabare xalxia.
mesaqonleoba mTels saqarTveloSi lekTagan mudmivi TareSis gamo didi ar aris, cxensaSenebi pataraa da
aRsaniSnavi araa.
puri sakmarisia, gansakuTrebiT yazaxsa da SamSadilSi,1 SesaniSnavi sikeTisa da Tvisebebis. brinji uxvadaa,
aseve fetvi, qeri da simindi. Wvavi da Svria saerTod ar aris. bamba sakmarisia. seli bevri ar aris, Tesen
mxolod sazeTo marcvlisaTvis. abreSumi metad bevria, mxolod saSualo xarisxisa.
oqrosa da vercxlis madnebi sakmarisadaa, gansakuTrebiT bevri spilenZis madania mTebSi, romlebic
hyofs saqarTvelos erevnisgan, maT amuSaveben TurqeTidan gamosuli berZnebis saSualebiT, rkina cotaa da
cudi, iyeneben iq ruseTidan Camotanils, yiduloben ra mas xuTjer ufro Zvirad, es siZvire gamowveulia
kavkasiis mTebis gadavliT rTulad miwodebis gamo.
oqrosa da vercxlis nakeTobebi cudia da xelovnebis gareSe. maT ar ician maTi Sereva sxva liTonebTan.
spilenZisa kargia, kalisa ar aris, foladisa saSualoa. rkinis nakeTobebs akeTeben kalasTan erTad. aris
mcire xelis fabrikebi abreSumisa da qaRaldis. ukanasknelni Zalzed bevria.
vaWrebi miemgzavrebian sparseTsa da indoeTSi ruseTidan Camotanili arcTu didi raodenobis saqonliT;
xolo iqidan qaravnebiT Rebuloben abreSumis, bambis, sparsul da indur materiebs, aseve faifuris WurWels.
didi vaWroba aqvT maT mTiel da sparsel axlo mezoblebTan maTi xelnakeTobebiT, anu spilenZis WurWliT,
bambis qsovilebiT, moCiTuliT, SeRebiliTa da TeTriT, cxenis mosarTavebiT, xmlebiTa da xanjlebiT, rkinis
mcire sagnebiT, samosiT, qudebiTa da fexsacmliT: vinaidan am saWiroebebiT TiTqmis mTeli kavkasieli xalxebi
da mTeli mezoblebi sargebloben tfiliseli somxebis SromismoyvareobiT.
mcire savaWroebi lamazi saqonliT, xeliT nakeTobebiTa da sasursaTo maragebiT, tfilisSi 500-mdea.
RvTismsaxureba.
sarwmunoebis wes-Cveulebebi qarTvelebSi berZnulia.2 RvTismosaoba eklesiebSi didi ar aris.
RvTismoSiSebis garegnul gamoxatvas gamoavlenen gulmodgined. marxvebis Senaxva uzomoa. eklesiebi
da monastrebi dacarielebulia da imyofeba ukiduresad uyuradRebod datovebul mdgomareobaSi.
keTilmoweseoba maTSi saerTod ar aris, samRvdeloebas gaaCnia sakmarisi Zalaufleba da uSualo pativiscema,
maTi xma samefo sabWoSi mniSvnelovania. mTavari ufrosoba samRvdeloebaze gaaCnia kaTolikoss anu upirveles
mTavarepiskoposs.
somxebi mihyvebian grigorianul gadmocemas.3 TavianT eklesiebs inaxaven sufTad da sakmaod morTulia.
_ 147 _
daviT merkvilaZe
tfilisSi kaTolikeTa 30-mde ojaxia. maT hyavT TavianTi patrebi, gamogzavnilni romidan. es patrebi asruleben
eqimTa movaleobebs da yovelTvis mefis uaxloesi eqimebi arian. maT tfilisSi aages veeberTela kaTolikuri
eklesia, qvisa, evropuli nimuSiT, magram mefe iraklis mier is gadakeTda berZnulad, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi
grigorianuli eresis Setanis aRsakveTad, saqarTvelos eklesiis zogierT warCinebul sasuliero pirTan
SeTanxmebiT.
berZnebs gaaCniaT sakuTari eklesiebi, aramdidruli.
mahmadianebs sarwmunoebis aRsruleba ar ekrZalebaT. tfilisSi maT aqvT sami meCeTi. TiToeuli maTgani
garkveul valdebulebaSi imyofeba qarTul eklesiebTan, kisruloben ra erTi-meorisaTvis Tavdebobas
darbevisgan dasacavad gabatonebuli sarwmunoebis Secvlis dros. Cveni jaris iq yofnis ukanasknel wels
mahmadianebs neba eZleodaT, TavianTi morwmuneebi meCeTebSi SeekribaT maTi Cveulebis mixedviT.4
qurTebi arian warmarTebi da TiTqmis sarwmunoebis gareSe.5 zogierTebi aRiareben mahmadianur
sarwmunoebas.
mTieli xalxebi: ZurZukebi,6 xevsurebi, fSavlebi, morCilni mefisani − berZnuli kanonisani.
xalxis Tvisebebi.
miwis mdebareoba mTa-goriania, rac aqcevs iqaur mcxovrebT, rogorc yvelgan mTebSi, ufro mkacr
adamianebad. sparselebTan mudmivi kavSirisa da urTierTobebis gamo, gadaiRes maTi zne-Cveulebebi. da Tumca
ki bevri maTgani sakmarisad dajildoebulia gonierebis bunebrivi unariT, magram ar zrunaven TavianTi
Svilebis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebisTvis, da amitomac arian winvermWvretelni, cruebi, aramdgradi xasiaTis
da angarebianni. bevri keTilSobilTagani piradad mamacia, diadi saqmeebi, romlebic gamoarCevs niWierebas,
ara Cans. ar gaaCniaT mijaWvuloba TavianTi axlobeli naTesavebisadmic ki. cxovreba da sakvebi mkacria.
misvla-mosvla urTierT Soris cotaa, saxalxo mxiarulobebi ar aris, garda sacxenosno Sejibrebebisa orjer
weliwadSi, da xSirad farikaobisa. TavianTi adaTebi da cxovreba miaCniaT aRmatebulad. evropulis mimarT ki
SeimCneva maTi zizRi da mTeli TavianTi siRaribis miuxedavad sulelurad amayebi arian.
mmarTvelobis wesi.
erTxelisuflebianobaa, mefis neba SeuzRudavia. kanonebi da dadgenilebebi dawerili TiTqmis araa.
daqvemdebarebuli xelisufleba cotaa, mTeli saqme da sul mcirec ki damokidebulia mefis gadawyvetilebaze.
mas erTaderTs emorCilebian uyoymanod da mowiwebiT, sxva Cinosnebs − bevrad naklebad.
mefes hyavs Tavisi divani anu sabWo, romelSic monawileobs yvela misi Svili, kaTolikosi, mRvdelTmTavrebi,
sabWos wevrebi, divan-begebad wodebulni da mxareTa didebulebi, romlis rCevis gareSec mefes aqvs Cveuleba,
araferi ar iRonos, Tumca ki TviTmpyrobelia. hyavs agreTve sagangebo ministrebi: sagareo saqmeTa,
saxelmwifo Semosavlebis, samxedro gankargulebebis, romlebic, iseve rogorc yvela saqmiani adamiani,
yovelTvis somexTagan arian, vinaidan qarTvel TavadTa sagvareuloebi TavianTi siamayis gamo Seufereblad
Tvlian TavianTi SvilebisTvis ubralo angariSis swavlebasac ki.
samxedro, kariskacebisa da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobebi, umeteswilad memkvidreobiTia sagvareuloebSi.
samefo kari Taviseburad sakmaod lazaTiania, da aris msgavsi Zvel xelmwifeTa karisa gaunaTlebel
xalxebSi.
saxelmwifo Semosavlebi.
qveSevrdomebisgan fuladi da glexTagan miwis nawarmis saxiT, vercxlis, oqrosa da spilenZis
sabadoebidan, sabaJo mosakreblebidan, sarwyavidan da Tambaqos ijaridan, qalaqebis − ganjisa da erevanisagan,
mezobeli xanebis saCuqrebis CaTvliT, aRwevda oTxas aTas maneTamde oqroTi da vercxliT. magram qalaqi
tfilisi amas zeviT damZimebulia sagangebo gadasaxadebiT, rameTu misgan aiReba ganusazRvreli mosakrebeli,
mefis keTili nebis mixedviT. mTeli Semosavlebis meaTed nawils, samTamadno Semosavlebis gamoklebiT, Zveli
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Rebulobs saxlTuxucesi, samefo karis mTavari moxele.7
jari.
fulad jamagirze myofi jarebi ar aris. aTi welia, Tavdasacavad lekebis mudmivi mtaceblobisgan,
romlebic maT aviwrovebdnen TviT qalaqebis galavnebamdec ki, ikribeba maTSi murigad wodebuli milicia,
Semdgari 4000 meomrisgan, romlebic, msaxuroben ra erT Tves, brundebian saxlSi, xolo maT adgilze dgebian
sxvebi rigis mixedviT mTeli saxelmwifodan.8 am rigiT, gansvenebulma ufliswulma leonma, gawminda TiTqmis
mTeli miwa mTielTa Tavxeduri Zarcvisagan,9 magram amJamad mefis vaJiSvilTagan arcerTi ar moRvaweobs ase
vaJkacurad da amitom morige jaric, moxeleTa mxriv borotad gamoyenebebis gamo, arsad ar dgas gzebis,
soflebisa da glexebis dasacavad.
keTilSobilebi yvelani msaxuroben cxenosnebad, iseve rogorc yvela qonebis mqone. yvela mdgomareobis
meomari Cvens iq yofnisas ikribeboda 6000-mde. mahmadianebs, yazaxelebsa da SamSadilelebs, saukeTeso
meomrebs, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Semosvlis droidan, ar endoboda ra maT mefe, maTi aRSfoTebis mizeziT, maT
jarSi ar iZaxebda. yabardoelebi da osebi mefis omSi msaxuroben jamagiris sanacvlod, aseve lekTa zogierTi
sagvareuloc, romelTagan mefes, maT erTgulebaSi darwmunebisaTvis, hyavs mZevlebi. isini umeteswilad
_ 148 _
SeiaraRebuli arian SaSxanebiT, sartyelSi gayrili pistoletebiT, mxarze gadakidebuli CanTiT, xanjliTa
da xmliT, da Tavad mefec amdagvaradaa SeiaraRebuli. saomrad gamzadebuli uRaribesi glexebi ki, iaraRis
uqonlobis gamo, midian komblebiT.
qarTuli artileria gadaitaneba urmebiT, da Tumca ki arcTu mTlad sworadaa gakeTebuli da gamarTulic
ar aris, magram saSiSia mezoblebisTvis, maTi mowinaaRmdegeebisTvis, rameTu am ukanasknelT velze is ar
gaaCniaT. amJamad mefes aqvs 12 sakuTari zarbazani, Camosxmuli tfilisSi. denTs akeTeben TviTon, magram
proporciebis arcodnis gamo igi ukiduresad cudia.
umaRles samxedro moxeles ewodeba sardari, romelnic arian samni, kerZod: kaxeTSi erT-erTi Tavad
CalakaevTagani, qarTlSi ori − erTi zemo iveriaSi Tavad amilaxvarTagan, meore ki somxiTSi Tavad
orbelianovTagan, es Tanamdebobebi memkvidreobiTia sagvareuloebSi. kaTolikoss hyavs Tavisi sardari,
generlebi arian marjvena da marcxena frTis. artileriis ufrosi iwodeba TolSi-baSa. mefis adiutantebi,
ufrosebi da umcrosebi, mimbaSebi anu aTasisTavebi, xuTasisTavebi da asisTavebi, esaulebi10 da medroSeebi,
da Tumca ki yvela es Cinosani arsebobs, arasdros TavianT adgilze ar arian xolme, aramed yovelTvis mefis
siaxloves grovdebian laSqrobis dros. maTi xelqveiTebi laSqrobis dros daexetebian TavianT nebaze da
dgebian yovelgvari wesrigis gareSe. maTi samxedro banaki emsgavseba savaWrod mosuli glexebis Tavyrilobas.
mewinave razmebi da gamSvebi yaraulebi ar hyavT, da amis gamo, ise ar gava Rame, rom cxenebs, zogjer ki
adamianebsac ar stacebdnen maTi mowinaaRmdegeni banakidan, iseve rogorc isini ukeTeben igives TavianT
mowinaaRmdegeebs. sursaTs ar imarageben, omSi yvela wasuls Tan miaqvs, ramdenic SeuZlia, da amis gamo
xSirad ganicdian SimSils. zogjer momarageba xdeba tfilisidan, magram iSviaTad, da amitom laSqrobis dros
soflebidan mokreben purs da sxva sakvebs garCevisa da daniSnulebis gareSe. sursaTis ukmarisoba iqceva
xolme imis gardauval mizezad, rom mefes ar SeuZlia Tavisi jaris didi xniT velze Senaxva. samxedro
simkacre da morCileba saerTod ar aris, da amitom sakuTari miwebisTvis jaris myofoba da laSqroba maTi
Tavxedobis gamo ukiduresad gamaCanagebelia, nadavli da naZarcvi aris saerTo jildo yvelasTvis, vinc
jarSi imyofeba.
qarTlSi
cixe-simagreebi.
1. dedaqalaqi tfilisi garSemortymulia aguris kedlebiT, koSkebiTurT, Txrilis gareSe, arc
maincdamainc TavdacviT mdgomareobaSi; magram radganac saqarTvelos mowinaaRmdegeebs, Turqebis garda, ar
gaaCniaT artileria, amitomac Tavisi xalxmravlobis gamo usafrTxoa.
2. gori mdinare liaxvis mtkvarSi Cadinebis adgilasaa, Tumca ki gamagrebulia Zveleburi wesis mixedviT,
magram Tavisi mdebareobis gamo ara mxolod iqauri xalxebisTvis, aramed evropelebisTvisac ki SesaZloa
Znelad asaRebi iyos.
3. mcxeTa kedlebiTa da koSkebiT gamagrebuli monasteria, romelSic ZvelTaganve gvirgvindebian
qarTveli mefeebi, Zevs mdinare mtkvarze, masSi mdinare aragvis Cadinebis adgilas.
4. ananuri Zveli nimuSis cixe-simagrea koSkebiT; mdebare mdinare aragvze, ruseTis mxridan saqarTveloSi
kavkasiis mTebidan gamomaval gzaze.
5. goriscixe,11 Zveleburi cixe-simagris nimuSi, koSkebiT, metad Zveli, mdebareobs mdinare Tergispira
mTaze, kavkasionis mTebs Soris; mis gverdiT gadis gza ruseTidan saqarTveloSi, gayvanili Cveni jarebis mier;
adgilmdebareoba metad magaria, iq korpusis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daarsdes maRazia.
6. surami mcire cixea TurqeTisa da imereTis sazRvrebis siaxloves; agebulia kldeze, Tavisi simciris
gamo did garnizons ver itevs da Zlieri Setevis mogerieba ar ZaluZs.
kaxeTSi
7. mTavari qalaqia Telavi, gaumagrebeli.
8. qiziySi siRnaRi, warmoadgens did sivrces, garSemovlebuls qvis kedlebiT, sadac mtris Zlieri
Semosevis dros yvela garSemo mosaxles mTeli Tavisi qonebiTa da saqonliT SeuZlia moTavseba. Tumca ki
mTels saqarTveloSi monastrebsa da TiTqmis yvela sofels, romlebic Sedgebian miwurebisgan, aqvT qvis
cixeebi, sadac Tavs afareben mtris Tavdasxmebisas.
mmarTveli saxli.
mefe irakli Teimurazis Ze bagrations,12 Tavisi warmoSoba gadmocemebis mixedviT aqvs winaswarmetyvelisa
da mefis daviT iudevelis Stosgan,13 da Tavisi winaprebi aTas welze met xans miaCnia saqarTvelos taxtze.
ara saSualo gonebis kacia, iSviaTi momTmeni, da umagaliTod RvTismosavi, Tavisi 70-wliani moxucebulobis
miuxedavad, yoveldRiurad da aucileblad samjer aRasrulebs RvTismsaxurebas da gansakuTrebiT Tavis
kabinetSi orsaaTiani locviT, romlisganac aranair SemTxvevas ar ZaluZs misi mowyveta. gasaocrad moRvawea,
fxizlobs mTeli Rame dilamde, Tavad uZRveba ra Tavisi saxelmwifos saqmeebs. sZinavs cota, dRisiT
iRebs elCebs, warmogzavnilT sparseli mmarTveli xanebisgan da mTieli xalxebisgan. samarTals ganuCens
Tavis qveSevrdomebs, TviT yvelaze umcires davebSic ki. Caxedulia aziuri politikuri wes-Cveulebebis
_ 149 _
daviT merkvilaZe
gamocdilebaSi, iyo ra sakmaod xangrZlivi droiT didi ndobiT aRWurvili nadir-SahTan, indoeTSi misi yvela
laSqrobisas;14 magram arafrisken ise ar iswrafvis, rogorc Tavisi xalxis evropulad gardaqmnisken. meuRle
misi, dedofali daria giorgis asuli,15 samegrelos dadianebis saxlidanaa, Tavad CekuanTa sagvareulodan.16
Tavisi meuRleobis pirvel wlebSi ar hqonia aranairi gavlena saxelmwifo saqmeebze da naklebad iyo cnobili
qveSevrdomebis mier, romlebic iqauri adaTis mixedviT mas verc ki xedavdnen. magram rodesac mefiswulebma,
misma Svilebma daiwyes davaJkaceba, xolo mefis asulebi misTxovdnen upirvelesi da Zlieri sagvareuloebis
didebulebs, man daiwyo monawileobis miReba samefo sabWoSi da imdenad Zlieri Seiqmna (rogorc Cveulebriv
mTels sparseTSi, mflobelTa saxlebSi, rac ufro meti hyavs cols gazrdili Svilebi, miT ufro Zlieri
xdeba; rameTu TiToeul mis vaJsa da siZes hyavs Tavisi momxreebi da Seadgens partias), ase rom axla yvelaferi
keTdeba misi TanxmobiT, da Tavad mefesac masTan xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis gamo, mis mimarT gaaCnia usazRvro
ndoba.
memkvidres, mefe iraklis ufros Zes, Sobils meore meuRlisagan, amJamindeli dedoflis gers, giorgi
mefiswuls,17 mefis yvela vaJs Soris gaaCnia meti zneobrivi sikeTeebi, metad Caxedulia wminda werilSi, da
ukiduresad RvTismosavia, da amis gamo garSemortymulia sasuliero pirebiT, Tumca ki ar aqvs aranairi
codna mecnierebebSi qveynis gaunaTleblobis gamo. mZimea samxedro siqveleTa mimarT, mSvidobismoyvarea da
midrekilia keTilmowyobisken. saqarTveloSi sakmarisi gamocemuli kanonebis uqonlobis gamo imedia, rom igi
Tavisi momavali mefobis dros gamoscems sasargeblo dadgenilebebs. ar aris ra yvarebuli dedoflisgan,
Tavisi dedinacvlisagan, Tavs aridebs samefos saqmeebSi monawileobas mmarTvelobis maTi wesis mixedviT,
garda imisa, rodesac mowodebulia mefisagan erTaderTi mxolod gamosaCenad. hyavs mravalricxovani ojaxi
pirveli meuRlisgan,18 romelTagan misi ufrosi Ze Tavadi daviTi19 20 wlisa, uzomod mgznebare Tvisebebisa,
iCens gonebis udides siswrafes, gansakuTrebul simamaces da xaliss omisken, da ukidures survils, Seiswavlos
evropuli samxedro mecniereba.
politikuri mdgomareoba ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Semosvlamde.
irakli mefis samflobelos Seadgens ori samefo − qarTlisa da kaxeTisa, ukanasknels flobs igi
memkvidreobiT, Tavisi mSoblis, mefe Teimurazis sikvdilis Semdeg, gardacvlilisa astraxanSi, gzad ruseTidan
saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas.20 is qarTlis mefed aRyvanilia Sah-nadiris mier, TurqTagan misi (qarTlis, – d.m.)
omiT mopovebis Semdeg.21 mefe vaxtangi, maSindeli mmarTveli, ver SeZlo ra, win aRdgomoda Turqul Zalebs,
maSin mTeli Tavisi ojaxiT waremarTa ruseTSi, visi memkvidreebi axlac iq imyofebian.22 amgvarad gaerTianda
orive samefo. maT mmarTvelad qceul mefe iraklis hqonda bednieri warmatebebi ara mxolod sparselebis
winaaRmdeg, romlebic nadir-Sahis sikvdilis Semdeg iyvnen urTierTmtrobaSi da dayofilni iyvnen sxvadasxva
saxanoebad, aramed Turqebis winaaRmdegac, romelTagan kainarjis zaviT datovebulia simSvideSi.23Tavis
mezobel sparselTaTvis iqca saSiSad, SeuerTa ra maTgan Tavis samflobelos ori saxano − ganja da erevani.24
xolo Semdeg, daamarcxa ra saqarTveloSi SemoWrili avariis xani, winamZRoli mTieli xalxebisa,25daamyara
maTTan kavSirebi, eWira bevri maTganisagan mZevlebi, zogierTs fuladi anazRaurebis saxiT aZlevda xarks,
bevrs iwvevda TavisTan samsaxurSi da maTTan erTad ibrZoda sparselebis winaaRmdeg; Tumca mravalricxovan
am xalxTagan yvelasTan rodi hqonda damyarebuli mSvidoba. aseTi kavSirebis gamo mTis mcxovrebni, iyvnen ra
damoukidebelni, bevrni ufrosobis gareSec ki, saerTodac mtaceblebi da veragebi, arasdros ar anebebdnen
Tavs xSiri TavdasxmebiT qveynis gaCanagebas, Tumca ki yovelTvis iyvnen damarcxebulni. ar SeeZloT ra didi
TavyrilobiT Riad mieyenebinaT saboloo ganadgureba, gaifantnen tyeebsa da xeobebSi da daiwyes misi aoxreba
nawilobriv da qurdulad, ris gamoc isini qarTvelebisTvis xelmiuwvdomelni gaxdnen. gzebi gauvalia,
soflebi dacarielebuli da glexebisTvis yana-mindvrebSi yofna aRar iyo usafrTxo. aseT sayovelTao
mtaceblobebs xelmZRvanelobdnen TviTon qarTveli Tavadebi, romlebic, gaborotdnen ra mefeze, mis
winaaRmdeg maTive sakuTari Ralatis gamo, garbodnen daRestanSi, da iqidan, Seagrovebdnen ra moTareSeebs,
ZiZgnidnen TavianT sakuTar samSoblos. ufliswulma leonma, rogorc zemoT iTqva, daacxro mtacebelTa
Tavxedoba, magram yaCaRobani ki, lekebis mier im umciresi gamosasvlelebis codnis gamo, romlebic maT Tavad
qarTvelebma uCvenes, dRemde arsebobs. saWiroa, rom maT SeiZinon erTsulovneba da siyvaruli samSoblosadmi
am borotebis amosaZirkvad.
osebi da yabardoelebi yovelTvis iyvnen megobrulni saqarTvelosadmi da mefis moTxovniT axlac
emsaxurebian mas omSi fuladi anazRaurebiT.
sparseTis mxridan aderbijanis mTeli saxanoebidan ibrahim-xan SuSels hqonda mefesTan uwyveti megobroba
26 weli. daeufla ra ganjas, iyofda masTan yovelwliur xarks, ayenebdnen ra qalaqSi orive mxarisagan
mmarTvelebs.26
nuxis xani,27 Tavisi samflobelos simciris gamo, arasdros ar yofila saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani.
kavkasiis mTebTan Tavisi mdebareobis gamo misi qceva cvalebadia: xan lekebsa da mTielebTan erTad mefis
winaaRmdegaa, xanac aris megobruli.
erevneli husein-xani, amJamindelis mama, damarcxebuli mefe iraklis mier, Cavarda ara mxolod misgan
damokidebulebaSi, aramed srul da samudamo qveSevrdomobaSic, ris Taobazec ikisra man sazeimo werilobiTi
valdebuleba da Tavis sikvdilamde sanimuSod erTguli iyo mefisa.28 sxva xanebs: Tavrizis, urmiis, xois,
naxWevnisa da sxva mcire mflobelebs29 umeteswilad yovelTvis Tanxmoba hqondaT mefesTan. misi piradi
_ 150 _
gmirobebisadmi pativiscemis gamo xSirad ugzavnidnen sagangebo saCuqrebs, xolo maT qveSevrdomebs Soris
vaWroba warmoebda daubrkoleblad.
TurqeTis mxridan axlo myofi faSebidan yarsis [faSa] yovelTvis inarCunebda samezoblo megobrobas,
Tumca ar gaaCnda masTan aranairi politikuri kavSiri.
axalcixeli suleiman-faSa, memkvidreobiT qarTuli olqis, samcxe-saaTabegos mmarTveli mTavrebis
sagvareulodanaa.30 Turqebis mier misi dapyrobis Semdeg ukve 150 welia yvela mis qveSevrdomTan erTad
miqceulia mahmadianobaSi. Zveli droidan saqarTvelosTan aqvs gansakuTrebuli kavSiri da urTierTobebi,
miuxedavad maT Soris ZveliTganve saidumlo siZulvilisa; rameTu qarTveli mefeebi miiCneven, rom aqvT
memkvidreobiTi ufleba samcxe-saaTabagos samTavroze, da amitom TavianT titulSic sakuTar Tavs
moixsenieben mis memkvidreobiT mTavrebad. TurqebTan ruseTis omis dasrulebis Semdeg, [1] 774 wels ugzavnida
is mefes saCuqrebs portasagan, TurqeTis interesebisaken mis mosazidad da aimedebda mas [portas] mefis
keTilganwyobasa da momxreobaSi.
SeniSvnebi.
saqarTvelos mefes yovelTvis SeuZlia iqonios saWiro cnobebi konfident monazvnebisagan, da TviT
sulTnis sasaxlidanac, iq tyved myofi qarTveli qalebis meSveobiT.
imereTis mefes, gansvenebul solomons, da mefe iraklis yovelTvis hqondaT erTmaneTTan Zlieri
sagvareulo mtroba; da Tumca ki garegnulad Serigdnen kidec sarwmunoebis yvelaze uwmindesi moqmedebiT,
rogoricaa wminda saidumloebebTan erTad ziareba, erTi-meoresTvis misi mirTmeviT, Sinagani uTanxmoebiT
mainc yovelTvis ixliCebodnen, iRebdnen orive TavisTan maT winaaRmdeg amxedrebul axlo naTesavebs. mTeli
aseTi uTanxmoebebis miuxedavad, uars ar eubnebodnen erTmaneTs daxmarebaze saerTo mahmadiani mtrebis
winaaRmdeg.
politikuri mdgomareobis cvlileba saqarTveloSi, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
misi Semosvlisa da iq Cveni jarebis Sesvlis Sedegad.
sruliad ruseTis imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis mfarvelobaSi saqarTvelos miRebis Sesaxeb
traqtatis sazeimod dadebis Semdeg, rogorc ki Cveni jarebi Sevidnen iq, mTeli aderbijaneli xanebi da
sxvebic ufro iqiT, sparseTSi, Zlier SeSfoTdnen, miuxedavad maTi keTildReobisa da sargeblobisadmi
ruseTis keTili ganwyobis Sesaxeb daimedebisa, winaswar Seipyro TavianTi Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSma, da
kidev ufro ganmtkicebulni iyvnen am azrSi otomanTa portas STagonebiT, romelic ganuwyveteli misiebiTa
da mmarTvelobisTvis aramcire saCuqrebis darigebiT cdilobda maT rac SeiZleba Zlierad aRZvras mefis
winaaRmdeg, da amasac miaRwia: ibrahim-xan SuSelma dauwyo mavnebloba Tavidan yvela saidumlo xerxiT, Tumca
ki es SesamCnevi iyo. misi mecadineobiT ganja morCilebidan gandga. erevnis axalgazrda xans, Tumca ki gaweuli
daumorCileblobis gamo mefis brZanebiT sicocxle mouswrafes Tavis ZmebTan erTad, mxecTa Werisas, da
mis adgilze dayenebul iqna usein-xanis mcirewlovani Ze,31 Tavisi tfiliseli qristiani dedis gamo mefis
erTguli, magram iq suleiman-faSas mudmivi moRvaweobiT xrikebi ulevia. mefes xarks aRar uxdian sxvadasxva
sababiT da erevanic mefis xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis ukanasknel mijnaze dgas. samefo mflobelobaSi
myofma TaTarma xalxebma − yazaxelebma, SamSadilelebma da Samqorelebma, saukeTeso meomrebma da mdidarma
adamianebma, miatoves TavianTi noyieri miwebi, wavidnen SuSis xanis mxareSi da axla mas emsaxurebian mefis
winaaRmdeg.
portam, ver Wvrets ra aderbijanis xanebs Zlierebad, rom SeZlon Cveni jarebis iqidan gamodevna,
ganavrco Tavisi mtacebluri da xarbi angarebiani waqezebani daRestanze fulisa da daimedebis meSveobiT,
raTa imoqmedon erToblivad axalcixis mxridan. daarwmuna avariis uma-xani, 32 mTielTa SesaZlebeli Zalebis
SeyriT aSkara omiT wavides mefis winaaRmdeg. suleiman faSas namdvilad hqonda ganzraxva, Tavisi mxridan
moexdina dartyma uma-xanis Tanadroulad. amis gageba Zneli ar iyo, vinaidan jer kidev imave wlis gazafxulze
man Riad gamogzavna Turquli jarebi lekebTan erTad 4000 kacis ricxovnobiT, zemo iveriis dasarbevad,
romelTac TavianTi moulodneli Tavdasxmis wyalobiT daatyveves 600-ze meti mosaxle. magram ukana gzaze
suramSi mdgari Cveni egerTa razmis mier sastikad iqnen damarcxebulni, da yvela tyve ganTavisuflda. erTi
Tvis Semdeg man kvlav gamogzavna Tavisi rCeuli 3000 kaci, Cvens egerebze Suris saZieblad, magram maTac iseTive
xvedri ewiaT. amasobaSi uma-xani, moagrova ra 11 000-mde kaci sxvadasxva mTiel xalxTagan, movida mdinare
alazanze, da SeuerTda ra aq mTielebsa da belaqnelebs, saqarTvelos Seurigebel mtrebs, gaZlierda 20 000-
mde. mefem, eSinoda ra Tavdasxmisa axalcixis mxridan, ver gabeda qarTlisTvis jarebis Sekrebis dakisreba.
kaxeTSi igi axloblebis CagonebiT Sekavebul iqna viwrob adgilebSi Tavis dasacavad. hqonda safuZvliani
mizezi, ar moewvia yazaxelebi, SamSadilelebi da Tavisi qveSevrdomi sxva mahmadiani xalxebi, rameTu cnobili
iyo maTi SfoTvis Sesaxeb. veranairma Cemma, rogorc rusuli jaris meTauris, darwmunebam ver SeZlo ebiZga
mefisTvis, mosuliyo qiziySi Cvens jarTan da Segvetia mowinaaRmdegisTvis mdinare alaznis gadmolaxvisas;
rameTu igi ufrTxobda ubedurebasa da amasTan saboloo gaCanagebas. uma-xani gadmovida [alazanze] rCeuli
da cxenkeTili xalxiT, 11 000-is odenobiT, magram ver gabeda, Seetia Cveni batalionebisaTvis, aramed RamiT
gairbina saqarTvelos gaSlili adgilebi da miimala TurqeTis sazRvarTan mdebare mTebis xeobaSi, daaqcia
iq vercxlis qarxana. mefem Seyara raRac jari da daedevna mas Cvens batalionebTan erTad, magram uma-xans ar
_ 151 _
daviT merkvilaZe
surda brZolaSi Cabma da gadavida axalcixeSi.33suleiman faSa ar daZrula adgilidan, rameTu miiRo akrZalva
Tavisi karidan, ar emoqmeda aSkarad droze adre. mefe Seurigda uma-xans im dros arsebul garemoebaTa gamo,
romelic saqarTveloSi simSvides moiTxovda.
mizezebi, romelTac ubiZga mefes, Sesuliyo ruseTis xelisuflebis mfarvelobaSi.
Zveli droidan qarTveli mefeebi, iyvnen ra damonebulni mahmadianebis mier, erTmorwmuneobis gamo
yovelTvis eZiebdnen sruliad ruseTis didi xelmwifeebis daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas, magram ar SeiZleba
dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom maT moesurvebinoT cnobil damokidebulebaSi yofna. maTi amJamindeli midrekilebis
aRmZvreli mTavari mizezi ki Semdegia: bunebiTi memkvidreebi qarTlis samefo taxtisa, romelzedac
mefe irakli aRyvanilia Sah nadiris mier, arsebiTad mefe vaxtangis STamomavlebi arian, romelic gaiqca
ruseTSi Turqebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisas; Tavadma aleqsandrem, baqar ufliswulis Zem da vaxtang
mefis SviliSvilma,34 mefe irakliT ukmayofilo qarTlis TavadebTan urTierTobisas da mefed gaxdomis
SesaZleblobaSi darwmunebulma, datova ruseTi im ganzraxviT, rom memkvidreobiT asuliyo mamiseul taxtze.
igi gamocxadda imereTis mefe solomonTan, raTa ufro axlos yofiliyo Tavis TanamoazreebTan, da cdilobda
orive mefes Soris imxanad arsebuli sagvareulo mtrobiT waeqezebina igi, gaewia misTvis daxmareba, rac
Tumca ki ver moaxerxa. iqidan wavida axalcixis faSasTan da cdilobda, igivesken aReZra mezobeli sparseli
xanebi. mefes hqonda safuZvliani mizezebi, ukiduresad Sineboda mosalodneli arasaimedo Sedegebisa, rameTu
qarTlelebs igi ar uyvarT im mizeziT, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi igi upiratesobasa da sargeblobas aZlevs Tavis
memkvidreobiT qveSevrdom kaxelebs. dedofali, aqvs ra gansakuTrebuli gegmebi Tavis Svilebis Taobaze,
imave saSiSroebis gamo gadaixara ruseTTan traqtatis dadebisken (da Tumca ki igi dadebulia mTeli samefos
yvela moxelisa da TviT misi TanxmobiT, axla xelidan ar uSvebs SemTxvevas, rom ar usayveduros mefes, brals
sdebs ra mas qveynis gaCanagebis gamo). sabWoSi monawile Tavadebi, gonebis mqoneni, araerT dRes angariSobdnen
TavianT pirad sargebels, aRZrulni amisken angarebis siyvaruliT; ramdenadac ar gaaCniaT maT warmodgena sxva
upiratesobebis Sesaxeb, uklebliv yvela ocnebobs sakuTari TavisTvis, rom oqro da vercxli gadmoeRvrebaT
yovelgvari damsaxurebis gareSe.
mdgomareoba, romelSic SesaZloa aRmoCndes saqarTvelo Cveni jarebis gamosvlis Semdeg.
arcerT aderbijanel xans, TavianTi sicudis gamo, Tundac SeerTebuli ZalebiT, rac ar SeiZleba moxdes
maTi azrebis SeuTavseblobis da araerTsulovnebis gamo, ar ZaluZs mefe iraklisTvis didi mavneblobis
miyeneba. arc TviT daRestnuri Zalebi ar aris saSiSi, Tuki otomanTa porta35 ar miiCnevs saqarTvelos
sabolood gaCanagebas TavisTvis saWirod. xolo Tuki igi amis gakeTebas Caifiqrebs, maSin axalcixis faSa ar
dauSvebs aqamde Cvens winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSi didi da myari warmatebebis mopovebas, rameTu mas ukve didi
xania gunebaSi aqvs, gaxdes TviTmflobeli. misi saidumlo piroba mefesTan ruseTis taxtis winaSe misTvis
Suamdgomlobis gawevis Taobaze, Cveni dapyrobebis SemTxvevaSi, iZleva aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis mizezs.
daRestnelebis Sekaveba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mtruli moqmedebebisagan Zneli ar aris cotaodeni
fuliTac ki. amave saSualebiT mefes, moizidavs ra maT Tavis samsaxurSi, SeuZlia ara mxolod iolad
gaumklavdes aderbijanelebs, aramed Zveleburad Semoimtkicos ganja da erevani.
imereTis politikuri mdgomareoba.
gansvenebul mefe solomons,36 Tavisi Cinebuli simamacisa da Tavisi xalxis marTvis gansakuTrebuli
unaris wyalobiT, iyo ra iSviaTi xelmwife Tavis miwaze, hqonda mxurvale survili, Semosuliyo sruliad
ruseTis taxtis mfarvelobis qveS. ruseTis Sesaxeb Tundac erTi sityvis gagoneba iwvevda masSi erTgvari
gansakuTrebuli grZnobis aRZvras da imereTSi Camosuli Cveni yvelaze mdabali moxeleebis mimarTac ki iCenda
usazRvro pativiscemas. Tumca ki yovelTvis otomanis portas mowinaaRmdege iyo, magram suleiman-faSasTan
hqonda mWidro kavSiri da misi naSvilebi iyo Zveli Cveulebis mixedviT. misma ukanasknelma warumatebelma
eqspediciam aWarlebis, TurqeTis qveSevrdomebis winaaRmdeg, ganxorcielebulma suleiman-faSas TanxmobiT,
daaCqara misi aRsasruli37 da mas Semdeg xeli ewyoboda yovelgvar SinaaSlilobasa da Sidaareulobas imereTSi.
misi (solomonis, − d.m.) uTanxmoeba mefe iraklisTan warmoiSva misi urCi vaJis, mefiswul aleqsandres,38
mxecuri zne-xasiaTis adamianis, da aseTive Tvisebebis mqone misi RviZli Zmis, arCilis, mefe iraklis siZis39gamo.
isini wavidnen imereTidan da miRebul iqnen tfilisSi ise, rogorc saerTod arian Cveulni, miiRon TavianT
safarqveS meore samefos meamboxe Tavadebi; iseve rogorc amJamindelma mmarTvelebma mefe daviTmac,40 iqidan
wamosulma, TavSesafari hpova tfilisSi; mefe solomonma amgvaradve miiRo TavisTan saqarTvelodan gaqceuli
Tavadi erisTavis vaJi, braldebuli mefe iraklis winaaRmdeg amboxSi, da daaqorwina Tavis asulze,41da aseve
mefisadmi arakeTilganwyobili bevri sxva Tavadic. aqedan momdinareobda orive mxridan sxvadasxvagvari
ukmayofilebani, da Tumca ki igi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, Tavisi vaJisa da Zmis sikvdilis Semdeg Seurigda
[mefe iraklis], Sinagani uTanxmoeba mainc arsebobda [1]783 wlamde.42 amJamindeli mefe daviTi, solomon mefis
biZaSvili, cxovrobda siRaribeSi, da [aseve] mefe solomonis RviZli Zmis arCilis vaJic − mefe iraklis
qaliSvilisagan Sobili.43daviTs Tavis dedasTan, mefis asulTan erTad, CamoerTva samemkvidreo soflebi
imereTSi. Cemdami mindobilobis Sesabamisad bolos da bolos mieRwia SeTanxmebamde orive mxridan: mefe
iraklis SviliSvili, axalgazrda Tavadi daviTi mefe solomonis mier miRebul iqna Svilis magierad da
_ 152 _
memkvidred; biZaSvili, amJamindeli mefe daviTi daabrunes imereTSi da misces soflebi. mefe iraklis mxridan
ramdenime sofeli mieca Tavad erisTavs, romelsac warTmuli hqonda saqarTveloSi saxelganTqmuli mTeli
misi mamuli.
solomon mefis swrafma gardacvalebam gaurkvevlobaSi Caagdo upirvelesi Tavkacebi axali mefis
arCevisas. Tavadma wereTelma, amJamindeli mmarTveli mefis siZem,44 Tavisianebs Soris pativcemulma,
naTesaobiTi siaxlovis wyalobiT Tavs iamebda ra momavali upiratesobebiT, da sargeblobda ra gansvenebuli
mefis gardacvalebis gamo sxvebis daTrgunviT, mefed gamoacxada Tavisi colisZma, Tavadi daviTi, kanonieri
memkvidrisa da solomon mefis RviZli ZmisSvilis sazaralod, da amiT CaTesa SuRli da SinaaSliloba, adre Tu
gvian erT-erTis sikvdiliT rom unda dasruldes. Tavadi wereTeli Secda Tavis varaudebSi: mefe iraklisgan
gaqceuli Tavadi erisTavi, siZe solomon mefisa da RviZli biZa dedoflisa, mefe daviTis meuRlisa, gaqceul
qarTvelTan, mRvdlis Svil besarionTan erTad45 daeufla mefis nebas, rameTu mefe daviTi, axalgazrda
kaci, aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis gareSea, Tumca ki ganwyobiTa da guliT metad keTili da piradad Cinebuli
simamacisaa. Tavadma erisTavma, romelic marTavs mis nebas, irakli mefisTvis samagieros misagebad misi
mamisTvis soflebisa da mTeli mamulebis CamorTmevis gamo, ar dauSva, mefe daviTs daekmayofilebina mefe
iraklis SviliSvili daviTi mamiseuli soflebiT da daesaCuqrebina Tavadi wereTeli mefisTvis misi arCevis
dros pirdapiri memkvidris winaSe upiratesobis miniWebiT gaweuli samsaxuris gamo, misTvis sasurveli cixe-
simagreebiTa da soflebiT. am saqcielma aiZula axalgazrda Tavadi, gareT eZia daxmareba. mefe iraklim,
misma papam, Cemi wardginebis mixedviT ar miiRo sxva monawileoba am saqmeSi, Tu ara Txovnisa da rCevebis
micemisa daviT mefisaTvis, uari uTxra ra Tavis SviliSvils yvelanair pirdapir da sxva daxmarebaze, rasac
SeeZlo Sidaareulobis gamowveva. Tavadi wereTeli, gaucruvda ra imedebi, miekra axalgazrda Tavad daviTs,
pativcemul da xalxiT Zlier Tavad wulukiZeebTan46 erTad, romelTac aseve warTmeuli hqondaT TavianTi
Rirsebebi da Zalaufleba. mefe iraklis darigebisa da Cemgan Zlierad darwmunebis miuxedavad, moaxdines
Sidaareuloba, gaemarTnen suleiman-faSasTan, romlisganac maT dasaxmareblad gamogzavnili lekebi da Turqebi
daviT mefis mier erTianad iqnen ganadgurebulni. yvela sofeli gamonaklisis gareSe CamoerTvaT, darCnen
isini alyaSemortymulni miuval cixe-simagreSi,47 saidanac Tavadi daviTi saidumlod wavida axalcixeSi da iq
imyofeboda amJamindel dromde, saqarTvelodan Cemi gamomgzavrebis win ki suleiman-faSas mier gaSvebul iqna
igi imereTSi, mcire drois gasvlis gamo CemTvis ucnobia, Tu ra ganzraxviT. Tumca ki ar unda viqonioT imedi,
rom isini mSvidad Seewyobian erTmaneTs.
samegrelos dadiani imereTis arc Zalian warCinebuli Tavadebis, Ciqvanebis sagvareulodan,48 feodaluri
mmarTvelia, iseve rogorc gurieli,49 da movalea, aRiarebdes imereTis mefis Zalauflebas. [am] eSmakma da
veragma adamianma xelidan ar gauSva SemTxveva, esargebla, da imereTis amJamindel amRvreul mdgomareobaSi
ganimtkica Tavi TviTmpyrobelad, risi gakeTebac solomon mefis dros ar SeeZlo. mefe daviTs sWirdeboda
misi daxmareba da dauTmo mas Tavisi samflobelos bevri miwa.50xolo dadianma miiRo ra isini, zurgi Seaqcia
daviT mefes. da Tuki daviT mefe ganmtkicdeba mmarTvelobaSi mis winaaRmdeg mebrZol Tavadebze gamarjvebiT
an maTTan SerigebiT maTi Zveli Cveulebebis mixedviT, mefe iraklisTan mas arasdros ar eqneba WeSmariti
Tanxmoba, sanam ar daubruneben soflebs Tavad erisTavs, imereTis dedoflis RviZl papas, risi gakeTebac
mefe iraklis ar SeuZlia, rameTu isini darigebuli aqvT mefiswulebs, mis Svilebs.
SeniSvnebi
1
mxareebi mtkvris marjvena (samxreT) sanapiroze, dRevandel azerbaijanSi. yazaxi uZvelesi droidan qvemo
qarTlis Semadgeneli mxare iyo md. aRstafis qvemo welze. uzun-hasanis laSqrobebis Semdeg aq Cndebian
Turqmanuli modgmis momTabare tomebi. XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebidan yazaxis mxares qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle
II-is mouravebi marTavdnen. SamSadili yazaxis aRmosavleTidan momijnave mxares erqva. 1750 wels Teimuraz II-m
da erekle II-m ganjis Saverdi-xanis Txovnis Sesabamisad misi saxano fana-xan yarabaRelis Semotevisagan ixsnes.
vinaidan ganjis xanma ver SeZlo laSqrobis dapirebuli xarjebis anazRaureba, mas sazRauris sanacvlod
SamSidilis mxaris daTmoba mouwia, romelic am droidan qarTl-kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSi gadavida.
2
igulisxmeba marTlmadidebluri aRmsarebloba.
3
igulismeba somxur-monofizituri aRmsarebloba.
4
Cans, igulisxmeba minareTidan morwmuneebis xmamaRali moxmoba meCeTSi salocavad mueZinis mier.
5
unda igulisxmebodnen iezidebi, qurTTa erTi nawili, romelTac Taviseburi, gamorCeuli aRmsarebloba
(iezidizmi) gaaCniaT. burnaSevisagan aRniSnuli Sefaseba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos swored am garemoebiT
(rom isini ar aRiarebdnen misTvis cnobil arcerT religias _ qristianobasa da islams).
6
durZukebi, igive ZurZukebi vainaxuri warmoSobis xalxis (CeCnebi, inguSebi) winaprebis aRmniSvneli saerTo
saxelia Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi.
_ 153 _
daviT merkvilaZe
7
igive saxlTuxucesi, didmoxele gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi, romelic uZRveboda sameurneo-
safinanso da administraciul saqmianobas. ganagebda saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis, samefo baJisa da ijaris
saqmeebs. mis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda mravali sxva moxele. warmoadgenda mefis marjvena xels samefos
marTvis saqmeSi. am drois qarTul sabuTebSi igi burnaSovTan dafiqsirebuli gamartivebuli formiT _
`salTxucesi~ moixsenieba. aRniSnul xanaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi es Tanamdeboba erTdroulad ramdenime
saxlTuxucessac ki ekava. Tav-TavianTi saxlTuxucesebi hyavdaT Zlier feodalebsac. es saxelo wyaroebSi
ixsenieba XV s-dan.
8
igulisxmeba morige jari, igive morige laSqari, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi regularuli armiis
erTgvar Canasaxs warmoadgenda XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi. ganzraxuli iyo, mis bazaze Seqmniliyo
saxelmwifos mudmivi jari. 1774 wels miRebuli iqna sagangebo dadgenileba _ `morigis laSqris ganaCeni~,
ris mixedviTac yvela wodebis srulwlovani mamakaci valdebuli iyo, weliwadSi erTi Tve Tavisi
xarjiTa da iaraRiT emsaxura morige jarSi. aseTi samsaxurisaTvis glexi Tavisufldeboda sasursaTo
gadasaxadisagan. morige jariskacTa raodenoba erTxans 5 aTassac aRwevda. maTi saerTo xelmZRvaneloba
daekisra levan batoniSvils, erekle II-is Zes. morige jaris Seqmnis mTavar mizans lekTa TareSis alagmva da
mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba warmoadgenda, rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganxorcielda kidec. Tumca levan
batoniSvilis naadrevad gardacvalebis Semdeg morige jari nel-nela moiSala.
9
saubaria levan batoniSvilze, erekle II-is Zeze. levani daibada 1756 wels TbilisSi. Wabukobidanve
gamoirCeoda samxedro-politikuri aqtiurobiT. araerT brZolaSi gamoiCina Tavi, rogorc SesaniSnavma
meomarma da alRoianma meTaurma. mis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis niWs farTo gasaqani mieca morige jaris
sardlobisas, roca mTeli rigi mware damarcxebebi agema qveyanaSi moTareSe lekTa razmebs. 1781 wels
vejinSi myofi 25 wlis batoniSvili moulodnelad gardaicvala.
10
igive iasauli, gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi iyo mmarTvelobiTi da marTlmsajulebiTi aparatis rigiTi
moxele. uSualod saaRmsruleblo saqmis garda, iasauls gamokvleva-gamoZiebac SeiZleboda dakisreboda,
iseve rogorc gamosaRebTa akrefa da samefo-sameurneo Tu sxva samuSaoTa zedamxedveloba.
11
sof. goriscixe mdebareobs yazbegis municipalitetSi, md. Tergis marcxena napirze, zRvis donidan 1870
m-ze. aq kargad Cans ori sabrZolo koSkis nangrevi.
12
erekle II, kaxeTis mefe 1744-1762 wlebSi. 1762 wels mamis, Teimuraz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, daeufla
qarTlis samefo taxtsac da gaerTianebul qarTl-kaxeTis samefos marTavda gardacvalebamde, 1798 wlamde.
erekles mefobis xanaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos siZliere yvelasaTvis TvalSisacemi gaxda. samefo araTu
sabolood ganTavisuflda ucxotomelTa batonobisagan, aramed regionSi hegemonobis mopovebac SeZlo da
mezobeli saxanoebic ki daimorCila.
13
damkvidrebuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, bagrationTa gvari momdinareobs israelis meore mefis, bibliuri
daviT winaswarmetyvelidan. es debuleba gatarebulia XI saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTveli istorikosis,
sumbat daviTis Zis naSromSi _ cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa.
14
nadir-Sahi, iranis Sahi 1736-1747 wlebSi, yizilbaSTa avSaris tomidan. Sah-Tamaz II-is dros warmatebiT
xelmZRvanelobda iranis jars avRanelebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg, riTac didi saxeli moixveWa. 1732
wels man taxtidan Camoagdo Tamaz II, 1736 wels ki Tavi iranis Sahad gamoacxada. 1747 wels nadir-Sahi
xorasanSi SeTqmulebma mokles. axalgazrda erekle ufliswuli nadir-Sahs indoeTSi laSqrobisas Tan
axlda 1737-1739 wlebSi.
15
qarTl-kaxeTis dedofali darejani (1734-1807), mefe erekle II-is mesame coli da samegrelos mTavris, otia
dadianis Zmis, kacias asuli. daqvrivebuli erekle mefe masze 1750 wels daqorwinda. darejan dedofali
Zalian mondomebuli iyo, rom samefo taxti Tavisi Svilebis xelSi aRmoCeniliyo, amitom aTvalwunebuli
hyavda taxtis memkvidre, erekles ufrosi vaJi giorgi (meore colisagan). 1803 wels rusulma xelisuflebam
dedofali iZulebiT gadaasaxla sanqt-peterburgSi. igi iqve gardaicvala 1807 wels da ukanaskneli
gansasvenebeli hpova aleqsandre nevelis lavraSi.
16
igulisxmeba dadianTa meore dinastia, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara CiqovanTa (igive CiqvanTa) gvaris
warmomadgenelma, giorgi lipartianma XVII s-is bolos, roca xelSi Caigdo odiSis samTavros gamgebloba.
1704 wels ki misma Zem, kacia I-ma dadianis anu odiSis mTavris tituli miiRo.
17
giorgi batoniSvili (1746-1800 ww.) _ erekle II-is ufrosi Ze (meore colisagan). samefo taxtze Secvala
erekle II. mas wilad xvda giorgi XII-is saxeliT yofiliyo qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefe (1798-1800 ww.).
igi zogjer giorgi XIII-dac ixsenieba. misi gardacvalebidan maleve ruseTis imperator aleqsandre I-is
brZanebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefom arseboba Sewyvita da ruseTis imperiis nawilad gamocxadda.
18
giorgis pirveli meuRle iyo qiziyis mouravis, papuna andronikaSvilis asuli qeTevani (1754-1782 ww.).
batoniSvilma masze jvari daiwera 1767 wels. jamSi maT 12 Svili SeeZinaT _ 6 Ze da 6 asuli (aqedan erTi
asuli maleve gardaicvala). qeTevan dedofali dakrZalulia daviT-garejis monasterSi.
19
saubaria daviT batoniSvilze (1767-1819 ww.), romelic giorgi XII-is ufrosi Ze da taxtis memkvidre iyo.
Tumca taxtze asvla aRar eRirsa. mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg, samefos gauqmebamde 1800-1801 wlebSi
_ 154 _
iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gamgebeli. 1803 wels ki sxva bagrationebTan erTad gadaasaxles ruseTSi,
q. peterburgs, sadac eweoda mravalmxriv samecniero moRvaweobas.
20
polk. burnaSovs aq mcire uzustoba mosdis: erekle II-is mama, Teimuraz II 1762 wlis 8 ianvars peterburgSi
gardaicvala. mefis amalaSi myof qarTvelebs surdaT, mefis cxedari samSobloSi CamoesvenebinaT,
magram gzad saqarTvelosaken sxvadasxva mizezebiT gamowveuli Seferxebebis gamo es veRar moxerxda da
sabolood Teimuraz II imave wlis 4 ivniss daikrZala astraxanSi, RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi, vaxtang
VI-is gverdiT.
21
1735 wels arfa-CaisTan (yarsis maxloblad) osmalebze gamarjvebis Semdeg nadir-Sahma aRadgina iranis
batonoba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi da maT Soris qarTl-kaxeTSi. Tumca im droisaTvis kaxeTis gamgebeli
Teimurazi man qarTlis mefed daniSna mxolod 1744 wels, mas Semdeg, rac Teimurazma da misi Zem, ereklem,
moaxerxes yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli givi amilaxvrisa da mis mxardasaWerad qarTlSi Semosuli
osmalTa jaris damarcxeba, riTac nadirma aRmosavleT saqarTveloze gavlena SeinarCuna. amavdroulad
kaxeTis mefed erekle II iqna damtkicebuli.
22
vaxtang VI (1675-1737 ww.), giorgi XI-is Zmis, levanis Ze qarTls rogorc janiSini ganagebda 1703-1714 wlebSi,
rogorc mefe _ 1716-1724 wlebSi. avRanelTa Semosevebisagan iranis dasustebis kvaldakval vaxtangma ufro
mizanSewonilad miiCnia ruseTis imperator petres mokavSireoba, romelic iranis xeldebul kaspiispireTSi
gegmavda laSqrobas. amasTan ar miiRo osmalTa SeTavazeba, romelic mokavSireobis sanacvlod misTvis
mTeli saqarTvelos gadacemas iTvaliswinebda da mZime mdgomareobaSi myof Sahsac uari uTxra samxedro
daxmarebaze. magram petres dagemili laSqroba Sua gzaSi Sewyda, ganrisxebulma Sahma ki qarTli kaxeTis
mefe konstantines gadasca, romelmac daqiravebuli lekebis daxmarebiT 1723 wlis 4 maiss Tbilisi aiRo.
amavdroulad qarTlSi Turq-osmalebi Semovidnen da vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda, mTeli ojaxiTa da didi
amaliT 1724 wlis ivlisSi ruseTisaken aeRo gezi. ar gamarTlda ruseTSi gadaxvewili mefis molodini
iqidan daxmarebis miRebis Taobaze. sasowarkveTili vaxtangi gardaicvala astraxanSi 1737 wlis 26 marts.
23
igulisxmeba quCuk-kainarjis sazavo xelSekruleba, romliTac dasrulda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774
wlebis omi. zavs saxeli ewoda sof. quCuk-kainarjis mixedviT, romelic amJamad bulgareTSi mdebareobs.
aq 1774 wlis 10 ivliss xeli moewera sazavo xelSekrulebas meomar saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenlebs
Soris. zavis mixedviT, dauSvebeli iyo SurisZiebis yoveli gamovlineba yofili mowinaaRmdegisa da mis
mokavSireTa mimarT. Sesabamisad, quCuk-kainarjis xelSekruleba osmaleTs ar aZlevda saSualebas, pasuxi
moeTxova ereklesaTvis ruseTTan omis dros mis mimarT mtruli moqmedebebis gamo: osmaleTis miwa-wyalze
(axalcixis safaSoze) ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebisa da miyenebuli zianis gamo.
24
rodesac erevnis saxanoSi mahmad-xanis meTaurobiT momTabare Turqmanuli tomebi SeiWrnen, 1749 wlis
SemodgomiT erevnis xanma qarTvel mefeebs, Teimurazsa da erekles daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTa, xolo
samagierod laSqrobis xarjebis anazRaureba da yovelwliuri xarkis Zleva ikisra. qarTl-kaxeTis jarma
erevnis cixesTan gamarTul brZolaSi mahmad-xanis laSqari daamarcxa da saxanodan gandevna. ereklem
damarcxebul mahmad-xans yarabaRSic misdia, iq xargvirabis cixe aiRo da mahmad-xanis col-Svili da xazina
igdo xelT. aseve tyveobidan ixsna erevnis xanis Zma. am movlenebis Semdeg erevnis xanma qarTl-kaxeTis
mefeTa morCileba aRiara, maTi mfarveloba miiRo da xarki ikisra.
amave xanebSi yarabaRis moRonierebuli mmarTveli fana-xani (fanah-ali-xani) ganjis dapyrobas cdilobda.
alyaSemortymuli ganjidan Saverdi-xanic xarkis micemis pirobiT Svelas qarTvel mefeebisgan eloda.
Teimurazi da erekle laSqrobisTvis sagangebod moemzadnen, fana-xanis sxva mowinaaRmdege Zalebsac
daukavSirdnen da 1750 wlis TebervalSi iaraRis ZaliT yarabaRis xanis ambiciebs frTebi Seukveces. ganjis
saxano ki qarTl-kaxeTis samefos daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca.
25
avariis xanis damarcxebaSi _ Cans, igulisxmeba 1754 wlis 16 agvistos mWadijvris cixesTan erekle mefis
sardlobiT qarTl-kaxeTSi SemoWrili avariis xanis (qarTuli wyaroebiT xunZaxis batonis), nursal-begis
laSqris damarcxeba. im jerze nursal-begma mTeli daRestnidan mokriba jari da lekTa iqamde arnaxuli
ZalebiT SeiWra kaxeTSi. iqidan aragvis saerisTavoSi gadavida, duSeTi aaoxra da mWadijvris cixes Semoadga.
aq nursal-begs qarTl-kaxeTis jari SeebrZola erekle II-isa da Teimuraz II-is meTaurobiT. daRestnelTa
jarma iseTi mZime dartyma miiRo, nursal-begma Tavisi lekebiT gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. xunZaxis batonma
revanSis aRebis mizniT meore welsac ilaSqra saqarTveloSi, yvarlis cixes miadga da ver aiRo. misi
es laSqroba ki saerTod moiSala, roca ereklem jaris nawili Waris dasarbevad gagzavna (nursal-begis
laSqarSi mravlad iyvnen Wareli lekebi).
26
ibrahim-xan SuSeli, igive yarabaRis xani _ ibrahim-xalil xani, jevanSirTa sagvareulos warmomadgeneli
da saxanos damaarseblis, fanah-ali xanis Ze. xanis tituli memkvidreobiT miiRo 1759 wels. misi SuSelad
moxsenieba ganapiroba im garemoebam, rom SuSa saxanos dedaqalaqi iyo da aq mdebareobda xanis rezidencia.
igive mizeziT yarabaRis saxano zogjer SuSis saxanodac ixsenieba. ibrahim-xanis mmarTvelobis xanaSi
yarabaRis saxano azerbaijanul saxanoTa Soris erT-erT uZlieres politikur erTeulad iqca. 1778 wels
mTels CrdiloeT azerbaijanSi gabatonebuli faT ali-xanis SegonebiT ganjis xani erekles morCilebidan
gandga. ereklem ar gariska gaZlierebul mowinaaRmdegesTan mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT SebrZoleba da faT
_ 155 _
daviT merkvilaZe
ali-xanis Sorsmimavali gegmebiT SeSfoTebul ibrahim-xans daukavSirda da masTan erTad saerTo mters
marcxi agema. amis Semdeg ganja gamarjvebulTa orive mxaris daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda: iq erTdroulad
erekle mefisa da ibrahim-xanis moxeleni dasxdnen, romelnic ganjas erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT ganagebdnen.
amis Semdeg aqedan aRebuli xarkic qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da yarabaRis saxanos Soris Tanabrad
nawildeboda.
27
unda igulisxmeodes nuxis mmarTveli, muhamed-hasan-xani (1783-1795) husein-xanis Ze. nuxis anu Saqis saxano
1744 wels daarsa haji-Calabma da 1755-mde marTavda mas.
28
husein xan erevneli _ unda iyos husein-ali-xani, erevnis saxanos mmarTveli daaxl. 1750-1780 wlebSi. 1779
wels husein-xanma aRTqmuli xarkis Zleva Seuwyvita erekle II-s. urCi xanis dasamorCileblad ereklem
erevani dalaSqra. husein-xanma mefesTan somexTa kaTalikosi miagzavna morCilebis aRiarebiT da xarkis
gaRebis TanxmobiT. ereklem erevanSi Tavis siZe ioane muxranbatoni daayena xanis TanammarTvelad, riTac
xanis uflebamosileba metismetad SezRuda. meore wels erekle kvlav laSqrobs erevanSi iq Tavisi
batonobis ganmtkicebis mizniT. Cans, es movlenebi aqvs mxedvelobaSi polk. burnaSovs.
29
Tavrizis, urmiis, xois da naxWevnis xanebi _ azerbaijanuli saxanoebis mmarTvelebi. maTgan pirveli sami
saxano iranis azerbaijanis, igive samxreT azerbaijanis teritoriaze mdebareobda. naxWevnis saxano ki
daaxloebiT dRevandel azerbaijanis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali naxiCevanis avtonomiuri
respublikis miwa-wyals moicavda.
30
axalcixis faSa suleimani iyo STamomavali samcxis yofili aTabagebisa, romlebic jayelTa sagvareulo
dinastias warmoadgendnen. 1628 wlidan, osmalTa mier samcxe-saaTabagos dapyrobisa da misi safaSod
gardaqmnis Semdeg am mxares ukve rjulSecvlili aTabagebi ganagebdnen. suleimani axalcixis faSad
dainiSna 1767 wels. sulTnisagan mas Cabarebuli hqonda imereTis saqmeebic. 1769 wels igi am Tanamdebobidan
gadaayenes, Tumca 1770 wlidan isev aRadgines da faSis Tanamdeboba ekava gardacvalebamde (1791 wlamde).
mas orjer Zalian daeZaba urTierToba ereklesTan, pirvelad 1769-1770 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi
ruseTis mxareze erekles omSi monawileobis gamo da meorejer georgievskis xelSekrulebaze erekles
xelis moweris Sedegad.
31
erevnis es xani unda iyos mahmad-xani, husein-ali-xanis Ze. mas axsenebs Teimuraz bagrationi Tavis axal
istoriaSi. oRond am axali istoriis mixedviT, mahmad-xanis win xanis tituls mcire xniT flobda misi
Zma yulamali, romelic erevnelebs mouklavT da mahmad-xani mxolod amis Semdeg, daaxl. 1783 wlisaTvis
erekles ZalisxmeviT gaxda xani. aRsaniSnavia, rom husein-ali-xanis memkvidre xanebs sxva wyaroebi ar
icnoben da maTi saxelebi Teimuraz bagrationTan aris Semonaxuli, rac sandoobis TvalsazrisiT am mxriv
Teimurazis monacemebis upiratesobasa da mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs.
32
omar-xani, avariis xani, qarTuli wyaroebiT xunZaxis batoni, zemonaxsenebi nursal-begis Ze da memkvidre.
misi mmarTvelobis dros (1774-1801 wlebSi) avariis saxano mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda da gaZlierda,
imdenad, rom mis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqcnen mezobeli azerbaijanuli saxanoebic. omar-xans mWidro kavSiri
hqonda osmalebTan da xSirad maTi miTiTebebiT moqmedebda.
33
burnaSevi gadmogvcems 1785 wlis seqtemberSi omar-xanis qarTl-kaxeTSi laSqrobis ambavs. maSin qarTl-
kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT SeSfoTebul osmalTa mier waqezebuli omar-
xani 20 aTasi lekiT saqarTveloSi SemoiWra. Waridan alazanze gadmosulma omar-xanis laSqarma siRnaRTan
mdgar ereklesa da burnaSevis jarebs gverdi auqcia, dedofliswyaroze gavliT jer iori, Semdeg mtkvari
gadalaxa da qvemo qarTlSi axtalis madanmompovebeli sawarmoebi daarbia, berZeni memadneebis nawili
daxoca, nawili ki tyved waiyvana da axalcixis safaSoSi gadavida.
34
aleqsandre bagration-gruzinski, vaxtang VI-is ufrosi Zis, baqaris Svili. daibada da aRizarda ruseTSi
(dabadebis zusti weli ucnobia, daaxl. 1724-28 ww.). iyo ruseTis gvardiis oficeri da qarTlis samefo
taxtis pretendenti. qarTlis samefo taxtis dauflebis mizniT gamoemgzavra ruseTidan. iyo SirazSi
qerim-xanTan, imereTSi _ solomon I-Tan, 1782 wels aleqsandre amilaxvarTan erTad ewvia im dros erekles
mTavar metoqes amierkavkasiaSi yubis mmarTvel faT ali-xans, romelsac im droisaTvis azerbaijanis mTeli
kaspiispira saxanoebis miwa-wyali gaeerTianebina. aleqsandre batoniSvili cdilobda am ukanasknelis
CarTvas erekles sawinaaRmdego Ria qmedebebSi. Tumca mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis mTavrobam erekle
imperatoris mfarvelobaSi Sesvlaze daiyolia, mefes moTxovna Seusrulda: faTali-xans batoniSvilis
rusuli mxarisaTvis gadacema aiZula da igi ukan ruseTSi daabrunes. aleqsandre baqaris Ze gardaicvala
smolenskSi 1791 wels.
35
igulisxmeba osmaleTis sulTnis xelisufleba.
36
imereTis mefe solomon I (1752-1784 wlebi) imereTis mefe aleqsandre V-is Ze. solomonma araerTi
mniSvnelovani RonisZieba gaatara samefo xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT: mamulebi CamoarTva mefis
sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi monawile abaSiZeebs, gaauqma raWis saerisTavo, mefis morCilebaSi moiyvana
guriisa da odiSis mTavrebi, akrZala qveyanaSi fesvgadgmuli tyveTa syidva. igi aseve zrunavda samefos
suverenitetis ganmtkicebisaTvis: osmaleTs Seuwyvita xarkis Zleva, mis dasamorCileblad gamogzavnili
_ 156 _
TurqTa jari (romelTac mefis moRalatenic SeuerTdnen) sastikad gaanadgura xresilis brZolaSi 1757
wlis dekemberSi. mogvianebiT osmalTa garnizonebi ganidevna quTaisis, baRdaTis, cucxvaTisa da Sorapnis
cixeebidan. 1758 wels solomon I-ma megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba dado erekle II-Tan
da Teimuraz II-Tan. misi zeobis xanaSi imereTis samefo SesamCnevad gaZlierda.
37
osmalTagan imereTis gawmendis Semdeg solomon mefem 1784 wlis gazafxulze osmalTa mier dapyrobili
qobuleTis mxaris (qvemo guriis) ganTavisuflebis mizniT ilaSqra am mimarTulebiT (Tumca saeWvoa,
es laSqroba suleiman-faSasTan yofiliyo SeTanxmebuli. ra cnobaze dayrdnobiT askvnis amas polk.
burnaSovi, ucnobia). imereTis jarma aiRo qobuleTis cixe da Caqvis gavliT baTumamdec miaRwia. magram
mefis laSqrobis gegmis Sesaxeb dadianma acnoba foTis faSas, romelmac cixisZirTan jari gadasxa da
solomon mefis jars zurgSi moeqca. 1784 wlis 9 marts naWiSkravis viwro gasasvlelTan ukan mobrunebuli
mefis jari Casafrebulma mterma orcecxlSua moaqcia da didi ziani miayena. am warumateblobis Semdeg
Zalian maleve, Zv. stiliT 23 aprils, giorgobis dResaswaulis aRsaniSnavad xonisken gasamgzavreblad
gamzadebuli 49 wlis solomon mefe cxenze amxedrebisas moulodnelad gardaicvala.
38
mefiT ukmayofilo Tavadebma, romelTac Tavkacobdnen saxlTuxucesi daviT abaSiZe da mouravi Tamaz
mesxi, 1778 wels solomon I-is winaaRmdeg aamxedres mefis erTaderTi Ze da memkvidre aleqsandre
batoniSvili. mefem ajanyebulebi daamarcxa, maT Tanamdebobebi da yma-mamuli CamoarTva, zogi samefodan
gaaZeva. aleqsandre erTi xani sxva ajanyebulebTan erTad qarTlSi imyofeboda. solomonma mas ganaSora
erT-erTi gamdgari Tavadis, evgeni abaSiZis asuli, romelic mas ajanyebulebma SerTes da beri wulukiZis
asul darejanze daaqorwina. aleqsandre batoniSvili naadrevad gardaicvala 1780 wlis oqtomberSi.
39
arCil aleqsandre V-is Ze batoniSvili. 1770 wels arCilma iqorwina erekle II-is asul eleneze. 1772 wlis
zafxulSi gaufuWda urTierToba ZmasTan, imereTis mefe solomon II-Tan mas Semdeg, rac misgan uari miiRo
moTxovnili mamulebisa da cixeebis gadacemaze da mefis sawinaaRmdego kavSirebi gaaba axalcixis faSasa
da samegrelos mTavar kacia dadianTan. arCilis dabadebis weli ucnobia. gardaicvala 1775 wels.
40
daviT II, imereTis mefe 1784-1789 wlebSi, solomon I-is biZaSvili, giorgi VII-is Ze. igi emxroboda solomon
I-is nacvlad misi memkvidris, aleqsandres gamefebis mowadine ajanyebulebs, ris gamoc mefem igi imereTidan
gaaZeva da manac ereklesTan hpova TavSesafari. solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg daviTi imereTis
did TavadTa nawilis xelSewyobiT gamefda, vinaidan am droisaTvis, taxtis memkvidred gamocxadebuli
solomonis ZmisSvili, daviT arCilis Ze jer arasrulwlovani iyo da arc samefoSi ar imyofeboda.
41
elizbar erisTavi (1738-1813), qsnis bolo erisTavis, giorgis Ze. erekle II-is mier qsnis saerisTavos
gauqmebis gamo mefesTan hqonda mZafri dapirispireba. amis gamo gaixizna imereTSi. solomon mefem igi
pativiT miiRo da Tavis asuli mariamic ki miaTxova colad. iyo poeti da politikuri moRvawe.
42
solomon I-sa da erekle II-s Soris urTierToba daiZaba 1778 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac Tavis mxriv daTba
urTierToba ereklesa da osmaleTs Soris, vinaidan qarTlis mefis es nabiji imereTis mefes misTvis
saxifaTod moeCvena. 1782 wels qarTlSi gadasuli solomon I da erekle II alSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da
Serigdnen.
43
daviT arCilis Ze, solomon I-is ZmisSvili. misi deda iyo erekle II-is qaliSvili elene. solomon I-is mier
gamocxadebuli iyo taxtis memkvidred, Tumca mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze am ukanasknelis biZaSvili,
daviT giorgis Ze avida. am dros Tormetiode wlis ufliswuli kaxeTSi izrdeboda andronikaSvilebis
ojaxSi, sadac meored iyo gaTxovili dedamisi elene. 1789 wels daviT arCilis Zem imereTis Tavadebis
erTi jgufis, dadianisa da erekles daxmarebiT metoqe daamarcxa da taxtze avida solomon II-is saxeliT.
bedma arguna, yofiliyo imereTis ukanaskneli mefe.
44
daviT giorgis Zis gamefebaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRvis im drois imereTSi gavlenian samxedro da politikur
moRvawes, papuna qaixosros Ze wereTels (1740-1790), zemo imereTis sardalsa da molareTuxucess. papunasa
da zogadad wereTlebis dawinaureba aseve solomon I-is wyaloba iyo. daviT II-m ki daxmarebis sanacvlod
papuna da zurab wereTlebi daasaCuqra q. oniT iq mosaxle samefo vaWrebiTurT, aseve gadasca yma-mamulebi
zemo imereTsa da raWaSi. amave dros, papunas colad hyavda mefis da. magram axali mefis karze upiratesi
mdgomareoba elizbar qsnis erisTavis Zem moipova, romelmac daviT II-ze gavlenis mopoveba SeZlo da misi
pirveli mrCevelic ki gaxda. amas daerTo isic, rom daviT II-m aRadgina solomon I-is mier gauqmebulis
raWis saerisTavo, romlis miwa-wylis nawilsac ukve wereTlebi da wulukiZeebi flobdnen. ukmayofilo
papuna wereTeli mefes ganudga da beri wulukiZesTan erTad taxtis maZiebel daviT arCilis Zis momxreTa
banaks Caudga saTaveSi. orgulobis gamo mefem papunas CamoarTva sawereTlos ufrosoba, aseve _ mis mierve
boZebuli oni da wedisi raWaSi.
45
mRvdlisSvili besarioni cnobili qarTveli poeti besikia, igive besarion gabaSvili (1750-1791). besarioni
Teimuraz II-is karis moZRvris, zaqarias Svili iyo. zaqarias kaTalikos anton I-Tan dapirispirebis gamo
samefos datoveba mouxda. misi ojaxi solomon I-ma miiRo da besarioni diplomatiur saqmianobaSi Caaba.
swored besarion gabaSvilma Camoiyvana solomonis davalebiT iranSi myofi aleqsandre baqaris Ze imereTSi
1779 wels. solomonis gardacvalebis Semdeg besarions daviT giorgis Zis banakSi vxedavT. axali mefis
_ 157 _
daviT merkvilaZe
davalebiT igi 1787 wels ruseTSi gaemgzavra diplomatiuri misiiT, saidanac veRar dabrunda. dasneulebuli
besarion gabaSvili gardaicvala q. iasSi (dRevandeli rumineTi).
46
wulukiZeebi XVIII s-is II naxevarSi imereTis Zlieri da gavleniani saTavado saxli iyo. vaxuSti bagrationi maT
imereTis erT-erT ùwarCinebules da SemZlebel~ gvarad moixseniebs. Tavidan isini raWis Zlier saTavado
saxls warmoadgendnen, Tumca Semdgom qvemo imereTSic eboZaT mamuli, sadac wulukiZeTa saTavado
Camoyalibda. hyavdaT mravali yma-glexi da daqvemdebarebuli aznauri. wulukiZeebi gansakuTrebiT
dawinaurdnen solomon I-is zeobisas. teqstSi gadmocemuli movlenebis xanaSi wulukiZeTagan yvelaze
gavleniani pirebi iyvnen beri kacias Ze wulukiZe, pirveli veziri solomon I-is dros da misi Zma giorgi.
udavod isini moiazrebian burnaSovis sityvebSi: `pativcemuli da xalxiT Zlieri Tavadi wulukiZeebi~. beri
wulukiZes aseve eWira qvemo imereTis sardlis, quTaisis mouravisa da boqaulTuxucesis Tanamdebobebi.
solomon I-ma mas `didebuli Tavadis~ wodebac ki uboZa. wulukiZeebs mefe ormagad daumoyvrda: jer beris
da gulqani moiyvana colad daqvrivebulma 1778 wels, xolo sul cota xanSi misi asuli darejani Tavis
vaJs, aleqsandres SerTo. beri wulukiZe papuna wereTelTan erTad TavadTa im jgufs xelmZRvanelobda,
romelTac daviT giorgis Ze gaamefes. Tumca Semdeg gandidebuli beri mefis sawinaaRmdegod iwyebs
moqmedebas, ris gamoc daviTma mas mouravisa da boqaulTuxucesis Tanamdebobebi CamoarTva da elizbar
qsnis erisTvisSvils gadasca. ganawyenebuli beri wulukiZe papuna wereTelTan erTad ufro aqtiurad
iwyebs daviT arCilis Zis gamefebisaTvis brZolas.
47
1786 wlis 15 ianvars papuna wereTelma da beri wulukiZem axalcixis safaSodan daviT I-is winaaRmdeg 1000
Turqi da 500 leki Semoiyvanes imereTSi. maT Tan axldaT daviT arCilis Zec borCaloelTa razmiT. magram
raWaSi mefis jarTan Setakebisas 26 ianvars maT sastiki marcxi ganicades da sxvavasa da kvaras cixeebSi
Caiketnen. sxvavas cixeSi SexiznulTa umravlesoba gawyda, kvaras cixeSi alyaSemortymulebma ki mefes
patieba sTxoves. jamSi Turq-lekTa jari TiTqmis srulad ganadgurda, wereTelma da wulukiZem axalcixes
Seafares Tavi. ganrisxebulma daviT I-m aseve axalcixeSi gadaxvewil daviT arCilis Zes am gamosvlis Semdeg
saufliswulo mamulebi CamoarTva imereTSi.
48
dadiani Ciqvanebis sagvareulodan _ igulisxmeba dadianTa meore dinastia, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara
CiqovanTa (igive CiqvanTa) gvaris warmomadgenelma giorgi lipartianma XVII s-is bolos, roca xelSi Caigdo
odiSis samTavros gamgebloba. 1704 wels ki misma Zem, kacia I-ma dadianis anu odiSis mTavris tituli miiRo.
49
gurielebi guriis samTavro dinastias wamoadgendnen. aRniSnul xanebSi guriaSi mTavrobda giorgi V
gurieli. XVII s-is II naxevarSi igi periodulad flobda mTavris tituls (1756-1758, 1765-1771 da 1776-1788
wlebSi).
50
am dros samegrelos mTavari iyo kacia II dadiani (1758-1788), otia dadianis Ze. man daxmareba gauwia daviT
giorgis Zes imereTis taxtis dakavebaSi, ris sanacvlodac mefisagan saWilao-samiqelao miiRo. kacias
memkvidrem, grigol dadianma kavSiri Sekra imereTis taxtis maZiebel daviT arCilis ZesTan da mas colad
Tavisi da, mariami miaTxova.
damowmebani
burnaSevi 1896: Картина Грузіи или описаніе политическаго состоянія Царствъ Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сдѣланное
пребывающим при Его Высочествѣ царѣ Карталинскомъ и Кахетинскомъ Иракліи Темуразовичѣ полковникомъ и
кавалеромъ Бурнашевымъ въ Тифлисѣ въ 1786 г. Издание К. Н. Бѣгичева, Тифлисъ.
burnaSevi 1901: Новые Матеріалы для жизнеописанія и дѣятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго въ Грузіи съ 1783
по 1787 г. Собралъ и издалъ съ приложеніемъ картъ, портретовъ и факсимиле С. Н. Бурнашевъ, под редакціей
профессора А. А. Цагарели, С.-Петербургъ.
merkvilaZe 2012: d. merkvilaZe, rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi polkovnik burnaSevis arqivis mixedviT (1783-
1787 ww.). XIV. istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani. red. x. ioseliani. Tbilisi.
_ 158 _
STEPHEN BURNASHEV AND HIS WORK

PICTURE OF GEORGIA OR THE DESCRIPTION OF
POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE KINGDOMS OF KARTLI AND KAKHETI
David Merkviladze
The Russian Army Colonel Stephen Burnashev was sent to Georgia, as the Russian Special Envoy (commissioner)
at the royal courts of Kartli-Kakheti’s King Erekle II and Imereti’s King Solomon I in May, 1783. He was presented
there until September 1787. Burnashev also was appointed as a commander of two Russian battalions arrived
in Georgia in accordance of the contract between the Russian Empire and Kartli-Kakheti kingdom (so called
Georgievsk’s Treaty) signed in the August 1783. So being in Georgia, he was combining military and political
activities.
His investigation Picture of Georgia or the Description of Political Situation in the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti,
Burnashev published in 1793 in Kursk (Russia), being there a governor. This work should be his summarized report
about Georgian Kingdoms for the Russian imperial court.
The Picture of Georgia... is an important source of Georgia’s (and the Caucasus’) history of 1780s. Burnashev
tells about the situaion in Georgia simultaneously from diferent perspecive: the religious and ethnic composiion
of the populaion, its social face, the characterisic features of the local populaion, state income and its sources,
form of government, economy, trade, the internal poliical situaion, relaions with neighboring countries. Great
atenion is paid to the informaion of the military case: army weaponry and military capabiliies, ighing eiciency
and local peculiariies of the hosiliies. There are interesing data about the poliical situaion in Kartli-Kakhei and
Imerei Kingdoms and around them of that imes, their relaionship with each other and with neighboring poliical
eniies. This descripion is a rather objecive work and represents Burnashev’s signiicant poliical analysis.
On the other hand, the work is the most important source for the study of the Russian-Georgian poliical
relaionships in the menioned period, since the author is the contemporary person and co-paricipant of most of
the described events.
The work consists of two main parts: Georgia’s Poliical Situaion and Imerei’s Poliical Situaion. Under the
term “Georgia” is implied Kartli-Kakhei kingdom (eastern Georgia), while “Imerei” used as designaion of the
western Georgia. The work was writen during presence of Burnashev in Georgia. According to the data in the
text, it is concluded that Burnashev expected to write it approximately during the period from May 1784 unil
September 1787.
The Picture of Georgia... was republished by K. Begichev in 1896 in Tbilisi. The present translaion is made
from this publicaion.The text is accompanied by the notes containing comments and explenaions of the translator.
_ 159 _
frangi dragomanis cnobebi mefiswul abas mirzasa
da misi uaxloesi garemocvis Sesaxeb (1807-1808)
irine naWyebia
indoeTze laSqrobis gegmis konteqstSi, napoleonis mier 1805-1809 wlebSi sparseTSi wargzavnili
misiebis wevrebs am qveynis Sesaxeb amomwuravi informaciis Sekreba evalebodaT. safrangeTis
arqivebSi dacul maT gamouqveynebel angariSebSi, sxva mraval sakiTxTa Soris, aris cnobebi
faTh-ali Sahisa da misi vaJebis uaxloesi garemocvis Sesaxeb. winamdebare statiaSi warmovadgenT
sparseTSi 1807-1809 wlebSi safrangeTis sruluflebiani ministris, general gardanis meTaurobiT
wargzavnili misiis meore dragomanis, ogiust-andrea de nersias, moxsenebiTi baraTis – Canawerebi
Tavrizis karis uwarCinebulesi pirebis Sesaxeb – srul qarTul Targmans komentarebiTurT.
Canawerebis avtori, ogiust-andrea de nersia, 1782 wlis 9 oqtombers daibada hesse-
kaselSi, germaniaSi.1 Tavdapirveli ganaTleba man Prytanée Français-Si2 miiRo, 1800 wels ki swavla
konstantinopolSi 1721 wels safrangeTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT daarsebul aRmosavluri enebis
skolaSi (l’Ecole des jeuns des langues) ganagrZo, sadac axalgazrda vaJebs Tarjimnebad amzadebdnen
diplomatiuri samsaxurisaTvis (degro 1984: 99/2, 77-78). man icoda berZnuli, Turquli da sparsuli
enebi. 1803 wels igi konstantinopolSi safrangeTis saelCos meore dragomanad daniSnes (dair de
maio 1896: II, 20), 1807 wlis aprilSi ki meore dragomanad Caricxes general gardanis misiaSi (AMFAE,
CP/Perse, vol. 9: doc. 85, fol. 91). sparseTSi igi am misiaze ufro adre, 1807 wlis 21 maiss Cavida,
raTa Tarjimnoba gaewia faTh-ali SahTan sagangebo davalebiT gagzavnili, konstantinopolSi
safrangeTis saelCos mdivnis qsavie de la blanSisaTvis (AMFAE, MD/Perse: vol. 6, doc. 20, fol. 170r).
la blanSma Sahs napoleonis werili Cautana, romelSic safrangeTis imperatori mas 1804 wels
dawyebuli ruseT-sparseTis omis gagrZelebisa da inglisisaTvis omis gamocxadebisken aqezebda.
faTh-ali Sahma misganve Seityo sparseTSi general gardanis sruluflebian ministrad daniSvnis
Sesaxeb (elo-belie 2007: 97).
1807 wlis ivnisSi napoleonis emisrebi saianyalas banakSi Sexvdnen general gardanis misiaSi
Caricxul sainJinro saqmeTa kapitans, ogiust bontam-lefors,3 romelmac faTh-ali Sahisa da misi
vaJis, abas mirzasaTvis, napoleonis werilebis gadacema da sparseTis laSqarSi evropuli samxedro
elementebis Setana evaleboda. SahisaTvis werilis gadacemis Semdeg, 26 ivniss kapitani bontam-lefori
da ogiust de nersia Tavrizis maxloblad ganlagebul abas mirzas banakSi gaemgzavrnen. mefiswuli
metad keTilganwyobili iyo maT mimarT (AMFAE, CP/Perse, vol. 10, doc. 5, fol. 11r-11v). napoleonis mier
sparseTSi wargzavnil oficerTagan swored kapitanma bontam-leforma daiwyo abas mirzas laSqris
evropul yaidaze reorganizebis pirveli etapi. igi mas daexmara infanteriisaTvis patronebisa da
falkonetebis, anu Zveleburi momcro zomis zarbaznebis, damzadebaSi, gaaTavisuflebina laSqari
zedmeti bargisagan, Seamcira zarbaznebis datenvis simZlavre da sxv. (AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 7, doc. 36,
fol. 71r-77v). am saqmianobaSi mas did daxmarebas uwevda ogiust de nersia, romelsac gavlili hqonda
samxedro momzadeba. igi kapitans exmareboda rekrutebis gawvrTnaSi, Targmnida mis brZanebebs da
infanteriis gasawvrTnel instruqciebs (bontam-lefori S. d.: 156, 159). abas mirzas kapitan bontam-
leforis daxmarebiT rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolis momzadeba da agvistoSi saqarTveloze laSqroba
surda, magram general gardanis molodinSi, faTh-ali Sahma mas amis neba ar misca. gawbilebuli
mefiswuli sajarod gamoxatavda Tavis ukmayofilebas (AMFAE, CP/Perse, vol. 9, doc. 155, fol. 296r-296v,
bontam-lefori S. d.: 152).
ogiust de nersia da kapitani bontam-lefori abas mirzas samsaxurSi 1807 wlis noembramde,
sparseTSi general gardanisa da misi misiis Casvlamde darCnen. 1808 wlis ianvridan maisis meore
naxevramde ogiust de nersia general gardanis brZanebiT isfahanSi arsenalis dasaarseblad
gagzavnil artileriis leitenantebs, faviesa da rebuls, uwevda Tarjimnobas (AMFAE, CP/Perse, vol.
11. doc. 181, fol. 308r). isfahanidan TeiranSi dabrunebis Semdeg igi uSualod generlis gankargulebaSi
iyo. imave wlis 12 ivliss faTh-ali Sahma igi safrangeTis misiis ramdenime wevrTan erTad mzis
meore xarisxis ordeniT daajildova (AMFAE, CP/Perse, vol. 11, doc. 105, fol. 173r-173v). sparseTidan
konstantinopolSi ogiust de nersia 1809 wlis seqtemberSi dabrunda. napoleonis davalebiT, igi
1810 wels egviptesa da siriaSi gaemgzavra, osmaleTis am provinciebSi arsebuli viTarebisa da
_ 160 _
frangi dragomanis cnobebi mefiswul abas mirzasa da misi uaxloesi garemocvis Sesaxeb (1807-1808)
maT Soris arsebuli separatizmis Sesaxeb uaxlesi informaciis Sesagroveblad. 1811-1815 wlebSi
man moiara smirna (dRes izmiri), rodosi, aleqsandreta (dRes iskanderuni), siria da akra da man
didi gaWirvebiT daaRwia Tavi ingliselTa devnas. safrangeTSi dabruneba man mxolod 1816 wlis
dekemberSi moaxerxa. 1823 wlamde igi umuSevari iyo, Semdeg ki aleqsandr humboltis rekomendaciiT
igi burbonebis sparsuli enis mdivan-Tarjimnad daniSnes. 1825 wels nersiam gamoaqveyna sparseTis
Sesaxeb Jozef fon hameris naSromis franguli Targmani Tavisi komentarebiTurT (nersia 1825: II,
247-344) da kritikuli SeniSvnebi polkovnik gaspar driuvilis Txzulebis Sesaxeb (nersia 1825: XXX,
216-232). 1826 wels, sapatio legionis kavaleri, ogiust-andrea de nersia, safrangeTis generaluri
sakonsulos pirveli dragomanad daniSnes smirnaSi, sadac igi gardacvalebamde (1847) msaxurobda
(piurieri 1951: 390-91; degro 1984: 99/2, 87, 104).
ogiust andea de nersias mier general gardanisaTvis 1808 wlis 17 ianvars wardgenili
moxsenebiTi baraTi Canawerebi Tavrizis karis gamorCeuli pirebis Sesaxeb (Noice sur les personnages
plus disingués de la cour de Tauris. Auguste de Narciat, 2em Drogman provisoire de la Légaion Français à Théran. Ecrit
à Theran le 17 Janvier 1808, AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 7, doc. 41, fol. 102r-111r), safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa
saministros arqivSia daculi. es xelnaweri imave wlis 26 ianvars gadaugzavnes konstantinopolSi
safrangeTis saqmeTa rwmunebuls, pier rufens, romelmac is parizSi gadagzavna (AMFAE, CP/Perse,
vol. 9, doc. 184, fol. 348v).
ogiust de nersias moxsenebiTi baraTi rva Tavad iyofa da dawerilia avtoris mier abas mirzas
banaksa da Tavrizis karze yofnis dros miRebuli STabeWdilebebisa da adgilze mopovebuli
cnobebis safuZvelze. xelnaweris pirvel TavSi mocemulia sparseTis taxtis memkvidris, abas
mirzas, daxasiaTeba. danarCen Svid TavSi igi gvawvdis cnobebs Tavrizis karis gamorCeuli pirebis
– yajarTa tomis warmomadgeneli eqvsi xanis, abas mirzas aRmzrdelisa da pirveli veziris, mirza
bozorgis, Tavrizis yofili beglarbegis – ahmed xanis, mirza bozorgis ufrosi vaJis – mohamad
hasanis, aRa-mahmad xanisa da faTh-ali Sahis yofili pirveli veziris, haji ibrahimis vaJis – mirza
ali-rizas, Tavrizis mufTis – mirza mehdisa da oTxi moxelis Sesaxeb. CanawerebSi avtori uaRresad
saintereso da cocxali portretebis galereas gvTavazobs.
Canawerebi Tavrizis karis gamorCeuli pirebis Sesaxeb
abas mirza, azerbaijanis uzenaesi batoni, vaJia mehdi-yuli xan yajaris disa4 da baba-xanisa, romelic ukve
cameti welia faTh-ali Sahis saxeliT marTavs sparseTs, da, agreTve, yajarTa tomidan aris.5 es axalgazrda
mefiswuli jer oci wlisac ar aris da Tavis Zmebs Soris, romelTa raodenoba oqtomberSi ocdacxra iyo,
mxolod oria masze odnav ufrosi: mohamad-ali xani, yazvinis yofili gubernatori, romelic dRes qermanSahs
marTavs, masze eqvsi TviTaa ufrosi, mohamad-vali mirza, xorasnis gubernatori ki – samiT. aRa-mahmad-xanma,
saWurisma yajarTa tomidan, romelmac daipyro imperia, abas mirza Tavis sicocxleSive daniSna Tavisi ZmiSvilis,
baba-xanis, memkvidred, romelsac dautova taxti.6 es iyo imis mizezi, rom mefiswulis aRzrdaze bavSvobidanve
sagangebod zrunavdnen. man gaamarTla masze gaweuli zrunva. mis mier mocemuli imedebi imdenad didi iyo,
rom rodesac baba-xanma Tavisi saWurisi biZis sikvdilis Semdeg xelT igdo mmarTvelobis sadaveebi, daamtkica
gvirgvinze dadgenili memkvidreoba sawinaaRmdegod ori ufrosi vaJisa (fol. 102r), romelTac ara aqvT dedis
mxridan yajarebad yofnis upiratesoba.7 abas mirzas gonebis Camoyalibebisas arafers moeridnen, raTa igi
Zlieri da amtani yofiliyo wvrTnisa da omis siZneleebis mimarT.8 misi samxedro naTloba warmatebebiT daiwyo.
jer kidev im asakSi, rodesac Cveulebriv TamaSoben da did saqmeebs ar ewevian, man uxelmZRvanela laSqrobas
xois gubernatoris, jafar-yuli xanis winaaRmdeg, romelsac ajanyebis droSa aefrialebina. am viTarebaSi igi
iSviaTi vaJkacobiTa da gonierebiT moiqca da salmasSi gaanadgura es ajanyebuli, romelmac rusebs Seafara
Tavi.9 abas mirzam agreTve did warmatebas miaRwia rusebis winaaRmdeg araqsis napirebTan da Tuki aqamde man
isini ver gandevna saqarTvelodan da maT mier okupirebuli sxva sparsuli provinciebidan da Tu am ukanasknel
kampaniaSic saTanadod ver warsdga mtris winaSe, es misi gaubedavobis ki ara, mxolod da mxolod Teiranis karis
meryeobisa da mcdari politikis bralia, rac mis dauokebel simamaces mudmivad uqmnis winaaRmdegobebs. es
mefiswuli, romelic tanad maRali araa, aRsavsea didebulebiT. igi kargi aRnagobisaa, misi lamazi saxe Tumca ki
fermkrTalia, keTilSobilebasa da simSvides gamoxatavs, kmayofilebisa an dardis mixedviT ki gamococxldeba
an iRuSeba. misi Tvalebi, didi da Savi, gadabmuli xSiri warbebiT, drodadro naperwklebs yris da mudam
sxvisi azrebis gagebas cdilobs. mas uyvars jiriTi, nadiroba da lamazi iaraRi. igi mxolod imperiisaTvis
brZolisa da gamarjvebis Semdeg moisvenebs. iseTma didebam, rogormac evropaSi didi napoleoni Semosa,
misi suli surviliT aRavso, rom aziaSi mis msgavsad cnobili gaxdes (fol. 102v). Tavisi sisxlisa da im taxtis
fasad, romelic man erT dRes unda daikavos, igi eZebs SemTxvevas, rom gaxdes Rirsi safrangeTis imperatoris
pativiscemisa, romelsac biZas uwodebs.10 igi safrangeTis WeSmariti megobaria. rodesac mefem mas rusebis
_ 161 _
irine naWyebia
winaaRmdeg gamosvla aukrZala da erevnis sardals11 mefiswulis iq misvlis SemTxvevaSi misi ukan gamobruneba
ubrZana, abas mirzam sakmaod xmamaRla ganacxada, rom es safrangeTTan dadebuli kavSiris gamcemloba iyo,
rom mas sxva aRaraferi darCenoda, Tu ara gamxdariyo damoukidebeli, ar gaewia angariSi misi umaRlesobis
(Sahis, – i.n) firmanebisaTvis, ieriSi mietana mtrebze, Sekvdomoda an daemarcxebina, Semdeg ki napoleonTan
Seefarebina Tavi. mefiswulis ugunuri Tavganwirva misi veziris gavlenam12 da sibrZnem SeaCera, radgan saSiSi
iqneboda, rom mas Tavisi gamosvlebiTa da moqmedebebiT, agreTve safrangeTis mimarT keTilganwyobis aSkara
gamoxatviT ar daekarga uzenaesi keTilganwyoba da mSobliuri siyvaruli. arc is iqneboda saeWvo, rom Zlieri
metoqeebic moiZebnebodnen mis mravalricxovan Zmebs, kerZod, ki Cem mier zemoT naxsenebTa Soris. abas mirza
grZnobs, rom safrangeTis mxardaWera misTvis erT dRes aucilebeli gaxdeba.13 is pativs scems da mas uyvars
frangebi, gansakuTrebiT ki safrangeTis jaris msgavsis Seqmna da Tavisi jaris mTavari grenaderoba surs.
Cvengan wvrTnas ar Takilobda da ambobda: damsajeT, mcemeT, rodesac cudad vasruleb. misi Cacmuloba
sadaa, magram metad eleganturi. mxolod sagangebo SemTxvevebSi ixilavT masze oqrosa da Zvirfasi qvebis
brwyinvas.14 Tumca ki abas mirzas hyavs colebi (fol. 103r), es mas naklebad aRelvebs. umetes dros igi cxenze
atarebs da arafrad dagidevT arc sicxes, arc sicives, arc qarsa da arc wvimas, Rameebs ki wignebis kiTxvaSi
atarebs. amboben, rom igi yvela sparsul da arabul naSroms icnobs da mas ganswavlulTagan cota vinme Tu
Seedreba. ori Tvis manZilze mas moukvda samive vaJi, romlebic faTh-ali Sahs did sixaruls aniWebdnen.
amis gamo mas ar gamouxatavs dardi da uTqvams, rom es bavSvebi ar iyvnen tirilis Rirsni, radgan arasodes
araferi ar gaukeTebiaT. magram rodesac gangebis xeli mas arTmevs mamac mebrZols, sparseTis Rirsebas,
pativiscemis Rirss ukve gaweuli samsaxurisa da im samsaxurisTvisac, romelsac momavalSic gaswevda, igi
Tavis tanisamoss Semoixevs, miwaze hyris, simwriT savse cremlebs Rvris da iseT uimedobas eZleva, rom Zlivs
amSvideben.15 Tavis qveSevrdomTa damsaxurebis amgvari dafaseba misdami maT srul erTgulebas ganapirobebs.
Tavisi piradi ganZi man Tavisi jarisa da dedaqalaqis (Tavrizis – i.n.) macxovreblebisaTvis daxarja. es
ukanasknelni Tavis arsebobas am mZime wels mxolod mis keTilSobil sibralulsa da uzomo Tavganwirvas unda
umadlodnen xorblis im didi raodenobis SeZenisaTvis, rac azerbaijans aklda. misi yoveli mizani sparselTa
Sexedulebebis ganviTarebisa da gandidebisakenaa mimarTuli. amis dasturia is aRtaceba, romelsac masSi
evropis xelovnebaSi arsebuli miRwevebi iwvevs da is sixarbe, romliTac is ucxoelTa monaTxrobs ismens
kulturuli erebis Sesaxeb, agreTve, is pedantizmi, romliTac igi Tavisi karis ministrebsa da seniorebs
aiZulebs aiTvison yovelive, ris swavlsac evropelebTan urTierTobiT moaxerxeben. igi fiqrobs kolejebis
daarsebas keTilSobili axalgazrdobis ganaTlebisaTvis (fol. 103v). man Tavrizidan gandevna mocekvaveebi da
mefokuseebi da yovelive, rasac xalxis garyvna SeeZlo. qalaqSi ar aWaWanebdnen meZavebs da usastikesad
uswordebian im qalebs, romlebsac danaSaulze waaswreben.16 danaSauls ufro mkacri msajuli ara hyavs;
mefiswuli eswreba yvela im dasjas, romelsac misi marTlmsajuleba daadgens da siamovnebs damnaSaveTa
sisxlis yureba.
***
Tavrizis karze imyofeba eqvsi yajari seniori. maTi saxelebia mehdi-yuli xani, ali xani, hedaieT-yuli xani,
hosein-ali xani, gelb-ali xani da ismail xani. am pirebs didi pativs scemen, im upiratesobis gamo, rom yajarTa
tomidan arian. yoveli maTgani asakovani da mefiswulis saTaTbiros wevria. isini arc farTo ganaTlebiT
brwyinaven da arc niWiT. maTi saubrebidan Cans, rom maT metad mcire dro dauTmiaT ganaTlebisaTvis,
magram maTi mxedruli Rirseba myarad aris damkvidrebuli da yvela adasturebs, rom maTi xmlebi didad
daexmara maT toms xelT egdo sparseTis imperia. mehdi-yuli xani Sahzades biZaa dedis mxridan, ali-xani ki
is sparselia, romelmac, albaT, yvelaze met mters daayrevina Tavi. maT mier gaweulma samsaxurma maT didi
gavlena moupova mmarTvelobaSi da axalgazrda mefiswulisaTvis metad sapativcemulo pirebad aqcia, Tumca
igi xedavs maTi azrovnebis CamorCenilobas. omiT daRlam maTSi dasvenebis survili gamoiwvia (fol. 104r) da
isini mefis erTgulni ufro arian, vidre mefiswulisa, maTi saubrebi ki im mosazrebebis sazomia, rac SeiZleba
surdes Teiranis kabinets. asea Tu ise, am gmirebs omis velze aqvT mopovebuli Tavisi azrebis gamoTqmis
ufleba. isini yovelTvis winaaRmdegni iyvnen, rom abas mirzas Seteva mietana rusebze, xolo sparseTisTvis
safrangeTTan kavSiri17 im unayofo xed miaCniaT, romelic Tavis CrdilSi imperiisaTvis imaze ufro damRupvel
miznebs faravs, vidre rusebis aSkara mtrobaa. sparselTa siZulvilma da lanZRva-ginebam lamis dagvaSora
kidec. isini gulis siRrmeSi imedovnebdnen, rom rusebis mier Cveni ganadgureba maT yvelaze ufro sastiki
saSiSroebisagan gaaTavisuflebda; misi udidebulesoba imperatorisa da mefis axali triumfebis ambebma isini
metad gaaoca da daabnia,18 abas mirza ki metad gaamxiarula. me kvlav ara mjera, rom es yajarebi safrangeTis
momxreni arian da vfiqrob, rom maTi Tanxmobis yidva mxolod imis dari saCuqrebis fasad iqneba SesaZlebeli,
rasac isini, albaT, ruseTisagan moelodnen.
***
mirza bozorgi,19 romelsac adre mirza isa erqva, daibada sparseTis erayis provinciis daba farahanSi. igi
jafar xanis20 (romelic SirazSi qerim xanis21 sikvdilis Semdeg Seqmnili anarqiis dros ganagebda) Zmis, sadey
xanis veziris, mirza hoseinis vaJia. igi winaswarmetyvelis STamomavalia imam huseinis22 xaziT. amgvarad, mas
(fol. 104v bunebis mier aqvs boZebuli didi Wkua da iSviaTi SesaZlebloba, Seeswavla aziaSi cnobili yvela
_ 162 _
mecniereba. man zedmiwevniT icis sparsuli da arabuli da mas, albaT, mWevrmetyvelebaSic veravin Seedreba.
man icis Turqulic, magram ufro sustad im pretenziasTan SedarebiT, rasac is am enis codnis gamo iCemebs.
ymawvilobidanve Tavisi mamis gverdiT yofniTa da SromiT, man adreve SeiZina saqmeebis warmarTvis Rrma
codna, gansakuTrebiT ki intrigebis xlarTvisa da maTi dafarvis kidev ufro rTuli xelovnebis didostati
gaxda. Tumca ki mas ukve mieRwia garkveuli asakisaTvis, igi mxolod da mxolod kvlav didi veziris, haji
ibrahimis, mirza (mdivani) iyo, rodesac abas mirzam bavSvobis asaks gadaabija da aRmzrdeli dasWirda. haji
ibrahimma igi mefes dauxasiaTa rogorc RirsebiT, unariTa da codniT aRsavse kaci. mefem igi keTilganwyobiT
miiRo da amgvarad daiwyo misi dawinaureba. msgavsad gaToSili gvelisa, romelic cxovrebisaken miwaTmoqmeds
moubrunebia, man mirza SafisTan,23 amJamindel did vezirTan erTad, Tavisi keTilismyofelis winaaRmdeg
mzakvruli gegma moifiqra da didi ndoba umadurobis fasad moipova: haji ibrahimis uzomod didi qoneba,
fufuneba da popularuloba aSfoTebda mefes, romelic imJamad jer kidev myarad ar ijda taxtze. SeSfoTeba
iqca eWvad, romelic dRiTi dRe mZafrdeboda da mefes mosvenebas aRar aZlevda. mirza isam gaaRrmava am eWvis
safuZveli da SeimuSava gamcemluri gegma, rasac WeSmaritebis beWedi daasva (fol. 105r). haji ibrahims tanjvaSi
amoxda suli, misi ganZi, romelmac yvela molodins gadaaWarba, samefo saganZurSi Sevida.24 misma umaRlesobam
mirza isa mefis gadamrCenad da gvirgvinis damcvelad gamoacxada da brZana, rom amieridan mas etarebina
saxeli bozorg, rac dids niSnavs. amis Semdeg misi qoneba im mefiswulis didebasTan erTad gaizarda,
romelTanac igi ganamweses. miuxedavad imisa, rom misma uamravma mterma igi mefesTan mravalgzis amxila mZime
danaSaulSi, miseuli Tavis marTlebis manera mudam abnevs mis mbralmdeblebs da misi ganadgurebis amgvar
mcdelobebs Sedegad mis mimarT kvlav keTilganwyoba da kidev ufro didi pativiscema mohyveba. mirza bozorgi
mTel Tavis unarsa da Tvisebebs mxolod Tavis gulkeTilobasa da Tavisi sulis siwrfeles miawers, Tumca
qveyanaze albaT arc ki dabadebula masze veragi sulieri. misi nakvTebi sicruiTaa gaJRenTili da arasodes
ar ici, ras unda moelode misgan. igi Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT imorCilebs da ayalibebs xalxis gonebas;
mefiswulis amayi xasiaTisa da sificxis miuxedavad, veziris gavleniT es axalgazrda kaci mudam brZnul da
swor gadawyvetilebebs iRebs, misi eSinia da mgoni Tavis mamaze metadac ki uyvars. yvelaze ufro gamWriaxi
adamianic ki gakvirvebuli unda iyos mirza bozorgis veragi SorsmWvretelobiT da ar unda daiimedos Tavi,
rom SesZlebs misi azrebis wakiTxvas. masze ukeTesad aravin icnobs arc adamianis bunebas (fol. 105v), arc
sparselTagan evropis saqmeebs. morCilebis niRabs da gulgrilobis mantias amofarebuli es kaci usazRvro
ambiciebs faravs da Tavisi Zalauflebis gamo eWvianobis im wertilamdea misuli, rom mzadaa saxelmwifos
interesebi Tavis pirad umniSvnelo mosazrebas Seswiros. amitom, imis SiSiT, rom mefiswulis mier frangebis
mimarT gamoxatul keTilganwyobasa da pativiscemas da maTi mosmeniT miRebul siamovnebas mis gonebaze
veziris gavlena ar Seemcirebina, mirza bozorgi ganuwyvetliv aqebda erT sacodav russ, romelmac Tavi
maiorad waradgina, Tumca is erTi sazizRari rusi dezertiri jariskaci iyo, romelmac Tavis enaze wera-
kiTxvac ki ar icoda. am russ is yovelTvis sagangebod waradgenda da ise epyroboda, rogorc sparseTisaTvis
b-n sainJinro saqmeTa kapitan bontamze gacilebiT ufro saWiro kacs, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad Rrmad iyo
darwmunebuli sapirispiro mosazrebaSi. mirza bozorgma igi daajildovebina ordeniT, rac aqamde gaugonari
iyo sparseTSi, raTa mas im oficris gverdiT SeZleboda gamoCena, romelic sapatio legionis ordens atarebda.25
Cvens saqmeSi am kacis mudmivi CareviT ki xels gviSlida, rom Cveni mokavSireebisaTvis WeSmariti samsaxuri
gagvewia. igi Tavs ise aCvenebs, TiTqos derviSis wodebis miReba surdes da xmamaRla ambobs, rom didkacobas,
msoflios saunjesa da didebas misTvis araviTari mimzidveloba ara aqvs; rom mas mxolod wmindanTa swavleba
ainteresebs, magram derviSisa mas mxolod ampartavnuli farisevloba aqvs da Tavs Zlier iwonebs imiT (fol.
106r), rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mis ojaxs mudmivad veziris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs da aqvs pativi iyos
sparseTSi yvelaze ufro didad pativcemuli winaswarmetyvelis STamomavali.26 ucxoelebs ki eubneba, rom
abas mirza azerbaijanis mxolod sruluflebiani mmarTveli ki ara, aramed misi mefea da misi didi veziri
ufro meti mniSvnelobis, gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mqonea, vidre sparseTis imperatoris didi veziri.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT es marTalicaa, magram namdvilad ar miuTiTebs mis Tavmdablobaze. veziris TqmiT,
misi genia yovelives swvdeba. igi imasac acxadebs, rom samxedro saqmec sxva sparselebze ukeTesad icis. is ki
simarTlea, rom misma windaxedulobam ixsna misi aTasi jariskaci savalalo Secdomisagan, radgan icis
poziciebis SerCeva da Cvevad aqvs infanteriis sangrebiTa da gamagrebebiT dacva. igi mtrisaTvis yovelTvis
Znelad mosaxelTebeli yofila, radganac mters xangrZlivad uxsnida cecxls da mizansac zustad arCevda.
miuxedavad amisa, is ar iwonebs Tavs brZolaSi gamoCenili simamaciT da ar ambobs, rom misi maxvili aTasjer
dasvelebula mtris sisxliT. mas aqvs iseTi gonivruli simamace, romlis drosac adamiani udidesi saSiSroebis
SuagulSic ki mSvidad rCeba da miuxedavad imisa, rom mas xSiras Cauxedavs TvalebSi sikvdilisTvis, igi ar
Semdrkala. mas ara aqvs didebuli garegnoba da xSirad masSi Zlivs SeucvniaT veziri. Tumca mas cxovrebis
Sesabamisi donis dacva evaleba, igi metad zomierad ikvebeba. mas mxolod erTi coli hyavs, romelzec Zlieraa
mijaWvuli. mas TiTqmis ar sZinavs. Ramis saaTebSi igi Tavisi (fol. 106v batonis Zalauflebis gandidebiTa da
Tavis mimarT misi ndobis ganmtkicebiTaa dakavebuli. dRis saaTebs ki mimdinare saqmeebs swiravs. zogjer
naxevari saaTiT CaTvlems xolme yvelas TandaswrebiT, gamoRviZebis Semdeg ki dasvenebulia im tvirTisagan,
rac mas awevs. Tavisma windaxedulma politikam aswavla, rom xelSewyobis gareSe igi mxolod gaWirvebiT
miaRwevda dasaxuli didi gegmebis ganxorcielebas. is Tavisufali dro, romelic mas haji ibrahimTan Tavisi
_ 163 _
irine naWyebia
dabali Tanamdebobis dros hqonda, Tavisi vaJebis Rirseuli aRzrdisaTvis gamoiyena da Tavad iyo maTi
aRmzrdeli. mas xuTi vaJi hyavs: mirza mohamad-hasani, mirza abul-yasemi,27 mirza maqsumi, mirza huseini da
mirza musa. Sromisa da gatexili Rameebis fasad sam ufros vaJs mamis niWi da codna gadahyva da isini ukve
metad warmatebulad emsaxurebian mas sxvadasxva momgebian Tanamdebobebze. mirza huseini mxolod ToTxmeti
wlisaa da jer kidev ar aris saqmiT dakavebuli, magram mama da sami ufrosi Zma mas pativs scemen da, rac
gansacvifrebelia, acxadeben, rom igi maT sjobnis Tavisi saocari codniT. umcrosi Svili, romelic ori
wlisaa, ukve grZnobs Tavisi mamis zrunvas. mirza bozorgs surs am bavSvsac aswavlos da imedi aqvs, rom is
Tavis Zmebze ufro Sors wava. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am ormocdaTormeti wlis veziris Zalebis aRdgenis
erTaderTi saSualeba codnis gavrceleba da misTvis sasurveli dasayrdenis Seqmnaa; amasTan, TandaTan misi
janmrTelobac metad sustdeba, ramac SeiZleba mas cxovrebis stilis Secvlac ki aiZulos. radgan mirza
huseinsa da mirza musas Soris mirza bozorgs sxva (fol. 107r) vaJi, romelsac swavla sWirdeba, ara hyavs da
aRarc mefiswuli saWiroebs mis gakveTilebs, mirza bozorgma itvirTa axalgazrda kacis swavleba, romelic
ar aris misi ojaxis wevri, magram im araCveulebrivi warmatebebis gamo, rasac am axalgazrdam miaRwia, veziri
mas ise epyroba, rogorc Tavis sisxlsa da xorcs. am axalgazrda kacs, romelsac mirza mohamad-ali hqvia,
umaRlesi mwvervalebis miRweva SeuZlia. RmerTma inebos, rom erT dRes abas mirza gamefdes.
***
ahmed xani muqadamis tomidan,28 romelic oc welze meti xnis manZilze iyo Tavrizis beglarbegi da axla
urmiis tbasTan mdebare maraRas xania, ambobs, rom ormocdaaTi wlisac ar aris, Tumca ki misi garegnobisa da xmis
mixedviT mas samocze metsac miscem. igi didi fizikuri Zalis mqone Cans da kvlav Zlier mkacria. SeuZlebelia
pirveli SexedvisTanave ar dainaxo masSi metad didebuli, SesaniSnavi garegnobis ukeTilSobilesi moxucebuli.
misi tanisamosi metad sufTaa da Cven SevniSneT, rom TeTri misi rCeuli feri iyo. is inarCunebs WaRara wvers,
Tumca ki sparseTSi wesadaa miRebuli misi Savad SeRebva. es savaldebuloc ki aris karis warCinebulebisaTvis,
radgan Tu isini suverenis winaSe moxucebulobis am niSniT warsdgebian, Sahi aiZulebuli gaxdeba maT pativi
miagos. mas evropeliviT TeTri xelebi aqvs, Tumca ki sparselebs wesad aqvT inis marcvlebis fxvniliT maTi
mowiTalod SeRebva. im tiraniam, romliTac is Tavis provincias ganagebda, mas uzarmazari qoneba moutana. igi
xarbad etaneba amqveyniur siames (fol. 107v) da warmoudgenlad SurismaZiebelia. igi sastiki da sityvaZunwia, mas
arc xaTri aqvs vinmesi da arc sibraluli; Tavis Svilebs, romlebsac arafers aklebs, misi siTbo arasodes ar
ugvrZniaT. mas farTo codnas miaweren. SesaZloa asec aris, magram opiumis xmarebis Cveva mis sxeuls fitavs
da gonebas dRiTidRe usustebs. Tu erTi SexedviT is iseTive Wkvianad mogeCveneba, rogorc zrdilobianad,
maleve SeamCnev, rom sisuleleebs roSavs. mas akviatebuli aqvs, rom raRaciTaa daavadebuli. mis xelT arsebul
naSromebs Soris samedicino wignebic aris, romlebsac is gamudmebiT kiTxulobs. mas hgonia, rom romeliRac
avtoris mier aRniSnuli raRac simptomebi aqvs da misi rCevebis mixedviT mkurnalobs.29 Tu, erTi mxriv,
misTvis Tavisi janmrTelobaa udidesi sazrunavi, meore mxriv, mas ganuwyvetliv stanjavs sindisis qejna
Cadenili uamravi usamarTlobisa da danaSaulis gamo da amaod cdilobs hpovos simSvide ierusalimSi qristes
saflavze Casvlis gegmebSi, romlebsac eloliaveba. misma amgvarma mdgomareobam mefiswuli daarwmuna, rom
igi mxolod maraRas xanad daetovebina da misma samefo umaRlesobam mas iq sacxovreblad gadasvla ubrZana,
TavrizSi ki mxolod misi sajariso nawilebis daSlis Semdeg Sevida. magram radgan swored ahmed xania is
pirveli sparseli, romelmac or qveyanas Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb ifiqra da daamyara kidec kavSiri am
sakiTxis gamo alepos b-n konsulTan,30 abas mirza SiSobda, rom mis gadayenebas cudi STabeWdileba ar moexdina
(fol. 108r) da safrangeTisaTvis ar ewyeninebina. amitom, is Tavrizis beglarbegad 1807 wlis noemberSi, am
qalaqSi general gardanis Camosvlis wina RamiT aRadgina. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas aRaraviTari wona aRara
aqvs da ise Cans, rom mas gauqra is grZnobebi, romlebic Tavidan hqonda Cveni eris mimarT.
***
Tavrizis seniorebs Soris sagangebo yuradRebas mirza bozorgis ufrosi vaJi, mohamad-hasani31 imsaxurebs.
igi ocdaSvidi wlisaa, tanmorCili da susti aRnagobis. mas Tavisi mamis yvela nakli aqvs; mama, albaT, mas
mxolod codniT Tu aRemateba. misi zrdiloba kidev ufro daxvewili da kazmuli, qedmaRloba ki usazRvroa.
vidre xmas amoiRebs, ukve misi danaxvisTanave xvdebi, rom is Wkviani kacia, rac mas RirsebiT aRsavse saxeze
exateba. amasobaSi, misi saxis gamometyveleba yalbia da grZeli wveris miuxedavad, mirza hasani undoblobas
ufro iwvevs, vidre pativiscemas. igi yovelgvar crurwmenaze maRla dgas, trabaxobs Tavisi brwyinvale niWiTa
da codniT, romelic mas bunebam uboZa da kargi manerebi, romlebic aoceben ucxoels. misi saubari Zlier
gapranWulia. igi nela, magram iseTi grZnobiTa da gamometyvelebiT laparakobs, rom aRgafrTovanebs. aravis
ara aqvs masze ukeTesi niWi dagarwmunos imaSi, rac Tavad surs. is didi matyuaracaa. rodesac megobrobas
gamoxatavs, misi saubrebi gazviadebulia, magram miuxedavad amisa, misi naTqvami gulwrfelobad migaCnia.
igi Suriania, magram Tavis grZnobebs yalbad Seferadebuli intonaciiTa (fol. 108v) da keTilmosurneobis
niRbiT faravs. misi mtrebi swored maSin unda Zrwodnen misi veragobis gamo, rodesac igi yvelaze ufro
metad pirferi da damtkbaria. igi kariskacis nimuSia. Tavisi moxerxebulobiTa da niWierebiT man moipova
keTilganwyoba mefiswulisa, romelic mas rogorc vezirs, rogorc misi didebisaTvis aucilebel kacs, ise
_ 164 _
eqceva. azerbaijanis erTi mesamedi mirza hasans Tavis batonad scnobs da misTvis uzarmazari Semosavali
moaqvs. rodesac abas mirzam ahmed xani Tavrizis gubernatorobidan gadaayena, swored mirza hasans miando
am qalaqze zrunva. misma mmarTvelobam xalxs yvelaferi gamoswova, gazarda misi qoneba da saSualeba misca
ecxovra iseTi fufunebiT, rogoric TviT mefiswulsac ki ara aqvs. rodesac igi gareT gadis, mas uamravi
xalxi dahyveba, yvela mdablad idreks Tavs mis winaSe da misdami iseT pativiscemas gamoxatavs, romelic
mxolod suverens egebis. mis garda sxvas aravis ar SeuZlia yovelive lamazisa da iSviaTis yidva da igi iseTi
gancxromiT cxovrobs, rom badali ara hyavs provinciaSi. mas uyvars morTuloba da igi patara batonia am
sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. igi metad mgrZnobiarea da siamovnebam daRala kidec. mas ar uyvars ucxoelebi,
gansakuTrebiT ki rodesac maT misTvis saCuqrebi ara aqvT. miuxedavad amisa, Cveulebriv is maTTan daaxloebas
cdilobs da irwmuneba, rom maTi saubrebidan metis swavla surs, maT Tavis did pativiscemas udasturebs,
abruebs Tavisi usazRvro zrdilobiT da maTTvis Tavisi personis Sesaxeb maRali warmodgenis Seqmnas
cdilobs. Tu ise moxdeba, rom mas iseT saCuqris miRebaze daTanxmebas sTxoven, rac Zalian didi Rirebulebis
araa, mas Tavisi Tavis didsulovan, brwyinvale pirovnebad warmoCena surs da miZRvnils sruliad (fol. 109r)
aufasurebs sanacvlod mirTmeuli natifi saCuqriT, radgan mas ubralo araferi ara aqvs da misi saCuqari
bevrad aRemateba fasiT imas, rasac Cuqnian. magram es sul sxva kacia Tavis mamis TandaswrebiT. mis mimarT
igi udides pativiscemas gamoxatavs, misTvis gankuTvnil adgilze manamde dgas fexze, vidre dajdomas ar
ubrZaneben.32 mis saxeze gadakruli Tavmdabluri da mokrZalebuli ieri gafiqrebinebs, rom am axalgazrda
kacs jerac araferi ar unaxavs cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, is srulebiT ar ibneva da rodesac mas mamamisi
an sxva piri elaparakeba, Tavisuflad da taqtiT pasuxobs, rac akvirvebs mavans, vinc mas ar icnobda da
Tavidan is sulelic ki egona. Cemi naTqvamis mixedviT arc is unda davaskvnaT, rom mirza hasans ar uyvars
mirza bozorgi da arc is, rom misi pirovnebis mniSvnelovneba da is pativiscema, romliTac is sargeblobs,
qreba mamis winaSe, romlisTvisac igi imaze ufro Zvirfasia, vidre amis warmodgenaa SesaZlebeli. vezirs
aTas garemoebaSi gamoucdia Tavisi Svilis upiratesoba Tavis TavTan SedarebiT. mirza hasans xSirad uWiravs
pirveli adgili mcirericxovan sazogadoebaSi, magram did Sekrebebze is unda iqceodes aRmosavluri wesis
mixedviT, romelic Svilebisagan mamebis mimarT udides pativiscemas brZanebs, Tundac am Svilebs mirza
hasanze ufro maRali mdgomareoba hqondeT. dabolos, mefiswulis Semdeg mirza hasania yvelgan pirveli da
Tuki bediswera kvlav inebebs, rom anarqiam xelaxla arios sparseTi, is popularoba, romliTac es axalgazrda
seniori sargeblobs, aseve misi usazRvro ambiciuroba da Wkua, didi simamace da is mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni
romelic aqvs, mafiqrebinebs, rom SeuZlebeli (fol. 109v) ar iqneba, rom man Tavisive batonis namsxvrevebze
aagos Tavisi xelisufleba.
***
mirza ali-riza, ubeduri didi veziris, haji ibrahimis, vaJi Tavisi mamis Serisxvas Seewira. mas da mis Zmas
daTxrili aqvT Tvalebi. faTh-ali Sahis mier risxvis dros gacemuli brZanebis gamo ki igi daasaWurises kidec.
amis Semdeg misma umaRlesobam is warudgina abas mirzas, romelic sibraluliT aRivso misi ubedurebis mimarT,
Tavisi gamorCeuli keTilSobilebiT miiRo da keTilganwyobiTa da pastiviscemiT moepyro, raTa misTvis
gadatanili ubedurebebi daeviwyebinebina. am axalgazrda saWurisma, romelsac Zlier ganviTarebuli goneba
aqvs, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli didi siTboTi da TavazianobiT imaTi gulebic ki moigo, romelTa molbobas
aRarc ki moeloda Tavisi cxovrebis dasawyisSi gadatanili gaugonari ubedurebis gamo. magram mas ar unda
endo, radgan masac yvela is midrekileba, nakli, qceva da gaqniloba axasiaTebs, rac mirza hasans, romlis
favoritic aris. amas isic daumateT, rom igi metad momxibvlelia. igi cxrameti wlisaa, magram tanmorCilia,
faqizi nakvTebis gamo ki Tavidan bavSvi gegoneba, magram misi didi Wkua da is pativiscema, romelsac misTvis
mefiswulis mier mindobili saqmis gamo scemen, agreTve xma, romelic mosalodnelze ufro vaJkacuria, maSinve
aCens mis WeSmarit asaks. igi mefiswulis sasaxlis mTavari intendantia (fol. 110r). mirza hasanis msgavsad, isic
araCveulebrivi eleganturobiT imoseba da ufro daxvewilad mokazmvas qalic ki ver SesZlebs. abas mirza ki,
romelic samarTliania da grZnobs, rom am axalgazrda ubedurs qveyanaze sxva siamovneba ara aqvs, saSualebas
aZlevs mas ise gaswios didi xarjebi, rom Tavis Tanamdebobaze upatiosno saqcieli ar Caidinos. ar vici ra
mizezma, keTilganwyobam Tu saerTo interesebma, mirza hasani da mirza ali-riza ise daaaxlova erTmaneTTan,
rom amaze meti siaxlove SeuZlebelia. saeWvo araa, rom im farisevlur garemoSi, romelSic es axalgazrda
kaci imyofeba, erT dRes is garkveul funqcias Seasrulebs.
***
mirza mehdi, Tavrizis mufTi, ormocdaaTiode wlis, jer kidev janRoniT savse, sruliad ubralo
garegnobis kacia. mas metad farTo codna aqvs da didi ndobiT sargeblobs. igi, ase vTqvaT, Tavrizis Sinagan
saqmeTa da policiis ministria. igi udidesi mondomebiT ekideba yovelives, rac mefiswulis qveSevrdomi
mosaxleobis winsvlas exeba. mirza bozorgic, nawilobriv, swored mas akisrebs mmarTvelobis tvirTs. rodesac
abas mirzam axalgazrdobis sayovelTao ganaTlebisaTvis kolejebis daarseba gadawyvita, man ise Zlier aqo
misi mamobrivi mzrunveloba, rom misma samefo umaRlesobam, romelic amaze ukeTesad ver SesZlebda mis
mimarT Tavisi ndobis gamoxatvas, am mniSvnelovani saqmis ganxorcieleba da xelmZRvaneloba swored mirza
_ 165 _
irine naWyebia
mehdis daavala. mis xasiaTs naklebad vicnob, radgan (fol. 110v) masTan urTierTobis saSualeba metad iSviaTad
gvqonda, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi imdenad pretenziuli da pativmoyvarea, ramdenadac mcodne. man
eleqtroobis raRac eqsperimenti Caatara da irwmuneba, rom igi sparseTSi pirvelia, visac raRac gaegeba am
sakiTxze. Tuki unda vendoT mas, am fenomenis aRmoCena man dauxmareblad, mxolod Tavisi niWis wyalobiT
SesZlo. mas surs muslimad aqcios nebismieri saRad moazrovne da gonieri adamiani. amgvarad, albaT, oriode
sityviT SeiZleba misi daxasiaTebac da imis daskvnac, rom is fanatikosi muslimia.
***
ali xani kariskacTa ufrosia, ibrahim xani ki – monebisa, gelb-husein xani elCebis mestumrea, faTh-ali
xan raSTi33 da faTh-ali xan nuri34 arc TavianTi TanamdebobiT da arc TavianTi SesaZleblobebiT ar arian
mniSvnelovanni. es ukanaskneli danarCenebs Tavisi WkuiT sjobs~ (AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 7, doc. 41, fol. 102r-111r).
SeniSvnebi
1
nersiebis ojaxi warmoSobiT neapolidan iyo. maTi winapari, wm. ioane ierusalimelis raindi, beri antuan-
andrea, 1619 wels omSi, afrikaSi gardaicvala. droTa ganmavlobaSi nersiebis ojaxis erTi Sto burgundiaSi
dasaxlda, mefis samxedro samsaxurSi Cadga da baronis tituli miiRo. ogiust de nersias papa, rober-
andrea de nersia, burgundiis parlamentis advokati iyo. mis mamas, andre-rober-andrea de nersias (1739-
1800), SesaniSnavi da mravalmxrivi ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. sxvadasxva dros is jariskaci, diplomati,
ormagi agenti, musikosi da mwerali iyo. mis kalams ekuTvnis imJamad metad popularuli erotikuli
novelebi (apolineri 1910: 3, 29-30).
2
1793 wels parizis Le collège Louis-le-Grand-s saxeli gadaarqves da Le collège Egalité, Semdeg ki Prytanée d’Athènes-s
mixedviT Prytanée français uwodes. am saswavleblis aRsazrdelebs saxelmwifos xarjze aZlevdnen samoqalaqo
(administrireba, sainJinro saqme, samarTalmcodneoba, medicina, pedagigika) da samxedro ganaTlebas .
3
ogiust bontam-leforma (1782-1864) ganaTleba parizis politeqnikur skolasa da mecis samxedro
saswavlebelSi miiRo (lekomti 1864: N 9, 132).
4
yajarTa dinastiis damaarsebelis, aRa-mahmad-xanis sityvieri anderZis Tanaxmad, sparseTis taxtis memkvidre
mxolod yajarTa tomis davalus gvaris qalisagan unda yofiliyo Sobili. amgvari gadawyvetilebis mizani
yajarTa tomis gansamtkiceblad yoiunlusa da davalus gvarebis Serigeba iyo. abas mirzas deda, asie
xanomi, faTh-ali xan davalu yajaris qaliSvili, faTh-ali Sahis mTavari coli iyo (solTan ahmad mirza
1997: 110, 336; kuznecova 1983: 18-19).
5
aRa-mahmad xanis mkvlelobis Semdeg, 27 wlis baba-xani faTh-ali Sahis saxeliT 1798 wlis 21 marts
avida taxtze. rusebi mas sparseTis Sahad ar cnobdnen da sxvadasxva dokumentebSi mas kvlav baba-xanad
moixseniebdnen (dubrovini 1897: 112).
6
faTh-ali Sahma Tavisi meoTxe vaJi, abas mirza (1788-1833), 1799 wels azerbaijanis mmarTvelad daniSna. Tumca
am mefiswulis gavlena azerbaijanis sazRvrebs ar scildeboda, misi wodeba iyo naib-os salTane (nPyeb-os
saltaneh) anu mefis nacvali, radgan mas ucxoelebTan Tavisi mamis saxeliT unda ewarmoebina molaparakebebi.
Sahma abas mirza taxtis memkvidred – valiahdad (vali’ahd) – ruseTisa da inglisis gavleniT am mefiswulis
gardacvalebamde mxolod erTi wliT adre, 1832 wels, daasaxela (ebrahimnejadi 1999: 272, 289).
7
faTh-ali Sahis xuTi ufrosi vaJi 1788/89 wlebSi, eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, daibada. taxtis memkvidreobas
Camocilebuli Sahis pirvelSobili vaJis, mohamad-ali mirza dolaTSahis deda zibaCehr-xanumi, qarTveli
tyve, gvarad wiqariSvili unda yofiliyo (SaraSeniZe 1984: 36). mohamad-ali mirza 1798-1806 wlebSi yazvins,
1806 wlidan gardacvalebamde (1821 w.) ki xuzistans, luristans, qermanSahs da mTian qurTistans marTavda.
Sahis meore vaJis, mazandaranis mmarTveli mohamad-yuli mirza molqaras deda, asie xanumi, mohamad xan
yajaris qaliSvili, faTh-ali Sahis mamis Zmis, mehdi-yuli xanis, pirveli coli iyo. daqvrivebis Semdeg aRa-
mahmad-xanma igi baba-xans SerTo colad. Sahis mesame vaJis, xorasanis mmarTveli mohamad-vali mirzas deda,
bibi quCaq xanumi, sadey xan borujerdelis da iyo. Sahis mexuTe vaJis, farsis mmarTveli hosein-ali mirza
farmanfarmas deda, badrjahan xanumi, mohamad jafar xanis qaliSvili iyo (solTan ahmad mirza 1997, 336-
338, 360-364).
8
abas mirza daavadebuli iyo Zvlis tuberkulioziT (yajari 1992: 99).
9
sparseTidan gaqceuli jafar yuli xani tiflisSi dasaxlda, ruseTis samedro samsaxurSi Sevida, generlis
Cini miiRo da evropuli cxovrebis wesebis SeTvisebas cdilobda (freigangi 1816: 141-148).
10
1806 wlis maisSi ardebilSi dabanakebul abas mirzasTan Casuli frangi emisris, amede Joberis, cnobiT
`sparselebi napoleonSi xedavdnen ara mxolod evropis arbitrsa da batons, aramed aRmosavleTis
SecvlisTvis mowodebul pirs~. axalgazrda mefiswulisSi bonapartis dideba gansakuTrebul gaocebasa
_ 166 _
da aRtacebas iwvevda (AN, AF, IV, 1686, doc. 16, fol. 7, 8). kapitan bontam-leforis TqmiT, napoleoni abas
mirzasaTvis misabaZi gmiri da magaliTi iyo (bontam-lefori S.d.: 108).
11
erevnis olqis mmarTveli, hosein-yuli xani, abas mirzas nominalurad emorCileboda (AMFAE, CP/Perse, vol.
10, doc. 201, fol. 387r-387v). hosein xani da misi Zma, hasan xani, erevnis saxanos fxizlad sdarajobdnen da
TavgamodebiT icavdnen rusebisagan. xangrZlivma mmarTvelobam, iseve rogorc monopoliam adgilobriv
warmoebaze, maT didi simdidre SesZina, radgan es Zmebi ganagebdnen TiTqmis mTel savaWro urTierTobebs
saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis armenias Soris (AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 6, doc. 34, fol. 204r).
12
igulisxmeba abas mirzas aRmzrdeli da pirveli veziri, mirza bozorgi.
13
abas mirza metad Sewuxebuli iyo ruseTTan omSi warumateblobis gamo, magram Tavisi laSqris evropul
yaidaze reorganizebis Sedegad kargad gawvrTnili jaris meSveobiT igi rusebisaTvisac angariSgasawevi
mowinaaRmdege gaxdeboda da taxtis maZiebel Zmebzec did upiratesobas moipovebda.
14
general gardanis misiis ataSes, adrien diupres cnobiT, abas mirza yvelaze dabali rangis oficeriviT,
sadad iyo Cacmuli (diupre 1819: II, 298-299). 1808-1809 wlebSi sparseTSi britaneTis sagangebo wargzavnilis,
ser harford jons brijis mdivani, jeims morieri, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb wers: `rodesac igi Tavis oficrebs
farCis tanisamosSi xedavs, eubneba: ra saWiroa es morTuloba? yovelive amas kargi cxenis, xmlisa da
Tofis yidva sjobs. brWyviala nivTebi qalebis saqmea da ara imisi, vinc mamakacisa da jariskacis saxelze
ocnebobs~ (morieri 1812: 280).
15
abas mirzas damokidebulebas Tavisi vaJebis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb jeims morieric exeba. igi wers:
`mokvdnen! ratom unda vidardo? qveyanas amiT araferi daukargavs. me rom sami erTguli msaxuri damekarga,
sami oficeri rom momkvdariyo, davdardiandebodi. bavSvebi ki jer isev akvanSi iyvnen. mxolod RmerTma
uwyis SesZlebdnen Tu ara isini qveynisaTvis kargi samsaxuris gawevas, rodesac gaizrdebodnen~ (morieri
1812: 280).
16
general gardanis ufrosi Zma da safrangeTis misiis pirveli mdivani, anJ de gardani wers: `sadilis Semdeg
mocekvaveebi moiyvanes. vezirma gviTxra: – Cem batons ar uyvars mocekvaveebi da yvela gayara Tavrizidan.
me isini mezobeli soflebidan movayvanine, radgan sparseTis elCisagan (igulisxmeba mirza mohamad-riza
xani, Sahis mier 1806 wels napoleonTan wargzavnili elCi – i.n.) Sevityve, rom TqvenTvis es sasiamovno
gasarTobia~ (gardani 1809: 37). general gardanis misiis Tarjimnis, tankuanis, cnobiT sparseTSi iSviaTad
Tu naxavdi meZavs, maT verasodes SeamCnevdi quCaSi da maTTan saqmes mxolod mdabioebi iWerdnen (tankuani
1819: II, 20).
17
igulisxmeba 1807 wlis 4 maiss finkenSteinSi dadebuli safrangeT-sparseTis samokavSireo xelSekruleba.
18
igulisxmeba napoleonis mier 1805 wlis 2 dekembers avstrielebsa da rusebze qalaq austerlicTan (dRes
q. slavkovi slovakeTSi, – i.n.) mopovebuli gamarjveba.
19
1798 wels haji ibrahim xan Sirazelis rCeviT faTh-ali Sahma mirza isa faraxaneli abas mirzas aRmzrdelad
daniSna. haji ibrahim xanis dasjis Semdeg faTh-ali Sahma mirza isas yaiem mayamis tituli uboZa (abd or-
razay domboli, 1982: 437).
20
jafar xan zendi – sparseTs mmarTveli (18.02.1785-23 .01. 1789).
21
mohamad qerim xan zendi (1705-1779) – sparseTis mmarTveli 1763-1779 wlebSi. zendTa dinastiis damaarsebeli.
22
igulisxmeba winaswarmetyveli muhamedis qaliSvilis, fatimasa da xalifa alis vaJi, huseini, SiitTa mesame
imami, romelic 680 wels mokles qarbalasTan.
23
mirza mohamad Safi, aRa-mahmad-xanisa da faTh-ali Sahis pirveli veziri, gardaicvala 1818 wels yazvinSi
(abd or-razay domboli, 1982: 438). ser harford jons briji mas uwodebda `yvelaze eSmak beber melas~,
romelic ki mas odesme Sexvedria (jons briji 1834: I, 221). faTh-ali Sahis ormocdamecxre vaJi, solTan
ahmad mirza, mis Sesaxeb wers: `misi xasiaTi iseTi iyo, rom xayans (faTh-ali Sahs – i.n.) mSvidad yofnis
saSualebas ar aZlevda, yovelTvis imis fiqrSi iyo, rom sadme janyi an areuloba momxdariyo, raTa
xelmwifes misi rCeva-darigebebi dasWirveboda~ (solTan ahmad mirza 1997: 113).
24
Sirazis mmarTvels, haji ibrahims, xelisuflebaSi brZolis dros gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis aRa-mahmad-xanma
pirveli veziris Tanamdeboba uboZa. aRa-mahmad-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg haji ibrahimma Zlier Seuwyo xeli
baba-xanis taxtze asvlas da didi uflebebic moipova. 1801 wels misma mowinaaRmdegeebma yalbi werilebi
SeTxzes misi saxeliT da faTh-ali Sahs gaugzavnes. am werilebidan irkveoda, TiTqos mas faTh-ali Sahis
taxtidan Camogdeba da misi Zmis, hosein-yuli mirzas, gamefeba surda. Sahi am werilebs erwmuna da misi
brZanebebiT haji ibrahims Tvalebi daTxares, ena moaWres da yazvinSi gagzavnes, sadac male gardaicvala.
yvela misi xeldasmuli ki gaanadgures da daasaxiCres (abd or-razay domboli, 1982; 487).
25
austerlicis brZolaSi gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis leitenanti bontam-lefors kapitnis Cini mianiWes da
sapatio legionis ordeniT daajildoves (lekomti 1864: #9, 132). ogiust de nersias cnobiT, bontam-
lefors mefiswul abas mirzasaTvis uTxovia ordeni, romelic mas sparseTSi general gardanis misiis
Casvlamde misces (nersia 1825: 227). davazustebT, rom 1807 wlis dekemberSi faTh-ali Sahma mzis pirveli
_ 167 _
irine naWyebia
xarisxis ordeniT generali gardani, xolo meore xarisxis ordeniT TeiranSi masTan erTad myofi misiis
wevrebi daajildova (AMFAE, CP/Perse, vol. 14, doc. 2, fol. 5v). 1808 wlis ivnisSi general gardanis Zmam da
misiis pirvelma mdivanma, anJ de gardanma, safrangeTSi faTh-ali Sahis mier ratificirebuli safrangeT-
sparseTis xelSekruleba (4.05.1807) da Sahis mier taleiranisa da hiugo-bernar maresaTvis gagzavnili mzis
didi ordenebi Caitana (gardani 1809: 122). safrangeTis misiis is wevrebi, romlebic 1807 wlis dekemberSi
TeiranSi ar imyofebodnen, Sahma 1808 wlis zafxulSi daajildova meore da mesame xarisxis mzis ordenebiT
(diuma 1915: 61). 1809 wels parizSi gamocemul Almanach Impérial-Si gamoqveynebuli iyo, rom mzis didi
ordeni miRebuli hqondaT benevanis Tavads – taleirans, saxelmwifo ministrs – graf bernar mares da
safrangeTis elCs – general gardans, meore klasis mzis ordeni – la blanSs, xolo patara mzis ordeni –
anJ de gardansa da sainJinro saqmeTa kapitans, bontams (testu 1809: 166). mzis ordenis daarsebis sakiTxi
dawvrilebiT gamokvlevas moiTxovs, radgan dasadgenia, Tu visi iniciativiT daaarsda es jildo. arc is
aris cnobili, ra ordeniT dajildovda rusi dezertiri.
26
1819-1821 wlebSi abas mirzas samxedro samsaxurSi myofi napoleonis yofili oficris, leitenant Teodor
eties, cnobebi sruliad emTxveva mirza Safis de nersiaseul daxasiaTebas (AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 2, doc. 29.
fol. 249r-249v).
27
mirza bozorgis meore vaJi, mirza abul-yasemi, SemdgomSi abas mirzas vaJis, mohamad Sahis (1834-1848)
aRmzrdeli da misi yaiem mayami iyo. abas mirzas garemocvis daxasiaTebisas, leitenanti Teodor etie
aRniSnavda, rom mirza abul-yasemi, metad cudi veziri iyo, igi Zarcvavda mefiswuls da mxolod Tavis
mamas emorCileboda (AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 2, doc. 29. fol. 249r-250r).
28
safrangeTTan kavSiris damyareba da frangi oficrebis daxmarebiT sparseTis laSqris reformireba faTh-
ali Sahs pirvelma azerbaijanis teritoriaze mcxovrebi Turqulenovani tomis warmomadgenelma, Tavrizis
beglarbegma, ahmed xanma, urCia (tankuani 1819: I, 130). 1812-1813 wlebSi abas mirzas samxedro samsaxurSi
myofi polkovnik driuvilis cnobiT, erekle II-s gardacvalebis Semdeg sparseTSi mravali rusi dezertiri
gaiqca da swored maT Caitanes iq pirveli codna evropuli samxedro taqtikis Sesaxeb. ahmad xanisve
xelSewyobiT isini oficrebad dauniSnavT da maT ramdenime batalionic ki CamouyalibebiaT, magram isini
imdenad arasrulyofili yofila, rom male daSlila (driuvili 1825: II, 67). amede Joberis cnobiT, ahmed
xani mzad iyo TviTon exelmZRvanela sparseTis laSqarSi franguli samxedro sistemis SemoRebisaTvis,
Tuki napoleoni sparseTSi oficrebs miavlenda. xani imedovnebda, rom am daxmarebis meSveobiT sparselTa
laSqari erTi weliwadSi gaZlierdeboda da udisciplino urdoebis nacvlad rusebs WeSmariti jari
daupirispirdeboda (AN, AF, IV, 1686, doc. 16, fol. 20).
29
kapitan bontam-leforis cnobiT, abas mirzas banakSi yofnis dros, ahmed xanma mas da de nersias galienis
receptiT sandalozis xisagan damzadebuli siTxe aCvena, romlis miRebamdec xani locvebs kiTxulobda da
krialosans marcvlavda imis gasagebad, Tu ramdenad argebda mas wamali (bontam-lefori S. d.: 156).
30
igulisxmeba alesandro-luiji de koranCezi, alepoSi safrangeTis imJamindeli konsuli. 1805 wlis 12
oqtombers TeiranSi general aleqsandr romies moulodneli gardacvalebis Semdeg (12.10.1805), rodesac
ar iyo cnobili faTh-ali SahTan 1805 wlis martSi wargzavnili amede Joberis Sesaxeb da bundovani iyo
safrangeT-sparseTis Semdgomi urTierTobis bedi, 1806 wlis 1 ianvars ahmed xanma de koranCezis miswera
werili, romelSic mas xelis Sewyobas sTxovda safrangeTTan megobruli kavSiris damyarebaSi (AMFAE, CP/
Perse, vol. 9, doc. 1-2, fol. 3r-3v).
31
1810 wels faTh-ali Sahma azerbaijanis veziris Tanamdeboba mirza bozorgis vaJs, mirza hasans uboZa,
magram mirza hasani erTi wlis Semdeg gardaicvala da abas mirzas vezirad mirza bozorgis meore vaJi,
mirza abul-yasemi, dainiSna, magram azerbaijanis saqmeebs faqtobrivad, kvlav mirza bozorgi ganagebda
(abd or-razay domboli, 1982: 437).
32
anJ de gardanis TxzulebaSi Semdegi cnobaa daculi mirza hasanis Sesaxeb: `vezirs hyavs vaJi. mirza hasani,
ociode wlis axalgazrda kaci. is oTaxis siRrmeSi ijda, rodesac iq misi mama Sevida. hasani adga, miwamde
sca Tayvani da karTan dadga. Svilebi mamis mimarT udides pativiscemas gamoxataven. isini maTi saxelis
gagonebazec ki fexze dgebian~ (gardani 1809: 37).
33
abas mirzas sasaxlis erT-erTi mTavari oficeri, faTh-ali xan raSTi, aRa-mahmad-xanis mier dabrmavebuli
gilanis mmarTvelis, hedaieT xan raSTis, vaJi, mZevlad hyavdaT Sahis karze, rac bontam-leforis azriT,
misi cudad aRzrdis mizezi iyo. mas uxeSi manerebi da metyveleba hqonia, misi maRali warmomavloba ki
mxolod oqroqsovili tanisamosis tarebiTa da aRmaSfoTebeli cinizmiT gamoixateboda (bontam-lefori
S. d.: 142).
34
amede Joberis cnobiT, Tavrizis beglarbegis, ahmed xanis moadgile, faTh-ali xan nuri did dainteresebas
avlenda dasavluri mecnierebis, xelovnebis, mrewvelobisa da civilizaciis mimarT. igi Jobers kompasis
gamoyenebis, mexamridis, aertostatebis, telegrafis, evropel naosanTa mier aRmoCenili axali miwebis,
eleqtronis saocrebasa da yvavilis acris Sesaxeb esaubreboda (Joberi 1821: 160-162).
_ 168 _
ogiust de nersias xelnaweris, fragmenti. ogiust de nersias xelnaweris, fragmenti.

AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 7, doc. 41, fol. 102r. AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 7, doc. 41, fol. 106r.
ogiust de nersias xelnaweris fragmenti.

AMFAE, MD/Perse, vol. 7, doc. 41, fol. 111r.
_ 169 _
irine naWyebia
damowmebani
abd or-razay domboli 1982: abd or-razay domboli. mefeTa sagmiro saqmeebi. sparsulidan qarTulad Targmnes,
winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTes z. SaraSeniZem da a. WeiSvilma. Tbilisi (xelnaweri daculia ilias
saxelmwifo universitetis g. wereTlis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis biblioTekaSi).
apilineri 1910: Apollinaire, G. Les maîtres de l’amour l’œuvre du Chevalier Andréa de Nerciat. Introducion, essai bibliographique,
analyses et notes par Guillaume Apollinaire. Paris.
bontam-lefori S. d: [Bontems Le Fort] Letres d’un oicier français contenant la relaion d’un voyage rapidement fait en Turqui
et en Perse pendant l’année 1807. S. l.
gardani 1807: Gardane, Ange de. Journal d’un voyage dans la Turquie-d’Asie et la Perse, fait en 1807-1808, suivi d’un Vocabulario
Italiano, Persico et Turco par le Prince Timurat-Mirza. Paris-Marseille.
dair de maio 1896: Dayre de Mailhol, Camille Philippe. Dicionnaire historique et heraldique de la noblesse française. Vol. II, Paris.
degro 1984: Degros, Maurice. – `Les jeunes de langues sous la Révoluion et l’Empire~. Tiré à part de `Revue d’histoire
diplomaique~, 99/2. Paris, pp. 77-109.
diuma 1915: Dumas, J.-B., Général. Un fourrier de Napoléon vers l’Inde, Les papiers du Lieutenant Général Trézel. Paris.
diupre 1819: Dupré, A.Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809. Vol. I-II, Paris.
driuvili 1825: Drouville, G., Voyage en Perse, fait en 1812 et 1813. Vol. I-II, Paris.
dubrovini 1897: Дубровин, Н. Георгий XII, последний царь Грузии и присоединение ея к России, Санкт-Петербург.
ebrahimnejadi 1999: Ebrahimnejad, H., Pouvoir et succession en Iran. Les premiers QPjPr, 1726-1834. Société d’histore de l’Orient.
L’Harmatan. Paris.
elo-belie 2007: Hellot-Bellier, F. France – Iran, quatre cents ans de dialogue. Avec le concurs de L’UMR 7528 « Mondes iranien
et indien ». Paris.
kuznecova 1983: Кузнецова, Н. А. Иран в первой половине XIX века, Москва.
lekonti 1864: Lecomte, F. lieutenant-colonek fédéral. Le Colonel Auguste Bontems. Nécrologie. Revue Militaire Suisse, #9, 27
Avril. Imprimerie Pache, Lausanne, pp. 131-136.
morieri 1812: Morier, J., A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constaninople, in the Years 1808 and 1809.
London.
nersia 1825: Nerciat, Au. Èxamen criique du voyage en Perse de M. le colonel Gaspard Drouville dans les années 1812-1813,
par M. le Baron de Nerciat~. Bullein de Société de Géographie, Vol. XXX. Paris, pp. 216-232.
nersia 1825: Nerciat, Au. Èxtrait de la traducion fait par M. le Baron de Nerciat d’un Mémoire de M. de Hammer sur la
Perse~. Recueil de voyage et de mémoire publié par la société de Géographie, Vol. II. Paris, pp. 247-344.
piurieri 1951: Puryear, V. J., Napoleon and Dardanelles. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Joberi 1821: Jaubert, P. Am., Voyage en Arménie et en Perse, fait dans les années 1805-1806. Paris.
safrangeTis erovnuli arqivi: Archives Naionales (AN): AF IV, 1686, doc. 16.
safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivi: Archives du Ministère des Afaires Étrangères (AMFAE), Correspondances
Poliiques, Perse (CP/Perse): vol. 9, doc: 1, 2, 85, 155, 184; vol. 10, doc. 5, 201; vol. 11, doc: 105, 181; vol. 14, doc. 2, 126,
127, 289.
safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivi: Archives du Ministère des Afaires Étrangères (AMFAE), Mémoires et
Documents, Perse (MD/Perse): vol. 2, doc. 29; vol. 6, doc. 20, 34; vol. 7, doc. 34, 36, 41, 180.
solTan ahmad mirza 1997: Soltān Ahmad Mīrzā. Tārīkh-e Āzādī, ta’līf-e Shāhzādeh Āzād-oddouleh Soltān Ahmad Mīrzā, bā
touzīhāt va ezāfāi az doktor ‘Abdolhoseyn Navā’ī. Tehran.
tankuani 1819: Tancoigne, J. M. Letres sur la Perse et la Turquie d’Asie. Vol. I-II, Paris.
testu 1809: Testu. Almanach Impérial, pour l’année M DCCC IX, présenté à S. M. l’Empereur et le Roi par Testu. Paris.
freigangi 1816: Freygang. Letres sur le Caucase et la Géorgie, suivies, d’une relaion d’un voyage en Perse, en 1812. Hambourg.
yajari 1992: Kadjar, Prince Ali. Les Rois oubliés, l’épopée de la dynasie Kadjare. Paris.
SaraSeniZe 1984: z. SaraSeniZe. iranis Sinapolitikuri viTareba da sagareo urTierTobani XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi. Tbilisi.
jons briji 1834: Jones Brydges, Sir Harford. An Account of the Transacions of His Majesty’s Mission to the Court of Persia, in
Years 1807-1811. Vol. I-II, London.
_ 170 _
FRENCH DRAGOMAN’S INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRINCE ABBAS MIRZA

AND HIS ENTOURAGE (1807-1808)
Irine Natchkebia
In present paper we are focused on the report by August-Andréa de Nerciat, the second dragoman of the
General Gardane, the Plenipoteniary Minister of France to Persia in 1807-1809. This manuscript dated by January
17, 1808, and enitled Noice of the Most Disinguished Personages of the Tabriz Court (Noice sur les personnages
plus disingués de la cour de Tauris), is kept in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Afaires of France. August de
Nerciat as the interpreter of the engineering Captain Auguste de Bontems-Lefort was in the service of the Crown
Prince Abbas Mirza from July ill November 1807.
“Noice~ is writen on the basis of the personal impressions and the informaion gathered on the spot.
It consists of eight chapters. The irst chapter is devoted to characterizaion of the Prince Abbas Mirza. In the
remaining seven chapters the author gives informaion about the disinguished persons of the court of Tabriz: six
representaives of the Qajar tribe (Mehdi-Quli khan, Ali khan, Hedaiet-Quli khan, Hossein-Ali khan, Gelb-Ali khan
and Ismail khan), Mirza Bozorg – the mentor and the irst vizier of Abbas Mirza, Ahmad khan – ex-Beglarbeg
of Tabriz, Mirza Mohammad Hassan – Mirza Bozorg’s eldest son, Agha-Mohammad khan, Mirza Ali-Riza – Haji
Ibrahim’s son– ex-irst vizier of Fath-Ali shah, and Mirza Mehdy – the Muti of Tabriz. In “The Noice~ the French
dragoman paints a very vivid picture of the Prince and his couriers and creates a gallery of such portraits. This
manuscript has never been published and stayed beyond the atenion of researchers for two centuries. We
introduce full translaion of the original text with relevant notes and commentaries.
_ 171 _
robert ker porteris saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis
dRiuri rogorc saistorio wyaro
giorgi sosiaSvili
diplomati, mogzauri, mxatvari da mwerali robert ker porteri (fsevdonimi reinold

steinkirki) daibada 1777 wlis 26 aprils, duramSi, uiliam porteris xuTSvilian, tradiciul,
britanul ojaxSi. robertis mama – uiliami ocdasami weli qirurgad muSaobda dragunTa meeqvse
batalionSi. igi gardaicvala 1779 wels da dakrZalul iqna st. osvaldSi, duramSi (rene: htp://www.
nasledie-rus.ru/podshivka/6412.php; armstrongi 1962: 36-58). misi winaprebi iyvnen aginkurtis brZolis
monawile – uiliam porteri da roialisti endimion porteri. robertis deda gaxldaT jein porteri
(1745-1831), duramis mkvidris – robert blenkinsopis qaliSvili. jein porteri gardaicvala eSerSi,
sureis sagrafoSi oTxmocdaeqvsi wlis asakSi. robertis ufrosi Zmebi iyvnen: uiliam ogilvie
porteri, igi flotSi qirurgad muSaobis Semdeg, ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi eqimis profesias
emsaxureboda bristolSi. uiliam ogilvie gardaicvala 1850 wlis 15 agvistos samocdaSvidi
wlis asakSi. robertis meore Zma iyo polkovniki jon porteri, romelic manis kunZulze 1810
wels ocdaTvrameti wlis asakSi gardaicvala. roberts ori dac hyavda, orive maTgani mwerali.
jein porteri (gard. 1850 wels) da ana maria porteri (gard. 1832 wels). robertma siyrmis wlebi
edinburgSi gaatara, sadac dedamisi sacxovreblad 1780 wels gadavida. maTi ojaxi Zalze Raribi
iyo da, ZiriTadad, armiaSi myofi mamis megobrebi exmarebodnen. edinburgSi cxovrebisas roberti
gaitaca flora makdonaldis namuSevrebma. man gadawyvita samxedro mxatvari gamxdariyo. 1790
wels dedam momavali Semoqmedi cnobil britanel mxatvarTan – benjamin vestTan waiyvana, romelic
imdenad aRfrTovanda robertis namuSevrebiT, rom rekomendacia gauwia mas samefo akademiis
somersetis skolaSi. roberti, cameti wlis asakSi samefo akademiis studenti gaxda1 (haTCinsoni
1960-62, #38).
porteris gansakuTrebuli niWiereba mxatvrobaSi male kidev ufro SesamCnevi gaxda. 1792 wels
man mxatvarTa sazogadoebisagan bibliuri personaJis – endoris alqajis SesrulebisaTvis vercxlis
palitra miiRo. robert ker porteris namuSevrebi im droisaTvis cnobili iyo misi fsevdonimiT –
reinold steinkirkis saxeliT. 1793 wels mas daevala SorediCis eklesiis sakurTxevlis moxatva.
1794 wels man romis kaTolikuri eklesiis samlocvelosTvis qalaq portsmutSi ieso qristes mier
qariSxlis dacxromis scena daxata. 1798 wels porterma wminda ioanes kolejSi Seasrula naxati
wminda ioane qadagebisas. 1799 wels robert ker porteri cxovrobda londonSi debTan – jeinTan
da ana mariasTan erTad. roberti mxatvarTa klubis wevri gaxda. am droisaTvis porteri ukve
aRiarebuli Semoqmedi iyo. 1792-1832 wlebSi, porterma ocdarva naxati Seasrula, maT Soris: lodis
brZola, frangebis damarcxeba suvorovis mier eSmakis xidTan, aginkurtis brZola, aleqsandriis
brZola da sxv (listeri 1973, #8-9; komenti 1999).
porters gansakuTrebuli aRiareba moutana 1800-1801 ww. Seqmnilma namuSevarma seringapatamis
Sturmi. porteris mier Sesrulebuli naxatebis udidesi nawili daculia britaneTis muzeumSi,
romlebic saCuqrad porteris dam, jeinma gadasca (barneti 1971).
1803 wels porterma vestminsteris miliciaSi daiwyo samsaxuri. 1805 wels man kapitnis Cini
miiRo, magram ojaxis daJinebuli Txovnis gamo mas uaris Tqma mouwia regularuli jariskacis
profesiaze, rac porters yvelaze metad izidavda. porteris, rogorc mxatvris, saxeli popularuli
iyo ara marto did britaneTSi, aramed sxva qveynebSic. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom 1805 wels
porterma miiRo ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre I-is miwveva. saimperatoro karis SekveTiT mas
unda Seesrulebina istoriuli naxatebi saadmiralo uwyebis nagebobisaTvis sankt-peterburgSi.
mxatvari aleqsandre I miwvevas daTanxmda da is ruseTis dedaqalaqSi gaemgzavra. sankt-peterburgSi
yofnisas man rusi didgvarovnis Teodor Serbatovis qaliSvilis – marias keTilganwyoba daimsaxura.
male maT Soris romani gaiba, Tumca maT urTierTobas im drois politikurma movlenebma xeli
SeuSala. ruseTis mefem napoleon bonapartTan 1807 wels xeli moawera tilzitis xelSekrulebas,
romelmac ruseTi didi britaneTis mowinaaRmdege safrangeTTan daakavSira. robert ker porterma
1807 wels fineTis gavliT, ruseTi datova da SvedeTSi gadavida. 1806 wels SvedeTis mefem gustav
IV-m raindad akurTxa. amis Semdeg porteri ramdenjerme ewvia germanias, 1807 wels ingliseli
_ 172 _
robert ker porteris saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dRiuri rogorc saistorio wyaro
mxatvari wminda ioaxim vurtembergis ordenis wevri gaxda. robert ker porteri mcire xanSi jon
murTan erTad espaneTSi gaemgzavra. man mogzaurobisas mravali Canaxati Seasrula. 1809 wels
porterma oTx tomad gamosca mogzaurobisas Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi ruseTSi da SvedeTSi 1805-
1808 wlebSi (porteri 1809 b).
mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi porteris mier aris ilustrirebuli. mcire xnis Semdeg, man
gamosca: werilebi portugaliidan da espaneTidan (porteri 1809 a). 1811 wels ruseTis imperatoris
miwveviT porteri kvlav Cavida ruseTSi, sadac 1812 wlis 7 Tebervals igi daqorwinda Teodor
Serbatovis qaliSvilze. qorwinebis Semdeg misi meuRle maria Serbatovi ledi porterad iwereboda
(arqivi 1882. Т.23. С.91. №41).
rusul aristokratul ojaxTan danaTesavebis Semdeg porteri miRebul iqna rusul samxedro
da diplomatiur wreebSi. igi kargad erkveoda 1812-1813 wlebis samxedro-politikur movlenebSi,
ramac asaxva hpova misi STabeWdilebebis krebulSi (porteri 1814; porteri, danlapi 1815).
male inglisel mxatvars rus meuRlesTan qaliSvili SeeZina. 1812 wlis gazafxulze porteri
inglisSi dabrunda, sadac 2 aprils, princma regentma – momavalma mefem – georg meoTxem raindis
wodeba uboZa. porteri samSoblodan maleve gaemgzavra ruseTSi, sadac 1817 wels dagegma Tavisi
mogzauroba sankt-peterburgidan Teiranisaken. iranSi ganxorcielebuli mogzaurobis amsaxveli
dRiurebi man gamosca or nawilad. TeiranSi, 1819 wels, porters audiencia hqonda iranis SahTan
– faTalisTan. ingliselma mxatvarma Sahis portreti Seasrula da iranis xelisuflisgan jildod
lomisa da mzis ordeni miiRo (aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom TavrizSi britaneli mogzauri qarTl-
kaxeTis mefis erekle II vaJs, aleqsandre batoniSvils Sexvda, romlis Sesaxebac man Tavis TxzulebaSi
garkveuli Canaweri gaakeTa (sosiaSvili 2013b: 45). amis Semdeg igi did britaneTSi gaemgzavra da
moklexniani vizitis Semdeg, kvlav ruseTSi dabrunda, Tumca aqac mcire xani dahyo. 1825 wels
porteri venesuelaSi didi britaneTis konsulad dainiSna. diplomatiuri samsaxuris dros igi
TxuTmeti weli karakasSi cxovrobda (porteri 1966).
mas ojaxi venesuelaSi ar gahyolia (marina 1909: 608). porteri Tavis ojaxis wevrebs werilebs
ugzavnida samxreT amerikidan da ruseTSi dabrunebis survils gamoTqvamda (rene, htp://www.
nasledie-rus.ru/podshivka/6412.php).
porteri samxreT amerikaSic male gaxda popularuli. am periodis ganmavlobaSi is ganagrZobda
xatvas. misi namuSevaria samxreT amerikis kontinentis gmiris da kolumbiis respublikis damaarseblis
simon bolivaris portreti. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 1836 wels venesuelis kongresTan arsebulma
heraldikis komisiam porteris konsultaciiT Seqmna saxelmwifo gerbi.
konsulad yofnis periodSi porteri aqtiurad cdilobda, rom aRmoefxvra religiuri
dapirispireba adgilobriv kaTolikeebsa da venesuelaSi mcxovreb arakaTolike ucxoelebs
Soris. porterma sakuTari xarjiT, aseve britaneTis mTavrobis finansuri mxardaWeriT, daaarsa
protestantuli sasaflao karakasSi. im mravalmxrivi daxmarebis gamo, rac man protestanti
morwmuneebisTvis gaakeTa venesuelaSi, 1832 wels igi dasaxelda hanoveris ordenis raind-
mmarTvelad. porteri did britaneTSi 1841 wels dabrunda. misi meuRle 1826 wlis 17 seqtembers
sankt-peterburgSi tifiT gardaicvala. robertis qaliSvili ruseTis dedaqalaqSi cxovrebda. igi
1837 wels gaTxovda vinme pier de kikinze, romelic saimperatoro gvardiis kapitani iyo. ZmasTan,
doqtor uiliam ogilvie porterTan, bristolSi mcirexniani vizitis Semdeg, robert porteri
dasTan, jeinTan erTad sankt-peterburgSi Tavis qaliSvilTan gaemgzavra. aq maT garkveuli periodi
dahyves. 1842 wlis 3 maiss, man Tavis Zmas sankt-peterburgidan werili gaugzavna. werilSi mxatvari
ityobineboda, rom inglisSi gamgzavrebas apirebda, magram nikoloz I-Tan gamosamSvidobebeli saRamos
Semdeg uecrad dambliT gardaicvala. robert ker porteri dakrZalulia sankt-peterburgSi. mis
samSobloSi, bristolis monasterSi porterebis ojaxis ukvdavsayofad ganTavsebulia marmarilos
dafa, sadac saqarTveloSi namyofi mxatvrisa da mogzauris saxelic aris amotvifruli.
rogorc aRvniSneT, robert porterma 1817-1820 wlebSi kavkasiaze gavliT aziis qveynebSi
imogzaura. (barneti 1972: 19-24, pleitsi 1-12; vasileva 1994: 339-48, pleitsi 104-11). man Tavisi
mogzauroba peteburgSi dagegma. iranSi mogzaurobisas britanel mogzaurs Tan axlda aleqsi
olenini – saimperatoro sajaro biblioTekis direqtori. porterma eqspediciaSi sami weli dahyo
da mogzaurobisas gakeTebuli Canawerebi or wignad gamosca: Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient
Babylonia, During the 1817, 1818, 1819 and 1820 by Sir Robert Ker porter, vol. I, London, 1821; Travels in Georgia,
Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia during the 1817, 1818, 1819 and 1820 by Sir Robert Ker porter, vol. II, London,
1822; es aris mogzauris da mxatvris uzarmazari naSromi, romelSic daculia Zalze saintereso
informacia uZvelesi qveynebis, aq mcxovrebi xalxebis istoriuli da Tanamedrove yofis Sesaxeb.
_ 173 _
giorgi sosiaSvili
mogzauri dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems kavkasiasa da aziaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis istorias, maT

wes-Cveulebebs. Canawerebs gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens is faqti, rom avtori aRwerili
movlenebis da faqtebis TviTmxilvelia. porteri eyrdnoba misi winamorbedi mogzaurebis, aseve
Tanamedrove da wina saukuneebis cnobili istorikosis Txzulebebs, zepirsityvier gadmocemebs. mis
Canawerebs kidev ufro met efeqts aZlevs mis mier Sesrulebuli Canaxatebi, rac aRwerili adgilebis
vizualur warmodgenasac gviqmnis. mogzaurobis dros man Seasrula araerTi mniSvnelovani Canaxati,
romlebSic gadmosca aRwerili qveynebis reliefi, istoriuli personaJebi. aziis uZveles qalaqebSi
yofnisas gadawera lursmuli warwerebi, gadmoxata Zveli taZrebis kedlebze arsebuli reliefuri
gamosaxulebani. robert ker porterma iranSi saqarTveloze gavliT imogzaura. ingliseli mxatvris
cnobebi saqarTveloze Sesulia Txzulebis pirvel tomSi. mogzauri, rogorc misi Canawerebidan
Cans, saqarTveloSi darialis xeobiT Semosula. igi aRfrTovanebuli iyo kavkasionis naxviT da amis
Sesaxeb werda:
aranair kalams ar SeuZlia gamoxatos is grZnoba, romelic CemSi kavkasiis danaxvam gamoiwvia. me
nanaxi maqvs TiTqmis yvela maRali da dausaxlebeli mTa portugaliasa da espaneTSi, magram arc erTi
maTganis naxvis dros ar mqonia mSvenierebis, grandiozulobis, sivrcisa da usasrulobis SegrZneba.
TiTqos kavkasioni aris bastioni evropul da aziur erebs Soris (porteri 1821: 44).
kavkasiaSi Camosuli mogzauri ruseTis evropuli da aziuri nawilis sazRvrad md. Tergs
miiCnevda: `mdinare Tergi ruseTis evropul nawils hyofs aziuri nawilisgan. es mdinare kavkasionis
mTebidan moedineba. misi saTave kobis axlosaa~ (porteri 1821: 50). porteris mier ruseTis aziuri
nawilis xseneba SemTxveviTi ar aris. XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi namyofi sxva mogzaurebic iyeneben
termins àziuri ruseTi~. am mxriv, SegviZlia davasaxeloT avstrieli mogzauri qalbatoni ida
pfaiferi. igi kavkasiaSi arsebul qveynebs (somxeTi, saqarTvelo) aziur ruseTSi moiazrebs
(sosiaSvili 2013a: 21). mogzauris cnobiT, Tergis xeoba erTgvar WiSkars warmoadgenda, swored
am WiSkriT urTierTobda CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleoba samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb xalxebTan:
veli, romelzec Tergi miedineba, Zvelad cnobili iyo `pocta kaukasias~ saxeliT, radgan is did
WiSkars warmoadgenda mTaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva xalxis urTierTobebisTvis. ekaterine II iyo pirveli
evropeli mmarTveli, romlis jarma CrdiloeTidan SeZlo iq SeRweva. ruseTis jaris erTi nawili,
generali totlebenis meTaurobiT, swored aqedan Sevida saqarTveloSi da daago gza, romelmac
Semdeg gansazRvra ekaterine dedoflis survili am adgilidan gaeyvana gza Tbilisamde. proeqti,
romelic friad mniSvnelovani iyo Tavisi samomavlo SedegiT, ver ganxorcielda. dedoflis es
Canafiqri daasrula misma SviliSvilma, misma axlandelma ubrwyinvalesobam. man gaagzavna generali
cicianovi 1804 w., raTa wamowyebuli saqme dasrulebuliyo. gzis gayvanaze momuSave muSebis dauRalavi
da yuradRebiani gulmodgine Sromis wyalobiT, gzis gayvana dasrulda. es gza erT-erT saocrebad
mimaCnia. yvela megzuri, romelmac imogzaura am gziT da ganicada misi usafrTxoeba, madlieri unda
iyos am gzis damgebi xalxis (porteri 1821: 67).
robert porteri darialis xeobiT Semovida saqarTveloSi da mcire xniT yazbegSi Seyovnda,
sadac adgilobrivi warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenels − yazbegs Sexvda, aRwera aq mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis yofa-cxovreba da sameurneo saqmianoba:
saxli, sadac me SevCerdi, Cemi etlis aucilebeli SekeTebis dros, ekuTvnoda qvriv qals. misi meuRle
adgilobrivi Tavkaci iyo. mas rusebis jarSi kargi da erTguli samsaxurisTvis rusebma uboZes maior-
generlis wodeba. aq macxovrebel xalxSi miRebuli ar iyo gvarebis qona. amitom gardacvlilma,
raTa Sewyoboda Tavis axal patronebs rusebs, aiRo gvari yazbegi, im uZvelesi mTis saxeli, romlis
CrdilSic is da misi winaprebi daibadnen da cxovrobdnen. sofelmac am pirovnebisgan miiRo es
saxelwodeba _ yazbegi2 (porteri 1821: 76).
CrdiloeT kavkasiis saqarTvelosTan damakavSirebeli gzebis keTilmowyobas porteri rusebis

damsaxurebad miiCnevs. misi gadmocemiT, rusebma samimosvlo gzebi moawesriges da samxedro
sadgurebic aaSenes.
rusebma daages gzebi, romelTa saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda etlebiT da cxenebiT moZraoba. maT
agreTve aaSenes samxedro sadgurebi (garnizonebi), romlebic ganlagebulni arian mosaxerxebel
adgilebsa da manZilze. fostis Senobebi da kargad SeiaraRebuli eskortebic maTi damsaxurebaa.
_ 174 _
etlebze gadasatani tvirTisTvis rusebma daaweses gadasaxadi, romelic vladikavkazSi ikrifeba.

(vladikavkazi iTargmneba, rogorc kavkasiis gasaRebi). vaWrebic ixdian garkveul Tanxas – 20-dan
25 rublamde. am TanxaSi Sedis piradi pasportis Tanxac. sxva mogzaurebi ufasod mgzavroben, iseve
rogorc me (porteri 1821: 81).
rusuli xelisufleba gzebis mowesrigebasTan samxedro sadgurebs mZarcveli osebisagan

Tavdacvis mizniT agebda. gzis im monakveTze, saidanac robert ker porteri moZraobda, osebi
mimaval mgzavrebs usafrdebodnen da Zarcvavdnen, amis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis
germaneli mogzauri iohan anton giuldenStedti, romelmac saqarTveloSi meTvramete saukunis
70-ian wlebSi imogzaura. yazbegTan myofma giuldenStedtma, osebs, imisaTvis, rom Tergze xidebi
gaedoT, fuli gadauxada da sanacvlod maT mZevali sTxova. osebi ara marto mgzavrebs, aramed
rusul razmebsac Tavs esxmodnen (gelaSvili 1964: 157-158). britaneli diplomati da mogzauri
mcire xniT gaCerda ananurSi, sadac erTi Rame gaaTia, igi aRwers ananurs:
ananuri mdebareobs kumlis cixis mTis samxreT-dasavleTis erT-erTi ganStoebis ZirSi. is uZvelesi
droidanaa cnobili. odesRac aq bevri mosaxle cxovrobda da samxedro Zlierebis qalaqi iyo.
dReisaTvis aq mxolod ubadruki, savalalo qoxebia SemorCenili, zogierTi maTgani maRaziaa. Cemi
pirveli STabeWdileba ananuris Sesaxeb iyo Semdegi: qalaqi, Tavis warsulTan SedarebiT uferuli
da gaRatakebulia. magram mogvianebiT aRmovaCine, rom mosaxleoba civilizirebuli iyo. xalxs
erTmaneTTan ufro meti urTierToba hqonda, vidre im adgilebSi, romlebic me movinaxule aziaSi.
Cemi naTqvamis saukeTeso damamtkicebeli sabuTia is faqti, rom am mTis xalxSi gamoricxulia vinmes
dayaCaReba da Zarcva-gleja. ananurSi SemorCa natifi eklesiis nangrevebi, romelic cixe-simagris
kedlebSi dgas. odesRac amayad aRmarTuli kedlebi ingrevian. am eklesiis arqiteqturuli dekori
miuTiTebs misi mSeneblis did ostatobaze da Catarebul Sromatevad samuSaoze. jvrebi da qvaSi
amotvifruli reliefebi, romlebic siyvaruliTa da gulwrfeli rudunebiT arian Sesrulebulni,
amSveneben eklesiis interiers (gare fasads). niSis formis karebs SevyavarT eklesiis SigniT. karebis
orive mxares ganlagebulia qarTuli zedwerilebi. es eklesia Tavisi mimdebare teritoriiT iyo
saqarTvelos Zlieri simagre, TavSesafari da wminda adgili. rodesac Tbilisi ganicdida iranelebisa
da Turqebis Tavdasxmebs ananuri iyo saimedo adgili, sadac saqarTvelos samefo karis qalebs
da mefis yvelaze mniSvnelovan qonebas gadaxiznavdnen xolme. aq erT xans inaxeboda qarTvelebis
cnobili reliqvia – wminda ninos jvari. es uZvelesi reliqvia Seqmnili iyo am wmindanis mier. man
vazis nasxlavi rqisgan jvari gamarTa da sakuTari grZeli Tmis wanaWeriT Sekra. dRes es jvari
inaxeba Tbilisis didebul sionis eklesiaSi (porteri 1821: 81).
aRsaniSnavia, is faqti, rom wminda ninos jvris Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdis XIX saukunis
pirvel meoTxedSi saqarTveloSi namyofi Sotlandieli mogzauri robert laiali. misi gadmocemiT,
saqarTvelos mefeebma wm. ninos jvari mcxeTis taZars (savaraudod sveticxovels unda gulisxmobdes)
gadasces (laili 1825: 63).
ananurSi rom arasaxarbielo sacxovrebeli pirobebi iyo, amas robert laialic adasturebs.
misi gadmocemiT ananurSi Znelad iSoveboda saWmeli da mogzaurs Ramis gaTevac mZime pirobebSi
mouwia (laili 1825: 67).
ananuridan robert ker porteri duSeTSi Cavida. misi gadmocemiT:
duSeTi ganlagebulia mTis ZirSi, xeobaSi, sadac miwa damuSavebulia. im xeobaSi bevri sofelia.
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba dakavebulia miwis kultivirebiT, magram is mowyobiloba, romliTac isini
miwas xnaven sakmaod mouxerxebelia, radgan mZimea. is rkiniT aris dafaruli, grZelia da xvnis dros
ori futis sigrZis kvals tovebs siganeSi. aq niadagi Zalian mdidaria, is Savia da mZime, imdenad, rom
14 xari, romelic wyvilad iyo Sebmuli Zlivs miaTrevda guTans, aq Zalian bevri kameCia. isini xSirad
gamoiyenebian sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaos dros, iseve rogorc gzebis dagebisas (porteri 1821: 99).
porteri duSeTs lamaz, gaSlil qalaqad miiCnevs: `duSeTi farTod gaSlili lamazi qalaqia.
masSi bevria sasaxlisa da cixe-simagreebis SemorCenili nangrevebi. es qalaqi erT dros qarTveli
mefeebis sazafxulo rezidencia iyo~ (porteri 1821: 100). duSeTis Sesaxeb gansxvavebul cnobebs
gvawvdis robert laiali. misi cnobiT, duSeTi qalaqad iwodeba, magram igi am statuss ar imsaxurebs:
duSeTs uwodeben qalaqs, magram is ar imsaxurebs am saxels. man gagvaxsena Cven baxCisarais quCebi;
savse dabali patara maRaziebiT anu yuTebiT, sadac sxvadasxva saqoneli iyideba da sxvadasxvanairi
_ 175 _
giorgi sosiaSvili
xalxi vaWrobs iq. TeTreulis mkeravebic ki arian, romlebic sxedan miwaze da terfebi Cayofili
aqvT ormoebSi. yuradRebas imsaxurebs eklesia da ramdenime garSemomyofi sofeli koSkebiT (laili
1825: 72).
robert ker porteri Tavis TxzulebaSi saubrobs imdroindeli saqarTvelos CamorCenis da

politikuri daqsaqsulobis mizezebze. misi azriT, qveyana mZime mdgomareobamde miiyvana ara marto
gamudmebulma Semosevebma, aramed gauTavebelma Sida areulobam da SfoTma.
odesRac damoukidebeli, ganviTarebuli samefo dRes CamoqveiTebuli da damcirebuli olqia.

gamudmebulma omebma da mtruli mezobeli qveynebis mravalgzis Semosevebma Seamcires am patara
samefos guladi mosaxleobis raodenoba. odesRac ayvavebuli qveyana damonebuli da daCagrulia
dRes. unda iTqvas, rom yvelaze didi momakvdinebeli dartyma qveyanas miayenes imaT, vinc ambiciiT iyo
aRsavse. sxva qveynebis msgavsad, romlebmac igive erovnuli TviTmkvleloba Caidines, iberielebsac
mouxdaT yovelgvari survilis gareSe am mdgomareobaSi yofna. qveyanaSi arsebuli areulobebis
dros iberiis mmarTveli pirebis SuRlma, uvargisma mmarTvelebma gamoiwvies qveynis ganviTarebis
ukan daweva. am provinciis dRevandeli mesakuTreebis azriT aq macxovrebel xalxs wlebi dasWirdeba
socialuri da politikuri cxovrebisa da yofis axleburad dasawyebad (porteri 1821: 102).
robert ker porteri Tavis TxzulebaSi did adgils uTmobs mcxeTis aRweras. britanel
mxatvars saqarTvelos Zvel sataxto qalaqSi araerTi istoriuli Zegli mounaxulebia.
dilis 9 sT-ze CavediT mcxeTaSi, romelic Zvelad saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi iyo. dRes is gaRatakebuli
da gaubedurebuli sofelia. odesRac mefeebis rezidenciis qalaqi ufro gaWirvebisa da siRaribis
adgilsamyofels hgavs. mcxeTaSi CasvlisTanave gaveSure cixe-simagris nangrevebis sanaxavad, sadac
mTeli Rame davrCi. Rame gavatare cixe-simagris SigniT arsebul taZarSi, mRvdlis senakSi. Cemi
maspinZeli stumarTmoyvare adamiani aRmoCnda. mcxeTa antikur xanaSi mniSvnelovani qalaqi iyo. is
gaxldaT iberiis mefeebis sataxto qalaqi, romelSic mravalricxovani mosaxleoba cxovrobda. Zveli
dedaqalaqis didebis naSTi aq dResac bevria SemorCenili. iberiis am qalaqis aSeneba gadawyda ori
mdinaris – mtkvrisa da aragvis SeerTebis adgilze (porteri 1821: 103).
porters sveticxovelSi qristianuli siwmindeebic unaxavs, maT Soris, qristes kvarTic,

romelsac Zalze saintereso istoria aqvs. qristes kvarTi, britaneli mogzauris cnobiT, mcxeTel
moZRvars uCvenebia:
sasiamovno mamaom, romelic me megzurobas miwevda am taZarSi, maCvena wminda reliqviebi, romelTa naxva
yovelTvis ainteresebdaT mogzaurebs. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani qristes perangi da elias
mosasxamis nawilia. pirveli reliqvia mravali saukunea saimedod aris daculi maRali sakurTxevlis
SigniT. rac Seexeba elias samosis erT nawils, iseve, rogorc magdagvari wminda reliqviebi, me ver
SevZeli maTi naxva, radgan arqimandriti, romelic am reliqviebze iyo pasuxismgebeli, mcxeTaSi ar
imyofeboda (porteri 1821: 105).
mcxeTidan robert ker porterma gza Tbilisisaken gaagrZela, qalaqis SesasvlelTan

specialur sayaraulo SenobasTan mogzaurma da misma mxleblebma karantini gaiares, janmrTelobis
damadasturebeli dokumentebi waradgines da mxolod amis Semdeg darTes neba, rom qalaqSi
Sesuliyvnen (porteri 1821: 114). rogorc Cans, im droisaTvis TbilisSi epidemia mZvinvarebda
da dedaqalaqSi Semomsvlel yvela mgzavrs unda gaevlo Semowmebis procedura. porteris garda
am faqts sxva mogzaurebic adastureben. avstrieli mogzauris ida pfaiferis cnobiT, ruseTis
`sazRvarze~ gadasvlis dros, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qolera, an Savi Wiri iyo gavrcelebuli,
karantins awesebdnen (sosiaSvili 2013a: 23). germaneli mogzauris eduard aixvaldis informaciiT,
saqarTvelos ori mxridan emuqreboda Savi Wiris gavrcelebis saSiSroeba, kavkasionisa da aziis
mxridan. mecxramete saukunis 20-ian wlebSi aixvaldis cnobiT, qveyanaSi ramdenime adgilze iyo
karantini, maT Soris: ananurTan, baRdadTan, suramSi, aseve qarelTan axlos. Tbilisis SemogarenSi
sami karantini yofila (gelaSvili 2005: 91). TbilisSi Casuli robert ker porteri mTavarmmarTebel
ermolovs Sexvda da mas werilebi gadasca. igi am werilebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ar saubrobs.
savaraudod, mas saimperatoro karisagan gamotanebuli werilebi unda gadaeca. raki am werilebis
Sesaxeb igi ar mogviTxrobs, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ermolovs man saidumlo werilebi gadasca.
britanel mogzaurs ruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe didi ndoba hqonda mopovebuli da mas aRniSnul
_ 176 _
werilebs, cxadia, andobdnen. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 1994 wels oqsfordSi bodles biblioTekaSi
aRmoCnda porteris ucnobi werili. am werilSi igi aRmosavleTSi mogzaurobis dros politikur
ambebs aRwers da aziis qveynebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb ucnob adresats, romelic
misi sityvebidan gamomdinare, Zalze maRali wris warmomadgenelia, Tavis mosazrebebs ugzavnis.
werilis bolos mogzauri Tavis Tavs informators uwodebs. Cveni azriT, porteri aziis qveynebSi
arsebuli politikuri situaciis Sesaxeb informacias britaneTis xelisuflebas awvdida da aziis
qveynebSi ruseTis politikaze esaubreboda. TbilisSi Camosulma porterma adgilobriv somexs,
vinme aratuns, miakiTxa. aratunis mama, mogzauris informaciiT, sparseTis mefis karze muSaobda:
TbilisSi SesvlisTanave dameufla iseTi grZnoba, TiTqos trofonius gamoqvabulSi Sevdiodi. me

gavemarTe somex xoja aratunis saxlSi, romlis mama xazinadarad muSaobda sparseTis mefis karze.
maspinZlisgan gavige, rom saqarTvelos gamgebeli, generali ermolovi dabrunda TbilisSi Tavisi
diplomatiuri misiidan – sparseTidan. meore dRes me veaxle mis aRmatebulobas, warvudgine Cemi
Tavi da gadaveci werilebi (porteri 1821: 114).
robert porteri Tavis TxzulebaSi Tbilisis istoriis Sesaxebac gvesaubreba, Tumca, qalaqis
daarsebis faqts SecdomiT aTariRebs da qalaqis damaarseblad mefe livangs miiCnevs.
is daarsda 1063 wels mefe livangis zeobis dros, romelsac undoda gamoeyenebina TbilisSi arsebuli
bunebrivi cxeli wylebi. qalaqis samxreT nawilSi SemorCenilia Zveli cixis nangrevebi, axali Turqebis
mier agebuli citadelisgan moSorebiT. rusma gubernatorma Tavisi rezidenciis adgilsamyofelad
airCia mTa, saidanac didebuli kavkasioni kargad moCans. es qalaqis centridan moSorebuli adgilia.
rezidenciis SekeTeba rodesac dasruldeba, is gamorCeuli iqneba didi SuSabandiT, romlis fasads
qvis ornamentirebuli figurebi daamSveneben (porteri 1821: 117).
rogorc Cans, mas saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis istoriis Sesaxeb araswori informacia miawodes.
savaraudod, informaciis mimwodebeli araqarTveli unda yofiliyo. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
mogzaurs informacia somexma aratunma miawoda, romelsac britaneli mogzauri Sexvda. robert
porterisagan gansxvavebiT Tbilisis daarsebas vaxtang gorgasals miawers Sotlandieli mogzauri
robert laiali (laili 1825: 72). aseve germaneli mogzauri eduard aixvaldi (gelaSvili 2005: 24).
robert ker porteri aRwers Tbilisis garegnul ier-saxes:
Tbilisis yvela quCa viwroa, sacalfexo gzebi primitiul mdgomareobaSia – saSinlad WuWyiani, sveli
da mtvriani mSrali amindis dros. misma aRmatebuloba gubernatorma brZana quCebSi qvebis dageba da es
samuSaoebi ukve dawyebulia. mas ganzraxuli aqvs yvela dangrevis piras misuli saxlebis ganadgureba
da maT adgilze Tanamedrove dagegmarebiT axali Senobebis ageba. gubernatoris sparseTSi yofnis
dros daiwyo bazris gadakeTeba. Senoba mTlianad gadaixura, adgilia datovebuli mxolod haerisa
da sinaTlis SeRwevisTvis (porteri 1821: 117).
porteri Tbilisze saubris dros sagangebod Cerdeba saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi arsebul

abanoebze.
bazris bolos Cven wavawydiT patara xids, romlis qveS miCuxCuxebda kamkama da civi mTis nakaduli,
romelic bolos Tbil wylebs uerTdeboda. Tbilisi ganTqmulia Termuli cxeli wylebiT, romlebsac
samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvT. swored maT gamo daerqva qalaqs Tbilisi. es wylebia gamoyenebuli
Tbilisis cnobil abanoebSi. Tbilisis mosaxleoba da aq Camosuli mogzaurebi da stumrebi. am wylebs
xmaroben sxvadasxva daavadebebis mkurnalobisTvis. abanoebi agreTve mamakacebisa da qalebisTvis
xSiri TavSeyris adgilsac warmoadgenen. abano, rogorc fufunebis, ise garTobis adgilad iTvleba
(porteri 1821: 119).
Tbilisis mosaxleoba, britaneli mogzauris cnobiT, TandaTan evropul wes-Cveulebebze

gadadioda, rac maT yofa-cxovrebaSic SeimCneoda:
bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis mosaxleobis zeda fenam miatova bevri aziuri manera.
cvlilebebis mizezi evropuli qveynebis samoqalaqo da samxedro pirebTan urTierTobis Sedegia.
rac Seexeba dedaqalaqis dabal fenebs, nawilobrivi cvlilebebi iqac SeiniSneba. saxlis patronebi,
romlebTanac drodadro rusi jariskacebi Cerdebodnen, ukve nebas rTavdnen colebs, rom daenaxon
_ 177 _
giorgi sosiaSvili
ucxo stumrebs. rodesac qarTveli qali gareT gadis, mas tradiciulad acvia grZeli, Tavidan
fexebamde Sexveuli aziuri samosi, saxeze pirbade aqvs afarebuli, romelsac `Cadri~ hqvia. Tu
romelime qalbatoni sakuTari saxlis karebTan Cadris gareSe dgas, is saswrafod saxlSi Sedis da
imaleba, rom Tavisi saxe damalos (porteri 1821: 122).
mogzauri gansakuTrebiT moxiblulia qarTveli mandilosnebis silamaziT:
qarTveli qalis silamaze kamaTs gareSea. qalebs didi muqi Tvalebi aqvT, swori da sakmaod sasiamovno
da Tbili saxis nakvTebi da kargi xasiaTi aqvT. isini friad zrdilobianebi da Tavazianebi arian. es
daxasiaTeba saerToa yvela qarTveli qalbatonisTvis. maRali wris qalebis tansacmeli mdidrulia,
didebulia da tanze lamazad aqvT momdgari. dabali wris qalebis samosi, romelic iSviaTad irecxeba
wyalsa da saponSi, ubralod da cudad gamoiyureba. mas Cvris msgavsi forma aqvs (porteri 1821: 126).
porteri aRwers TbilisSi arsebul taZrebs:
TbilisSi ramdenime kargi qristianuli eklesiaa. gansakuTrebiT mSvenieria romauli kaTolikuri

eklesiis Senoba. wminda sionis taZari, didebuli somxuri eklesia, gansakuTrebiT didia, rasac ver
vityvi mis simdidresa da arqiteqturul moxdenilobaze (porteri 1821: 126).
TbilisSi sionis marTlmadidebeli taZris gverdiT sxva religiis aRmsarebelTa eklesiebis

moxsenieba britaneli mogzauris mier SemTxveviTi ar aris. jer kidev vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier
Sedgenil 1735 wlis atlasis qarTlis rukaze darTuli gegmis mixedviT, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi
ramdenime `somxis saydari~ ixsenieba, aqve gvxdeba `laTinT saydari~ (Tbilisis istoria 1990:
459), rusi oficris – aleqsandre piSCeviCis gegmis mixedviT, romelic 1785 wels aris Sedgenili
TbilisSi, aRniSnulia: kaTolikuri eklesia, somxebis axali eklesia, somexTa eklesia noraSeni,
somexTa eklesia sahakaSeni, somxebis eklesia kozmani, somexTa eklesia moRnini, somxebis eklesia
cixis saydari, somxis eklesia metexi (avlabarSi), somexi berebis monasteri, somxebis eklesia
qamoanTi, somxebis monasteri. amave gegmaSi Setanilia: sami meCeTi, maT Soris `meCeTi TurqTa~
(Tbilisis istoria 1990: 462-463). Sotlandieli mogzauris robert laialis cnobiT, XIX saukunis
I meoTxedSi TbilisSi araerTi taZari iyo, maT Soris: oci berZnuli eklesia (mogzauri berZnul
eklesiebSi marTlmadidebelTa taZrebs unda gulisxmobdes), TxuTmeti somxuri, erTi Tiatinelebis
mier daarsebuli taZari, aseve, erTi sparsuli meCeTi da sionis sakaTedro taZari (laili 1825: 72).
qarTvel Tavadebs Soris arsebulma gamudmebulma SuRlma, qveyanaSi kanonisa da samarTlis ar

arsebobam, lekebis sistematurma Semosevebma, Turqebisa da iranelebis sisxlianma omebma saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba sasowarkveTil mdgomareobamde, sizarmacemde, uvicobasa da siRaribemde miiyvanes.
aseTi mdgomareoba saerToa TiToeul im qveynisaTvis, sadac gamudmebuli omebisa da sxvadasxva
dampyroblebis arsebobis gamo wesrigi ar iyo (porteri 1821: 132).
amrigad, ingliseli diplomatis, mogzauris da mxatvris Canawerebi Zalze sayuradRebo wyaros

warmoadgens XIX saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri
da kulturuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb. mogzauris cnobebi zogjer arazustia, Tumca sxva wyaroebTan
Sedareba garkveuli analizis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. britaneli diplomati da mxatvari
aRwerili movlenebis TviTmxilvelia, rac mis Canawerebs kidev ufro met Rirebulebas sZens.
vfiqrobT, rom robert ker porteris mogzaurobis amsaxveli dRiurebi misi Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebul mkvlevrebsa Tu farTo mkiTxvels daxmarebas gauwevs.
SeniSvnebi
1
porteris cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, ix: (sekombi 1896: 190-192; armstrongi 1962: 36-58; Dupouy
1969; Barnet 1972. Vol. 10; enketili 1978: 72-70; Ренне 1985: 105-109; vasileva 1995: 246-247; vasileva 1994: Bd
27. S. 339-348; rene 1996: 104-115; Ренне 1997: 104-115; Губер 1999: 113-116).
2
general ermolovs, im mizeziT, rom saqarTvelos samxedro gza zamTris periodSi zvavebiT xSirad
ixergeboda, alternatiuli gzis gayvana surda Tbilisidan goris, cxinvalis, onis gavliT kavkasionis
Txemze, magram am ideis ganxorcielebas CeCneTis ajanyebam SeuSala xeli (gelaSvili 2005: 236).
_ 178 _
damowmebani
armstrongi 1962: Armstrong W. M., The many-sided world of Sir Robert Ker Porter, The Historian, #25, Washington, 1962.
arqivi 1882: Архив кн. Воронцова. М., 1882. Т.23. С.91. №41.
barneti 1971: Barnet R. D., Sir Robert Ker Porter, Briish Museum Society Bullein, 7, June.
barneti 1972: Barnet R. D., Sir Robert Ker Porter — Regency Arist and Treveller // Iran. 1972. Vol. 10.
gelaSvili 1964: giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. germanuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT
gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma, t. II, Tbilisi.
gelaSvili 2005: eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo
gia gelaSvilma, Tbilisi.
guberi 1999: Губер К. П., Три картины для Главного Адмиралтейства // Россия — Англия. Страницы диалога. Краткое
содержание докладов V Царскосельской научной конференции. СПб.
dufo 1969: Dupouy W., Sir Robert Ker Porter’s Caracas Diary. 1825-1842, Caracas.
enketili 1978: Anckeil M. D. l. The Silver Palete // Lantern. 1978. July.
vasileva 1994: Vasileva N. E. About The History of Sir Robert Ker Porter’s Album with his sketches of Achaemenid and
Sassanian monuments // Achaeologische Miteilungen aus Iran. Berlin, 1994. Bd 27.
vasileva 1995: Васильева Н. Е., Альбом Р. Кер Портера с рисунками древнейших памятников скульптуры и архитектуры
// Эрмитажные чтения 1986-1994 гг. памяти В. Г. Луконина. СПб.
Tbilisis istoria 1990: Tbilisis istoria, t. I, Tbilisi.
komenti 1999: B. Comment, The panorama.
laili 1825: Travels in Russia, the Krimea, the Caucasus, and Georgia by Robert Lyall, vol. I, London, 1825.
listeri 1973: R. Lister, Briish Romanic art, 1973, #8-9;
mamisTvaliSvili 2000: mamisTvaliSvili e., qristes kvarTis istoria, gori.
marina 1909: Марина М., В старом, радушном дворянском гнезде на Арбате // Русская cтарина. Т. CXL.
porteri 1809 a: Porter R. K., Leters from Portugal and Spain, writen during the march of the Briish troops under Sir John
Moore ... By an oicer, London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme.
porteri 1809 b: Porter R. K., Travelling sketches in Russia and Sweden. During the years 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, Philadelphia:
Published by Hopkins and Earle.
porteri 1814: A narraive of the campaign in Russia, during the year 1812. By Sir Robert Ker Porter, Balimore, E. J. Coale.
porteri 1821: Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, During the 1817, 1818, 1819 and 1820, By Sir Robert
Ker Porter, Vol. I, London, 1821.
porteri 1966: Porter R. K., Caracas diary, 1825–1842, Caracas.
porteri, danlapi 1815: A narraive of the campaign in Russia, during the year 1812. By Sir Robert Ker Porter. To which is
added, A narraive of the events which followed Buonaparte’s campaign in Russia, to the period of his dethronement. By
William Dunlap, Harford, Andrus and Starr.
rene 1985: Ренне Е. П. Роберт КерПортер в России // Труды Государственного Эрмитажа 25.
rene 1996: Renne E., Briish arists in Russia in the irst half of the nineteenth century // Briish art treasures from Russian
Imperial collecions in the Hermitage / Ed. by B.Allen and L.Dukelskaya. New Haven & London.
rene 1997: Ренне Е. П., Британские художники в России в первой половине XIX века // С берегов Темзы — на берега Невы.
Шедевры из собрания британского искусства в Эрмитаже / Под ред. Б. Аллена и Л. Дукельской. СПб.
rene: Ренне Е., Художник сэр Роберт Кер Портер в России, htp://www.nasledie-rus.ru/podshivka/6412.php.
sekombi 1896: Seccombe T., Robert Ker Porter // Dicionary of Naional Biography. London, XLVI.
sosiaSvili 2013 a: ida pfaiferis mogzauroba kavkasiaSi, qarTuli Targmani germanul teqstTan erTad gamosca,
Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. giorgi sosiaSvilma, Tbilisi.
sosiaSvili 2013 b: sosiaSvili g., robert ker porteri cnobebi aleqsandre batoniSvilis politikuri
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, kreb. quTaisuri saubrebi, quTaisi.
haTCinsoni 1960-62: Hutchison S. C., The Royal Academy Schools, 1768-1830, Walpole Society, #38.
_ 179 _
giorgi sosiaSvili
ROBERT KER PORTER’S DIARY ABOUT HIS

TRAVELLING IN GEORGIA AS HISTORICAL SOURCE
Giorgi Sosiashvili
Painter, writer and diplomat Robert Ker Porter was born in England, namely, in Durham on April 26, 1777 one
of the ive children of William Porter. Robert was an ancestor of the Irish family. His father William (died in 1779)
a surgeon in the 6th batalion of Dragoons. Mother of the future traveler was Jane Porter (1745-1831). Robert Ker
Porter inished the Royal Academy of Britain and became a painter of an army sketches. Soon the Tsar Alexander
I of Russia invited him in Saint Petersburg to paint the Admiralty Hall. In 1817 from Saint Petersburg Porter began
travelling to Theiran through the Caucasus. His tour coninued from Isfahan to the ancient Persepolis, from here
travelled to Ecbatana and Bagdad. Porter made notes during his travels: Travelling to Georgia, Persia, Armenia,
Ancient Babylon in 1817-1820. In 1821-1822 his notes were published in London in two volumes. The irst volume
describes Georgia.
Here is described numerous ciies of the Eastern Georgia, among them is Dushei, Ananuri, Mtskheta, Tbilisi.
Porter’s diaries include very interesing informaion about the Georgian populaion, dressing style, economic
aciviies, the Russian government and so on.
The notes of the Briish traveler and diplomat will greatly help those researchers who are interested in the
history of Georgia in the irst quarter of the nineteenth century.
_ 180 _
xobis monastris saistorio sabuTebi.
XV-XVIII saukuneebi
(k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa da saqarTvelos
erovnul arqivSi daculi koleqciebis mixedviT)
Tea qarTveliSvili
xobis monasteri Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos eklesiis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes centrs

warmoadgenda. misi istoriis rekonstruirebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs dokumenturi
wyaroebis Seswavlas, romelic, wesisamebr, sandoobiTa da mravalferovani informatiulobiT
gamoirCeva. warmodgenili dokumenturi masala XV-XVIII saukuneebs moicavs. XV saukunes ekuTvnis
Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi dokumenti.1 es gaxlavT iadgaris ganaxlebis sigeli, micemuli
Samadavla dadian-gurielis mier xofis RmrTismSoblisaTvis, romlis Sinaarsidanac cxadi xdeba,
rom msgavsi sabuTi ukve arsebobda da Samadavla dadiani Zveli iadgaris mxolod ganmaaxlebelia.
maSasadame, xobis monastris istoriuli sabuTebi XV saukunemdec arsebobda da mas Cvenamde ar
mouRwevia. savaraudoa, rom Tavdapirveli iadgari monastris daarsebidan maleve Seiqmna, rac
qronologiurad XIII saukunes unda davukavSiroT. cxadia, iadgaris Seqmnamde ukve arsebobda
sxvadasxva sabuTi, romelic xobis monasters miemarTeboda da romelTa safuZvelzec Seiqmna
iadgari. rac Seexeba gamoqveynebuli dokumenturi wyaroebis zeda zRvars, Cven aRar SevexeT XIX
saukunes, radganac XIX saukunis dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gauqmda
da xobis monastris istoriisTvis aRniSnuli periodi ukve sxva etapia.
SemorCenili sabuTebis umravlesoba Sewirulebis xasiaTisaa. dokumenturi masala asaxavs
monastris ekonomikur mdgomareobas, yma-mamulis raodenobas, gadasaxadebis cvalebadobas
saukuneebisda mixedviT. Zalze saintereso informacias Seicavs xobis monastrisa da afxazeTis
sakaTalikosos urTierTobaze. maTi analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom periodulad, xobis monasteri
warmoadgenda afxazTa kaTolikosis rezidencias da amavdroulad xobis episkoposis saydarsac.
sakaTalikoso monastrisa Tu saepikoposos centris statusis miReba mniSvnelovanwilad iyo
damokidebuli odiSis samTavroSi Seqmnil politikur viTarebasa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi
mimdinare movlenebze.
sabuTebis umravlesoba uTariRoa. dokumentSi moxseniebuli istoriuli pirebisa, Tu
dasaxelebuli istoriuli movlenebis saSualebiT gansazRvrulia maTi Sedgenis dro da met-
naklebad daviwroebuli ukve arsebuli qronologiuri CarCo. amasTan, darTulia ganmartebiTi
komentarebi istoriul personaliasa da saistorio faqtebTan dakavSirebiT. sabuTebis nawili
pirvelad qveyndeba.
winamdebare publikaciaSi warmodgenilia k. kekeliZis xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa da
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis koleqciebSi daculi saistorio sabuTebi. samwuxarod, ar mogveca
saSualeba gvemuSava niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumsa da
zugdidis dadianebis sasaxleTa istoriul-arqiteqturul muzeumSi, sadac, savaraudoa, rom xobis
monastris Sesaxeb arsebuli saistorio sabuTebis garkveuli nawili unda iyos daculi.
sabuTis teqstebSi gamoyenebuli pirobiTi niSnebi:
() qaragmis gaxsna
[ ] aRdgenili adgilebi
{ } damweris mier uneblied gamotovebuli da gamocemaSi aRdgenili adgilebi
... dazianebis gamo gamotovebuli adgilebi
I dedniseuli striqonis gamoyofa
II dedniseuli kefis gamoyofa
[[ ]] kideebze miwerili teqsti
_ 181 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
#1
iadgaris ganaxlebis sigeli, micemuli Samadavla dadian-gurielis mier xofis
RmrTismSoblisaTvis (1)
[1470-1475]
dedani dakargulia. XVII saukuneSi mxedrulad gadawerili piri, s. kakabaZes unaxavs biWvinTis
sakaTalikoso sabuTebSi (#92), romelic Tavnakluli da dazianebuli yofila. gvaqvs p i r i : sea,
1449-1571.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a : s. kakabaZe sabuTs aTariRebs Samadavle dadianis zeobis wlebiT 1470-
1474. g. araxamias mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad Samadavle dadiani 1475 wels gardaicvala,2
Sesabamisad, sabuTic 1470-1475 wlebiT unda daTariRdes.
g a m o c e m e b i : sargis kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tf., 1921, gv. 1-2.
goneli araxamia, Samadavla dadian-gurielis sigeli da xobis Zveli iadgari, wg: saqarTvelos
istoriisa da wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, gv. 144-147.
... davamtkice ...... jvari da bisoni ... keTiliTa SevamkveT da davasueneT. da virwmuneT ierusalimisa da
antioqisa patriarqsa mixaels, sarqoTa da omforiTa kaTalikozi iovakim. qristes sa[f]lavisa marjueniTa
kaTalikozad davayeneT da sakaTo[likoz]od ese gavaCineT.
Tavsa wmidasa giorgi msxulebisa [Tvi]siTa SesavliTa da gamosavliTa misiTa, samsxoTa...iTa tyiTa,
wyliTa da sanadiroTa, saTevzoTa, [sa]yaniTa, rasac mogelia ixmarebda, uZebariTa da saZebriTa, im rigiTa
da wesiTa, glexebiTa yolaTa da juaris mtuirTvelad beri zosime ... [kem]xels gegeberia kaWrisSvilebi
babadiSa da misnni Zmani kaxai da va[J]bedai, misTana orni maSisZeni dedismamai da ladaria, orni nadiria
miqela da mamisTuali, wuwunari mam[u]li da marani misiTa tyiTa, wyliTa da eklesiis kari[Ta] da saTevzoTa,
kuiria masxulia misiTa SvilebiTa, oTarai wuwunava misiTa mamuliTa, beria misiTa mamuliTa, wylispirs bonia
qristeSiai misiTa mamuliTa.
wylis pirsa Waladids rionszedan naxevari baJi xofisa RvTismSoblisa aris da naxevari kaTolikozs,
qarantas da kemxels mesamedi wylis baJi yovlad wmidisa aris, noxidens oTxi kuamli kaci yuru... da sxuitava
andalisSvili Sonia maTiTa mamuliTa, tyiTa, wyliTa da eklesiis kariTa. agreve dadianis saxlis Tavi niSani
kaTolikozisa aris. agreve sxuaTa aznauris SvilTa niSani, agreve sxuaTa ebiskopoTa saferxavi marTebs da
amas ara eTxovebodes, agreve cus gamoRma da Wuirias wyals Sua vinca [na]diri moklas, sefes yovladwmidis
win moiRebdes, nuravin daaklebs.
q. agreve Cuen batonma dadian-gurielman Samandavla movikiTxeT iadgari (2) ZuelTaca agre ewera (3), vinca
xofis saydars gareSemo upatioba ikadros anu glexi [da an]u jogi wausxas anu qurdoba qnas anu sasaxles
[mi]uxdes da gatexosa, aTi glexi daeurvos saydarsa. ... zedan mouxdes daarbios daawuas ... mexadile kuamli
glexi dau...lod anu RalatiTa kaci moklas, ori zoma [sis]xli daeurvos. vinca, ZmaTagansa upatioba hkadros
anu aginos, aTasi bot[inati dau]urvos, agreve Wuirias da cus Sua tye da wyali yovlad wmidisa aris da
nuravin daaklebT da vin daaklos, r[isx]avsmca mama Ze da suli wmida da yovlad wmida RmrTismSobeli xofisa
da yovelni wmidani RTisan zecisani da queyanisani, xorcielni da uxorconi da vinca amisda Slad da qcevad
Pelyos, risxavsmca qristes saflavis madli, ierusalims Sesvla, juarcma, aRdgoma, naTlisReba, amaRleba,
meored mosvla, mTawmida, sinawmidani, mociqulni, winaswarmetyuelni, mRudelTmoZRuarni, mowameni, wmidani
mamani, meudabnoeni da qalwulni, Semcaedebis SiSTuilibi iudasi, keTri dioskoresi, gandgomileba ivlianesi,
RrWena kbilTa da satanjveli mdedarisa mis uwyalosa da nuraTamca sinu[nu]liT nu iqnebis Psna sulisa misisa
PelTagan jojoxeTisaTa, ukuTu sisxlnica Tvisni qristesTvis dasTxivnis a(mi)n. damamtkicebelni amaTni
akurTxnes RmerTman a(mi)n.
aq yofila xveuli xelismowera.
(1) sabuTi s. kakabaZiseul gamocemaSi Semdegnairadaa dasaTaurebuli: Samadavla dadianis wigni

sakaTalikozo sargos Sesaxeb. sakiTxi sagangebod Seiswavla g. araxamiam. dokumentis analizis Sedegad man
daaskvna, rom xobis monasteri iadgaris Sedgenis periodSi erTdroulad warmoadgenda rogorc kaTolikosis
rezidencias, aseve saepiskoposo centrs. iadgaris adresatia xobis saepiskoposo da monasteri. sabuTSi
gamijnulia xobis monastrisa da saepiskoposos qoneba, aseve sasisxlo privilegiebi, sakaTalikosos qonebisa
da uflebebisagan.3 igi sabuTis raobas gansazRvravs, rogorc `xofis RvTismSoblis Zveli iadgaris ganaxlebis
sigeli Samadavla dadian-gurielisa~. umniSvnelo koreqtivebi SevitaneT sabuTis dasaTaurebaSi. pirvel
adgilze sabuTis saxeoba movaTavseT, Semdeg Semwirveli da bolos adresati. amasTan iadgaris ganaxlebaze
miTiTebam sityva `Zvelis~ Camocilebisken gvibiZga da sabolood dokumentis raoba am formiT ganvsazRvreT:
iadgaris ganaxlebis sigeli, micemuli Samadavla dadian-gurielis mier xofis RmrTismSoblisaTvis.
_ 182 _
xobis monastris saistorio sabuTebi: XV-XVIII saukuneebi
(2) iadgari _ sparsuli sityvaa da samaxsovros niSnavs. iadgarSi gansazRvrulia saeklesio mflobeloba,
dadgenilia kuTvnili da gasacemi sargo, aseve dawesebulia sisxlis samarTlis normebi saeklesio pirebis an
qonebis xelyofis dros. masSi gaerTianebulia saeklesio senioriis sameurneo da sasamarTlo saqmianobisTvis
saWiro informacia, ris gamoc ewodeba iadgari.4 iadgars uaRresad praqtikuli daniSnuleba hqonda. sxvadasxva
dros da sxvadasxva piris mier gacemuli dokumentebidan ZiriTad informacias iRebdnen anotirebuli saxiT
da aerTianebdnen, romelsac amtkicebda saTanado uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili saero Tu sasuliero ierarqi.
iadgars, rogorc iuridiul aqts yoveldRiuri moxmarebisTvis gamoiyenebdnen.
(3) Samadavla dadian-gurieli Zveli iadgaris ganmaaxlebelia, romelic safiqrebelia, monastris
daarsebis axlo xanebSi Sedga. sakuTriv monasteri XIII saukuneSi ukve dafuZnebulia. g. araxamia Tavdapirvelad
miiCnevda, rom iadgari XV saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi Seadgines. sabuTSi moxseniebulia bizantiuri
fulis erTeuli `botinati~, romelic saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi iyo XII-XIII saukuneebSi. sabuTSi botinati
fulis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. iadgarSi botinatis sakmaod didi raodenobaa dasaxelebuli (1000 botinati),
risi gadaxdac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitom savaraudoa, rom sabuTi asaxavs im periodis viTarebas, rodesac
fulis kursi daeca _ XIII saukunis meore naxevridan XV saukunis CaTvliT.5 mogvianebiT, Zveli iadgaris
daTariRebis sakiTxSi g. araxamiam koreqtivebi Seitana da misi Sedgena XIV saukunis Sua wlebs an meore
naxevars daukavSira.6 m. surgulaZe miiCnevs, rom Tavdapirveli iadgari XIII saukuneSi aris Sedgenili.7 imowmebs
ra g. jafariZisa da e. xoStaria-broses naSromebs, argumentebad swored botinatis dasaxeleba da iadgarSi
asaxuli, XIII saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, batonymuri urTierTobebi moaqvs.8 Samadavla dadian-gurielis
mier ganaxlebuli iadgari mesamed ganaaxla levan II dadianma (1611-1657). Cvenamde moRweul iadgarTa Soris
xobis iadgari yvelaze Zvelia.
#2
nusxa saxofo glexebisa
dedani dakargulia. gvaqvs p i r i : sea, 1449-1577, gadawerili s. kakabaZis mier. fanqriT miwerili:
`me-XVI sauk. SuaSi~. am dros unda iyos Sedgenili sakaTalikozo sabuTebSi daculi nusxa glexebis
TeTris gardasaxadisa #82. nusxa xofel episkopozis glexebisaa, dawerilia TeTr qaRaldze nusxa
xucurad, Tavi aklia da rac darCenilia misi zoma udris 54 X 15.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a . s. kakabaZe sabuTs XVI saukuniT aTariRebs.
g a m o c e m a : s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tf. 1921, gv. 13-14.
marTebs ambaYnabars dudunias oci TeTri

marTebs kTilisa dudunias ocdaaTi TeTri
marTebs m[a]misbedaYsa ocdaxuTmeti TeTri
marTebs mamromaYs dudunias TuTxmeti9 naRdi TeTri
marTebs kutalia abedias da kukuCias ocdaaTi TeTri
marTebs qristeSia kutalias oci TeTri
marTebs b pati kutalias mamulsaY oci TeTri
marTebs parkaRebs ormoci TeTri
marTebs goramebsa samoci TeTri
marTebs kortikias ocdaaTi TeTri
marTebs Ciqobelsa xu[T]meti TeTri
marTebs m[a]misaxars sanakias ormocdaxuTmeti TeTri
marTebs i(oan)e da qerobins cuRunias aTi TeTri
marTebs mogeli iasavas da darCinasa ocdaxuTi TeTri
marTebs qristeSia berias ocdaaTi TeTri
marTebs imarinduY Wanturis meore weliwadsa TuTxmeti TeTri
marTebs i(oan)e Wanturas xuTmeti TeTri
marTebs estatai SuRlaias xuTmeti TeTri
marTebs bedinai kukutaias TxuTmeti TeTri
amas winaT r[a]Yca sweriaT: unda maiss bg mokrefdeT
marTebs msxulebs xatis begaraY: omaisuri erTi zroxisaY TeTri: cxomaraia m[a]misTevnasSvilisaY Tevnabias
da maoxias
marTebs Wanturiebsa oci TeTri
marTebs ratiebsa oci TeTri
marTebs slTaams cxomarias oci TeTri
marTebs Cukoliebsa oci TeTri
marTebs cxomarias da uloias da guribiaSvilsa oci TeTri
_ 183 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
marTebs Tevnabias da missa ganayofs aTi TeTri

marTebs wy[a]lisZgelTa xatis beg[a]raY omaisuri i(oan)e ilivariasaY oci TeTri
marTebs mabebia kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs doxuCasa kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs sanas rasa kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs vaJbediasa RuamWiTavas oci TeTri
marTebs mamisarisa kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs Tqels kuaTacxelias oci TeTri
marTebs kaxaberasa kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs gavaSel kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs makakasaY kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs guguasaY RuamWiTavas oci TeTri
marTebs sKmons kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs gmYgoni kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs didiskTilsa kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs m[a]misarasa kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs papas kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs m[a]misasa Sonias oci TeTri
marTebs bevrozasa Sonias oci TeTri
marTebs gugulasa kKrkuHlias oci TeTri
marTebs andriaTv[a]lsa asis naRdisa sanTeli
marTebs koTelasaY navsaY maisobYsa TKTosa navsaY munis winaY sanTeli, vinc ar mosces y(ovla)d w(mida)Y
R(mrT)ismSobeli gaurisxdebis da xofisa R(mr)TismSoblis winamdegis ebiskopozid madlisagan
SeCuHnebulmca aris. awda sa[u]kuneTaY s[au]k[u]neTaYsa a(mi)n da [u]k[unisamdi]n.
#3
Sewirulebis wigni xobeli nikoloz wulukiZisa xofisadmi
dedani dakargulia. gvaqvs p i r i : sea, 1449-1584, Tavnakluli da xec, Qd 9137 (arasruli).

sabuTi T a r i R i a n i a : qoronikoni smiz (257) /1569/. sabuTi gadaaTariRa T. jojuam. sigelSi
aRwerili ambebi 1667 wlis osmalTa laSqrobas daukavSira, rodesac Turqebma xobis monasteri
daarbies da misi mTavari siwminde RmrTismSoblis kvarTi miitaces. vinaidan sabuTis dedani
dakargulia, advili SesaZlebelia gadamwerma Secdoma dauSva da qoronikoni smiz (257) 1569
weli (1312+257) dawera tmiz (357) anu 1669 (1312+357) nacvlad. t (300) grafemis magivrad s (200)
grafema gadaitana.10 amasTan sabuTis bolo fragmentSi moxseniebuli piris zaman barZimiSvilis
identifikaciis saSualebiT, T. jojuam sabuTi XVII saukunis II naxevars daukavSira11 da sabuTis
TariRad 1669 weli miiCnia.
g a m o c e m e b i : s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tf. 1921, gv. 19-21.
dednis mixedviT; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi
daurTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv.274-275.
[yovlad] qebulsa da didebulsa umaRles yovlad wmidasa da ufrosad kurTxeulsa dedofalsa xobisa
R(mr)TismSobelsa, odes sxva xofeli ijda da TaTrisagan gaoxrebuli da gacudebuli saydari da monasteri
iyo, ese aoxrebuli monasteri da mamuli. vigule da vigulsmodgine da SemogwireT mcire da knini Sesawiravi
ese Sen, TeTrosansa (1) xobisa R(mr)TismSobelsa Tavs: vercxlis barZimi da feSxumi da kamara, sami atlasis
pereqlebi, erTi odiki, erTi naqsovisa kretsabmeli, erTi xeli Sesamoseli stixari da filoni naqsovisa, olari
naqsovisa, samklave naqsovisa, erTi didi qvabi spilenZi guriadaman movatanine, gavaWedine da SemogwireT
Cvenis sulis saxsrad da saoxad.
awe, vinca da ramanca Zeman kacisaman ese Cvengan Sewiruli naRvawi gamogwiros anu dadianman, anu
dedofalma, anu kaTalikozma, anu vezirman, anu xofelman, anu mestumreman, anu didman anu mcireman, _ risxavs
Tavad RmerTi da xofisa R(mr)TismSobeli, qristes saflavi da sisxli mewamuli golgoTa da cxovelsmyofeli
patiosani jvari, sina, mayvali Seuwveli, mTawmida. wyeul da SeCvenebul ars oTxTa patriarqTagan, samas
aTurametTa mamaTagan. masmca edebis keTri gezisi, SiSTvili iudasi, RrWena kbilTa dioskoresi da iesos
jvarismcemelTanac ganikiTxvis misi suli da xorci.
da[ma]mtkicebelni amisni akurTxes RmerTman, amin, amin. kidev amas gareT erTi mosaxle kaci TaTrisagan
viyide skvamikoCa facisa da movnaTle, davasaxle xofs da vinc kandelaki iyos, imisTvis mimicemia da yovels
weliwads RmrTismSoblobas Cemi sulisaTvis Jams swirevdes. vinac berebi da xucebi iyos, imianaT swirevdes.
_ 184 _
damic begara: erTi cxvari, erTi loRarikoni sanTeli, ori Sauris sakmeveli, sami koka Rvino, ori qila
Romi, raeTic eSovebodes, Tevzi da yveli da kvercxi miarTvan. Tu is dRe marxva moxdes, meore dRes saxsnilo
miarTvas da Cemi sulisaTvis Jams swirevdes da momixsenebdes da Semomiwiravs xofisa RmrTismSoblisaTvis
Cemi sulis saxsrad da saoxad.
aw, vinc gamoswiros, romelic zemos wyevlaa da SeCveneba sweria, isic moiwevs mas zedan da xobis R(mr)
TismSobelic, amin, amin.
qoronikonsa smiz.
xelrTva: nikoloz xofeli
q. sxva kidev amas gareT zaman barZimisSvili mokvda da mis niSansa da nawirvSi amiyvania ivane da sarjelia
da kakulaia sergia da xatisda Semiwiravs xofisa R(mr)TismSoblisaTvis maTis colSviliT, saxl-kariTa, Wur-
mamuliTa, misis yovlisferiTa. damic Cemis sulisaTvin erTis saklavis sanTeli oTxi loRarikoni, sxva raca
emarTos xofels miarTmevdes. da Semiwiravs me, wulukiZes nikolaozs xofisa R(mr)TismSoblisaTvis.
ramanca Zeman kacisaman ese gamowiros, anu dadianman, anu vazirman, anu mestumreman, anu sxva vinmem
Zeman kacman, masca risxavs Tavad RmerTi da yovelni misni wmidani zecisani da qveyanisa[ni da xofi]sa R(mr)
TismSobeli.
xelrTva: nikoloz
(1) TeTrosnis RmrTismSobeli _ saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli erT-erTi wodebuleba RmrTismSoblisa,

niSnavda `TeTriT Semosils~. TeTrosani RmrTismSoblis eklesiebi gvxvdeba sxvadasxva mxareSi: aragvis xeoba,
qsnis xeoba, svaneTi, guria, samegrelo. guriis sof. xucubanSi arsebul TeTrosnis eklesiaSi aris gadawerili
cnobili `TeTrosnis daviTni~.12 qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom TeTrosani TeTri giorgis
kultTan aris dakavSirebuli. (ix. a. ioseliani, narkvevebi kolxeTis istoriidan, Tb., 1973). Tumca mas Semdeg
rac wyaroebSi dadasturda, rom epiTeti TeTrosani RmrTismSobels miemarTeboda, aRniSnulma mosazrebam
safuZveli dakarga.
#4
sigeli da iadgari, mocemuli levan dadianis mier xofis taZrisaTvis (1)
d e d a n i : xec, Hd-1551-a, TeTri etrati, moTavsebulia ramdenime sabuTi; adgil-adgil

dalaqavebulia; kideebze zogan dakrulia Txeli sarestavracio furceli, magram sabuTi cud
mdomareobaSia, marjvena da marcxena kideebi mofleTilia da teqsti alag-alag dazianebuli, sabuTi
Segdeba erTmaneTze dawebebuli oTxi furclisagan, I furceli zoma: 43,8 X 17,5sm, II furceli zoma:
43,1 X 20 sm, III furceli zoma: 43,5 X 21sm, IV furceli zoma: 20,3 X 20,5sm; r-s I da II furcelze Savi
feris melani da III da IV furcelze da mTlianad v-ze yavisferi melani, dasawyisi oTxi striqoni da
zogierTi sityva dawerilia singuriT; lamazi mxedruli; gankveTilobis niSani: samwertili yoveli
sityvis Semdeg. teqsti naweria r-ze da v-ze srulad.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a . e. TayaiSvili da i. doliZe levan II dadianis zeobis wlebiT 1611-1657
aTariReben mas.13 s. kakabaZe 1639-1657 ww.14 pirTa anotirebul leqsikonSi sabuTi daTariRebulia
1628-1647 ww.15 qveda zRvrad aRebulia sabuTSi moxseniebuli maqsimes gakaTalikosebis weli, radgan
aRniSnuli gamocemis Semdgenlebi Tvlian, rom maqsimes winamorbedi malaqia kaTalikosi 1628 wels
gardaicvala da maqsimemac am dros daikava sakaTalikoso taxti.16 zeda zRvrad 1647 wlis miCneva
gaurkvevelia. marTebulad migvaCnia s. kakabaZiseuli daTariReba. qronologiur CarCos aviwrovebs
sabuTSi kaTalikos maqsime maWutaZis moxsenieba. maqsime sakaTalikoso taxtze aRsaydrda 1639
wels. bunebrivia, sabuTi 1639-1657 ww. Soris aris Sedgenili.
sagulisxmoa, rom sabuTSi ar ixsenieba levan II dadianis meuRle nestan-darejani. savaraudoa,
rom igi ukve gardacvlili unda yofiliyo am droisTvis, Tumca qronologiur CarCos es ver
aviwrovebs, radgan nestan-darejani 1639 wels gardaicvala, jer kidev malaqia kaTalikosis
sicocxleSi. SesaZlebelia, rom sabuTis gacema swored nestan-darejanis sulis saoxad moxda,
rogorc sxva Sewirulobebi, romelic ase uxvad gaiRo levanma.
p i r e b i : xec, Qd-9135, xec, Ad-2251 la da xec, Sd-2921. g a m o c e m e b i : eq. TayaiSvili,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, #6, gv. 26-33, tf., 1899 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi
gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1965, gv. 208-211. С.С. Какабадзе, гдина,
1967, №232, с. 174-175.
q. kurTxeul ars R(mer)Ti dausabamo... (vrceli saRvTismetyvelo Sesavlis Semdeg)... TavsmdebobiTa,

SuamdgomlobiTa, mindobiTa, gkadreT da| mogaxseneT dawerili sigeli ese iadgari, umizezo da ukunisamde
welTa da Ja|mTa Seucvalebeli da maradis ganTavebiT gansrulebuli, Tquen, Cuensa m|cvelsa da mfarvels da
_ 185 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
cxovrebisa Cuenisa warmmarTebelsa da ganmarjveb[iTa]| mZlevelsa mterTa da mbrZoTa CuenisaTa, qalwulsa

ubiwosa, maradis| biwSeuxebelsa, dedasa naTlisasa da mSobelsa meufisasa uTrosnisa| R(mr)TismSobelsa (3)
da Zelsa cxovelsa (4), xofis taZarsa Sina gansuenebulTa, m|isaZinelTa da saZualTa pirvel kurTxeulTa
da saukunod gansuenebul[Ta]| patiosanTa da saxelovanTa [Z]uelTa CuenTa pap[a]Ta da papis [papaTa y(ovla)
d] sa||natrelTa _ giorgi (5), vamey (6), Sergil (7) da samadavle (8), amaTiT oTxTa R(mr)Tiv pit[i]v|cemulTa
da guirguinosanTa saflavsa, da Cuensa sasoebiT Sesavedrebels xo|fs gansuenebulsa saxesa da xats w(mid)
isa R(mr)TismSobelisasa da jvaris yo|velTa ganmacxovelebelsa. mogaxseneT da gkadreT iadgari da sigeli
m|tkice, JamTa saukuneTa gasaTavebeli, Cuen Tquen mieriTa madliT|a da cva-farviTa mZled da Zlierad
amaRlebiTa ganZlierebulm|an da oxiTa TqueniTa zesTa aRmatebulman da mtkiced mpyrobel-mqon|ebelman,
TviT ganmgebelman, Tquen mier saxel a<m>Rmatebulman da (f)r(ia)d| msasoebelman da madlTa da wyalobaTa
TqvenTa mindobiTa sarwmunod| mosavman da surviliT moqeneman, Pelmwifeman, patronman dadianman| levan.
SiSiT da krZalviT gangiaxleT da dagimtkiceT mtkice ese u|kunisamde kacTa naTesavisagan Seucilebel-
SeusarCleli wigni da| niSani, asre da ama pirsa zeda, rome JamTa viTarebisa, da welTa g|ardasulisa,
da etlTa moqcvisa, da dReTa cvalebisagan moSliliyo sofe|li da tye, da veli. vnaxeT da mokiTxuli
vqeniT, da ZuelTa Cue[n]|Ta mama-papaTa saflavi yofiliyo, kurTxeulTa da saxeldebulTa da| maT mier
dadebuli da garigebuli iadgari /da sigeli/ vnaxeT da Cuenca gul|smodginebiT esreT daumtkiceT, ese
viTarca dadian-gurielisa, sul|kurTxeulisa samadavl[a]sagan garigebuli sigeli vnaxeT, esreT ewera| da
gaeriga: ~ZueliTgani iadgari g[a]ryuniliyo da dakarguliyo xofisa R(mr)Tism|Sobelisa, mas Jamsa uRmTod
da usjuloebad mi[i]qces afxaznio da aRviyvan|eT iovakime _ kaci Rirsi netarebisa da davsviT kaTalikozad,
romeli afxazTa| garyunes sjuli da k(aTaliko)zoba, xolo Cuen marjueniTa qristes saflavisaTa da|
ierusalemisa da antioqi[i]s patriarqisa mixailis nebadarTviTa gavarigeTo| juriTa da onforiTao.~ awe,
Cuenca maTi garigebuli da dadebuli iadga|ri vnaxeT, ganvicadeT da Cvenc msgavsad maTebr davamtkiceT
da gavarigeT T[a]vs| msxulebis w(min)da giorgi, mis SesavliTa da gasavliTa, wyliTa, tyiTa, sana|diroTa,
saTevzaoTa, sayaniTa, uZebriTa da saZebriTa, ima rigiTa glexeb|iTa, jvarismtvirTveliTa beri zosime,
kemxels gegeberia, vaWris Svilebi,| babadiSi da misni Zmani: kaxai da vaJbedai, masTana orni maSis| Zeni deis
mamai, da orni ladaria: miqail da mamisTuali, wuwunari,| mamuli da marani, misiTa tyiTa, wyliTa da eklesiis
kariTa da saTe|vzoTa, kviria masxulia, misiTa SvilebiTa; TaTarai wuwunava misis m|amuliTa, beria misis
mamuliTa. wylispirs, bonia qristeSia misi|T mamuliTa. wylispirs rionzeda, Waladidsa, naxevari baJi xofisa
R(mr)Tis|mSobelisa aris. aris qariatas da kemxels mesamedi navi da baJi y(ovla)d|wmidisa, aris noxudens oTxi
kvamli kaci: yurua da sxvitava, and|alaisSvili da Sonia, maTiTa mamuliTa, wyliTa, tyiTa, saTevzoTa da|
eklesiis kariTa. agreve, dadianis saxlis Tavi niSani da sxvaTa TavadTa| da aznaurisSvilTa, niSani k(aTaliko)
zisa aris, sxuaTa efiskopozTa [3] || dg[omiT] marTebs da amas aras eTxovebodesra. agreve cus gamoRma da [3]
| da Wviras gaRma vinca nadiri moklas sefesa y(ovla)dwmindasa win mi[i]R|ebden, nuravin daaklebT. agreve,
Cuen patronman dadian-gurielm|a Samadavlam iadgari [pir]ueliTgani /vnaxeT/ da asre yofiliyo ZueliTgan
da| esreT [e]wera: vinc xofisa saydarsa gareS[e]mo upatioba ikadros, anu| glexi daurbios, anu jogi wausxas,
anu qurdoba qnas, a[nu]| sasaxles mouxdes da gatexos, aTi glexi dauurvos saydarsa vin|ca saxofosa zedan
mouxdes, da[a]rbios da dawuas, mexadile glexi da|uurvos saydarsa. bod, anu RalatiTa kaci mouklan, ori
zoma| sisxli daeurvos. vinc ZmaTagansa upatioba hkadros, anu aginos, aTa|si potinati dauurvos. agreve,
Wvirias da cus Sua tye da w|yali yovladw(mid)isa xofisa R(mr)TismSobelisa aris ucilebeli. esreT ewe|ra
Zuelsa sigelsa da iadgar Sigan. ama wyeviTa da krulviTa, awe, Jam|Ta viTarebisagan sigeli garyvniliyo da
kurTxeulsa dadian-gu|riels Samadavlsa gaerigebina, rogorc Zuelad yofiliyo is|reve gaerigebina.
awe, melia da saydris kacebi icilebodes da davsx|ediT Cuen, Pelmwife-patroni dadiani leon da k(aTaliko)
zi maqs|ime maWutaZe da vnaxeT Zueli iadgari da srulad Cveni darbaiselni| davisxiT da gavusinjeT da asre
ewera wyeviT rome Wvirasa da cus| ...
sabuTs bolo aklia. v-ze Cans qveda grafemebi, unda iyos xelrTva: levan. qaRaldi aqerclilia
da, vfiqrob, unda iyos kaTalikozis xelrTva makurTxeveli marjvena jvriT. imave feris melniT
_ k(aTaliko)zi maqsime.
(1) levan II dadiani iadgaris mesame ganmaaxlebelia. igi sabuTSi miuTiTebs, rom manamde arsebul iadgars
eyrdnoba, romelic Samadavle dadian-guriels (1470-1475) Seudgenia da sityva-sityviT imeorebs miseul
teqsts. xolo Samadavle, Tavis mxriv, ufro Zvel iadgars emyareba. levan II dadiani sityva-sityviT imeorebs
Samadavla dadianiseul teqsts. iadgars axlavs mogviano periodis ganaxlebebi da xobis RmrTismSoblisadmi
Sewirulebebis dokumentebi, romlebic asevea warmodgenili Cvens publikaciaSi, Tumca arqeografiul
aRwerilobaSi ar gvaqvs miTiTebuli sabuTis zomebi, vinaidan teqstebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT an arSiaze aris
moTavsebuli iadgarisTvis gankuTvnil etratze.
(2) levan II dadiani _ manuCar II dadianis Ze. odiSis mTavari 1611-1657 ww. levan dadiani zrunavda xobis
taZarze. misi saxeli Semounaxavs aq dacul xatebs. levani gansakuTrebul Sewirulobebs axorcielebs meuRlis,
nestan-darejanis gardacvalebis Semdeg. swored misi sulis saoxad Seumkia da mouWedinebia sanawile kolofi,
_ 186 _
romelSic inaxeboda saqristianos udidesi siwminde _ RmrTismSoblis kvarTi, aseve wminda marines mklavi,
ioane naTlismcemlisa da wminda giorgis wminda nawilebi.17
1640 wels, nestan-darejanis sulis saoxad, ganuaxlebia da Zvirfasi TvlebiT Seumkia mravalnawiliani
vercxlis xati, warweris Tanaxmad igi Tamar mefis dedis _ bordoxan dedofliseuli yofila da masSi sxva
wminda nawilebTan erTad inaxeboda Zelicxovlis nawili.18
(3) TeTrosnis RmrTismSoblis Sesaxeb ix. dokumenti #1-is komentari.
(4) Zelicxovelis nawili xobis monasterSi iyo daculi. sakiTxi sagangebod Seiswavla giorgi kalandiam
naSromSi odiSis saepiskoposoebi, sadac moaqvs saTanado wyaroebi (juzepe maria Zampi, aleqsi ievlievi da
nikifore toloCanovi, e. TayaiSvili), romelTa Tanaxmadac aRniSnul avtorebs Zelicxovelis nawilebi piradad
unaxavT xobSi.19 saqarTveloSi dabrZanebuli Zeli WeSmaritis nawilebis Seiswavla eldar bubulaSvilma.
wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze man daaskvna, rom xobis monasterSi dacul ramdenime xatsa da jvarSi
Cayolebuli yofila Zelicxovlis nawili.20
(5) giorgi dadiani _ Znelia ganvsazRvroT Tu romeli giorgi igulisxmeba aRniSnul sabuTSi. igi unda
iyos xobis monastris CrdiloeT kedelze gamosaxuli erisTavT-erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi giorgi,
romelsac taZris maketi upyria xelT da Tan axlavs saTanado warwera, sadac mas taZris aRmaSenebeli
ewodeba.21 mkvlevrebs uWirT misi moRvaweobis periodis dadgena. eq. TayaiSvili miiCnevs, rom igi aris giorgi
II dadiani (1384-1396), mamia I-is Ze. Tumca misi azriT pirveli maSenebeli ar unda iyos xobis taZrisa. mas
unda ekuTvnodes eklesiisTvis samxreTidan da dasavleTidan Ria stois miSeneba.22 v. beriZem SeuZleblad
miiCnia, rom freskaze gamosaxuli giorgi dadiani mxolod galereis amSenebeli yofiliyo. igi qtitorTa
adgilasaa daxatuli eklesiis modeliT xelSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom giorgi udavod taZris amSenebelia,
Tumca ar aris savaldebulo, rom igi mSeneblobis damwyebad miviCnioT. sakuTar Tavs ~saydris aRmaSenebels~
uwodebda im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mxolod daasrula Tavisi winamorbedis dawyebuli mSenebloba.23 giorgi
bedanis Zea da Sergil dadianis Tanamedrove, moRvaweobda XIII-XIV ss. mijnaze. istoriul wyaroTa monacemebs
savsebiT eTanxmeba taZris xuroTmoZRvruli analizi.24 m. baxtaZem sagangebod Seiswavla odiSis erisTavTa
qronologiuri rigi. misi daskvniT, bedan II-is Ze giorgi II, XIII s-is 70-ian wlebSi moRvaweobda.25 g. araxamia
miiCnevs, rom bedan II-is Ze aris giorgi I, romelic moRvaweobda XIII s. 90-ian ww. vidre 1323 w-mde. igi aris xobis
taZris qtitori da aqvea dakrZaluli.26
e. TayaiSvili aRniSnavs, rom sabuTSi moxseniebuli yvela dadiani dasaflavebulia xobSi.27 T. beraZe
Tvlis, rom xobSi mxolod giorgi II da vamey I arian dakrZalulni.28
(6) vamey I dadiani _ erisTavT-erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi, giorgi IV dadianis Ze. odiSis erisTavi
1384-1396 ww. man aago xobis monastris samxreTi minaSeni, romlis Sesaxebac fasadze datanili warwera
gvamcnobs. warweraSi moTxrobilia, rom vameys jiqeTSi ulaSqria, saidanac wamouRia marmarilos svetebi
da fiqalni da xobis ekvderis mSeneblobisTvis gamouyenebia.29 vameys ekuTvnis samxreTis mTeli minaSeni
_ galeriac da daxuruli ekvderic. svetebi ekvderSi gamouyenebiaT, xolo fiqalni _ galereis kedlebSi,
eklesiis sakurTxevelis iatakze da trapezze. igi dakrZalulia xobis taZarSi.30
(7) Sergil dadiani _ erisTavT-erisTavi Sergili Tavis ojaxTan: meuRle naTelTan, vaJTan cotnesTan da
asul TamarTan erTad gamosaxulia xobis monastris samxreT kedelze.31 eq. TayaiSvilma igi XIII s-is moRvawed
miiCnia.32 v. beriZem, Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze daadgina, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli cotne koxtasTavis
SeTqmulebis gmiri ar aris da Sesabamisad Sergilis moRvaweobac XIII s-is dasawyiss ver daukavSirdeba. igi
axlo naTesavi unda iyos xobis eklesiaSi gamosaxuli giorgi dadianisa da misi Tanamedrove. Sergils saojaxo
kapela auSenebia xobSi.33 m. baxtaZe Sergilis moRvaweobas XIII s-is miwuruliT gansazRvravs.34 Sergili, rogorc
Cans, didad zrunavda xobis monasterze da masSi dacul siwmindeebze. misi saxeli, ojaxTan erTad Semounaxavs
macxovris dasakec oqros xats, romelSic Cadebuli iyo Tamar mefis gulsakidi jvari Zelicxovlis nawiliT.35
(8) Samadavle dadian-gurieli _ vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT igi odiSs ganagebda 1470-1474 ww.36
g. araxamiam wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze daadgina, rom Samadavle gardaicvala 1475 wels.37 mis saxels
ukavSirdeba caiSel-bedieli ioakimes kurTxeva afxazTa kaTalikosad da zogadad, afxazTa sakaTalikosos
gamoyofa mcxeTis sapatriarqosgan.
#5
iadgaris ganaxlebis wigni levan dadianisa xobisadmi
1662-1681
d e d a n i ; xec, Hd 1551-a-1, etrati aqerclilia da erTgan gaxeuli, am adgilas teqstis amokiTxva

Wirs. baci Savi feris melani. gankveTilobis niSani: samwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. teqsti
naweria v-ze, I kefze.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a : dokumentis gamcemi levan III dadiani odiSis samTavros marTavda 1662-
1681 wlebSi, Sesabamisad amave wlebiT unda ganvsazRvroT sabuTis daTariRebac.
g a m o c e m a : eq. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, #6, gv. 30, tf., 1899.
_ 187 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
p i r i : xec, Sd 2921, xec, Qd 9145 da xec, Ad 2251-la (34/1).
q. rogoraTac biZaCems leuan dadians| gaerigebia [i]adgari es, unaxeT da Cven,| xelmwifes
dadians levans (1) asre ga|gvirigebia, da Cvenc asre dagvimtkicebia da| am wignSidac asre sweria:
sami na|vi [TaT]rebi38 rom movides, ori Cven|i kacisas dadges da mesame xatis ymisas| dadges da
Cvenman mebaJenman39 asre ga[a]r[ig|os.
xelrTva: levan
(1) levan III, igive Samadavla dadiani − odiSs mTavari 1662-1681 ww. hd-1551-d Tanaxmad, mas hyavs meuRle
Tamari. misi meore coli gaxldaT imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is asuli, TinaTini (1448-2225). igi sakmaod
susti mmarTveli gaxldaT. man ver SeZlo SeenarCunebina levan II dadianis dros odiSis samTavrosTvis
mopovebuli poziciebi.
#6
sakanonos mirTmevis wigni xaxu CiCuasi kaTalikos daviTisadmi
1675-1696
d e d a n i : xec, Hd 1551-b, gayviTlebuli etrati, muqi yavisferi melani. gankveTilobis niSani:

samwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. teqsti naweria v-ze, II kefze.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a : TariRis gansazRvra SeiZleba daviT nemsaZis kaTalikosobis periodiT
(1673-1696). safiqrebelia, rom dokumenti Sedgenili unda iyos mas Semdeg, rac levan III dadianma
1675 w. xobis monasteri sakaTalikoso rezidenciad gadasca daviT nemsaZes. dokumenti daviT
kaTalikosis zeobis wlebiT (1673-1696) daTariRebuli pirTa anotirebuli leqsikonis V tomSi.40
g a m o c e m a : e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, №6, gv. 31, tf, 1899 p i r i : xec, Sd 2921-
b; xec, Qd 9139 da xec, Ad 2251-la (34/4).
q. me, xaxu<m> facias, kaci Semomakda da sakanono gamiCines| da biZab cxomaria davixseni da xats SevswireT.
baton|ma ka(Taliko)zma (1) da xofelma gamiCina sakanon[o]d da SevswireT xats.| aris amis mowame batoni
Wyoindeli da xaxu CiCuva. (2)
uzis erTi jvari.
(1) qvemomotanili #7 sabuTis teqstidan irkveva (Hd-1551-g), rom xsenebuli kaTalikosi gaxlavT daviT
nemsaZe. igi afxazTa sakaTalikosos ganagebda 1673-1696 ww. levan III dadianma mas gadasca xobis monasteri da
ori sasaxle. niSandoblivia, rom am SemTxvevaSi, sakanonos swored kaTalikosi awesebs da Sewirulebac xobis,
rogorc sakaTalikoso monasterisadmia gaRebuli.
(2) xaxu CiCuasgan (CiCuva) 1706 wels, grigol afxazTa kaTalikoss 300 marCilad SeuZenia quCua mircxulava
da Seuwiravs biWvinTis RmrTismSoblisaTvis.41 aseve bias mcxovrebi xosia siWinava kaTalikoss xaxus `sawiravsa
da niSanSi~ aiyvanes.42 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikonis t. V miTiTebulia, rom xaxu mowmed ixsenieba Hd 1551-g,43
Tumca aRniSnul sabuTs mowmeebi saerTod ar hyavs. ix. №7 (Hd 1551-g).
#7
ymis Sewirulebis wigni, micemuli afxazeTis kaTalikos
daviT nemsaZis mier xofis RvTismSoblisadmi
(1673-1696)
d e d a n i : xec, Hd 1551-g, gayviTlebuli etrati, Savi feris melani. mxedruli; gankveTilobis

niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. teqsti naweria v-ze, II kefze sabuTi u T a r i R o a :
TariRis gansazRvra SeiZleba daviT nemsaZis (1673-1696) zeobis wlebiT. am SemTxvevaSic savaraudoa,
rom dokumenti Sedgenili unda iyos mas Semdeg, rac levan III dadianma 1675 w. xobis monasteri
sakaTalikoso rezidenciad gadasca daviT nemsaZes.
g a m o c e m a : eq. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, №6, gv. 31, tf; 1899
p i r e b i : xec, Sd 2921-g; xec, Qd 9140 da xec, Ad 2251-la (34/3).
_ 188 _
q. Cven, Crdilosa da afxazeTisa ka(Taliko)z<o>man daviT Semogwi|re baJunai mircula (1), misis SviliTa
da Zmis[w]uliTa, misis| sax<u>l-kariTa, ek<u>lesi[i]s kariTa, tyiTa, wyliTa, uZebar-sa|ZebariTa da misis
youlisfer[i]Ta. [[ase da ama pirusa ze]]| xaxu facias niSnad batonma dadianman miboZa es g<u>lexi| da me
xobisa R(mr)TismSoblisaTvis Semiwiraus Cemi sulis| saoxad da sacxouneblad.
(1) baJunai mircula unda iyos biJoJia, igive bijojia mircxulava (misxulava). igi ixsenieba hd-1551-v.
bijojia, 1696-1705 ww. sigelis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos yma-glexi iyo44 da radganac aRniSnul
periodSi, xobi sakaTalikoso rezidencias warmoadgenda, igi cxovrobda xorgaSi, romelic monastris
kuTvnili sofeli gaxldaT (1448-1529 r). misi Svilia quCua mircxulava (ix. #6 komentari 2). mama-Svili cal-
calke uyidia daviT kaTalikoss. biJoJia 260 marCilad _ pepuna faRavasgan, xolo quCua _ xaxu CiCuasgan.45
#8
1678-1679
d e d a n i : xec, Hd 1551-d, gayviTlebuli etrati, mkrTali yavisferi melani. lamazi mxedruli;

gankveTilobis niSani: samwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. teqsti naweria v-ze, II da III furcelze
sabuTi u T a r i R o a : aslebSi xec, Sd 2921-d da xec, Ad 2251-la (34/2), miTiTebulia, rom dokumenti àris
uricxvo da uTvo~.
sabuTis dasaTariReblad mniSvnelovania sigelSi levan III dadianis meuRlis Tamaris moxsenieba. Tamari
vaxtang V Sahnavazis ZmisSvili iyo. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, 1661 wels Sahnavazma levan III dasva dadianad
da Tamari SerTo colad.46 1663 wels levani imerTa mefe bagrats SeebrZola da damarcxda. bagratma levans
Tamari waarTva da TviTon moiyvana colad, xolo levans Tavisi da miaTxova.47 1678 wlis seqtemberSi mefe
arCilma levan dadianis daxmarebiT daamarcxa bagrat mefe da Tamari isev levanma daibruna, Tumca 1679
wels bagrati kvlavSeeba dadians da Tamari waarTva.48 Tavad levani 1680 wels gardaicvala. levans Tamari
colad hyavda 1662-1663 ww, xolo meored 1678-1679 ww. sabuTi 1662-1663 ww. gacemuli ver iqneba, radgan
Sewiruleba gaiRo kaTalikosma daviT nemsaZem, romelic zeobda 1673-1696 ww. gamodis rom sabuTi 1678-1679
ww. unda iyos Sedgenili. pirTa anotirebul leqsikonSi sabuTi daTariRebulia 1673-1680 ww.49 qveda zRvari
aRebulia daviTis gakaTalikosebis weli, xolo zeda, levan III dadianis mmarTvelobis bolo weli. Tumca
teqstSi Tamaris moxseniebam sabuTis qronologiuri CarCo ufro daaviwrova.
g a m o c e m a : e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, #6, gv. 31-32, tf; 1899 p i r e b i : xec, Sd 2921-d;
xec, Qd-9141 da xec, Ad 2251-la.
q. Cuen, qristes mier kurTxeviT kurTxeulman, Crdi|losa da afxazeTisa k(aTaliko)zman, patronman

daviT, Semogwi|reT Tqven, caTa mobaZavsa biWvintisa R(mr)TismSobelsa da xo|fis R(mr)TismSobels (1)
lifonava isufi da misi Zma ianvarai maTis| colSviliTa, saxl-kariTa, Wur-marniTa, misis ekle<e>siis|
kariTa, misis mamuliTa, sayaniTa, tyiTa, veliTa, gasavliTa| da gamosavliTa, dRes risic mqonebeli iyos misis
[yo]|vlisferiT, samarTlianis saqmiTa, asre aris amisis...| rome guleris kars biWvintisa R(mr)TismSoblis /
meTevze g[le]xi/ Z[u]el[i]| Senawiri esaxla50 da aspana faRavam gaiqurda da saxlis [kar]|obiT dagvikarga da
merme mis gardas[a]xadad batonman [da]|di[a]nman leon xorgas es lifonava gviboZa da Cven [bato]|nis dadianisa
da dedoflis batonis Tamaris brZa[neb|iT] biWvintisa da xofisa R(mr)TismSobelisaTvis Segviwiravs|.
awe, vinca da ramanca Zeman kacisaman, anu dadianm[an,| anu] didman da an mcireman, [es] am Cvens Senawirs
g[anaCens| Slad],51 daqcevad xelyos, isimc Seiculebis rjur[isa]| qristianobisagan, nuca ixsnebis wirviTa da
locvi[Ta],| nuca g[la]xakT micemiTa, nuca ierusalims wasu[liTa.| ma]samc risxavs dausabamo, dausrulebeli
R(mer)Ti|| ... suli ....|li da SeCvenebulmc aris misi suli da [xorci ama]| da mas saukunos, awda ukunisamde,
amin.
arian amisni Su|amavalni: lipartiani batoni giorgi, CiCua xaxu, [de]|isma[ma] jaiani,52 (2) da mowame sruli
s(akaTaliko)zo da saxofos a[z]n[au]|ris Svilebi.53
xelrTva: kaTalikozi, makurTxeveli marjveniTa da jvriT xelSi, levan, Tamar.54 (3)

axlavs sparsuli teqsti. (erTi striqoni)
(1) biWvinTisa da xobis RmrTismSoblis erTad moxsenieba gvidasturebs, rom aRniSnul periodSi xobi
sakaTalikoso monasters da kaTalikosis rezidencias warmoadgenda. vfiqrobT, rom xobis taZarSi davanebuli
iyo biWvinTis RmrTismSoblis xatis asli.
(2) eqvTime TayaiSvilis aRdgenili aqvs, rogorc [dar]|isma[na]. deisma jaianis moRvaweobas o. soselia
_ 189 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
daviT nemsaZis kaTalikosobis mixedviT gansazRvravs. fiqrobs, rom deismas Tanamedrovea aseve darismani,
misi saxlikaci, romelic giorgi lipartianTan da xaxu CiCuasTan erTad moxseniebulia sigelSi da imowmebs
aRniSnul sabuTs.55 Tumca Cven vfiqrobT, rom darisman jaiani saerTod ar arsebobda da es deisma jaiania,
vinaidan sabuTi kargad ar ikiTxeba da amgvarad, darismanad aris aRdgenili. o. soselia Tvlis, rom SesaZloa
deisma xorgas mouravi iyos. dadianis `saTxovari~, `gardasaxadi~ da `sxva rame saTemo saqme xorgaSi misi
sasaqmoa~. deisma da sxva jaianebi xorgaSi sakuTar yma-mamulsac floben da aq myof sakaTalikoso ymebze
mZlavroben. gamosaRebs iTviseben da navisgan baJsac TviTon iReben.56 deisma jaianma daviT kaTalikoss
piroba misca xorgaSi mosaxle mis ymebs qurdobaze sazRaurs ar gamoarTmevda, arc gadasaxads da arc baJs
miiTvisebda (hd-11208).
(3) levan III dadianis pirveli meuRle iyo Tamari, xolo №14 sabuTis (sea 1448-2225) Tanaxmad, misi meore
coli gaxldaT imereTis mefis aleqsandre III asuli, TinaTini.
#9
Sewirulebis wigni, micemuli zebede winamZRvris mier xofis RvTismSoblisadmi
1682
d e d a n i : xec, Hd 1551-e, gayviTlebuli etrati, alag-alag gacrecili da teqsti dazianebuli,

Savi feris melani. lamazi mxedruli; gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg.
teqsti naweria v-ze, III kefze sabuTi T a r i R i a n i a : qoranikoni aTas eqvsas oTxmocdaorsa, 1682 w.
g a m o c e m a : eq. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, #6, gv. 32-33, tf; 1899 p i r e b i : xec,
Sd 2921-e; xec, Qd 9142 da xec, ad 2251-la (34/5).
[q.] maJamsa odes gurielman o[d]i[S]i daiW|ira, (1) me zebedes (2) qvaCi [yurua]57 Semomexvewa da| aq xofs
Sevaxvewa, [da davayeneT. am iasam]58 utyua| da kaxabers CiCuas misca da mamaSvili or|i gamiyida. awe, xobisa
R(mr)TismSoblis| ganatexSid es iasavebi SevswireT baZ|ulei da momaZini maTis colSvil|iTa, saxl-kariTa,
Wur-marniTa, tyiTa, vel|iTa, saZebriTa da uZebriTa, risac mqo|nebeli iyos misis samarTlianis sa[q|mi]T, vinc
es Cvengan Sewiruli biWvint|isa da xofisa R(mr)TismSobels (3) gamoswiros| Cvensamc kanonsamc qveSe aris.
damamtkice|[b]elni amisni RmerTman ak[u]rTxnes| da man R(mr)TismSobelman. daiwera wigni ese| qoranikons [aTa]
s eqvsas o[Txoc]daor|sa.
(1) giorgi III gurieli imereTis samefos dakavebis Semdeg, 1681 wlis Semodgomaze, odiSis samTavroSic
gabatonda 1682 wlamde, vidre levan IV dadians gaamTavrebdnen. 1682 wels ekuTvnis, daviT kaTalikosis
mier odiSis samTavrodan gaRebuli Sewiruleba biWvinTis RmrTismSoblisadmi, romelic giorgi III gurielis
dasturiT ganxorcielda,59 rogorc Cans igi kaTalikosis mimxrobis politikas atarebda.
(2) zebede xobis monastris winamZRvrad ixsenieba Hd-1551-z. igi unda ixseniebodes xobis vercxlis
samweroblebis warweraSic.60 zebede am samweroblebs swiravs biWvinTis RmrTismSoblis xats, romelis aslic,
rogorc ukve gamovTqviT varaudi xobis taZarSi iyo davanebuli.
(3) ix. sabuTi #8, Hd-1551-d, komentari (1)
#10
1681-1682
d e d a n i : xec, Hd 1551-v, gayviTlebuli etrati, gacrecili da teqsti Zlier dazianebuli, Savi

feris melani. mxedruli; gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. teqsti naweria
v-ze, III kefze.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a : dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom giorgi gurielma daikava imereTi da odiSi,
rac moxda 1681-1682 wlebSi. Sesabamisad sabuTis Sedgenis droc am wlebiT unda ganvsazRvroT.
g a m o c e m a : e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, #6, gv. 32-33, tf; 1899 (gamoqveynebulia
SemoklebiT). p i r i : xec, Sd 2921-v; xec, Qd 9143 da xec, Ad 2251-la (34/6).
q. Cuen qristes mier kurTxeviT kurTxeulman, Crdilosa da afxaze[Tisa] k(aTaliko)zman, patronman daviT,
SemogwireT mcire da knini ese Sesawiravi saSinelsa da Svid caTa umaRlessa da qerabinTa uwmidessa xobisa
[RmrTis]mSobelsa mircxulava bijojia (1) da misi Svili qoCua (2) da paWku (3) m[isiTa c]o[l]SviliTa, saxl-
_ 190 _
kariTa, Wur-marniTa ...61 tyiTa, veliTa, gasavaliTa da SemosavaliTa, saZebriTa da uZebriTa, risac mqonebeli
iyos, misis yovlisferiTa samarTlianis da misis ekklesiis, sasaflaoTa, kariTa. misi saqme asre aris: biJoJia,
deismas omzed daikarga da Saqarias cxomaris da yuanda colad, da Saqariam daixsna da merme baxua babadiSma,
da omoba dagviwyo, rom kaci radgan Seni daxsnili ariso, adgili Cemi ariso da erTi misi Svilio, mermeT
biJoJia warmodga da Saqaraman, rom damixsna is adgili mas ukan viyideo da TavaT biJoJiam da misma Svilman
daufica da merme xuTman cxomarebman daifica am saxelisaTvis da miT CamovixseniT. da merme misi biWis saqme
asre aris, rom meRvine biWi gvyavda makaria xofis R(mr)TismSoblis ymis Svili, babadiSman is gagviyida da
qoCua biJoJuas SvilSvid gamovarTviT magierad, umagierod ara gvaqvs ra. mas Jamsa, odes gurielman giorgim
imereTi daiWira da odiSi, da misis brZanebiT [da nebadarTulobiT, batonis dedoflis Tamaris brZanebiT]62
SemogwireT.
aw, vinc da ramanc Zeman kacisman, anu mefeman, anu dadianman, anu gurielman, anu didman, anu mcireman
Tqvenda amis gamoxmad da Slad da qcevad xelyos masamc risxavs TavaT dausabamo samebiT didebuli R(merT)i
da yovelni misni wmindani zecisani da qveyanisani, xorcielni da uxorconi...
„Semdgomad amisa ara cxadhyofda metismeti siZvelis garyvnilobiTa,~ gviambobs gadamweris

minaweri.
(1) bijojia igive biJoJia mircxulava aseve ixsenieba 1696-1705 ww. sabuTSi. daviT nemsaZis gardacvalebis
Semdeg igi pepuna faRavam miiTvisa. misgan daixsna grigol kaTalikosma, 260 marCilad da sakaTalikosos
Sewira.63 bijojia Tavis ojaxTan erTad xobis, rogorc sakaTalikoso monastris kuTvnilebaa.
(2) quCua mircxulava daviT nemsaZem iyida babadiSi xaxuasgan da sakaTalikosos Sewira. levan IV dadianma
sakaTalikoso ymebi miiTvisa, maT Soris qoCuac. levan IV dadianis gardacvalebis Semdeg igi xaxu CiCuas
darCa. 1706 wlis sabuTSi, grigol kaTalikosi mogviTxrobs, rom man xaxusgan 300 marCilad gamoisyida da
kvlav sakaTalikosos Sewira.64 igive ambavia moTxrobili 1712 wlis sabuTSic.65 aRsaniSnavia, rom qoCua amasTan
xobis, rogorc sakaTalikoso monastris kuTvnilebaa.
(3) paWku, igive paWkutia mircxulava ixsenieba xobis monastrisTvis Sewiruli da Sesavali sanTlis nusxaSi
(sea 1448-1529r) igi xorgaSi cxovrobs da misi ojaxis wevrebis msgavsad afxazeTis sakaTalikosos kuTvnili
ymaa.
#11
grigol lorTqifaniZis mier xofis RvTismSoblisadmi
1696-1742
d e d a n i : xec, Hd-1551-T, ganivad minaweri r-s marcxena arSiaze, yavisferi melani, gankveTilobis
niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. sabuTi u T a r i R o a : TariRis gansazRvra SeiZleba
dokumentis gamcemis grigol lorTqifaniZis kaTolikosobis wlebiT 1696-1742. g a m o c e m a : eq.
TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, tf; 1899, #6, gv. 30. p i r e b i : xec, Sd-2922, xec, Qd-9143
da xec, Ad-2251 la (34/7).
[q. Sewevni]Ta66 R(mrTisaTa), Cuen qristes mier kurTxeviT kurTxeulman, Crdilosa da afxazeTisa
k(aTaliko)zman, batonman grigol, (1) ese gkadreT davTris Tqvensa warweriT mcirediTa sityuiTa da
kninodeniTa SesawiraviTa, asre rome meoxebiTa SeniTa saSinelo xobisa R(mr)TismSobelo, da gulsmodginebiTa
CveniTa, es Sonia Cven am[o]viyuaneT mamaSi da mis[i] Zma, mamida,| amas winaT viTarebisagan dakargul iyo da Cven
amoviyuaneT da isrev Tquen SemogwireT Cvenis codvilis sulis saoxad da erTis rubis sakmevels yovelsa
dids xuTSabaTs xobisa R(mr)TismSobelo Tquen mogarTmevdes, raTa meox g[veyo].
aw, vinca da ramanca kacman es xelaxla Cvengan Semowiruli Soni[a] (2) [Tquen]67 gamowiros da gamogaxuas
Cvens k[a]nunsamc qveS is iqneba, amin.
xelrTva: kaTalikozi,68 jvari makurTxeveli marjveniT.
(1) grigol lorTqifaniZe afxazeTis sakaTalikosos ganagebda 1696-1742 ww. mis saxels ukavSirdeba
sakaTalikoso meurneobis mowesrigeba. datacebuli yma-mamulis dabruneba. gansakuTrebiT mzrunvelobda
afxazTagan ayril da Seviwrovebul sakaTalikoso ymebs. man saeklesio yma-glexebze aRadgina sanTlis begara.
aseve suladi gadasaxadi da fuladi begara sanTlis begariT Secvala.69 grigol kaTalikosi didad zrunavda
xobis taZarze. Cven SemogvrCa mis mier ganaxlebuli RmrTismSoblis minanqris medalionebiani xati.70
(2) Soniebi afxazeTis sakaTalikoso ymebs warmoadgendnen. noxudenSi mcxovrebi Sonia Samadavle dadian-
_ 191 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
gurielma xobis monasters Sewira. (sea, 1449-1571). es Sewiruleba ganaaxla levan II dadianma xec, Hd 1551-a.
xobis monasters ekuTvnoda wyaligzas mcxovrebi bevroza Sonia (sea, 1449-1577), aseve mamisa (sea, 1449-1555)
da mamaguli Soniebi (xec, Hd-11221).
#12
Sewirulebis wigni winamZRvar zebedesi xofis RmrTismSoblisadmi
XVII-XVIII ss.
d e d a n i : xec, Hd 1551 z, minaweri v-s marcxena arSiaze ganivad; Savi feris melani, gankveTilobis
niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg; teqsti dazianebulia da gaWirvebiT ikiTxeba;
bolonakluli. s a b u T i u T a r i R o a : daTariReba SesaZlebelia sabuTSi moTxrobili erT-erT
faqtis lipartianis afxazeTSi laSqrobis mixedviT. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, 1701 wels,
odiSis mmarTvelma giorgi lipartianma afxazebis winaaRmdeg Semweoba sTxova imereTSi gamefebul
giorgi abaSiZes. maT erToblivad moawyes laSqroba da afxazeTi daarbies. abaSiZem daazava
lipartiani da SarvaSiZe da ukan gamobrundnen.71 T. beraZe am laSqrobas 1702 wliT aTariRebs.72
1702 wliTve aTariRebs aRniSnul laSqrobas o. okujava. odiSis mmarTvelma daibruna teritoriebi
mdinare enguridan RaliZgamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom am kuTxis gamgeblebi SarvaSiZeTa gverdiTi
Stos warmomadgenlebi rCebodnen, isini morCilebas ucxadebdnen dadians.73 sabuTi ar akonkretebs,
romelma lipartianma dalaSqra afxazeTi. Tu teqstSi, marTlac, 1701, an 1702 wlis laSqroba
ixsenieba, maSin eq. TayaiSvilis mier kaTalikosis saxelad daviTis aRdgena Secdomad unda CaiTvalos,
radgan am dros afxazTa kaTalikosi grigol lorTqifaniZea (1696-1742). sabuTSi moxseniebuli
winamZRvari zebede da zaal RoRoberiZe XVII-is 80-iani wlebis moRvaweni arian, amitom gadaWriT
gviWirs sabuTis daTariReba. misi gacemis dro XVII-XVIII ss. mijnas unda davukavSiroT.
g a m o c e m a : eq. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, tf; 1899, #6, gv. 33. p i r e b i : xec, Sd
2921-T; xec, Qd 9144 da xec, Ad 2251-la (34/8).
q. eha, Sen, caTa umaRleso, serabinTa uzeSTaeso da qerabinTa uwmideso, romelman Sev erTi samebisagani
da SobiTa misiTa ganxeTqe codvaTa CvenTa [Peli]T[werili].74 Sen y(ovla)d kurTxeul[o, caTa mobaZavo] xobisa
R(mr)TismSobelo, [Cven cva farvaTa SenTa mindobilman] da ms[asoebelman] siwmindisa [Sen]isaman, da sakuTrebiT
[mourneman samsaxurisaman k]ninman ma[dlTaman]...| friadman codviTa winamZRvarman zebede, (1) Semogwire mcire
ese Sesawiravi, asre da ama pirsa zedan, rome amas winaT xobs videqiT Cven da RoRaberiZis kacs am xobisa R(mr)
TismSoblis ficis [texa daedva da batonman kaTalikozman daviT Tavs Seidva da merme] zaal [RoRaberiZem (2)
gastexa da ... aRar gaewyoboda da is kuamli kaci xobs Se]moswira, da Cvenc mogvabara75 ecadia [gegenava da ...]
oTia Cven gvsaxu[re]|bda. merme lipartiani qvemoT wabrZanda afxazeTs laSkrad da Cven zugdidamdi viaxeliT,
[da] cota uZRebad76 viyaviT da davbrundiT, da aq [xobs] movedi[T. awe, es] gegenavebi pirvelad [am xatis
yofiliyo, magram Cven ... da codvaTa CvenTa Sesandobelad xelmeored] orive Zmanebi Semogviwiravs. Seiwire
knini ese Sesawiravi xob[isa R(mr)TismSobelo] ...
(1) zebedes Sesaxeb ix. sabuTi №9, Hd-1551-e, komenatri (2)

(2) vamey III dadianis (1658-1662) iniciativiT odiSis samTavro kari uaxlovdeba RoRoberiZeTa gvars.
amdenad, zaal RoRaberiZes da mis ymas xobis monasterTan aqvT urTierToba. igi mowmed gvxvdeba bagrat
imerTa mefis mier qaixosro wereTlisaTvis micemuli wyalobis wignSi, romelic 1673 w. aris gacemuli77 misi
moRvaweoba XVII s-is 70-80-ian wlebs unda davukavSiroT.
#13
vamey dadianis pirobis wigni kaTalikos svimon CxetiZisadmi (1)
(1658-1662)
dedani dakargulia. gvaqvs p i r i : xec, Qd 9146-a.

sabuTi T a r i R i a n i a , qoronikoni 317, aris 1629 weli. am dros odiSis mTavaria levan II
dadiani. amdenad TariRi ararealuria. vfiqrobT, gadamweris Secdoma unda iyos. vameyi odiSs
marTavda 1658-1662 ww. da sabuTis TariRic, Sesabamisad, am wlebiT ganisazRvreba.
sabuTis dasawyisSi miwerili aqvs: dadiani vamey, mefeT-mefe.
_ 192 _
(vrceli saRvTismetyvelo Sesavlis Semdeg)
... Sen, Svid caTa umaRleso, qerobinTa uzeSTaeso, qristianeTa sasoebavo da Sesavedrebelo, tk[bi]lo
da mowyaleo, meoPo da nugeSinismcemelo, biWvintisa da Pofisa R(mrT)ismSobelo, (2) Cven cva-farvaTa SenTa
mindobilman da msasoebelman Zisa meufisa Senisaman, Cven, Pelmwifeman mefeT-mefeman dadianman patronman
vamey (3) da TanameuRleman Cemman, gurielis asulman, dedofalT-dedofalman patronman elenem da ZeTa
CvenTa giorgi da bagrat, kadreT da mogaxseneT Tqven caTa mobaZavsa biWvintisa R(mrT)ismSobelsa da Pofisa
R(mrT)ismSobelsa da mas Sina dadginebulsa quTaTel kaTalikozsa CxetiZesa patronsa svimeons, (4) ase rome
sakaTalikozo mamulebi sadac iyo, yovelgan mamulebi da saydrebi vingindavis saxeloT qonda sapatios kacebs
da aw batono kaTalikozo Tqven moindomeT da dagveajeniT da Cvenca vismineT aja da moxseneba Tqveni da
gardagvigdia sakaTalikozo mamulze da alagzed yovelgan mouravi Cuens batonoba, ase rome veravin Cvenma
Semdgoman patronman dadianman, [anu de]dofalman da kaTalikozman biWvintisa R(mrT)ismSobels da Pofisa
R(mrT)ismSobelisa adgilze da al[agzed] Tu ara im xatis yma, sxva kaci mouravad ar davsvaT da arca vis
saxelos mivsceT da arca vis biWvintisa da xofisa R(mrT)ismSoblis mamuli da ymebi Cven sabolovoT da
saukunod aravis davaneboT, da amas gareT samarTlianic asea da ZvelTaganac ase yofiliyo, rom kaTalikozis
ukiTxavad da uneburad efiskopozoba ar gacemula da arc Cvengan dReis amas iqeT Tqvenda ukiTxavad da
uvnebelad Cven efiskopozi ar davsvaT da arca efiskopozoba gavceT, da vinc amis sasjulos saqmezed Tqven
wina aRgidges da gauwyreT, Cven samarTlianis saqmiT Tqven mogidgeT da sanamdis Tqven Sendoba ar uboZoT
da SeirigoT, manamdis arc Cven SeviwynaroT da rogoraTac mis dReSi Cven sasaxleze da sabatonoSi sxva
kaTalikozebs Cvengan da am saxlis batonisagan pativdebodes arc is mogiSaloT da Cvenc mwyalobeli da
kargni [kargis] mdomni viyuneT TqvenTvis.
da aw, vinc da ramanc Zeman kacisaman didman, anu mcireman, mefeman, anu dadianman, (5) anu dedofalman, anu
kaTalikozman da anu vinme sxvaman batonman Cvengan dadebuli sigeli da garigebuli saqme moSalos biWvintisa
R(mr)TismSoblisa da xofisa R(mr)TismSoblisa da amisad Slad da gamoxvad xelyos masamc risxavs TavaT
dausabamo RmerTi, mxolodSobili ufali ieso qriste, Ze R(mr)TismSoblisa da suli wminda, cxovelsmyofeli,
mamisagan gamosruli. Se-mca-edebis Zrwola kaenisa, SiSTvili iudasi, mex[is]texa dioskoresi, [sircxvili] k[a]
ri[sken]ti da sabianesi, dan[Tqma] daTan da abironisi, masamc moiwevis wyevla meased rv(i)sa fsalmunisa, da-
mca-isjebis suli da Porci misi da nurca sinanuliTa ars xsna sulisa misisa. damamtkicebelni amisni RmerTman
akurTxnes da biWvintisa R(mr)TismSobelman, da momSlelni amisni wyeul, krul da SeCvenebulyos xofisa R(mr)
TismSobelisagan, caTa Sina da qveyanasa zeda. da[iwera] brZaneba da sigeli ese qristessa samas meaCvidmetesa.
(1) sabuTi faqtibrivad igivea, rac vamey mefisa da dadianis Sewirulobis wigni, romelic s. kakabaZem
gamoaqveyna dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriul sabuTebis I wignSi, gv. 65-67. es sabuTi daTariRebulia 1661,
anu qoronikoni samas ormocdacxra. gansxvaveba mxolod erTia, sadac Cven sabuTSi biWvintis da xofis
RmrTismSobeli weria, gamoqveynebul sabuTSi mxolod biWvintis RmrTismSobelia miTiTebuli. rogorc Cans
s. kakabaZesac piri hqonda xelT.
(2) ix. sabuTi #8, Hd 1551-d, komentari (1)
(3) vamey III dadiani _ odiSis mTavari 1658-1662 ww. Cvenamde moRweuli sabuTebis Tanaxmad, mas
sxvadasxva Sewiruleba gauRia afxazeTis sakaTalikososadmi. zaqaria kaTalikosis moTxovniT, man biWvinTis
RmrTismSobels sakanonod Sewira senakis sawinamZRvro eklesia da sakaTalikoso monastrad aqcia. aseve Sewira
mamuli da sasaxle. piroba misca kaTalikoss, rom sakaTalikoso mamulebze mouravs ar daayenebda. biWvinTis
RmrTismSobels Sewira guriaSi akeTis sawinamZRvro, aseve ZimiTis wm. kvirikes saydari. man Sewirulobebi
gaiRo sxva eklesia-monastrebisadmic.
(4) simon CxetiZe _ afxazeTis kaTalikos-patriarqi 1660-1666 ww. aseve quTaisis episkoposi. man moaxerxa
odiSisa da guriis samTavroebSi sakaTalikoso meurneobis mowesrigeba. vamey III dadianma da giorgi III gurielma
erTnairi pirobebi daudves, rom sakaTalikoso mamulebs `saZalod~ aravis daanebebdnen. aseve kaTalikosis
nebarTvis gareSe episkoposs ar dasvamda da arc gadaayenebda. misi mxardaWeriT daibruna imereTis taxti
bagrat IV.
(5) vamey dadiani sabuTis SesavalSi Tavs xelmwifesa da mefeT-mefes uwodebs. sxva sigelebSic
vameyi gandidebuli da realur Sinaars moklebuli titulebiT iwodeba. Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom
bralTgadamxdelobiT nawilSi sabuTis Semdgenels ukve veRar Seaqvs cvlileba, standartul formas xmarobs,
sadac dadiani da mefe gamijnulad ixsenieba.
_ 193 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
#14
yma-mamulis Sewirulebis ganaxlebis wigni,
micemuli levan dadianis mier biWvinTis RmrTismSoblisadmi
1675
d e d a n i : sea 1448-2225, gragnili, qaRaldi gayviTlebuli, melani yavisferi, pirveli striqoni

mofleTili, mxolod ori sityva Cans, Sevsebulia sarestavracio furcliT. naweri r-ze da v-ze
I da II kefi. sul Sedgeba 3 kefisagan. zomebi: I kefi 33,2X25,8 II kefi 42,4X25,1; III kefi 41,5X24,7.
gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg.
sabuTi T a r i R i a n i a : qoronikoni samassamocdasamsa (363) /1675/
v-ze Zalian mkrTali melniT miTiTebulia, rom sabuTi Cawerilia saregistracio davTarSi 1827
w. Tve da ricxvi ar emCneva.
(Semoklebuli teqsti saRvTismetyvelo Sesavlis gareSe).
T. Jordania, qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa Sekrebili,
qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili T. Jordanias mier, t. II, tf. 1897, 489-490. (Semoklebuli
teqsti). p i r i : xec, Qd-9136.
(Zalian vrceli saRvTismetyvelo Sesavlis Semdeg, romelsac ukavia I kefi da II kefi nawilobriv)
..... Sendami m|sasoebelTa, me, mowyinelTa maT, cva-farvaTa Seweuna| warmarTebaTa TqvenTa mier, Cven,
srulisa odiSisa| da afxazeTisa mpyrobel-mqonebelman dadianman patronman| levan (1) da Tan{a}mecxedreman
Cvenman, mefeT-mefisa asulman| dedofalman patronman TinaTin da pirmSoman Zeman Cvenman| manuCar da ZeTa
CvenTa da momavalTa yovelTave. viguleT| da vigulsmodgineT da mobrZandiT Tqven, k(aTaliko)zi batoni|
daviT, dagvelaparakeniT da Z[v]elTaganca xobi biWvintisa R(mr)TismSoblis Sewiruli yofiliyo da JamTa
viTarebisagan|| gamoxmoda awe sakanono saqme dagvedva, naTesavis sisPl|Si gaverieT da mobrZandiT Tqven,
k(aTaliko)zi bat[o]ni daviT| //nemsaZe//78 da Wyondidel-cagereli batoni gabriel, rogoriTaca| Cveni
erTguli iyveniT, imisTana saqme gvirCieT da Cven|is sulis saxsrad saoxad da codvaTa CvenTa aRsaxocelad| da
ZeTa CvenTa manuCaris aRsazrdelad da Pelmwifobisa Cve|nisa warsamarTeblad. asre rome, Cvens batonobaSida
mravali| sakanono saqme iqna da Semogviwiraus mcire ese da knini| Sesawiravi: xofi oris sasaxliTa sxulebiTa da
xorgiTa, su|l<a> maTis SesauliTa da gamosauliTa, uZebriTa da saZebriTa,| misis youlisferis samarTlianis
saqmiTa. xorgas sami navi| vaWari Tu movides, erTi baZargani vaWari saxobos kacis|as dadgebodes da sPva,
romelic sargois yos, xofisa R(mr)Tis|mSoblis Sewiruli yvela isreu Segviwiraus.
Seiwire m|cire ese Sesawiravi Sen, Svid caTa umaRlesi qerabi|nTa uzeSTaeso biWvintisa da R(mr)TisSobelo,
ase rome kaTal|ik[o]zs odiSs erTi saydari aseTi ar qonda, rome dResaswa|uli gardaexada. xan erTs
efiskofos Caudgeboden Si|n da xan meores. ebiskop[o]sebi mweT garjiT iyvnen da amisT|vis SeuswireT, rome
rodisac k(aTaliko)zi odiSs mobrZandebode|s xatsa, jvarsa da omforsa iq da[a]svenebdes da sasaflao|Tac is
Segviwiravs, iq gaikeTebden da gagaCineT amisTvis| vincavin k(aTaliko)zi iyoT da odiSs brZandebodeT xarebis
dRes Ja|ms gviwreudes Cvenis sulis saoxad da saxsrad, kars|gaRebuls aRaps gvizemdiT. Tu im dRes odiSs ver
da|eswraT am Tormets sauflos dReSi im saydars Jams| gviwireudiT, raTa ara ganvardeT sasufevlisagan. ese
ma|muli, saydari da sasaxle asre garigebiT batonis k(aTaliko)zis da|viTisTvis migvibarebia.
awe, vinca da ramanca Zeman kacisaman, did|man, anu mcireman, dadianman, anu dedofalman, anu k(aTaliko)
zm|an, anu sxva vinme batonman amisad Slad, qcevad da gamo|xmad Pelyos risxus Tavad dausabamo RmerTi||
da mxolodSobili ufali ieso qriste, Ze R(mr)Tis da suli wmid|a cxovel|myofeli, mamisagan gamosruli ....
(wyevla) damamtkicebelni amisi RmerTman| akurTx[o]s da wmidaman biWvitisa R(mr)TismSobelma, da mSle|lni da
mqcevelni amisni wyeul da SeCvenebulmca| aris awda uk[u]nisamde amin.
daiwera wigni da sigeli ese| qoranikonsa samas samoc da samsa.
(Zalian mkrTali, odnav gasarCevi melniT, sigelis xeliTve weria Semdeg) aris amisi mowame
Wyoi|ndel-cagereli batoni gabriel, Ciquani kacia, be|JanT RoRabe[ri]Ze, karis Cvenis mestumre
oTari mel|ia.
xveuli xelrTva iseTive mkrTali melniT : levan, TinaTin.

v-ze sxva xeliT: q. xobis Sewirulebis davTari
mrgvali beWdiT orTaviani arwivis legendiT.
(1) ix. sabuTi №5 komentari (1) da sabuTi #6 komentari (1).
_ 194 _
#15
Sewirulebis wigni efTvimi faRavasi, xofis RvTismSoblisadmi
(1700 w. axlo xanebi)
dedani dakargulia. gvaqvs p i r e b i : xec, Ad 2251-m da Qd 9145.

sabuTi u T a r i R o a . s. kakabaZe mas daaxloebiT 1700 w. axlo xanebiT aTariRebs, Tumca
yovelgvari argumentis gareSe.79
g a m o c e m e b i : s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tf; 1921, gv. 84.
s. kakabaZes xelT hqonia sabuTis dazianebuli dedani. igi miuTiTebs, rom teqsti aRadgina
peterburgis aziur muzeumSi daculi piris mixedviT.
eha, didebulo qalwulo, uvrceleso caTao da uwmideso zecisa mxedrobaTao, da yovlisa soflisa
simtkiceo da zRudeo, PelisaRmpyrobelo da mlxinebelo q(rist)eaneTao, Semiwyalen da saxier meqmen R(mr)
TismSobelo, r(ameT)u dedasa R(mrT)isasa SemogwireT Sen, caTa mobaZavsa xofisa R(mr)TismSobelsa mcire
ese da knini Sesawiravi, SemogwireT: erTi komli kaci, walenjixelisagan viyide rostomia aminaTai, misi Zma
urcxalai maTis SvilebianaT, maTis saxlis kaciT, misis ekklesiiTa, saxl-kariTa, miwa-mamuliTa, SesavliTa
da gamosavliTa, tyiTa, wyliTa da veliTa, uZebriTa da saZebriTa, yovlisferiTa Semogviwiravs xofis R(mrT)
ismSoblisaTvis, C(ue)n, mTavarepiskoposman Pofelman evTimi faRavam, C(ue)nTvis saxsrad da sulisa C(ue)nisa
warsamarTeblad mas dResa gankiTxvisasa, raTa SemrTos marjveniTa maT cxovarTa da ganmaSoros uxilavi igi
mteri.
aw, vinca da ramanc Zeman kacisaman es C(ue)ngan Sewiruli glexi Sen gamogwiros, didman, anu mcireman, an
dadianman, anu dedofalman, an efiskopozman da an Tavadman, anu aznaurisSvilman, an glexman, amis daSlad,
qcevad da gamoxmad Pelhyos, masamc risxavs Tavad dausabamo R(merT)i da yovelni misni w(minda)ni zecisani da
queyanisani, Porcielni da uPorconi, masamc edebis cecxli geenisa, keTri gezisi, SiSTvili iudasi, mexistexa
dioskoresi, danTqma daTan da abironisi, nuras xsniTamc nu iqmnebis xsna sulisa misisa, nurca wirviTa, nurca
locviTa, nurca glaxakT micemiTa. damamtkicebelni amisni R(merTma)n daamtkicos, momSleli amisi R(merTma)
n moSalos. amin, amin, amin.
Pelic marTlis guliT CagvirTavs.
weli da Tve miTiTebuli ar aqvs.
#16
Sewirulobis wigni dadian-guriel mamiasi biWvintis
RmrTismSoblisadmi (1)
(1696-1705)
d e d a n i : sea, 1448-2151, qaRaldi siZvelisgan gayviTlebuli da dalaquli, melani Savi,

zoma: 38X29, naweria lamazi mxedruli xeliT. gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis
Semdeg. restavrirebuli, marcxena zeda kuTxe mciredze mofleTili, marjvena kides zeda nawilic
mofleTili da Sevsebuli sarestavtacio furcliT, teqsti dazianebuli da Sua nawilic alag-alag
mofleTili. teqsti naweria r-ze da v-ze srulad. sabuTis TavSi aqvs XIX s. minaweri: `STaweril ars
komitetsa Sina saeklesiosa Cyle-s wels~ #8 ... (aRar Cans). 2. 9104.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a . s. kakabaZe 1689-1701 ww. aTariRebs. aseve aTariRebs sabuTs i. doliZe.
mamia gurieli dadianad iwodeba aseve biWvinTis RmrTismSoblisadmi gaRebul grigol
kaTalikosis erT-erT sabuTSi, romelsac s. kakabaZe 1700-1712 ww. aTariRebs.80 am sabuTs i.
doliZe 1706-1712 ww. aTariRebs81 Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad davaskveniT, rom sabuTi
gacemulia 1696-1705 ww.82 Soris. mamia III gurielma odiSis mTavroba 1696 wels miiRo osmalTagan.83
~dadianoba guriels darCa da Tavoba giorgi lipartians~. savaraudoa, rom 1701 wlamde hqonoda
dadianoba, radgan 1701 w. man imereTis mefis taxtic daikava, magram imave wels dakarga, xolo
giorgi lipartiani ukve 1701 w. dadianad ixsenieba.84
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VI, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i.
doliZem, Tb., 1977 gv. 683-686.
vrceli saRvTismetyvelo Sesavlis Semdeg
_ 195 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
... saxeldido mar|iam, biWvintisa R(mr)TismSobelo. Cven cva-farvaTa SenTa mondobilman, siwmindisa
Senisa msasoe|belman, ZlierebaTa SenTa madidebelman da kacTmoyvarebisa Senisa maqebelman, caTa bunebisa
Cveule|biTa codviTa SebRalulman, da auracxelTa bralTa CemTa SendobisaTvis Senma moruduneman,
PelmwifeT|Pelmwifeman, dadian-gurielman, patronman mamia, vigul|modgine, vigeme, viwade, vijerCinebeT|
asre da ama pirsa zedan, rome xorgas naparkao sasaxle cxra kvamlis kaciT kaTalikozs daviT nemsaZes
w|ulukiZisagan eyida da mas gareT sxva eyida, Tu wirviT eSovna, Cvidmetad kvamlis kacad gaexada xvaskalia|
xazava, babadiSai xazava, jubilei mojalabe, kide Toxulara mojalabe, WuWu dasturaia, Tomixili dastur|aia,
koCilei dasturaia, mordebuli gigiberia, xviCa xoWolava, inaluxu lefonava, ...ala beraia,| baZRala beraia,
batkua beraia, diakoni beraia, erTi berikaci, martoxeli qaSagia; qo||Cua mircxulava, mamaxuta wulaia, kide
zemo xobs bibia borqvai, xosia siWinava, eseni kaTalikozs| daviTs TqvenTvisa Semoewira da mas ukan JamTa
viTarebisamier gamogwirodaT da sadadianod gamxdariyo da| radgan bednierman xonTqaTman dadianoba da
odiSi Cven gviboZa, jer iyo Cem mier, Zalisaebr Cemisa samsaxuri da qvelismoqmedeba da Semowirva ara,
x(olo) Tu mokleba, da warsamarTebelad da ama sofelsa safarvelad Sen| momigie mterTa CemTa zedan
gansamarjvebelad da orgulTa dasamxobelad, Cemda sadRegrZelod da Jamier myofe|lad, Svilier myofelad,
x(olo) saukunesa meored mosvlasa Zisa Senisasa sacxovneblad. Cven TqvenTvis Semogvi|wiravs, Seiwire dedao
R(mr)Tisao, biWvintisa R(mr)TismSobelo v(iTarc)a locva da ZRveni igi didsa mamadmTavrisa da| v(iTarc)
a orni mwvlilni awda ukuniTi ukunisamde, amin. aw, vinca ramanca adamis ZeTa da tomTaganman Pelmwifeman,
anu| TviTmpyrobelman, qalman anu kacman, berman anu erman, Tavadman anu aznaurman, didman anu mcireman, es|
Cvengan Semowiruli da damtkicebuli Seuracxyos, urC eqmnas, anu Slad Pelyos, wyeulmca da SeCvenebulmca
aris| da R(mr)Tisa mamisa da Zisa Senisa mier da wmidisa sulisa madliTa. (wyevla) xolo damamtkicebelni misni
ak[urTxos RmerTman].
xelrTva dadian-gurieli mamia.

XIX s. xeliT miwerili gurieli mamia.
(1) xobi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos kuTvnil monasters warmoadgenda da sakaTalikoso rezidencia iyo,
amitom sakaTalikoso da monasteri erTi da imave yma-mamuls flobda. amis yvelaze TvalnaTeli dasturia
~xobis Sesavali da Sewiruli sanTlis~ nusxa (ix. dokumenti #17), romelSic mamia guriel-dadianis mier
biWvinTis RmrTismSoblisTvis Sewiruli ymebi, an maTi STamomavlebi ixseniebian rogorc xobis monastris
kuTvnili ymebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva sabuTebSi, kerZod, grigol lorTqifaniZis mmarTvelobisas Sedgenil
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos davTrebSic ixseniebian igive ymebi, magram winamdebare publikaciaSi es sabuTebi
ar SevitaneT, radgan TiToeul davTarSi saxobo yma-mamulis garda aRnusxulia afxazeTis sakaTalikosos
kuTvnili qoneba mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT, rac rasakvirvelia konkretuli Tematikis sakiTxebs
scdeba.
#17
nusxa xobis Sesavali da Sewiruli sanTlisa (1)
1712-1733
d e d a n i : sea, 1448-1529, qaRaldi TeTri, Savi feris melani; mxedruli; gankveTilobis

niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. zoma: 43,6X15,1sm; teqsti naweria r-ze srulad. v-ze
miTiTebulia, rom sabuTi Cawerilia saregistracio davTarSi 1823, mrgvali beWedi, orTaviani
arwivis gamosaxulebiT. sabuTs TavSi aqvs mrgvali beWedi, SuaSi gamosaxulia RmrTismSobeli
yrmiT, garSemo asomTavruli legendiT: `q. m(eu)fe da mRvdelmTavari, afxazeTis k(aTaliko)zi
gr(i)gol. qks tpd~.
sabuTi u T a r i R o a . i. doliZe mas kaTalikos grigol lorTqifaniZis mmarTvelobis wlebiT
aTariRebs 1696-1742. Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad davaskveniT, rom sabuTi 1712-1733
wlebs Soris unda iyos gacemuli.85
p i r e b i : xec, Ad 2251-nd, xec, Qd 9134 g a m o c e m e b i : s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos
saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tf. 1921, gv. 115-117.
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i.
doliZem, Tb., 1970, #258, gv.770-772.
q. wyalobiTa R(mr)TisaTa, xobis Sesavali da S[e]wiruli sanTeli:

xorgas Tavs: dasturaia| WuWu da gabriel, oTxi loRariki sanTeli|
ilorisa Svilebi, oTxi loRariki sanTe|li
_ 196 _
arcandia gagina, oTxi loRariki|

dasturaia daTu da maxutu oTxi loRa|riki
xaCqila, oTxi loRariki|
mamaSis Svilebi, oTxi loRariki sanTe|li
xoWolava miamia, oTxi lo|Rariki sanTeli
paWkutia misxulava| oTxi loRariki sanTeli
gaRma xo|rgas:
Tabunia xoWolavasseuli pa|rtaxi ZvelTagan Sewiruli yofili|yo da oTxi loRariki sanTeli
besia gi|giberia da ori misi glexi, xuTi loRa|riki sanTeli
ilanuxu lefonava| oTxi loRariki sanTeli
misi Zma nikola| oTxi loRariki
kidev misi ganayofi| gimanZala, oTxi loRariki
beraia ba|bakoCi da xaxu da misi Zmiswulebi, oTxi loRariki
Toma beraia da misi Zma beJ|ia, oTxi loRariki
kidev beraia gurikava da SoSita, oTxi loRariki
arcandia qomo|korda, misi Zmiswuli, oTxi loRariki|
jaianiseuli kaci avSilava| gonji, oTxi loRariki
xobs:
babakoCi bigvava, xuTi loRariki
ZRikvi| dixam[i]njia da Taimazi, xuTi loRariki|
wulai TuTaSxia da gvaZabia, xuTi loRar|iki
doRuzia gogolei, xuTi loRariki|
xutu kodua da mogelai,86 xuTi loRariki|
subuq[i]a mamaguli, babadiSi da biZa misi, xuTi| loRariki
kidev jguburia WuWu, axalkoCi da mis||i Zmebi xuTi loRariki sanTeli
eliSa| osTara da vava, xuTi loRariki
bias:
koCiore siWinava| da misi glexi imancala cxadaia, xuTi loRariki
b|igava jvebe da misi Zmiswuli, xuTi loRariki
s|axarbedios:
ejibia ivanela, sami loRariki sanTeli
kidev meore ejibia Wkolofua da baZalia,| sami loRariki sanTeli
xucesi xarbedia| sami loRariki sanTeli
nasxida SuR|lai, sami loRariki
xorgas Cemi Sewiru|li romelic iyo is damiweria. Zvelad|gan Joeliebs
sdebia da rogorc sdebodes ise| gardaixados. am /Cems/ Sewirul kacebs visac sanTe|li emarTos mexadiles
kacisaTvis saklavi
Se|miwevia da meRore kacisaTvis ufrosi saklavi.| arc gasamyofelo eTxoebodes, arc bat|onisagan da
arc moxelisagan da xatis begara san|Teli ramdenadac geiyos Tan gahyve|bodes mTlad.
xelrTva: kaTalikozi
oTxkuTxa beWedi mxedruli legendiT: afxazeTis k(aTaliko)zi grigol
r-s marcxena kideze, XIX s-is xeliT, yavisferi melniT: ~STaweril ars komitets S(in)a
saekklesiosa Cyle-s welsa №90 quTaiss”
v-ze, mogviano xeliT: q. xofisa Sewirulobis.
sxva xeliT ukuRma: nv. vb. №90.
(1) sabuTi miemarTeba xobs, rogorc sakaTalikoso monastris statusis mqones. dokumentis gamcemi swored
afxazTa kaTolikosia (grigol lorTqifaniZe). man sanTlis begara mxolod sakaTalikoso monastrebs ganuaxla
da maT Soris xobsac. sabuTSi moxseniebuli xobis monastris ymebi ixseniebian sakaTalikosos davTrebSi,
rogorc afxazTa sakaTalikosos ymebi. xobSi periodulad Cndeba afxazTa kaTolikosis rezidencia. grigol
lorTqifaniZis dros odiSis samTavroSi kaTolikosis gaaqtiureba ganpirobebuli iyo imereTis samefoSi
Seqmnili aramyari politikuri viTarebiT. grigol kaTolikosi odiSis samTavros axali dinastiis _ Ciqvanebis
mxardamWerad gamodis da maTTan TanamSromlobiT cdilobs Zlieri dasayrdenis Seqmnas.87
_ 197 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
#18
Sewirulobis wigni besarion kaTalikozisa xopis saydrisadmi
(1742-1758)
dedani dakargulia. gvaqvs p i r i : xec, Ad-2251 na

sabuTi u T a r i R o a . daTariRebis qveda zRvrad unda aviRoT afxazeTis kaTolikos besarionis
aRsaydrebis weli (1742). vinaidan sabuTSi ixsenieba otia dadiani, romelsac ymebi Seuwiravs
kaTolikosisTvis, amitom zeda zRvrad otia dadianis gardacvalebis weli (1758) aviReT.
eha, Sen mSobelo uflisa C(ue)nis ieso q(rist)es mSobelo, R(mrT)ismSobelo, saydaro xopisao, gansuenebulo
C(ue)n Zisa Senisa mier k(aTaliko)z-patriarxman besarion, (1) SemogwireT jaianis merabis Svili ioane da
svimon. p(irvela)d dadianma otiam (2) Seswira da C(ue)n moguca da C(ue)n Tquenda Semogviwiravs is ori Zma misi
kacebiT, Saqari, WaWas saxli da dagajini da kotravas saxli maTis yovlisferiTa, gegia da xurcilava, erTi
partaxi, nagegenaK tyiT, wyliT da miwa-mamuliT, sayaniT, saxoxbiT.88
aw, vinc es gamogwiros, SeCuenebulimc aris Senis Zis q(rist)es RmrTisagan da y(ovel)Ta misTagan, C(ue)nis
Semdgomis k(aTaliko)zisagan, da y(ovel)Ta samRudeloTa dasTagan, amin.
daxatuli aris mrgvali beWedi, SuaSi aweria xati, rogorc Cans RvTismSoblis xati yofila
gamosaxuli, radgan zevidan aweria amis Sigan mRTismSobeli. wriulad aqvs warwera, asomTavruliT:
m. e T. da mRvdelTmTavari afxazeTisa, kaTalikozi besarion, jvari.
(1) besarion erisTavi afxazeTis kaTolikos-patriarqi 1742-1769 wlebSi. igi iyo SoSita raWis erisTavisa
da imereTis mefe bagrat IV-is asulis mariamis vaJi. mas urTierToba gaurTulda imereTis mefe solomon
I-Tan, rodesac mefis sawinaaRmdegod mxari dauWira Tavis Zmas rostom erisTavsa da odiSis mTavars Tavis
diswul kacia dadians. daxmarebis saTxovnelad 1768 w. axalcixis faSasTan Cavida, Tumca igi daapatimres.
man tyveobidan Tavi gaiTavisufla da odiSis samTavroSi Cavida, sadac kacia dadianma odiSis kaTolikosad
daadgina. paralelurad imereTSi kaTolikosad aRsaydrebuli iyo iosebi. orkaTolikosoba 1773 w. dasrulda,
rodesac besarioni gardaicvala.
(2) otia dadiani _ odiSis mTavari 1728-1758 ww. igi dapirispirebuli iyo imereTis mefe aleqsandre V-Tan
da mxars uWerda imereTis taxtis pretedentebs mamukasa da giorgi ufliswulebs. misi ZmiSvili darejani
colad hyavda erekle II-s. otias damokidebuleba imereTis mefisadmi Seicvala solomon I-is taxtze asvlis
Semdeg. solomonma colad SeirTo otias asuli mariami da odiSis mTavars daumoyvrda. igi bolomde mxari
edga solomons saSinao Tu sagareo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolis dros.
#19
miweriloba imereTis kaTalikos besarionisa sinodisadmi
filimon episkoposis Sewynarebaze
1753. VIII.14
dedani dakargulia. gvaqvs dimitri baqraZis mier gadawerili p i r i : xec, Sd-2972. sabuTs TavSi
hqonia mrgvali beWedi Semdegi legendiT: `q. meufe da mRvdelmTavari abxazeTisa, biWvintisa 1742.~
SuaSi gamosaxuli: `saxe biWvintis RTismSobelis, saSual wiaRTa utvirTavs Ze Tvisi.“
sabuTi T a r i R i a n i a : qristes aqeT CRng, agvistos id, /1753. VIII.14/.
q. mona uflisa Cvenisa iesos qristesa, mama mamaTa da mwyemsi mwyemsTa, afxazTa, megrelTa da imer
qarTvelTa mamadmTavari, kaTalikozi visarion mogaxseneb da viTxov Tqven miersa kurTxevasa wmindao da
yovladsanatrelno mmarTebelno sinodno, arqiepiskoposno, mitropolitno da episkopozno. awe, mogaxsenebT
Tqvenis simaRles RirsebaTa, saRmrToTa da zegardamoTa Cem mier mdabalsa mocemuliTa madliTa da
uxilaviTa niWiTa da wmindaTa mociqulTaebr ganwesebiTa da wmindaTa mamaTagan damtkicebiTa, me, mdabalman,
mamadmTavarman afxaz-megrelTa da imer-qarTlTa k(aTalik)ozman besarion, Semwirveli wmindisa saidumlosa.
awe, viTxov Tqven miersa Sewyalebasa. ese filimon episkopozi Cem mier ikurTxa da xeldasxmul iqmna
episkoposad wmindisa RvTismSobelisa monastersa xofisasa, TanamowamebiTa da brZaneba-jerCinebiTa amisa
Cemisa saqarTvelos kaTalikozis antonisaTa, viTarca TviT wameben werilni misni Rirsebasa wmindasa amis
episkoposisasa. awe, viTxov Tqvenis simaRlis Rirsebisagan Sewynarebasa.
awe, viTxov mowyalebasa maTis simaRlisa didebulobis imperatorisagan. wyalobasa ese Cven mier nakurTxi
da xeldasmuli episkoposi filimon, maTis didebulis simaRlis imperatorebisa sandRegrZelod Seiwynaron
da imsaxuron.
_ 198 _
awe, k(vala)d movaxsenebT wmindaTa da yovladsanatrelTa mmarTebelTa sinodTa, ese Cem mier nakurTxi da
xeldasmuli episkoposi filimon dameTxova ama mizeziTa, romel arian ali osmali bilwni agarianni da mterni
marTlamdideblobisa sarwmunoebisani da wmindaTa eklesiaTa aRmaoxrebelni. Camoviden qveyanasa Cvensa da
moaoxres qveyana Cveni da maT usjuloTagan SeSinda da dagveTxova da aRarc Cven dauSaleT da dasturi
daveciT da Cvenis dasturiT Tqvens qveyanas wamovida.
wmindao da y(ovla)dsanatrelno sinodno da sruliad ruseTisa wmindano episkopozno, mogaxsenebT da
viTxovT Tqvenis simaRlis Rirsebisagan ese Cem mier xeldasxmuli episkoposi filimon SeiwynaroT, sadac
movides ama Cemis kurTxevisa da Sendobisa wigniTa. (kaTalikozi besarion)
q(oroni)k(on)s q(rist)es CRng, agvistos id. 1753.VIII.14
mdivan-mgalobeli, mordal karis winamZRvari, mestumreTuxucesi svimon jafariZe.
SeniSvnebi
1
dedani dakargulia, arsebobda XVII saukuneSi gadawerili misi piri, romelsac aseve ar mouRwevia Cvenamde.
igi unaxavs sargis kakabaZes. swored miseuli asli da mis mier gamoqveynebuli sabuTi gvaqvs xelT.
2
g. araxamia, saistorio Ziebani, V, weliwdeuli, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 109.
3
g. araxamia, Samadavla dadian-gurielis sigeli da `xobis Zveli iadgari~, wignSi: saqarTvelos istoriisa
da wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 135-136.
4
m. surgulaZe, qarTuli saistorio aqtebi XI-XV ss., Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 174.
5
g. araxamia, xobis taZris `Zveli iadgaris~ Sesaxeb, Jur. feniqsi #1, zugdidi 1996, gv. 111.
6
g. araxamia, Samadavla dadian-gurielis sigeli da `xobis Zveli iadgari~, wignSi: saqarTvelos istoriisa
da wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 143.
7
8
9
gviani Sua saukuneebis dokumentebSi Cndeba dialeqtizmebi.
10
T. jojua, xobeli episkoposebis nikoloz I wulikiZisa da nikoloz II ColoyaSvilis freskuli portretebi
xobis taZarSi, krebulSi: saqarTvelos siZveleni, #15, Tbilisi 2012, gv. 355-357
11
T. jojua, xobeli episkoposebis nikoloz I wulikiZisa da nikoloz II ColoyaSvilis freskuli portretebi
xobis taZarSi, krebulSi: saqarTvelos siZveleni, #15, Tbilisi 2012, gv. 358-360.
12
q. CxataraiSvili, TeTrosani da TeTrosnis daviTni, krebulSi: saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis
sakiTxebi, w. V, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 106.
13
e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, #6, tfilisi, 1899, gv. 26; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II,
teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 208.
14
С. С. Какабадзе, ГДИНА, 1967, #232. с. 174.
15
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. II, gamosacemad moamzades: d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem, Tbilisi, 1993,
gv. 3-4.
16
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni t. III, masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades: ana baqraZem, levan ratianma
da giorgi oTxmezurma; tomi Seadgines darejan kldiaSvilma da mzia surgulaZem, tomis redaqtori: zaza
aleqsiZe, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 80.
17
e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, tfilisi, 1913-1914,
gv. 153-155.
18
e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, tfilisi 1913-1914,
gv. 150.
19
g. kalandia, wminda nawilebi da relikviebi samegreloSi, wignSi: odiSis saepiskoposoebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv.
193-196.
20
e. bubulaSvili, saqarTvelos eklesiis siwmindeebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 110-115.
21
e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, gv. 134-135, tf; 1913-
1914; v. beriZe, xobis taZris istoriisaTvis, Jur; macne, istoriis seria, 1973, #2, gv. 74.
22
e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, tf; 1913-1914, gv. 135.
23
v. beriZe, xobis taZris istoriisaTvis, Jurnali macne, istoriis seria, 1973, #2, gv. 75-78.
24
iqve, gv. 78.
25
m. baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 244.
_ 199 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
26
g. araxamia, saistorio Ziebani, V, weliwdeuli, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 104-105.
27
e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, tfilisi, 1899, gv. 26.
28
T. beraZe, odiSis saerisTavo erTian monarqiaSi, krebulSi: samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi, i. anTelavas
saerTo redaqciiT, Tbilisi-zugdidi 1999, gv. 145.
29
e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, gv. 132-134, tfilisi,
1913-1914, v. beriZe, xobis taZris istoriisaTvis, Jurnali macne, istoriis seria, 1973, #2, gv. 79.
30
e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, #6, tfilisi, 1899, gv. 26; g. araxamia, saistorio Ziebani, V,
weliwdeuli, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 106.
31
gv. 134; v. beriZe, xobis taZris istoriisaTvis, Jurnali macne, istoriis seria, 1973, #2, gv. 73.
32
e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, tfilisi 1913-1914,
gv. 134.
33
v. beriZe, xobis taZris istoriisaTvis, Jurnali macne, istoriis seria, 1973, #2, gv. 77.
34
m. baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 244.
35
e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, tfilisi, 1913-1914, gv. 153.
36
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 806-807.
37
g. araxamia, saistorio Ziebani, V, weliwdeuli, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 109.
38
aRdgenilia eqvTime TayaiSvilis gamocemis mixedviT.
39
Sd 2921-is mixedviT `Cvenman mebatoneman marili...~ da Semdeg piris gadamweris minaweri: àq ara ars ra
siZuelis gamo.~ sityvasityviT igives imeorebs sabuTis meore piri _ Ad 2251-la. rogorc Cans Sd 2921 da
Ad 2251-la gadamwerebi erTimeorisgan sargeblobdnen.
40
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. V, masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades darejan kldiaSvilma, nana
mSvidobaZem, guliko mWedliZem, mzia surgulaZem, tomi Seadgina da redaqcia gaukeTa mzia surgulaZem,
Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 251.
41
s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 91; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi
gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, t. III, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 647.
42
iqve.
43
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. V, masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades darejan kldiaSvilma, nana
mSvidobaZem, guliko mWedliZem, mzia surgulaZem, tomi Seadgina da redaqcia gaukeTa mzia surgulaZem,
Tbilisi, 2015, gv..251.
44
s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tfilisi, 1921, gv. 91; qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, t. III, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 676.
45
s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tf; 1921, gv. 91; qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, t. III, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 676; T.
qarTveliSvili, xobis monasteri da afxazeTis sakaTalikoso (afxazTa kaTalikos grigol lorTqifaniZis
mmarTvelobis periodSi), saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi IV, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 220-222.
46
i. anTelavasa da T. beraZis mier Sedgenil dadianTa qronologiuri rigis Tanaxmad, levanma odiSis
samTavro 1662 wels daikava da 1681 wlamde marTavda. ix. samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi i. anTelavas saerTo
redaqciiT, Tbilisi-zugdidi 1999, gv. 326.
47
48
vaxuSti batoniSvili, iqve, gv. 843-844.
49
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. II, d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 568.
50
sabuTis piris xec, Sd 2921-is mixedviT `saqme rom gelaTis kars biWvintisa R(mr)TismSoblis meTevze glexi
Senawiri esaxla~.
51
aRdgenilia eqvTime TayaiSvilis gamocemis sabuTis piris xec, Sd 2921 da xec, Ad 2251-la mixedviT ìadgaris
Slad.~
52
aRdgenilia sabuTis piris xec, Sd 2921 da xec, Ad 2251-la mixedviT.
53
aRdgenilia sabuTis piris xec, Sd 2921 da xec, Ad 2251-la mixedviT.
54
eqvTime TayaiSvilis mixedviT, levan lipartiani. sabuTis piris xec, Sd 2921 da xec, Ad 2251-la mixedviT _
Tamar, Tumca dedanSi kargad ganirCeva xelrTva Tamar.
_ 200 _
55
o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan,
jaianTa saTavado, w. I, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 293.
56
o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan,
jaianTa saTavado, w. I, Tbilisi, 1973 gv. 293.
57
aRdgenilia eqvTime TayaiSvilis gamocemis da sabuTis pirebis xec, Sd 2921 da xec, Ad 2251-la mixedviT.
58
aRdgenilia eqvTime TayaiSvilis gamocemis da sabuTis pirebis xec, Sd 2921 da xec, Ad 2251-la mixedviT.
sabuTis pirebSi aris iase.
59
s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tfilisi, 1921, gv.79.
60
gv. 156.
61
danarCeni aklia, gagrZeleba aRdgenilia sabuTis pirebis mixedviT xec, Sd 2921-is da xec, Ad 2251 la.
62
fraza aris mxolod sabuTis pirSi xec, ad 2251-la.
63
s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tfilisi, 1921, gv. 91; i. doliZe, qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 676.
64
s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tfilisi 1921, gv. 91 i. doliZe, qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 647.
65
xec, Hd-1450; s. kakabaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 104; i. doliZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 669.
66
eqvTime TayaiSvilTan `saxeliTa~.
67
aRdgenilia sabuTis piris xec, Ad 2251-la mixedviT
68
eqvTime TayaiSvilis mixedviT: grigol. sabuTis piris xec, Sdr. 2922-is mixedviT: xveulad `kaTalikozi~ da
xeli jvriT.
69
T. qoriZe, afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTolikosebi da kaTolikos-patriarqebi, wg; saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqebi, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 158-159.
70
gv. 142.
71
72
T. beraZe odiSis samTavro dadian-CiqovanTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis xanaSi XVII s. miwurulidan XVIII s.
damdegamde, krebulSi: samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi i. anTelavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tbilisi-zugdidi 1999,
gv. 223-224.
73
k. okujava, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVII saukuneSi, krebulSi: narkvevebi saqarTvelos
istoriidan, afxazeTi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 159.
74
mTel sabuTSi teqsti aRdgenilia e. TayaiSvilis gamocemis mixedviT.
75
eqvTime TayaiSvilis mixedviT: `mogvaSora~.
76
eqvTime TayaiSvilis mixedviT: ùZlebad~.
77
Ad-11208, o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri
istoriidan (saTavadoebi), w. II, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 38.
78
marjvena arSiazea wagrZelebiT miwerili sabuTisave xeliT.
79
T. qarTveliSvili, xobis monasteri da afxazeTis sakaTalikoso (afxazTa kaTalikos grigol lorTqifaniZis
mmarTvelobis periodSi), saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi IV, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 226, sqolio 50.
80
s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, tfilisi, 1921, gv. 101.
81
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tbilisi,
1970, gv. 676.
82
mmarTvelobis periodSi), saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi IV, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 220-222.
83
T. beraZe, odiSis samTavro dadian-CiqovanTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis xanaSi XVII s. miwurulidan XVIII s.
damdegamde, krebulSi: samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi i. anTelavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tbilisi-zugdidi 1999,
gv. 222.
84
T. beraZe, odiSis samTavro dadian-CiqovanTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis xanaSi XVII s. miwurulidan XVIII s.
damdegamde, gv. 223.
85
mmarTvelobis periodSi), saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi IV, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 220.
_ 201 _
Tea qarTveliSvili
86
i. doliZesTan _ `gogelai~
87
mmarTvelobis periodSi), saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi IV, Tb. 2011.
88
savaraudoa, rom dedanSi unda yofiliyo `saxobiT~, rac saxobos, anu xobis monastris kuTvnil teritoriebs
niSnavda.
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS OF KHOBI MONASTERY.

OF 15TH – 18TH CENTURIES
(Collecions preserved at K. Kekelidze Naional Center of
Manuscripts and the Naional Archive of Georgia)
Tea Kartvelishvili
Khobi Monastery was one of the most important religious centers of medieval Georgia. Study of the
documentary sources is criical for reconstrucion of its history. Such sources, normally, are disinguished with
reliability and diversity of informaion. Documentary materials subject to consideraion cover 15th-18th centuries’
period. The ancient document dated by 15th century evidences updaing of the itle of earlier document. Hence,
the ancient documents of Khobi Monastery should be associated with the period of its establishment, in paricular,
13th century (these documents were not maintained up to present). As for the upper limit of the published
documentary sources, we have not discussed those of 19th century as in early 19th century autocephaly of the
church of Western Georgia was eliminated and for Khobi Monastery, in the menioned period the new stage has
commenced.
Most of the maintained documents are of contribuion nature. Documentary materials depict economic status
of the Monastery, quaniies of the lands and peasants, change of the taxes in the course of centuries. They contain
very interesing informaion about relaions between Khobi Monastery and Catholicate of Abkhazia. As a result of
their analysis it was established that periodically, Khobi Monastery was used as a residency of the Catholicos of
the Abkhazians and at the same ime, it was the residence of Bishop of Khobi.
Most documents are not dated. They are dated based on the historical igures or historical events menioned
in the documents or, at least, the known ime limits are speciied more accurately. In addiion, the publicaion
contains explanatory comments dealing with historical persons and historical facts. Part of the documents are
published for the irst ime.
_ 202 _
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sasamarTlo senati
zaza cinaZe
senatis debuleba.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sasamarTlo sistemis reformirebis warmatebul
dasasrulad da umaRles mwvervalad unda CaiTvalos 1919 wlis 29 ivliss saqarTvelos
damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebuli saqarTvelos senatis debuleba, romelic ZalaSi Sevida
1919 wlis pirveli oqtombridan. aRniSnuli debuleba iusticiis ministris TanaSemwis giorgi
gvelesianis TavmjdomareobiT SeimuSava gansakuTrebulma komisiam (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.423).
es dokumenti samarTliani sasamarTlos sistemis mSeneblobis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani
wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo.
senatis debuleba Sedgeboda xuTi Tavisa da 53 muxlisagan; aRwerili iyo senatis srulyofili
funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro yoveli detali, misi uflebamosileba da kompetenciis zRvari.
imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvels amomwuravi informacia mivawodoT aRniSnuli debulebis Sesaxeb,
gadavwyviteT, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT es dokumenti.
debulebis pirveli Tavi zogadi debuleba Sedgeboda 8 muxlisagan, romelSic gansazRvruli
iyo senatis moqmedebisa da kompetenciis zogadi wesebi. pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos
senati iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlo, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebda kanonis dacvasa da mis aRsrulebas.
ganagebda sasamarTlo sistemis nawils, kerZod, sakasacio palatebs da asrulebda am debulebiT
gansazRvrul movaleobebs.
senati moqmedebda saqarTveloSi dadgenili sasamarTlo dawesebulebaTa debulebis, sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeTa warmoebis wesdebis, samoqalaqo samarTlis saqmeTa warmoebis wesdebis da
sxva kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlos, centraluri
da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebis warmomadgenlebi valdebulni iyvnen usityvod
damorCilebodnen senatis gadawyvetilebas.
Tu senati saqmis ganxilvis dros aRmoaCenda saxelmwifos romelime uwyebaSi raime
kanondarRvevas, unda ecnobebina Sesabamisi uwyebis ministrisaTvis, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
es borotmoqmedeba an daudevroba Cadenili iyo ministris mier, – mTavrobisTvis. saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, Tu senati mizanSewonilad CaTvlida, SeeZlo, daeniSna sasamarTlo dawesebulebis an
misi romelime uwyebis moxeleTa revizia. nebismieri ministris an mTavrobis nebismieri wevris
gamocemuli cirkuliari, gankarguleba an savaldebulo dadgenileba Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeboda
kanons, senats unda SeeCerebina aseTi dokumentis moqmedeba srulad an nawilobriv, saWiroebebidan
gamomdinare. zemoT aRniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebi valdebulni iyvnen maT mier gamocemuli aqtebi
Sesabamis instruqciebTan da ganmartebebTan erTad gadaegzavnaT senatisaTvis, romelic swavlobda
am dokumentebis kanonierebas. senats nebismieri gadawyvetileba unda ecnobebina dokumentis
gamcemi saTanado dawesebulebis an pirisaTvis. senati Tavisi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb yovelwliur
angariSs abarebda saqarTvelos parlaments (SaraSeniZe 1990).
senatis debulebis meore Tavi Sedgeboda 19 muxlisgan. am muxlebSi ganxiluli iyo senatis
organizacia da Semadgenloba. pirvel muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom senatis Senoba mdebareobda
qalaq TbilisSi. igi moicavda or – sisxlis samarTlisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis sakasacio
departamentebs. samoqalaqo samarTlis sakasacio departamentSi Sedioda saadministracio
ganyofileba. amasTan, senatSi arsebobda sakasacio departamentTa sazogado kreba da sakasacio
departamentTa SeerTebuli sakrebulo. TiToeuli sakasacio departamentisaTvis StatiT
gansazRvruli iyo senatorTa ricxvi. Tavad senats ganagebda Tavmjdomare da misi moadgile.
senatis departamentebidan Tavmjdomare ganagebda erTerTs survilisamebr, xolo misi moadgile
– meores. senatoris movaleobis Sesrulebis garda, maT evalebodaT mosaxsenebeli saqmeebis
ganawileba senatorebs Soris, gamwesrigebeli da sasamarTlos sxdomebis daniSvna da saqmis
warmoebis meTvalyureoba departamentSi (SaraSeniZe 1990).
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo isic, rom Tu Tavmjdomare an misi moadgile samsaxurSi ver
gamocxaddebodnen avadmyofobisa Tu sxva mizezis gamo, maT movaleobas aRasrulebda departamentis
_ 203 _
zaza cinaZe
senatori, romelic sxvaze adre iyo arCeuli, xolo erTdroulad arCeulTagan – wlovanebiT
uxucesi (muxli 13).
sakasacio departamentTa sazogado krebisa da SeerTebuli sakrebulos xelmZRvaneloba
evaleboda aseve senatis Tavmjdomares, xolo misi dauswreblobis SemTxvevaSi – moadgiles.
sazogado krebisa da SeerTebuli sakrebulos saqmeTa warmoeba xdeboda uSualod im departamentSi,
romelsac ganagebda senatis Tavmjdomare (muxli 14).
SeerTebuli sakrebulo, Tavmjdomaris garda, Sedgeboda oTxi senatorisagan, romelTac
irCevda senatis sazogado kreba erTi wlis vadiT orive (sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis)
departamentTa wevrebisgan (muxli 15).
TiToeul sakasacio departamentSi arsebobda departamentis sakrebulo da ganyofilebis
sakrebulo. departamentis, sazogado krebisa da SeerTebuli sakrebulos sxdomas saqmeTa ganxilvis
dros unda daswreboda senatorTa or mesamedze meti, xolo ganyofilebis sxdomas – aranakleb sami
senatori. sxdomebs unda daswrebodnen, agreTve, senatis prokurori an misi moadgile da mdivani
(muxli 1617).
Tu ganyofilebis an departamentis sxdomas ar eswreboda gansazRvruli raodenobis senatorebi,
Tavmjdomare dauyovnebliv iwvevda imave departamentis senatorebs. Tu es SeuZlebeli iyo, maSin
is senatorebis saWiro raodenobas iwvevda meore departamentidan (muxli 18).
ganyofilebis da departamentis sxdomaze saqmis warmoeba xdeboda amave debulebis meore
muxlis mixedviT (muxli 19).
senatorebsa da senatis Tavmjdomares mis moadgilesTan erTad pirvelad irCevda damfuZnebeli
kreba ori wlis vadiT, xolo Semdgom airCevda parlamenti – oTxi wlis vadiT. senatorebi Tavis
movaleobas asrulebdnen manamde, vidre maT nacvlad ar airCeodnen axali senatorebi (muxli 20).
Tu romelime sakasacio departamentSi ganTavisufldeboda senatoris adgili vadis amowurvamde,
airCeoda axali senatori darCenili vadiT. senatoris daTxovnas an gadayvanas erTi departamentidan
meoreSi misi survilis winaaRmdeg krZalavda debulebis 22e muxli. Tanamdebobidan senatoris
droebiT gadayeneba daiSveboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is gamoZiebaSi iqneboda micemuli,
xolo, rac Seexeba sruliad daTxovnas, es xorcieldeboda mxolod sasamarTlos ganaCenis ZaliT.
senatis Tavmjdomares, mis moadgiles, senators, senatis prokurorsa da mis moadgiles
SeeZloT esargeblaT weliwadSi orTviani SvebulebiT. am vadis gaxangrZliveba erTi TviT, saTanado
departamentis gadawyvetilebiT, SeeZloT senatis Tavmjdomares, mis moadgilesa da senatorebs,
xolo senatis prokurorisa da mis moadgilis Svebulebis gaxangrZlivebas wyvetda iusticiis
ministri (muxli 23).
departamentTa sazogado kreba da SeerTebuli sakrebulos saqmeTa warmoebis wesi
ganisazRvreboda senatis ganawesiT. am ganawesis proeqtebs departamentis sazogado kreba
amtkicebda (muxli 24).
senats yvela dawesebulebasTan da Tanamdebobis pirTan hqonda pirdapiri miwermowera (muxli
25), (SaraSeniZe 1990).
senatis TiToeul departaments hqonda Tavisi kancelaria, romlis moxeleTa raodenoba da
anazRaureba ganisazRvreboda StatiT. kancelariis moxeleebs niSnavda senatis Tavmjdomare. is
aseve ganagebda senatTan arsebul sakodifikacio ganyofilebas (SaraSeniZe 1990).
senatis debulebis mesame Tavi exeboda senatis saprokuroro nawils da Sedgeboda oTxi
muxlisagan, romelTa mixedviT, senatSi arsebobda ori prokuroris Tanamdeboba: erTi sisxlis
samarTlis, xolo meore – samoqalaqo samarTlis departamentisaTvis. maTi moadgileTa ricxvi
ganisazRvreboda StatiT. prokurorsa da mis moadgileebs niSnavda mTavroba. prokurori an misi
moadgile senats warudgenda Tavis daskvnas yvela saqmis Sesaxeb, romelic Setanili iqneboda
senatis sazogado krebis, SeerTebuli sakrebulos da sakasacio departamentebSi sakasacio wesiT.
TiToeul prokurors hqonda Tavisi kancelaria, romlis moxeleebs Tavadve niSnavda (SaraSeniZe
1990).
uSualod senatis kompetencia ganxilulia debulebis meoTxe TavSi, romelic Sedgeba xuTi
muxlisagan. sisxlis samarTlis sakasacio departaments eqvemdebareboda yvela is saqme, romelic
aRniSnuli iyo sasamarTlo dawesebulebaTa debulebaSi, sisxlis samarTlis warmoebis wesdebaSi,
samxedro sasamarTlos wesdebasa da sxva saTanado kanonmdeblobaSi; xolo samoqalaqo sakasacio
departaments eqvemdebareboda yvela is saqme, romelic aRniSnuli iyo sasamarTlos dawesebulebaTa
debulebaSi, samoqalaqo samarTlis warmoebis wesdebasa da sxva saTanado kanonmdeblobaSi
(SaraSeniZe 1990).
_ 204 _
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentSi Sedioda saadministracio

ganyofileba. Tu romeli saqmeebi eqvemdebareboda am organos, aRniSnuli iyo debulebis meoTxe
Tavis 34e muxlSi: 1) saCivari da protesti olqis sasamarTlos saadministracio ganyofilebis
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb; 2) saCivari ministrebis moqmedebebisa da gankargulebis Sesaxeb; 3)
Txovnebi saadministracio saqmis gamo dadgenil gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb; 4) mTavrobis
dawesebulebaTa Soris kompetenciis gamo dawyebuli davis gadawyveta; 5) im saqmeebis ganxilva,
romelic Seexeboda xazinis sasargeblod yvelanairi gadasaxadisa Tu baJis aRebas, aseve –
kanondebulebaTa darRvevis aRmoCenas; 6) saxazino marTvagamgeobis saqmis ganxilva im SemTxvevebSi
da im wesiT, romelic aRniSnuli iyo saTanado kanonebSi; 7) im saqmeTa ganxilva, romelic Seexeboda
xazinaSi ukanonod Sesuli fulis dabrunebas; 8) gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi sajaro vaWrobaTa da
xelSekrulebaTa damtkiceba, sajaro vaWrobis nebarTva, sajaro vaWrobis unayofobis gamo uZravi
qonebis xazinis sakuTrebad Caricxva; 9) mflangvelis qonebisaTvis meurveobis daweseba; 10) miwebis
dagiravebis saqme; 11) romelime piris fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Semowmebis saqme; 12) erobebisa da
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaTa mier arCeuli momrigebel mosamarTleTa damtkiceba da am arCevnebis
gamo Setanili saCivris ganxilva; 13) momrigebeli mosamarTlis samsaxuridan daTxovna, misi Txovnis
Tanaxmad; 14) momrigebeli mosamarTlis samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba or Tveze meti vadiT; 15)
saerTo jamSi yvela is saqme, romelic kanoniT senats eqvemdebareboda da ar ekuTvnoda senatis
sisxlis samarTlis an samoqalaqo departamentis an sazogado krebis an SeerTebuli sakrebulos
gansaxilvel sakiTxTa ricxvs (SaraSeniZe 1990).
amis Semdeg 35e muxlSi CamoTvlilia is saqmeebi, romelic eqvemdebareboda senatis sakasacio
departamentTa sazogado krebas: 1) saCivrisa da protestis saboloo gadawyveta im saqmis gamo,
romelic ganixila senatis saadministacio ganyofilebam, rogorc pirvelma instanciam; 2) im davebis
saboloo gadawyveta, romelic aRiZvreboda sasamarTlo da mTavrobis dawesebulebaTa Soris an
sxvadasxva uwyebis sasamarTlos Soris kompetenciis gamo; 3) saapelacio saCivris ganxilva, romelic
Setanili iyo senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentis gadawyvetilebis gamo da Seexeboda
saadministracio uwyebis da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis moxeleTa iseT ukanono moqmedebiT
an daudevrobiT miyenebuli vnebisa Tu zaralis anazRaurebas, romelic an sruliad ar ekuTvnoda
sisxlis samarTlis uwyebas, an romlis Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis warmoeba SeCerebuli iyo an
mospobili; 4) ganxilva Txovnisa im gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, romelic dadgenili iyo
samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentis mier saapelacio wesiT wina muxlSi naCveneb saqmeze. aseve,
ganxilva Txovnisa rogorc am gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis, ise am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis
Sesaxeb im pirTagan, romelTac saqmeSi monawileoba ar hqondaT miRebuli; 5) ganxilva Txovnisa,
rom neba daerTos mTxovnels, mosTxovos senatorebs anazRaureba zaralisa, romelic miayenes
mas ukanono, mikerZoebuli an daudevari moqmedebiT; 6) sasamarTlo uwyebis Tanamdebobis pirTa
mimarT (maT Soris senatorTa mimarTac) senatis qvemdebare sadisciplino saqmeebis gadawyveta; 7)
im sakiTxebis gadawyveta, romelic senatis romelime departamentis dadgenilebiT, gadatanili iyo
sazogado krebis gansaxilvelad; 8) sasamarTlo dawesebulebebisaTvis SeerTebul sakrebuloSi
ganxiluli saerTo ganawesis damtkiceba; 9) senatis sakasacio departamentebisaTvis Sedgenili
gansakuTrebuli ganawesis damtkiceba; 10) senatis Tavmjdomaris, misi moadgilis an senatorebis
droebiT gadayeneba samsaxuridan, Tu isini samarTalSi an gamoZiebaSi iqnebodnen micemulni; 11)
ministris an mTavrobis sxva warmomadgenlis dadgenilebis nawilobriv an sruliad gauqmeba, Tu es
dadgenileba ewinaaRmdegeboda kanons; 12) olqis sasamarTlosa da palatis wevrTa, TavmjdomareTa
da maTi moadgileebis daniSvna. am TanamdebobebisaTvis olqis sasamarTlos da palatis sazogado
krebani, kuTvnilebisamebr, warudgendnen senats oror kandidats. Tu senati arcerT maTgans
CaTvlida daniSvnis Rirsad, Tavad niSnavda Tavis kandidats. am Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvna
xdeboda senatis sazogado krebaze xmis micemiT (SaraSeniZe 1990).
36-e muxli gansazRvravda senatis sakasacio departamentTa SeerTebuli sakrebulos
kompetencias. am organos funqciebSi Sedioda: 1) yvela sasamarTlo dawesebulebisa da sasamarTlo
uwyebebis Tanamdebobis pirTa meTvalyureoba da maTi moRvaweobis reviziis daniSvna; 2) mosamarTlis
gadayenebis Sesaxeb gancxadebisa Tu Txovnis ganxilva; 3) ganxilva saCivrisa da protestisa im
dadgenilebis gamo, romliTac gadaiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ramdenad akmayofilebda veqilobis
msurveli kanoniT dadgenil formalur pirobebs; 4) iusticiis ministris moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi
sasamarTlo dawesebulebaTa mier Sedgenili gansakuTrebuli ganawesis ganxilva (SaraSeniZe 1990).
senatis debulebis daskvniT nawilSi anu bolo, mexuTe TavSi, ganxilulia senatis
departamentebSi saqmeTa warmoebis wesi. kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis departamentSi saqmis
_ 205 _
zaza cinaZe
warmoeba xdeboda sisxlis samarTlis warmoebis wesdebis (sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis)
mixedviT. samxedro sasamarTlos ganaCenis gamo Setanili saCivrisa da protestis ganxilvis dros
senati xelmZRvanelobda samxedro sasamarTlos wesdebiT. samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentSi
saqmis warmoeba, Cveulebriv, xdeboda samoqalaqo samarTlis warmoebis wesdebiT1 (muxli 3738)
(SaraSeniZe 1990).
saadministracio ganyofilebis gansaxilvelad wardgenili saqmeebi unda ganawilebuliyo
senatorTa Soris mosaxseneblad. saqmis ganxilvis dRe unda ecnobebinaT rogorc im Tanamdebobis
pirTaTvis, romelTa moqmedeba an gankarguleba saCivrdeboda, ise saqmeSi yoveli monawile
pirisaTvis, romlebic senats ganucxadebdnen TavianT misamarTs (muxli 40-41).
modaveTa veqilad yofna SeeZlo im pirs, romelsac sasamarTlo dawesebulebaTa debulebiT
da samoqalaqo samarTlis warmoebis wesdebiT ufleba hqonda, ewarmoebina samoqalaqo saqmeebi
sasamarTlo dawesebulebaSi. dawesebulebasa da Tanamdebobis pirs SeeZlo, gaegzavna Tavisi
rwmunebuli senatis sxdomaze ganmartebaTa warsadgenad. saqmis moxseneba da modaveTa sityvieri
gamosvla sajaro iyo, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac senati sajarod ganxilvas ar miiCnevda
mizanSewonilad zneobrivi interesebidan gamomdinare. dadgenileba aseTi gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb
winaswar, sajarod unda gamoecxadebinaT senatorebs (muxli 42-43).
saqmis moxsenebis Semdeg senati ismenda saqmeSi monawileTa, veqilTa da rwmunebulTa ganmartebas
da bolos, senatis prokuroris an misi moadgilis daskvnas (muxli 44).
saqmis mosmenis dros erT senatorsac rom ganecxadebina, rom saqme saWiroebda, damatebiT,
departamentSi ganxilvas, is dauyovnebliv gadaecemoda departaments (muxli 45).
modaveTa ganmartebisa da prokuroris an misi moadgilis daskvnis mosmenis Semdgom
senats gamohqonda rezolucia im motivebis aRniSvniT, romelic safuZvlad daedo dadgenil
gadawyvetilebas. Tu senati am motivebs ar miuTiTebda, rezoluciis gamotanidan erTi kviris
ganmavlobaSi unda daesabuTebina Tavisi gadawyvetileba. rTuli saqmisTvis senati SeimuSavebda
ufro vrcel dadgenilebas. rezoluciaca da dadgenilebac aRsasruleblad egzavneboda saTanado
dawesebulebasa da Tanamdebobis pirs (muxli 46).
saqmis saboloo ganxilvis Semdeg senats gamohqonda Semdegi gadawyvetilebebi: 1) saCivari an
protesti uSedegod yofiliyo datovebuli; 2) dadgenileba, gankarguleba an moqmedeba, romelzedac
saCivari an protesti iyo Setanili, gauqmebuliyo; 3) acnobebda saTanado dawesebulebas an
Tanamdebobis pirs, rom Tavi Seekavebina gansazRvruli moqmedebisgan, an ganexorcielebina iseTi
qmedeba, romelic saWiro iyo kanonierebis an dazaralebulis uflebebis aRsadgenad; 4) Secvliliyo
gasaCivrebuli an protestis gamomwvevi dadgenileba an gankarguleba, Tu aseTi cvlileba mxolod
saqmeSi monawile pirTa uflebas exeboda (muxli 48).
senatis administraciuli ganyofilebis gadawyvetilebaze, Tu es gadawyvetileba iseT
saqmes exeboda, romelic pirvelad am ganyofilebaSi iyo aRZruli, rogorc pirvel instanciaSi,
saqmeSi monawile pirebs SeeZloT, SeetanaT saCivari, ministrebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs ki –
protesti senatis sakasacio departamentTa sazogado krebaSi. aseTi saCivari an protesti senatis
dadgenilebis an dasabuTebuli rezoluciis gamotanis dRidan erT TveSi unda SeetanaT. Txovna da
wardgenileba dadgenilebis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb Setanidan aTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg ganuxilvelad
iqneboda datovebuli (muxli 50-51).
senatis im dadgenilebis Secvla an gauqmeba, romelSic administraciuli saqme arsebiTad
iyo gadaWrili, dainteresebul pirTa TxovniT an ministris wardgenilebiT, SeiZleboda Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi: 1) Tu iseTi axali garemoeba aRmoCndeboda, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba qonda
saqmis gadawyvetisTvis; 2) Tu aRmoCndeboda sayalbe iseT aqtSi, an – mowmis sicrue iseT CvenebaSi,
romelzec damyarebuli iyo dadgenileba; 3) Tu saqmeSi monawile piris an misi warmomadgenlis
borotmoqmedeba an samsaxureobrivi danaSauli gamovlindeboda; 4) Tu dawesebulebis an moxelis
gankarguleba saTanado wesiT ukanonod iqneboda cnobili an gauqmebuli da am gauqmebas SeeZlo
gavlenis moxdena gamotanil dadgenilebaze. dadgenilebis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb Txovna da
wardgenileba unda SeetanaT aseTi faqtebis aRmoCenidan oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi (muxli 51).
ministris moqmedebaze saCivari unda Setaniliyo senatSi im vadisa da wesis dacviT, romelic
aRniSnuli iyo saadministracio sasamarTlos debulebis meTvramete muxlSi (muxli 53) (SaraSeniZe
1990).
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebulma senatis
debulebam uzenaesi sasamarTlos es organo aqcia marTlmsjulebis dacvis qvakuTxedad
saqarTvelos pirvel demokratiul respublikaSi.
_ 206 _
senatis wevrTa arCevnebi.

1919 wlis 7 oqtombers Sedga saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis morigi sxdoma, romelsac
Tavmjdomareobda damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile eqvTime TayaiSvili da mdivnobda
damfuZnebeli krebis mdivnis moadgile qristine SaraSiZe. dRis wesrigSi gansaxilvel sakiTxTa
Soris iyo senatis Tavmjdomarisa da wevrebis arCeva da maTi saxelfaso xarjTaRricxvis damtkiceba.
aRniSnul sakiTxze momxseneblad gamovida socialdemokratiuli fraqciis wevri sergei jafariZe,
romelmac ganacxada, rom damfuZnebeli krebis mier arCeulma sarekomendacio komisiam, romelsac
davalebuli qonda senatorTa kandidatebis dasaxeleba, bevri Rirseulidan kargi kandidati ver
Seiyvana am siaSi, radgan jamagirebis simciris gamo isini materialurad uzrunvelyofili ver
iqnebodnen. sagangebo komisiam ganixila es sakiTxi da daaskvna, rom jamagiri moematebinaT aramarto
senatorebisaTvis aramed mTeli sasamarTlosaTvis, vinaidan es aucilebeli iyo sasamarTlos swor
niadagze dayenebisaTvis. stenografiuli angariSis mixedviT, sarekomendacio komisiam msjelobis
Semdeg gadawyvita, rom xelfasebi gadanawilebuliyo Semdegnairad: `1. senatis Tavmjdomare 9 000
man.; 2. Tavmjdomaris amxanagi 8 000 man.; 3. senators 7 500 man. 4. prokuroris amxanags _ 7 000 man~
(saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis stenografiuli angariSi 1919).
sainteresoa damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebis msjeloba senatorTa kandidatebisa da arCevnebis
Sesaxeb. stenografiuli angariSebidan am procesis Canaweri mogvyavs ucvlelad:
s. jafariZe: sarekomendacio komisia, romelsac davalebuli hqonda senatorTa kandidatebis

dasaxeleba udgens damfuZnebel krebas sias. komisiam mizanSewonilad dainaxa arCevnebi moxdes
departamentebaT Tu vin, romel departamentSi iqneba. sia Cveni aseTia: (kiTxulobs)
Tavmjdomare: es gaxlavT sia warmodgenili sarekomendacio komisiis mier. arCevnebi unda moxdes
dRes. vis surs sityva? sityva ekuTvnis b. mesxiSvils.
Salva mesxiSvili (s.f): am arCevnebis Sesaxeb laparaki ar minda, arc im wesis Sesaxeb, romliTac eg
arCevnebi unda moxdes. me socialfederalistTa fraqciis dadgenilebiT, maqvs pativi, mogaxsenoT,
rom CvenTvis kandidatebis sia aq warmodgenili, saerTod misaRebia, magram zogierTi CvenSi
cnobili friad momzadebuli da senatisaTvis sasargeblo piri am siaSi ar moxda. amis gamo social-
federalistTa fraqcia gamosTqvams Tavis mwuxarebas. (niniZe adgilidan: federalistebis loRika!)
Tavmjdomare: sityva ekuTvnis g. gvazavas.
giorgi gvazava (er.dem.): rasakvirvelia, saqarTveloSi bevria iseTi piri, romelic senatisaTvis
sasargeblo iqneboda. es pirebi ver Sedian senatSi. Cven saWirod migvaCnia, ganvacxadoT es.
Tavmjdomare: b. arseniZe.
raJsen arseniZe (s.d.): socialdemokratiuli fraqcia savsebiT mxars uWers warmodgenil sias.
marTalia, bevria momzadebuli piri, magram maT aqvT didi saqmeebi da iq arian saWironi. erTi ki gvwams
dRes: asarCevi pirebi usaTuod gaamarTleben Cven imedebs, romelnic maTze gvaqvs damyarebuli.
Tavmjdomare: rogor inebebT kenWis yras, uyaroT mTel sias Tu calcalke?
jafariZe: dros Sesamokleblad TviTeulma wevrma warmoadginos Tavisi sia. Tavmjdomare senatisa,
misi amxanagi da cameti wevri senatisa.
Tavmjdomare: vinaidan sxva sia ar aris, kenWs uyris komisiis mier warmodgenil sias. vin aris momxre,
rom es sia miRebul iqnas? (gvazava adgilidan: rogor Tu miRebuli! kenWi unda eyaros!)
kenWis yrisaTvis darigebulia dabeWdili siebi. TviToeul wevrs SeuZlia aRniSnos TviToeuli wevri.
amrigad TviToeuli Cvengani irCevs, vinc mas surs da amave dros daculi iqneba faruli kenWis yris
wesi. (xdeba faruli kenWis yra, baraTebis dasaTvlelad arCeuli arian niko nikolaZe, nik. eliava da
samson fircxalava, romelnic mdivanTan erTad iTvlian xmebs)
Tavmjdomare: (zari) arCevnebis Sedegi aseTia: sul iyo 59 baraTi. amaTSi erTi gauqmebulia, vinaidan
zed saxeli da gvari iyo mowerili, xolo arCevnebi ki faruli iyo. maSasadame darCa 58. orma Tavi
Seikava. prezidiums monawileoba ar miuRia. vinaidan mxolod es erTi siaa oficialuri da sxva sia
ar warmoudgenia, Tumca zogs dasaxelebuli hyavs sxvadasxva pirebi, xmebi ase aris ganawilebuli:
(kiTxulobs)
senatis Tavmjdomared arCeulia nafici veqili daviT besarionis Ze xelTufliSvili (xma:ax!)
senatis Tavmjdomaris amxanagad ivane mixeilis Ze nakaSiZe (xma: ax!)
senatorebad samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentSi nafici veqili ivane ivanes Ze zurabiSvili (53),
nafici veqili vasil aleqsandresZe omidovi (54), samarTlis palatis wevri solomon giorgis Ze
miqelaZe (55), nafici veqili levan giorgis Ze asaTiani (43), nafici veqili giorgi isidores Ze
mdinaraZe (56).
samoqalaqo departamentis administraciul ganyofilebaSi quTaisis qalaqis Tavi iuristi dimitri
ilarionisZe kalandariSvili (51), iusticiis ministris yofili amxanagi grigol ivanesZe gvelesiani (54),
nafici veqili miwaTmoqmedebis saministros iurist konsuli vladimer nestorisZe quTaTelaZe (42)
_ 207 _
zaza cinaZe
sisxlis samarTlis sakasacio departamentSi 1. iusticiis saministros departamentis direqtori

nikoloz moses Ze qiqoZe (56), 2. quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlos wevri mixeil levanisZe qorqaSvili,
3.quTaisis olqis sasamarTlos wevri nikoloz giorgis Ze maWavariani, 4. samxedro sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomare ioseb nikolozis Ze roiniSvili (54), 5. soxumis sagengebo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare
giorgi dimitris Ze sidamon erisTavi (55).
amnairad, zemoT xsenebuli kandidatebi arCeuli arian senatorebad (taSi)~ (saqarTvelos
damfuZnebeli krebis stenografiuli angariSi 1919).
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier senatis wevrTa arCevnebi, rogorc zemoT moyvanili
stenografiuli angariSebidan Cans, demokratiuli principebis sruli dacviT warimarTa da
senatorebad arCeul iqna maRali kvalifikaciis mqone iuristebi, romlebsac gaaCndaT TavianT
sferoSi moRvaweobis xangrZlivi gamocdileba da didi avtoriteti. damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebi
motivirebuli iyvnen imisaTvis, raTa senati dakompleqtebuli yofiliyo ganaTlebuli kadrebiT
da yvela zomas iRebdnen amisaTvis.
senatisa da sruliad qarTuli sasamarTlos damoukideblobis maRali xarisxis naTeli
dadasturebaa saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1919 wlis 17 aprils miRebuli dadgenileba,
romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis saxelze Semosuli Txovnebi da
Suamdgomlobani, romlebic sasamarTlos ganaCenis Secvlas Seexeboda, damuZnebeli krebis mier
uaryofili iqna (kanonTa da mTavrobis gankargulebaTa krebuli 1919 №6).
es faqti imas mowmobs, rom qarTuli sasamarTlo sruliad ganTavisuflebuli iyo partiuli
Tu politikuri koniuqturisagan da sruliad damoukidebel saxelisuflebo Stos warmoadgenda.
senatis piradi Semadgenloba.
saqarTvelos centralur saxelmwifo saistorio arqivis 1837 fondSi daculi dokumentebi
Seexeba saqarTvelos senats. aRniSnul fondSi movipoveT saqme №1127, romelSic Sesulia
saqarTvelos senatis piradi Semadgenlobis sia. am dokumentis wyalobiT, vecnobiT senatSi
momuSave yvela pirovnebas, vigebT maT Tanamdebobebs da uflebamovaleobis aRsrulebis dawyebis
zust TariRs. es dokumenti qarTul samecniero literaturaSi aqamde gamoqveynebuli ar yofila,
gTavazobT mas:
1. xelTufliSvili daviT besarionis Ze senatis Tavmjdomare 1919w. 7/X 2. jafariZe ivane mixeilis Ze
Tavmjdomaris amxanagi 1919w. 7/X 3. miqelaZe solomon giorgis Ze senatori 1919w. 7/X 4. demidovi
vasil aleqsandres Ze senatori 1919w. 7/X 5. asaTiani levan giorgis Ze senatori 1919w. 7/ X 6.
gvelesiani grigol ivanes Ze senatori 1919w. 7/X 7. kalandariSvili dimitri ilarionis Ze senatori
1919w. 7/X 8. roiniSvili ioseb nikolozis Ze senatori 1919w. 7/X 9. maWavariani nikoloz giorgis Ze
senatori 1919w. 7/X 10. qorqaSvili mixeil levanis Ze senatori 1919w. 7/X 11. xaraziSvili giorgi
konstantines Ze senatori 1919 w. 13/XII.
senatis kancelaria da kancelariasTan arsebuli Tanamdebobis pirni: 1. afxazi ivane dimitris Ze
mdivani 1919 w. 15/X; 2. gamrekeli evgeni aleqsandres Ze mdivani 1919 15/X; 3. kobaxiZe nikoloz
ioTamis Ze mdivnis TanaSemwe 1919w. 15/X; 4. janaSia grigol giorgis Ze moxele 1919 w. 15/X; 5.
Tarxan–mouravisa, mariam daviTis aseuli moxele 1919w. 18/X; 6. adamia nino giorgis asuli moxele
1919w. 18/X; 7. metreveli Tamar dimitris asuli moxele 1919 w. 18/X; 8. dvaliSvili nikoloz
aleqsis Ze boqouli 1919w. 20/X; 9. javaxiSvili ivane grigolis Ze boqouli 1919w.20/X; 10. abaSiZe
konstantine ilias Ze mdivnis TanaSemwe 1919w. 1/XI; 11. korZaia paraskeva beglaris asuli moxele
1919w. 11/XI; 12. giorgaZe pavle giorgis Ze mdivnis TanaSemwe 1919w. 15/XI; 13. elisaSvili nino
ilarionis asuli moxele 1919 21/XI; 14. miqelaZe elisabed solomonis asuli moxele 1920 w. 5/I; 15.
boboxiZe liubov artemis asuli moxele 1920w. 9/II; 16. gomelauri nino ilias asuli arqivariusi
1920w. 7/V; 17. gomelauri Tamar giorgis asuli moxele 1920w. 17/V; 18. svaniZe lidia malaqias
asuli moxele 1920w. 24/VII; 19. grigolia lidia pavles asuli moxele 1920w. 9/IX; 20. lomouri
nino nikolozis asuli mdivnis TanaSemwe 1920w. 15/XI; 21. koxreiZe severian ivlianes Ze iasauli
1920w. 15/XI; 22. kikvaZe kalistrat iasonis Ze mdivnis TanaSemwe 1920w. 1/XII; 23. CivaZe aleqsandre
konstantines Ze moxele 1920w. 21/XII.
sakodifikacio ganyofileba: 1. yarangoziSvili viqtor aleqsandres Ze gamgis Tanamdebobis droebiT
aRmsrulebeli 1919w. 22/X; 2. abesaZe nikoloz ivlianes Ze saqmis mwarmoebeli 1919w. 11/XI; 3.
sidamonerisTavi, giorgi iosebis Ze saqmis mwarmoeblis TanaSemwe 1919w. 22/X; 4. baraTaSvili daviT
nikolozis Ze ufrosi koreqtori 1919w. 22/X; 5. sixaruliZe artem antonis Ze umcrosi koreqtori
1919w. 22/X; 6. arjevaniZe Tamar antonis asuli manqanaze gadamweri 1919w. 22/X; 7. caguria Tamar
besarionis asuli eqspeditori 1920w. 25/II; 8. falavandiSvili Tamar aleqsandres asuli ufrosi
koreqtoris Tanamdebobis droebiT aRmsrulebeli 1920 w. 21/V.
_ 208 _
Sikrikebi: 1. petrovi viqtor petres Ze 1919w. 1/XII; 2. sokolovski ioseb grigolis Ze 1919w. 1/XII; 3.
nacvliSvili Salva giorgis Ze 1920w. 1/XI~ (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.1127, furc. 7-13).
saqarTvelos senatis Statebis aRweriloba saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavecnoT masSi momuSave pirebis
da Tanamdebobebis raodenobas. aseve saintereso informacias gvawvdis genderuli kuTxiT senatSi
arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, radgan, rogorc am dokumentidan Cans, senatis TanamSromelTa
sakmaod did procents qalebi Seadgendnen, rac qalTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT wingadadgmuli
nabiji iyo da imdroindel msoflioSi, sasamarTlo sistemaSi qalebis CarTulobis mxriv, erT-
erT gamorCeul magaliTs warmoadgens. saqarTvelos centralur saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi
Semonaxulia senatis Tavmjdomaris daviT xelTufliSvilis piradi saqmec, romelsac ewodeba
namsaxurobis aRnusxva saqarTvelos senatis Tavmjdomaris daviT besarionis Zis xelTufliSvilis
samsaxuris Sesaxeb (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.1241, furc. 1).
am dokumentidan irkveva, rom daviT besarionis Ze xelTufliSvili iyo erovnebiT qarTveli
da sarwmunoebiT marTlmadidebeli qristiani. 1919 wlis 7 oqtombers igi arCeul iqna senatis
Tavmjdomared damfuZnebeli krebis mier, xolo uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebas Seudga 10
oqtombridan. 23 oqtombers saqarTvelos senatis sakasacio departamentis sazogado krebis pirvel
sajaro sxdomaze man dado senatoris sajaro aRTqma, romlis teqstsac gTavazobT qvemoT:
sajarod aRvsTqvam, viyo erTguli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis, vasrulo mtkiceT

respublikis yvela kanonebi, Tvalyuri vadevno kanonis dacvas da sisworiT asrulebas mTavrobis
yvela dawesebulebis da Tanamdebobis piris mier, TviT vqmna samarTali wminda sindisisamebr
miudgomlaT da piruTvnelaT da avasrulo mtkiceT yovelive Cem mier nakisri movaleoba, maxsovs
ra, rom amaSi pasuxi unda vago kanonis da Cemi sindisis winaSe (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s. 1241, furc. 2).
sajaro aRTqmis (ficis) zemoT moyvanili teqsti saerTo iyo yvela senatorisaTvis da
maT TavianTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba eZleodaT mas Semdeg, rac sajarod
warmosTqvamdnen senatis sxdomaze am fics. ficis miRebis Semdeg senatorebi iRebdnen mowmobas,
romelSic aRniSnuli iyo maTi Tanamdeboba. am mowmobebis Sinaarsi Semdegi saxis iyo: èse eZleva
daviT besarionis Zes xelTufliSvils mas Sina, rom igi aris saqarTvelos respublikis senatis
Tavmjdomare, rasac xelis moweriTa da beWdis dasmiT vamowmebT~ (arqivi, f.1837, aR. 1, s. 1241,
furc. 3)
am mowmobebs xels awerdnen saqarTvelos senatis Tavmjdomare an misi moadgile.
daviT xelTufliSvilis piradi saqme SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imis magaliTad Tu rogori wesiT
xdeboda senatorTa piradi saqmis Sevseba. aseve mniSvnelovania mis pirad saqmeSi moyvanili
senatoris ficis teqsti, romelic pirvelad qveyndeba Cven mier da saintereso wyaros warmoadgens
am mimarTulebiT sakiTxis kvlevisas.
senatis sakasacio departamentTa sazogado kreba.
saqarTvelos senatis sakasacio departamentTa sazogado kreba warmoadgenda im sasamarTlo
struqturul rgols, romelzec senatis yvela departamentis warmomadgeneli senatorebi
ikribebodnen da wyvetdnen sasamarTlo sistemaSi wamoWril ama Tu im problemas sxvadasxva Zireuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs.
1919 wlis 31 oqtombers senatis sakasacio departamentTa sazogado krebaze daisva sakiTxi, Tu
ra enaze unda ewarmoebinaT senatSi saqmeebi, romlebic wina sasamarTlo instanciebSi mimdinareobda
rusul enaze.
aRniSnul sxdomas eswrebodnen senatis Tavmjdomare d. xelTufliSvili, Tavmjdomaris
TanaSemwe i. jafariZe, senatorebi: i. zurabiSvili, s. miqelaZe, v. demidovi, l. asaTiani, v. quTaTelaZe,
d. kalandariSvili, g. gvelesiani, m. qorqaSvili, i. roiniSvili, g. erisTavi; prokurorebi:
m. mRvdlisSvili da g. gelazariSvili; mdivani m. SaniZe (arqivi, f. 1837, aR.1, s.5).
rogorc saqarTvelos senatis Jurnalidan irkveva, sxdomam am sakiTxze gamoitana Semdegi
gadawyvetileba: ìm saqmeebze, romlebic Tavidan nawarmoebi arian rusul enaze, saqmis moxseneba
da kamaTi senatSi iqmnas imave enaze, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu senatis Tavmjdomare, saqmeSi
monawile pirTa TanxmobiT, SesaZloT miiCnevs, rom saqme moxsenebul iqnas qarTulad. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, TviT senatis rezolucia da ganCineba daweril unda iqnas qarTulad. Tu senatis
gadawyvetilebiT sasamarTlo palatis ganCineba gauqmebul iqna, senatis brZaneba unda gaegzavnos
palatis momxseneblis mier Semowmebuli TargmaniT~ (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s. 5, furc. 3).
_ 209 _
zaza cinaZe
senatis departamentTa sazogado krebis ganxiluli saqmeebidan Cven mier moyvanili meore
magaliTi exeba saqmis qvemdebareobis sakiTxs. saqmes, romelic inaxeba saqarTvelos centralur
saistorio saxelmwifo arqivSi, ewodeba:
senatis Tavmjdomaris mier ganmartebulad warmodgenili sakiTxi romel sasamarTlos olqis

sasamarTlos, Tu momrigebel mosamarTleTa yrilobas unda eqvemdebarebodes saCivrebi momrigebel
mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebaze da dadgenilebaze sameurveo saqmeebis Sesaxeb da romlis ganmartebaa
saWiro sasamarTloTa saxelmZRvanelod (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s. 1107, furc. 1).
miTiTebuli sxdoma gaimarTa 1920 wlis 8 ivniss. sxdomas eswrebodnen senatis Tavmjdomare
d. xelTufliSvili, Tavmjdomaris amxanagi i. jafariZe da senatorebi: s. miqelaZe, v. demidovi, g.
gvelesiani, m. qorqaSvili, n. maWavariani, g. maRnaZe, d. kalandariSvili, l. asaTiani, v. quTaTelaZe,
g. xaraziSvili; prokurorebi: m. mRvdlisSvili, a. gelazariSvili da mdivani m. SaniZe.
zemoT CamoTvlilma senatorebma ganixiles es dava saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
safuZvelze da miiRes gadawyvetileba, rom momrigebel mosamarTleTa mier gamotanili ganaCenebi
sameurveo saqmeebze unda gasaCivrebuliyo ara momrigebel mosamarTleTa yrilobaze, aramed
saolqo sasamarTloze (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s. 1107).
saqarTvelos senatis departamentTa sazogado krebis sxdomebze ganxilul sakiTxTa Soris
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi iyo aseve Semdegi saqme: èkuTvnis Tu ara saqarTvelos senatis
departamentTa SeerTebul sakrebulos meTvalyureoba prokuroris pirTa moqmedebaze da ufleba
maTi moRvaweobis reviziis daniSvnisa~ (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.1117. furc. 1).
am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad senatis departamentTa sazogado krebis sxdoma gaimarTa 1920
wlis 21 dekembers. sxdomas eswreboda 10 senatori, senatis ori prokurori da erTi mdivani.
sxdomaze moxseneba waikiTxa senatorma m. qorqaSvilma, romelmac aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos senatis
debulebis mixedviT, senatis sakasacio departamentTa SeerTebul sakrebulos eqvemdebareba yvela
sasamarTlo dawesebulebisa meTvalyureoba da sasamarTlo uwyebis yvela Tanamdebobis pirTa, maT
Soris prokurorTa, moRvaweobis reviziis daniSvna (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.1117)
rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, saqarTvelos respublikis sasamarTlo
xelisuflebaSi senatis sakasacio departamentTa sazogado kreba warmoadgenda qarTuli
sasamarTlo sistemis zedamxedvelobisa da umaRles makontrolebel organos.
senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio departamenti.
saqarTvelos respublikis senatis debulebis Tanaxmad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo Sedgeboda ori
departamentisagan: sisxlis samarTlisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis departamentebisgan. imisaTvis
rom gavigoT, Tu rogor muSaobdnen senatis zemoT aRniSnuli departamentebi, saWiroa, Tvali
gadavavloT im saarqivo dokumentebs, romlebSic aRwerilia maTi saqmianoba, sxdomis oqmebi da
gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi.
saqarTvelos senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentSi ganxiluli mravali saqmidan
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis Cven moviyvanT konkretul magaliTs, romlidanac cxadad Cans, rom aRniSnuli
departamenti qveda safexuris sasamarTloebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebis aRmofxvras emsaxureboda.
am departamentis senatorebis maRali kvalifikaciis maCvenebelia is faqti, rom isini TavianT
rezoluciebSi TiToeul sakasacio saCivars swyvetdnen samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamisi
muxlebis Tanaxmad da dabali rgolis sasamarTlo struqturebs, araswori ganaCenis gamotanis
SemTxvevaSi, saqmes xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis Sesabamisi miTiTebebiT ubrunebdnen. saqarTvelos
centralur saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi dacul 1837-e fondSi daculi am konkretuli saqmis
saxelwodebaa:
sakasacio saCivari tfilisis sazogadoebis sasoflosameurneo kreditisa tfilisis sasamarTlo

palatis 1919 wlis agvistos 26 dadgenil gadawyvetilebaze `basili, serafion da dianoz beJanis
Zeebi CaCibaiebi da kompania~ savaWro saxlis kasatorTan 7 364 maneTis Taobaze sarCelis Sesaxeb
(arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.131, furc. 1).
aRniSnuli sakasacio saCivari senatis samoqalaqo departamentSi Sevida 1919 wlis 25 dekembers.
saqmis ganxilva moxda 1919 wlis 20 Tebervals. sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda senatori s. miqelaZe;
eswrebodnen senatorebi i.zurabiSvili da l.asaTiani, aseve prokuroris amxanagi p. kiziria da
mdivnis TanaSemwe v. caguria. sxdomaze gamocxaddnen savaWro saxlis CaCibaiebis da komapania
_ 210 _
rwmunebuli, nafici veqili a. andronikaSvili da Tbilisis sazogadoeba sasoflo-sameurneo

kreditis rwmunebuli, nafici veqili g. gordeziani (arqivi, f.1837, aR. 1, s.131).
nafici veqili gordeziani iTxovda Tbilisis sasamarTlo palatis gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas,
rasac eTanxmeboda senatis prokuroric. senatma, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba, rom Tbilisis
sasamarTlo palatam uaryo meore mxaris moTxovna mowmeebis dakiTxvisa da eqspertizis Catarebis
Sesaxeb da ganixila mxolod erTi mxaris mier warmodgenili sabuTebi, Sesabamisad, iyo calmxrivi
da daarRvia sworuflebianobis principi, gamoitana rezolucia, romlis ZaliTac gaauqma misi
gadawyvetileba da daubruna xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis sxva SemadgenlobaSi. Tanac senatorebma
miuTiTes Tbilisis sasamarTlo palatas samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis is muxlebi, romlebic
daculi unda yofiliyo saqmis obieqturad gamoZiebisaTvis (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.131).
Cven mier moyvanili saqme magaliTia imisa, rom senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio departamenti
zrunavda saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemaSi kompetenturobis, obieqturobisa da gamWvirvalobis
principis dacvaze, rac ganapirobebda senatisadmi, rogorc saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes
sasamarTlosadmi, ndobis maRal xarisxs da swored es sasamarTlo organo nebismier saaqcionero
sazogadoebas, sakredito kompaniasa Tu konkretul moqalaqeebs ama Tu im samoqalaqo davis
SemTxvevaSi samarTlis aRsrulebis garantad esaxeboda.
senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentis saadministracio ganyofileba.
saqarTvelos senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentis saadministacio ganyofileba
warmoadgenda iseT organos, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Canasaxi.
es ganyofileba uzrunvelyofda saqarTvelos senatis debulebis 34-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
uflebamovaleobebis aRsrulebas.2
saqarTvelos senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio departamentis saadministracio ganyofilebis
muSaobis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis naSromSi moviyvanT amave ganyofilebis ganxiluli saqmeebis nawils,
raTa cxadi gaxdes misi muSaobis procesi samarTlianobis, miukerZoeblobisa da kompetenturobis
gansazRvris kuTxiT.
1920 wlis 28 aprils saqarTvelos senatis saadministracio ganyofilebaSi Sevida metexis cixis
patimarTa gancxadeba, romlebic iTxovdnen Sinagan saqmeTa ministris im gankargulebis gauqmebas,
romlis mixedviTac daapatimres isini. es sakiTxi ganixila saadministracio ganyofilebam da Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros gaugzavna werili, raTa saswrafod gadmoegzavnaT senatisaTvis ministris
is gankarguleba, romlis safuZvelzec moxda momCivani pirebis dakaveba. senatma Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros kancelariisgan miiRo ministris aRniSnuli gankargulebis asli, romelSic ewera:
me, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma, miviRe mxedvelobaSi, rom isaak Jvania, aleqsandre mgelaZe da ermile
damenia arian namdvili wevrni sazogadoebisa, romelTac miznaT aqvs dasaxuli saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mospoba, rac gamoirkva kvlevaZiebiT, Tanaxmad 1919 wlis 21 noembris
dekretisa, davadgine: aRniSnulni pirni datusaRebul iqnen erTi wliT dRidan Sepyrobisa (arqivi,
f.1837, aR.1, s.555, furc. 6).
saadministracio ganyofilebam miRebuli saCivrisa, ministris gankargulebisa da mis xelT

arsebuli masalebidan gamomdinare, gamoitana gadawyvetileba ministris am gankargulebis gauqmebis
Sesaxeb, gadaugzavna Sinagan saqmeTa saministros aRniSnuli dadgenileba da moiTxova pasuxi,
saswrafod ecnobebinaT senatisaTvis, ganTavisufldnen, Tu ara es pirebi sapatimrodan.
Sinagan saqmeTa saministrodan senatma miiRo telefonograma, romelSic senats atyobinebdnen,
rom aRniSnuli pirebi ganTavisuflebulni iyvnen metexis cixidan aministiis safuZvelze (arqivi,
f.1837, aR.1, s.555).
zemoT moyvanili magaliTidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos respublikis senati iyo miukerZoebeli
organo da saxelmwifos mis gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebis aranairi berketi gaaCnda. xazgasasmelia
isic, rom es faqti ministris gankargulebis gauqmebis erTaderTi SemTxveva ar yofila. amis
dasadastureblad kidev araerTi saqme SeiZleba moviyvanoT, Tundac Zmebi jafariZeebis saCivari
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris gankargulebaze raWis mazridan maTi gaZevebis Sesaxeb.
senatis saadministracio ganyofilebaSi Setanili Zmebi jafariZeebis sakasacio saCivridan
irkveva, rom Sinagan saqmeTa ministris 1919 wlis 5 martis gankargulebis Tanaxmad, Zmebi jafariZeebi
xalxis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebisaTvis gadaasaxles raWis mazridan. gadasaxlebulebma moaxerxes
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe JordaniasTan Sexvedra, romelsac auxsnes TavianTi gaWirveba da
_ 211 _
zaza cinaZe
ganucxades, rom arasodes ar miuRiaT monawileoba xalxis sawinaaRmdego qmedebaSi da ar icodnen,

Tu ra braldebaze iyo saubari. noe Jordaniam Zmebs misca specialuri werilobiTi nebarTva,
romlis ZaliTac maT miecaT raWaSi dabrunebis saSualeba (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.514).
raWaSi dabrunebul Zmebs noe Jordanias mier gacemuli nebarTva CamoarTva raWis mazris erobam
da isini kvlav gaasaxles igive braldebiT. amis Semdeg Zmebma sakasacio saCivari Seitanes senatSi
da detalurad aRweres TavianTi mdgomareoba. senatma ganixila aRniSnuli saCivari, gaauqma Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros gankarguleba, ris Semdegac Zmebma jafariZeebma moaxerxes raWaSi dabruneba
(arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.514).
Sinagan saqmeTa ministri ar iyo mTavrobis erTaderTi warmomadgeneli, romlis ukanono
gadawyvetilebac gauqmebul iqna senatis mier. senati detalurad swavlobda centraluri
saxelisuflebo organoebis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebebs da Tvalyurs adevnebda maT kanonier
aRsrulebas.
senatis saadministracio ganyofilebis saarqivo masalebSi aseve araerTi saqme gvxvdeba,
romlebic Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis organoebis gadawyvetilebebs an maT mier
Semotanil sakasacio saCivrebs, romlebic kanonis sruli dacviT iqna ganxiluli. maTze gamotanili
iqna samarTliani gadawyvetilebebi.
erT-erT aseT saqmes warmoadgens Tbilisis qalaqis gamgeblis rwmunebulis nafici veqilis
i. amirxanovis saCivari Tbilisis olqis sasamarTlos saadministracio ganyofilebis 1918 wlis 1
martis gadawyvetilebaze, romliTac gauqmebul iqna q. Tbilisis gamgeobis 1918 wlis 14 Tebervlis
dadgenileba. qalaqis gamgeobis es gadawyvetileba Seexeboda sergei semionovis rozovis binidan
gaZevebas. am saqmeze senatis prokurorma m. mRvdlisSvilma 1919 wlis 3 dekembris samoqalaqo
sakasacio saadministracio sxdomaze gaakeTa Semdegi moxseneba:
qalaqis gamgebas, romelmac rekviziciis wesiT 1917 wlis 29 dekembers momCivani semionovi moaTavsa
rozovis binaze, 1917 wlis 18 dekembris Tbilisis sabWos dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, hqonda ufleba,
semionovi gamoeyvana rozovis binidan da moeTavsebina sxvagan mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rozovis
ojaxuri SemadgenlobisaTvis saWiro iqneboda is oTaxi, romelSic semionovi cxovrobda. Tumca
saqmidan ar Cans, rom aseTi garemoeba iyo semionovis gaZevebis mizezi. rogorc qalaqis gamgeobis
rwmunebulis nafici veqilis i. amirxanovis axsna-ganmartebidan Cans, gaZevebis mizezi iyo dava da
uTanxmoeba semionovsa da rozovs Soris. Sesabamisad, semionovis gaZeveba binidan unda momxdariyo
mxoloddamxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, Tbilisis
gamgeobas ar qonda uflebamosileba semionovis gamoZevebisa rozovis binidan. gamgeobis es qmedeba
ar aris kanonieri da is gauqmebul unda iqnes (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s.38, furc. 3).
moyvanili saqmidan Cans, rom senatis saadministracio ganyofilebam prokuroris daskvna

gaiTvaliswina da ar daakmayofila Tbilisis gamgeobis sakasacio saCivari.
1919 wlis 3 dekembersve senatis samoqalaqo sakasacio saadministracio ganyofilebis
sxdomaze ganxilul iqna qalaq Tbilisis gamgeobis imave rwmunebulis, nafici veqilis amirxanovis
meore sakasacio saCivari Tbilisis olqis sasamarTlos saadministracio ganyofilebis 1918 wlis
pirveli Tebervlis gadawyvetilebaze, romlis ZaliTac, gauqmebul iqna qalaq Tbilisis gamgeobis
dadgenileba bogdan sergis Ze ericianis saxlis rekviziciis Sesaxeb. aRniSnulma sxdomam miiRo
ra mxedvelobaSi mxareebis axsnaganmarteba da prokuroris daskvna, gamoitana Tbilisis gamgeobis
gammamarTlebeli rezolucia Semdegi mizezis gaTvaliswinebiT: ericianis saxli CamorTmeuli iqna
rekviziciis wesiT amierkavkasiis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWosaTvis. kinematografia,
romelic am saxlSi ganaTavses, uSualo omis miznebs ar Seesabameboda, magram is ara marto gasarTobi
saSualeba iyo, aramed jaris kulturul-saganmanaTleblo miznebsac emsaxureboda da Seadgenda
frontis zurgisaTvis aucilebel sagans, im zurgisTvis, romelsac aranakleb mniSvneloba hqonda
Tanamedrove omis sawarmoeblad, vidre fronts. Tanac, kanonTa da mTavrobis gankargulebaTa
krebulis 1914 wlis 9 dekembris #334-Si gamoqveynebuli mTavari Stabis saxelmZRvanelo
cirkuliaris Tanaxmad, omis dros, im adgilebSi, sadac samxedro wesebi iyo gamocxadebuli,
mTavari Stabi valdebuli iyo, jaris nawilebisa da maTTvis saWiro dawesebulebebisaTvis mieCina
bina yovelgvar sazogadoebriv Tu kerZo SenobebSi (arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s. 38).
rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi senatma daakmayofila qalaq Tbilisis gamgeobis sakasacio
saCivari. moyvanili ori saqme imas gvimtkicebs, rom senati miukerZoebeli organo iyo. senatorebi
ar eqceodnen iseTi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organos zegavlenis qveS, rogoric Tbilisis
gamgeoba iyo. mTavari nebismier SemTxvevaSi erTi iyo: samarTali unda aRsrulebuliyo. samarTali
_ 212 _
aRasrula senatma maSin, rodesac gamgeobis gadawyvetileba ukanonod scno da maSinac, rodesac
gamgeobis dadgenileba kanonTan Sefardebulad miiCnia.
saarqivo masalebis ganxilvam dagvanaxa, rom senatis samoqalaqo departamentis saadministracio
ganyofileba warmoadgenda senatis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan rgols, romelic zedamxedvelobas
uwevda rogorc sasamarTlo, aseve saxelmwifos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
organoebs. amowmebda maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis kanonTan Sesabamisobas, iRebda maT
winaaRmdeg Setanil saCivrebs da ganixilavda yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
qarTuli sasamarTlos istoriaSi erTerTi yvelaze Rirseuli furceli swored am organom Cawera,
radgan saqmis ganxilvis dros misTvis ar arsebobda aranairi avtoriteti garda samarTlianobisa
da obieqturi WeSmaritebisa, rac mkafiod Canda mis mier ministrebisa Tu adgilobrivi
TviTmarTvelobis moxeleTa mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis gauqmebebisas.
senatis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa sakasacio departamenti.
saqarTvelos senatis sisxlis samarTlis departamentis mier ganxiluli saqmeebis absoluturi
umravlesoba sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi ganadgurebuli iqna. aqedan gamomdinare, senatis sisxlis
samarTlis sakasacio departamentis Sesaxeb warmodgena SeiZleba, SeviqmnaT im erTeuli saqmeebidan,
romlebic gadarCa ganadgurebas da inaxeba saqarTvelos centralur saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi.
aseve, 19181921 wlebSi gamomaval gazeTebSi gvxvdeba ramdenime gaxmaurebuli sisxlis samarTlis
saqmis stenografiuli Canaweri.
upirveles yovlisa, gvinda ganvixiloT senatis sisxlis samarTlis sakasacio departamentSi
Sesuli sakasacio saCivari: `finansTa da vaWrobamrewvelobis saministrosi 1920 wlis 31 ianvris
Tbilisis olqis mosamarTleTa yrilobis ganaCenze, romliTac braldebuli isaoRli iqna cnobili
udanaSaulod respublikis sazRvargareT gasazidaT akrZalul sagnebis gatanis cdis braldebaSi~
(arqivi, f.1837, aR.1, s. 542, furc. 2).
aRniSnuli saqme SedarebiT moculobiTia da masSi saproceso moqmedebebi detalurad aris
asaxuli. momCivani mxare kasaciis Sedegad iTxovda Tbilisis olqis mosamarTleTa yrilobis
gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas im kiTxvebis safuZvelze, romlebic sasamarTlos msvlelobis dros unda
daesvaT da ganexilaT, magram es ase ar moxda. momCivanma warmoadgina es kiTxvebi: 1. ra pirobebSi
moxda saqonlis aRmoCena, romelic cnobili iqna sabaJos mier kontrabandad; 2. rogor cdilobda,
braldebuli gaetana sazRvargareT akrZaluli saqoneli, romelic mas aRmouCines da ra zomebs
mimarTavda is, raTa mcdeloba moeyvana sisruleSi; 3. romeli sabaJo kanonebi daarRvia Tavisi
moqmedebiT isa oRlim; 4. rogor unda yofiliyo dasjili braldebuli (arqivi, f. 1837, aR.1, s. 542).
1920 wlis 23 aprilis saqarTvelos senatis sisxlis samarTlis departamentis ganyofilebis
sasamarTlo sakrebulos sxdomam es saqme Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: Tavmjdomare i. jafariZe;
senatorebi m. qorqaSvili da s. maWavariani; prokuroris amxanagi CivaZe da mdivnis TanaSemwe
boboxiZe. sxdomis oqmSi vkiTxulobT, rom sxdoma gaxsna Tavmjdomarem 11 saaTsa da 20 wuTze.
man waikiTxa sakasacio saCivris sruli saTauri da daiwyo saqmis sakasacio wesiT ganxilva. saqmis
sajaro garCevis dros sasamarTlo darbazSi gamocxaddnen finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis
saministros warmomadgeneli, sabaJos gamge miqaZe da braldebulis damcveli, nafici veqili
lominaZe. sabaJos gamgem warmoadgina cnoba, Tu ra manZili iyo im adgilidan sazRvramde, romelic
unda gadaekveTa braldebuls da moiTxova am cnobis damateba saqmeze. braldebulis damcvelis
protestis miuxedavad senatma es dokumenti miiRo oficialur cnobad.
sabaJos gamgis gancxadebiT, aRniSnuli saqme ar eqvemdebareboda saolqo sasamarTlos. is
iTxovda Tbilisis olqis mosamarTleTa yrilobis mier gamotanili ganaCenis gauqmebas.
mxareTa mosmenis Semdeg sasamarTlo gavida saTaTbiro oTaxSi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
senatorTa darbazSi dabrunebis Semdeg Tavmjdomarem gamoacxada Semdegi rezolucia: `Tbilisis
olqis mosamarTleTa yrilobis 1920 wlis 31 ianvris ganaCeni gauqmebul iqnas da saqme daubrundes
imave yrilobas xelaxla gasarCevaT sxva SemadgenlobaSi~ (arqivi, f.1837, a.1, s.542, furc. 7).
saqmeSi pirdapiri miniSneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom ver aRmoaCina Tbilisis olqis sasamarTlom
isaoRlis qmedebaSi kanondarRveva, ar moipoveba. Cveni azriT, savaraudod, SeZlebulma isaoRlim
moaxerxa mosamarTleebis mosyidva. Tumca, sxva viTareba gvaqvs senatis SemTxvevaSi. senati ukve is
sasamarTlo organo iyo, sadac olqis sasamarTlosa Tu sxva sasamarTlo instanciis gamotanili
araswori ganaCenebi uqmdeboda. senati moxsenebas ugzavnida ukan TiToeul sasamarTlo rgols,
sadac detalurad iyo aRwerili, Tu romeli muxlebis ganxilviT unda ewarmoebinaT saqmeebi.
senatorTa mosyidva aravis SeeZlo, rac maTdami sazogadoebis ndobis xarisxs amaRlebda.
_ 213 _
zaza cinaZe
axla gvinda moviyvanoT konkretuli saqme, sadac naTladaa warmodgenili Tu ra didi yuradReba
eqceoda sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis yvela muxlis srulyofilad aRsrulebas. saqme
exeba quTaisis olqis prokuroris amxanagis daviT abaSiZis sakasacio protests, quTaisis olqis
sasamarTlos mier ozurgeTSi ganxiluli evgeni krinickis mkvlelobaze.
quTaisis olqis prokuroris amxanagis sakasacio protestSi vkiTxulobT, rom quTaisis
olqis sasamarTlom sasamarTlos wevris m. WeiSvilis TavmjdomareobiT da mdivnis b. kuxianiZis
TandaswrebiT, 1920 wlis 4 maiss ganixila q. ozurgeTSi evgeni krinickis mkvlelobis saqme. sasamarTlo
procesze warmodgenilni iyvnen ori braldebuli: giorgi Sewiruli da erasto doliZe. sasamarTlo
procesi gaixsna q. zugdidSi momrigebel mosamarTleTa yrilobis darbazSi. sasamarTlo sxdomaze,
prokuroris amxanagis gancxadebiT, ar iyo daculi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa warmoebis wesdebis
is muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu nafic msajulTa ricxvi 24-ze naklebi iyo, am SemTxvevaSi, Sevsebul
unda yofiliyvnen kandidatebiT. aRniSnul process eswreboda mxolod 18 nafici msajuli. aseve
darRveul iqna aRniSnuli wesdebis is muxli, romelic moiTxovda, rom nafici msajulebi sasamarTlo
darbazidan arsad ar gasuliyvnen, raTa ar hqonodaT aranairi damokidebuleba gareSe pirebTan.
aRniSnul procesze nafici msajulebi sami saaTiT iyvnen gasulebi qalaqSi, vinaidan procesis
warmoeba Sewyda dRis sam saaTze da gagrZelda saRamos 6 saaTze. prokuroris amxanagis TqmiT,
aucileblad, unda yofiliyo mxedvelobaSi miRebuli is garemoeba, rom adgilobrivi moqalaqeebi
Zalian iyvnen am saqmiT dainteresebulni da mravlad eswrebodnen sxdomas, amitomac nafici
msajulebi unda darCeniliyvnen darbazSi. aseve, dairRva sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 806-e muxli,
romelic moiTxovda, rom saTaTbiro oTaxi daculi yofiliyo darajebiT, raTa iq ar Sesuliyo
gareSe piri. Tumca, rodesac msajulebi gavidnen saTaTbirod da miixures karebi, ramdenime wuTis
Semdeg saTaTbiro oTaxidan gamovida gareSe piri, ozurgeTis momrigebeli mosamarTle xafTasi.
saTaTbiros sul ori kari hqonda, erTi – darbazisken, meore – gareT gasasvleli, romelic
darbazidan ar Canda. arcerT maTganTan daraji ar idga, Sesabamisad Tu xafTass SeeZlo im oTaxSi
Sesvla, sxva pirebic Tavisulad SeZlebdnen amas (arqivi, f. 1837, aR. 1, s. 905).
abaSiZis ganmartebiT, kidev erT kanondarRvevas hqonda adgili procesze. msajulTa Soris iyo
mose doliZe, mama prokopi doliZisa, romelsac edeboda brali am saqmeSi. amgvarad mose doliZe
dainteresebuli iyo Svilis gamarTlebiT. saTaTbiro oTaxidan gamosulma msajulebma ganacxades,
rom mose doliZe avad gaxda da veRar miiRebda monawileobas TaTbirSi. doliZe gadayenebul iqna
da mis magier daniSnes kandidati. mxolod amis Semdeg gairkva, rom mose doliZe iyo prokopi
doliZis mama (arqivi, f. 1837, aR. 1, s. 905).
amis Semdeg, abaSiZe miuTiTebda, rom amdenma procesualurma darRvevam ganapiroba nafici
msajulebis mier giorgi Sewirulis gaamarTleba. sakasacio protestSi d. abaSiZe swored am
gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas moiTxovda (arqivi, f. 1837, aR.1, s.905).
aRniSnuli sakasacio protesti senatis sisxlis samarTlis departamentma daakmayofila
da Sewirulis saqme daubrunda quTaisis olqis sasamarTlos sxva SemadgenlobaSi xelaxla
gansaxilvelad (arqivi, f. 1837, aR. 1, s. 905).
am dokumentidan kargad Cans, Tu rogori iyo sakasacio saCivris an protestis formulireba,
romlebic dainteresebul mxares Sehqonda sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa sakasacio departamentSi.
es saqme xazs usvams olqis prokuroris kompetenturobas, romelmac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
darRvevis gamo gaasaCivra quTaisis olqis sasamarTlos ganaCeni. senatorebma, ra Tqma unda,
gaauqmes ukanono gadawyvetileba da amiT gaamarTles olqis prokuroris ndoba senatis sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeTa sakasacio departamentisadmi.
senatis miukerZoebloba, obieqturoba da maRali profesionalizmi kargad Cans ara marto
saarqivo dokumentebidan, aramed erovnuldemokratiuli partiis oficialur beWdviT organoSi,
gazeT saqarTveloSi gamoqveynebuli statiidan – samarTali aRsrulda! damnaSavem pasuxi agos.
saqme exeba erT politikurad motivirebul sisxlis samarTlis saqmes, romelsac 1920 wlis
dasawyisSi hqonda adgili. erovnuldemokratiuli partiis wevri g. gujejiani socialdemokratiuli
partiis wevrma simonika gocaZem piradi angariSworebis safuZvelze, yalbi dokumentebis CadebiT,
daapatimra. gocaZem gamoiyena Tavisi, rogorc gvardielis uflebamosileba borotad, daakava
gujejiani da oseTis sazRvarze mimaval gvardias sofel ConToSi gaayola, romlebmac saRoreSi
daamwyvdies dakavebuli (saqarTvelo 1920, #64).
erovnuldemokratiuli partiis centraluri komitetis daJinebuli moTxovnis safuZvelze,
Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma noe ramiSvilma gaagzavna moTxovna dapatimrebulis TbilisSi gadmoyvanis
Sesaxeb, Tumca s. gocaZis piradi iniciativiT, dapatimrebuli gadayvanil iqna zestafonSi, sadac imave
_ 214 _
dResve, 12 saaTze gamoucxades braldebuls, rom igi imave dRis 5 saaTze iqneboda gasamarTlebuli
da saRamos 8 saaTze ki, mas ukve 6 wliT katorRa miusajes. aRniSnuli sasamarTlo gaimarTa savele
sasamarTlos saxiT da dakompleqtda Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: raionis komisari, adgilobrivi
durgali da vagonebis Semkvreli. am sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba erovnuldemokratiuli partiis
mier gasaCivrebuli iqna sakasacio wesiT senatSi (saqarTvelo 1920 #64).
sakasacio saCivaris ganxilvis Semdeg, senatis sisxlis samarTlis sakasacio ganyofilebam
rezoluciebi gagzavna iusticiisa da samxedro saministroSi, romelTa ZaliTac senatma moiTxova
ukanonobis swrafi aRmoxvra. iusticiis ministrs senatis rezolucia avalebda, saswrafod
gaenTavisuflebina g. gujejiani; xolo samxedro ministrs −gaeuqmebina ukanonod mowyobili savele
sasamarTlo da am kanondarRvevis gamo pasuxisgebaSi mieca s. gociriZe (saqarTvelo 1920 #64).
senatis rezoluciebis miRebisTanave, dauyovnebliv, iqna ganTavisuflebuli erovnul-
demokratili partiis wevri g. gujejiani.
gujejianis saqme kidev erTxel cxadyofs im faqts, rom senati partiuli zegavlenisgan
Tavisufali iyo, rac mis muSaobaSi obieqturobis, miukerZoeblobisa da samarTlianobis principis
dacvas ganapirobebda. sisxlis samarTlis sakasacio departamenti, iseve rogorc senatis sxva
struqturuli erTeulebi, warmoadgendnen maRali profesionalizmiTa da saqmisadmi erTgulebiT
gamsWvalul moxeleTa rgols, romlebic cdilobdnen qarTul sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeTa warmoebis kuTxiT nebismieri ukanono qmedebisa Tu procesualuri darRvevis
gamosworebas.
SeniSvnebi
1 aRniSnuli wesdebebi (kodeqsebi) gadmoRebuli iyo ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier 1914 wels gamocemuli
Сводъ законовъ Российской Империи XVI tomidan.
2 ix. senatis debuleba.
damowmebani
arqivi: saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 1837.

kanonTa da mTavrobis gankargulebaTa krebuli 1919: dekreti sasamarTlos ganaCenis Secvlis Sesaxeb Semosul
Txovnebis ganxilvisa, Jurnali kanonTa da mTavrobis gankargulebaTa krebuli, #6. gv. 9.
saqarTvelo 1920: gazeTi saqarTvelo, #64. gv. 23.
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis stenografiuli Canawerebi 1919: saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis
stenografiuli Canawerebi, 1919 wlis 7 oqtomberi. gv. 34.
SaraSeniZe 1990: demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1918-1921, v. SaraSeniZis
redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi iverTa mxare.
_ 215 _
saarqivo masala vefxistyaosnis mTargmnelis
hugo hupertis Sesaxeb
naTela jorjikia
hugo huperti (1902-1982) – cnobili avstrieli poeti, mTargmneli da sazogado moRvawe 1950-
1954 wlebSi periodulad cxovrobda TbilisSi. hugo huperti vefxistyaosnis mTargmnelia, mas
hainrix haines premia mieniWa poemis germanul Targmanebs Soris saukeTeso TargmanisaTvis. hugo
hupertis vefxistyaosnis germanuli Targmani pirvelad gamovida 1955 wels, 1970-1982 wlebSi ki
kidev samjer gamoica.
hugo hupertma rusTavelis poema germanulad Targmna mesamejer. pirvelad igi Targmna artur
laistma, meored maria pritvicma. maria pritvici iyo mTargmneli, bibliografi, pedagogi da
mecnier-muSaki. vefxistyaosnis Targmani man 1940-1947 wlebSi Seasrula qalaq ufaSi. mweral givi
karbelaSvils1 Tavis publicistur werilSi mohyavs amonaridi saqarTvelos kp cekas imdroindeli
mdivnis kandid Carkvianis èrT-erTi baraTidan~, romlis mixedviT maria pritvici rusTavelis
poemis germanul Targmans vefxistyaosnis daweris 750 wlis iubiles momwyobi komisiis dakveTiT
asrulebda (karbelaSvili 1987: 632).
maria pritvicis namuSevari Tavis droze ar gamoqveynebula. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi misi
arqivi dakargulad iTvleboda. givi karbelaSvilis mowmobiT, m. pritvicis naTargmnis `manqanaze
dabeWdili~ cali inaxeboda vaxtang kupravasTan.2 1974 wels daibeWda v. kupravas mier Sedgenili
rusTavelis aforizmebis krebuli saukeTeso TargmanebiTurT germanul enaze. am krebulSi m.
pritvicis mier Targmnili 30 aforizmi Sevida. amasTanave v. kupravam Tavisi cali aTxova vasil
CaCaniZes, romelic muSaobda wignze vefxistyaosani msoflio xalxTa enebze (karbelaSvili 1987:
631-632). gasuli saukunis 70 -ian wlebSi gamosuli kupravasa da CaCaniZis wignebidan gaxda cnobili
qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis maria pritvicis saxeli.
profesorma mixeil kveselavam3 Tavis gardacvalebamde maria pritviciseuli xelnaweri da
manqanaze gadabeWdili erTi varianti Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis rusTavelis kabinetis
xelmZRvanels levan menabdes gadasca, kabinetis axali gamgis elguja xinTibiZisgan am calis
arsebobis Sesaxeb humbertis universitetis doqtorma, qarTvelologma Stefi xotivari iungerma
Seityo. ori mkvlevris redaqciiT maria pritvicis mier Sesrulebuli rusTavelis poemis germanuli
Targmani 2005 da 2011 wlebSi gamoica Tbilissa da berlinSi.
ori mTargmnelis, maria pritvicisa da hugo hupertis, urTierTdamokidebulebis, maTi naSromebis
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ganvixilavT Stefi xotivari iungeris, givi karbelaSvilis, akademikos
Salva nucubiZis sxvadasxva droindel publikaciebs. Stefi xotivari iungeri maria pritvicis
vefxistyaosnis germanuli Targmanis 2005 wlis gamocemis winasityvaobaSi wers, rom pritvicisa
da hupertis gzebi èrTob dramatulad~ gadaikveTa, roca ukanasknelma Tbilisidan saqarTvelos
ucxoeTTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebis miwveva miiRo vefxistyaosnis Targmnis TxovnasTan
erTad. huperts mxars uWerda sazogadoebis imdroindeli Tavmjdomare mixeil kveselava, xolo
misi sxva samuSaoze gadayvanis Semdeg, axali Tavmjdomare S. gorgaZe SeTanxmebis CaSlas Seecada. man
mweral konstantine gamsaxurdiasTan erTad maria pritvicis ukve dasrulebuli Targmanis gamocema
scada. avtors moyavs amonaridi hugo hupertis avtobiografiidan, sadac huperti gulistkiviliT
ixsenebs `proeqtidan~ misi gaZevebis mcdelobis ambavs, rom saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiidan
uaryofiTi recenziis safuZvelze TiTqmis orasamde strofi unda yofiliyo dawunebuli misi
sacdeli Targmanidan, rac masTan xelSekrulebis gauqmebas niSnavda.
es hupertisaTvis didi danaklisi iqneboda ara mxolod materialurad (honorari Zalze didi iyo),
aramed moraluradac, pativmoyvareobis gamo mas Zalian surda gadaegorebina lodi `rusTaveli~...
aSkaraa, rom hupertma maSin (da, savaraudod, sikvdilamde) araferi icoda pritvicis Sesaxeb. is
moiTxovda moewyoT maTi poeturi Sejibreba, sajaro kiTxva akademiuri sazogadoebis winaSe, magram
Sejibreba ar Semdgara. hupertis mxareze TbilisSi dadgnen misi nacnobebi, akademiis wevrebi,
universitetis profesorebi da mas neba darTes ganegrZo samuSao. mis mier Tavis avtobiografiaSi
pritvicis Targmnis Sefasebaze Segnebulad ar vamaxvileb yuradRebas. albaT kinaRam CaSlili saqmis
_ 216 _
saarqivo masala vefxistyaosnis mTargmnelis hugo hupertis Sesaxeb
gamo gadatanili mRelvarebisa da sircxvilisagan, man realobis grZnoba dakarga, an, SesaZloa, misi
arakoreqtuli gamonaTqvamebi mis mkacr, cvalebad xasiaTs mivaweroT (rusTaveli 2005: LIII-LIV).4
amave faqtTan dakavSirebiT givi karbelaSvili mogviTxrobs, rom 1950 wlis dasawyisSi, kandid
Carkvianis davalebiT, saqarTvelos ucxoeTTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebas gamosacemad
unda moemzadebina vefxistyaosnis maria pritviciseuli Targmani, misi ramdenime cali daskvnisaTvis
gadaeca rusTvelologebsa da germanistebs, maT Soris, Salva nucubiZes, korneli kekeliZes,
aleqsandre baramiZes, simon yauxCiSvils, mixeil kveselavas, vaxtang kupravas da sxv. 1950 wlis
gazafxulze sazogadoebis SenobaSi mowveul iqna rusTvelologebisa da germanistebis TaTbiri,
romelzedac pritvicis Targmanis Sesaxeb imsjeles da erTxmad gaiziares Salva nucubiZis azri,
rom maria pritvicis naSromis redaqtirebisa da gamocemis sakiTxis gadawyvetamde saWiro iyo
germanuli Targmani `saWaSnikod~ waekiTxaT germanel poetebs. gamoiTqva azri, rom Sesaferisi
poetebis gamonaxva davaleboda mixeil kveselavas, romelmac imave TaTbirze daasaxela avstrieli
poeti hugo huperti. hupertTan jer moskovSi da Semdeg TbilisSi molaparakebis dros m. kveselavam
mas gadasca m. pritviciseuli Targmani misi redaqtirebis mizniT. `huperts ki Targmani dauwunia
da garkveuli molaparakebis Semdeg poemis axali Targmani ukisria~, wers giorgi karbelaSvili
(karbelaSvili 1987: 634).
bunebrivia, rom sakiTxis Sesaxeb akademikos Salva nucubiZis azri metad aris sayuradRebo.
1953 wels is werda:
m. pritvicma Targmani Seasrula omis Znel pirobebSi; TbilisSi Camodioda SeZlebisdagvarad da

Cemi konsultaciebic Cans ar gamoadga. Targmani mZime da metad arqaizebuli gamovida. miuxedavad
amisa, m. pritvicma mTeli poema Taviseburad gamarTa germanulad oTxpwakiani gariTmuli leqsiT,
da Tumca detalebi rusTaveluri orkestrobisa ver aiTvisa, mainc misi Targmani xelsakravi ar
aris. safuZvliani gadaxedvis Semdeg is SeiZleba daibeWdos kidec...hugo hupertis Targmanis
xelmZRvaneloba me damevala erTi wlis win. me, cxadia vikisre mxolod teqstualuri xelmZRvaneloba
da ara stilistikuri..... Cven SegviZlia SevamCnioT stilistikuri Secdoma ucxo enaze, magram
gasworebas yovelTvis ver SevZlebT. `vefxistyaosnis~ germanuli teqsti unda waikiTxos sabolood
(dastambvis win) germanuli bunebrivi smenis mqone pirovnebam (nucubiZe 1966: 295).
amrigad, ganxiluli masala garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis hugo hupertis damokidebulebis

Sesaxeb maria pritvicis Targmanis mimarT. am da sakiTxis sxva aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT
mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos partiul arqivSi (yofili kp cekas arqivi, dRes Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros daqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli) daculi dokumentebi: hugo hupertis 1951 wlis werils
saqarTvelos kp cekas imdroindeli mdivnis kandid Carkvianisadmi.
vaqveynebT mis Targmans da masTan erTad originals − rusul variantsac.
saq. kp(b) ck mdivans

amx. k. n. Carkvians
Rrmad pativcemulo nestor kandidis Zev! mogmarTavT dawvrilebiT erT literaturul saqmesTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic ramdenime Tvea, rac me SemoqmedebiTad maRelvebs da romelic, cxadia, rom Tqvens
Caurevlad, ver gadawydeba.
ssrk mweralTa kavSiris ucxoeTis komisiis SuamdgomlobiT, 1950 wlis zafxulSi me viyavi mowveuli
saqarTveloSi Camosasvlelad skks-is5 mier, raTa dasabeWdad vargis mdgomareobaSi momeyvana vinme maria
pritvicis xelnawerebi, rac germanul enaze vefxistyaosnis leqsad Targmnis mcdelobas warmoadgens.
moskovSi Cemdami gadmocemuli, dasaxelebuli xelnaweris pirveli gverdebis gacnobis Semdeg me miviRe
skks-is winadadeba. TbilisSi agvistoSi Camovedi, magram xelnawerze 3-4 kviris muSaobam me im samwuxaro,
magram mtkice gadawyvetilebamde mimiyvana, rom m. pritvicis xelnaweri (ukve Zlier damuSavebuli Tbiliseli
lingvisti–pedagogebis mier, garda pirveli gverdebisa) absoluturad diletanturi mcdelobis dones
ver scildeba. am sruliad ususuri teqstis `poetizirebis~ Cemeuli mcdeloba azrs moklebuli aRmoCnda,
ramdenadac Cemi Sroma organulad da garduvalad iqceoda damoukidebel, axal Targmanad, romelsac me
kargi bwkaredis (da rusTavelis yvela arsebuli rusuli Targmanis) gamoyenebis safuZvelze vakeTebdi.
pritviciseuli teqstualuri elementebis garkveuli raodenobis SenarCuneba, romlebic me iZulebuli gavxdi
dametovebina, (skks-is davalebis Sesrulebis surviliT), ara Tu xels uwyobda, xels uSlida muSaobas, ara Tu
aumjobesebda, auaresebda leqsebs. amitom me ganvacxade skks–Si Cemi daskvnebis Sesaxeb da jer kidev mocemul
_ 217 _
naTela jorjikia
literaturul davalebaze werilobiTi SeTanxmebis dadebamde, moviTxovdi poemis damoukidebel Targmanze

muSaobis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba momcemoda.
TbilisSi, skks-sa da mweralTa kavSirSi gamarTul or saRamoze, detalur moxsenebebSi me sajarod
gadmoveci rusTavelze Cemi muSaobis principebi da gamocdileba da wavikiTxe nawyvetebi Cemi Targmanis mza
Tavebidan (1-6 da `Sesavali~). sxva nawyvetebi Tbilisis ucxo enaTa institutis pedagogebisa da studentebis
mier mowyobil mesame saRamoze wavikiTxe.
magram, Cemi damajerebeli, rogorc me mimaCnia, mtkicebulebebisa da im rigi amxanagebis (maT Soris:
baramiZe, lukaSvili, yauxCiSvili, g. qiqoZe, a. WeiSvili, i. abaSiZe, iuSkova, a. mircxulava, d. Sengelaia,
kveselava da sxv.) uaRresad dadebiTi gamonaTqvamebis miuxedavad, romlebmac saqarTvelos mweralTa
kavSiris xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad mxari dauWires Cems wamowyebas, ukks Tavis pirvandel winadadebas, anu m.
pritvicis teqstis gadamuSavebas daJinebiT icavda. amitom xelSekrulebis gareSe 5 Tviani muSaobis Semdeg, me
iZulebuli gavxdi Semewyvita Cemi uperspeqtivo muSaoba da a. w. ianvarSi davtove saqarTvelo.
neba momeciT erTxel kidev gavimeoro Cemi mosazreba am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelic SesaZloa, rom
TqvenTvis i. s. CiqovanTan saubriT aris cnobili. mizanSeuwonlad mimaCnia msoflio mniSvnelobis mqone
ideur–mxatvruli nawarmoebis mimarT kustaruli xerxebis gamoyeneba an eqsperimentireba. mimaCnia, rom
uaRresad uxerxulia germanel mkiTxvels rusTavelis genia pirvelad sanaxevro, kompromisuli reproduqciis
saxiT warmoudgino6. am xnis ganmavlobaSi me didi muSaoba gavwie rusTavelis Sesaxeb, CemTvis misawvdomi,
rusul enaze arsebuli literaturisa da qarTuli renesansis epoqis amsaxveli samuzeumo–saarqivo masalebis
Sesaswavlad, vimogzaure mesxeTis, javaxeTis, qarTlis da sxv. RirsSesaniSnav adgilebSi. saqarTvelosTan
Cemi nacnoboba jer kidev meore msoflio omamde daiwyo, rodesac me beladis samSoblos Sesaxeb vaqveynebdi
wignebs. me axlac vwer axal cikls, romelic adamianebis zrdas da meormoce sabWoTa aTwleulis zRurblze
qarTveli xalxis miRwevaTa sidiades asaxavs. (minda es cikli germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi davbeWdo).
me axlac vagrZeleb rusTavelis Seswavlas da ar vkargav imeds vefxistyaosanis pirveli germanuli poeturi
Targmani7 1951–1952 wlebSi davasrulo, romelzec me savsebiT vageb pasuxs, rogorc qarTuli, ise germanuli
da avstriuli mowinave sazogadoebis winaSe.
amitom gTxovT, Rrmad pativcemulo kandid nestoris Zev, mxari dauWiroT am Cems SemarTebas, Tuki Tqven
mxars dauWerT Cems Tvalsazriss, rom axali, monoliTuri Targmani aucilebelia.
Tan vurTav SerCeviT nawyvetebs Cemi damoukidebeli Targmanidan, aseve werils Tbilisis gazeTidan
literatura da xelovneba saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirSi Cemi saRamos Sesaxeb. uaxloes droSi damatebiT
gamogigzavniT oficialur recenzias Cems Targmanze, romelic ssrk mweralTa kavSiris qarTuli komisiidan
gamoviTxove.
miiReT Cemi Rrma pativiscema
hugo huperti
sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris wevri
avstrieli poeti
19. III.1951 w.
(fondi 14, anawyobi 24, saqme 422, furc. 3–7)
Секретарю ЦК КП(б) Грузии

тов. К. Н. Чарквиани
Глубокоуважаемый Кандид Несторович! Обращаюсь к Вам подробнее по одному литературному делу, которое меня
вот уже несколько месяцев творчески волнует и которое без Вашего личного вмешательства, очевидно неразрешимо.
Летом 1950 года я был приглашен ГОКС ом, через посредничество иностранной комиссии союза писателей СССР,
приехать в Грузию, чтобы привести в годное для печати состоянии рукопись некой Марии Притвиц, представляющую
собой попытку стихотворного перевода «Витязя в тигровой шкуре» на немецкий язык.
Ознакомившись в Москве лишь с представленными мне первыми страницами названной рукописи, я принял
предложение ГОКС а. В августе я прибыл в Тбилиси. Но, поработав 3-4 недели над рукописью, я пришел к грустному, но
твердому убеждению, что качество рукописи М. Притвиц (за исключением первых страниц, уже сильно обработанных
коллективом Тбилисских педагогов-лингвистов) не подымается выше уровня абсолютно дилетантского опыта. Моя
попытка «поэтизировать» этот совершенно беспомощный текст оказалась бессмысленной, т. к. труд органически и
неминуемо превращался в самостоятельный новый перевод, который делался мною на основе хорошего подстрочника
(и всех имеющихся русских переводов Руставели). Сохранение некоторого количества текстуальных элементов Притвиц,
которые я вынужден был оставить (желая выполнить предложение ГОКС а), не помогло, а мешало работе, не улучшало а
ухудшало стихи. Поэтому я заявил в ГОКС е о своих выводах и, пока еще не имея письменного соглашения о данном мне
литературном поручении, просил предоставить мне возможность продолжить работу над самостоятельным переводом
поэмы.
_ 218 _
На двух вечерах в Тбилиси – в ГОКС е и в союзе писателей я публично изложил в обстоятельных докладах принципы
и опыт моей работы над Руставели и прочел отрывки из готовых глав (1-6 и «вступление») моего перевода. Другие
отрывки я читал на третьем вечере, устроенном педагогами и студенчеством Тбилисского Института иностранных языков.
Но, несмотря на мои убедительные, как мне кажется, доводы и на весьма положительные высказывания ряда
товарищей (в том числе Барамидзе, Лукашвили, Каухчишвили, Г. Кикодзе, А. Чеишвили, И. Абашидзе, Юшковой,
А. Мирцхулава, Д. Шенгелая, Мачавариани, Квеселава и др.), Поддержавших вместе с руководством Союза Писателей
Грузии мое начинание, ГОКС настаивал на своем первоначальном предложении, т. е. на обработку текста М. Притвиц.
Поэтому я, после 5 месячной работы без договора, был вынужден прервать свой бесперспективный труд и в январе
с. г. уехать из Грузии.
Позвольте мне еще раз повторить мои соображения по этому вопросу, знакомые вам может быть, из беседы с
тов. И. С. Чиковани. Мне кажется нецелесообразным кустарничать или экспериментировать с идейно-художественным
произведением мирового значения. Мне кажется сугубо неудобным представить впервые немецким читателям
руставелевский гений в виде половинчатого, компромиссного воспроизведения. За это время я немного труда положил
на изучение доступной мне на русском языке литературы о Руставели и музейно-архивных материалов об эпохи
грузинского ренессанса, путешествовал по памятным местам Месхетии, Джавахетии, Карталинии и т. д. Мое знакомство
с Грузией началось еще до второй мировой войны, когда я публиковал стихи о родине вождя. И сейчас я пишу новый
цикл, отражающий рост людей и великие достижения грузинского народа на пороге своего 4 го советского десятилетия
(хочу этот цикл напечатать в Герм. Демокр. Республике). Я и сейчас продолжаю изучать Руставели и не теряю надежду
завершить в 1951-1952 годах первый немецкий поэтический перевод «Вепхвисткаосани», за который я смогу полностью
отвечать, как перед грузинской, так перед германской и австрийской передовой общественностью.
Поэтому я вас прошу, многоуважаемый Кандид Несторович, поддержать это мое дерзание, если Вы одобрите мою
точку зрения, что новый, монолитный перевод необходим.
Прилагаю отрывки из моего самостоятельного перевода, на выборку, а также заметку из тбилисской газеты
«Литература и Искусство» о моем вечере в СП Грузии. Официальную рецензию на мой перевод, которую я запросил
через Грузинскую комиссию Союза писателей СССР, я дополнительно направлю Вам в ближайшее время.
Примите мое глубокое уважение
Гуго Гупперт
член союза сов. писателей
австрийский поет
Москва, 151
Можайское шоссе 67/68
19. III.1951 г.
(fondi 14, anawyobi 24, saqme 422, furc. 3–7)
arqivSi inaxeba saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris gazeTis – literatura da xelovneba _ 1950

wlis 3 dekembris gamoSveba, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom 23 noembers mweralTa kavSiris mTargmnelTa
seqciam moawyo poet hugo hupertis mier germanul enaze Targmnili vefxistyaosnis kiTxva–
ganxilva. hupertma damswre sazogadoebas gaacno am Targmanis istoria da principebi, romelTa
safuZvelzedac muSaobda is poemis Targmnis dros da waikiTxa Targmanis calkeuli adgilebi.
Targmanis Sesaxeb azri gamoTqves profesorma aleqsandre baramiZem, profesorma iuSkovam, geronti
qiqoZem, mixeil kveselavam, demna Sengelaiam, grigol naTaZem, SiukaSvilma da sxv. aqve vkiTxulobT,
rom òratorebis sityviT es Targmani, sizustisa da mxatvruli xarisxis TvalsazrisiT, aqamde
ucxo enebze vefxistyaosnis yvela Targmanze maRla dgas. poet hugo huperts SesaniSnavad aqvs
gagebuli rusTavelis ukvdavi poemis arsi~.
gazeTis TanamSromelTan saubarSi hugo hupertma ganacxada:
me mTeli arsebiT gamitaca rusTavelis ukvdavma qmnilebam. roca misi Targmna gadavwyvite, mivxvdi, rom
metad sapatio da sapasuxismgeblo saqme vikisre da ramdenadac Znelia is, imdenad ufro Zlieria Cemi survili
Rirseulad Sevasrulo nakisri valdebuleba da ise warvudgino rusTaveli germanel mkiTxvels, rogorc es
Seefereba am udides qarTvel poets... ukve sami Tvea saqarTveloSi vimyofebi. am xnis ganmavlobaSi bevri ram
vnaxe, vcdilobdi Semeswavla rusTavelis epoqis Zeglebi, gadavikiTxe arsebuli literatura rusTavelze da
mis droze, gavecani saqarTvelos istorias. me bevri ram SemZina qarTveli xalxis istoriis, misi kulturisa
da misi poeziis gacnobam. samwuxarod ver movaswari saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi vyofiliyavi, magram rac
vnaxe, iman gancvifrebaSi momiyvana, adamianis guls sixaruliT avsebs is grandiozuli mSenebloba, romelic
aq mimdinareobs.
_ 219 _
naTela jorjikia
hugo huperts aseve uTqvams, rom rusTavelis Targmna metad sapatio da sapasuxismgeblo saqmea
da mxolod daZabuli Sromis Semdeg SeiZleba miaRwios poetma im mizans, rom gadasces ucxo enaze
rusTavelis poemis surneleba da sibrZne.
aqvea saqarTvelos ucxoeTTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris gogliZis
moxsenebiTi baraTi.
(fondi 14, anawyobi 24, saqme 422, furc. 2)
6/V.1953 w.
mogaxsenebT, rom ukks-s iniciativiTa da saqarTvelos kp ck TanxmobiT 1951 w. daiwyo muSaoba germanul
enaze rusTavelis poemis `vefxistyaosanis~ poeturi TargmnisaTvis. mTargmnelad poeti hugo huperti iyo
mowveuli, romelic Cven movamarageT poemis rusuli bwkarediT, qarTveli emigrantis m. wereTlis mier
berlinSi Sesrulebuli germanuli bwkarediT, aseve poemis yvela arsebuli rusuli da ucxouri TargnamebiT.
erTdroulad Targmanis redaqtorad iyo gamoyofili profesori. Salva nucubiZe, romelic axdenda
Targmanis redaqtirebas muSaobis procesSi da konsultacias uwevda mTargmnels.
amasTanave, Cveni rusTvelologi specialistebisagan konsultaciis miRebis mizniT mTargmnel huperts
TbilisSi orgzis xangrZlivad yofnis SesaZlebloba mieca.
amave mizniTa skks-m germanuli enis mcodne rusTvelologi specialistebis monawileobiT orjer moawyo
Targmanis calkeuli Tavebis kritikuli ganxilva. ganxilvis Sedegad Targmani zogadad damakmayofileblad
iyo cnobili.
gasul wels am Targmanis calkeuli nawyvetebi avstriul presaSi iyo gamoqveynebuli, rac aseve Targmanis
xarisxsa da rusTavelis poemis mimarT germaneli mkiTxvelis dainteresebaze miuTiTebs.
amJamad poemaze muSaoba sruldeba da is mimdinare wlis ivlisSi mzad iqneba dasabeWdaT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT momwifda Targmanis droulad gamocemis sakiTxi, risi ganxorcielebisaTvis
arsebobs Semdegi SesaZleblobebi:
1. S. rusTavelis poemis germanuli Targmani gamoices gdr-Si, sadac SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi
gamomcemlobis gamoZebna da germaneli specialistisagan damatebiTi kvalificiuri gamoxmaurebis
Sepireba.
2. poema gamoices moskovSi `gamomcemloba literatura ucxo enebze~-Si, risTvisac gamomcemlobis
gegmaSi gamocemis Setanis Sesaxeb skkp cp gankarguleba iqneba saWiro.
3. poemis Targmani gamoices TbilisSi, sadac ukve inglisur enaze `qarTuli poeziis anTologiis~
damakmayofilebeli gamocemis gamocdileba arsebobs.
4. ivaraudeba Targmans daerTos mxatvrebis ToiZis, qobulaZisa da ziCis saukeTeso ilustraciebi,
mcire leqsikoni da Sesavali statia rusTavelis Sesaxeb.
skks gamgeobis Tavmjdomare gogliZe
(fondi 14, anawyobi 27, saqme 250, furc.4-5)
6/V. 1953 г.
Докладываю, что по инициативе ГОКС а и с согласия ЦК КП Грузии, в 1951 г. начата работа над стихотворным
переводом поэмы Ш. Руставели «Витязь в тигровой шкуре» на немецкий язык. Переводчиком был приглашен поэт
Гуго Гупперт, которого мы снабдили русским подстрочником поэмы, немецким подстрочником, сделанным в Верлине
грузинским эмигрантом М. Церетели, а также всеми существующими русскими и иностранными переводами поэмы.
Одновременно редактором перевода был выделен проф. Ш. Нуцубидзе, который редактировал перевод в процессе
работы и консультировал переводчика.
Переводчику Гупперту Была также предоставлена возможность двухкратного продолжительного пребывания в
Тбилиси для консультации с нашими специалистами руствелологами.
С этой же целью ГОКС два раза устроил критический разбор отдельных глав перевода с участием специалистов
руствелологов, знающих немецкий язык. В результате разбора перевод был признан в общем удовлетворительным.
В прошлом году отдельные отрывки этого перевода были опубликованы в австрийской прогрессивной печати, что
также свидетельствует о качестве перевода и об интересе немецких читателей к поэме Руставели.
_ 220 _
В настоящее время работа над переводом заканчивается и он будет готов к печати в июле текущего года.
В связи с этим назрел вопрос о своевременном издании перевода поэмы, для осуществления которого имеются
следующие возможности:
1. Издать Немецкий перевод поэмы Ш. Руставели в ГДР, где можно подыскать соответствующее издательство
и заручиться дополнительным квалифицированным отзывом специалиста – немца, а также окончательной
языковой и стилистической правкой перевода.
2. Издать поэму в Москве в «Издательстве литературы на иностранных языках», для чего потребуется указание
ЦК КПСС о включении издания в план издательства.
3. Издать перевод поэмы в Тбилиси, где уже имеется опыт удовлетворительного издания «Антологии грузинской
поэзии» на английском языке.
4. Перевод предполагается снабдить лучшими иллюстрациями художников Тоидзе, Кобуладзе и Зичи, кратким
словарем и вводной статьей о Руставели.
Председатель правления ГОКС Гоглидзе
(fondi 14, anawyobi 27, saqme 250, furc. 4-5)
amrigad, zemoT warmodgenili saarqivo masala nawilobriv avsebs sakiTxis SeswavlaSi arsebul
xarvezs da sainteresod warmoaCens sabWouri kulturuli politikis suliskveTebas.
SeniSvnebi
1
1949 wlidan saqarTvelos ucxoeTTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebis gamgeobis konsultant-referenti,
ufro gvian amave sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare.
2
gasuli saukunis 50 ian wlebSi kandid Carkvianis TanaSemwe, visganac mas m. pritvicis mier poemis Targmnis
dasrulebis Sesaxeb ufidan gamogzavnili werilis kurireba daevala.
3
gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ucxoeTTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare.
4
avtori _ Stefi xotivari movlenebs hugo hupertis monaTxrobis mixedviT gadmoscems, magram gaugebari
mizezebiT saqarTvelos ucxoeTTan kavSiris sazogadoebis mier hugo hupertis Tavdapirveli mowveva, misi
rusTavelis poemis germanul enaze damoukidebel mTargmnelad mowvevis faqtad aris warmoCenili, rac
mas aZlevs SesaZleblobas amtkicos, TiTqos hupertma maSin da, savaraudod, sikvdilamdec araferi icoda
maria pritvicis Sesaxeb. sxva wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom hugo huperti TbilisSi Tavdapirvelad maria
pritvicis Targmanis redaqtorad iyo mowveuli, amdenad, SeuZlebelia mas ar scodnoda pritvicis Sesaxeb.
5
saqarTvelos kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoeba (ГОКС).
6
rusTavelis qmnilebas germaneli mkiTxveli pirvelad artur laistis TargmaniT gaecno.
7
vefxistyaosnis pirveli poeturi Targmani artur laists ekuTvnis.
damowmebani
karbelaSvili 1978: g. karbelaSvili, sulis naJuri, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~.

nucubiZe 1966: S. nucubiZe, kritikuli narkvevebi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~.
rusTaveli 2005: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, germanuli Targmani maria pritvicisa, Stefi xotivari-
iungerisa da elguja xinTibiZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi-berlini, gamomcemloba `qarTvelologi~.
fondi 14: Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, anawyobi 24, saqme 422.
fondi 14: Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, anawyobi 27, saqme 250.
_ 221 _
naTela jorjikia
THE ARCHIVAL MATERIAL ABOUT HUGO HUPPERT – THE TRANSLATOR

OF THE KNIGHT IN TIGER’S SKIN
Natela Jorjikia
In the aricle there is published a leter of the Austrian poet and public worker, Hugo Huppert sent to the
secretary of the Central Commitee of Communist Party, Kandid Charkviani on March 19, 1951. Hugo Hupert arrived
to Georgia in 1950 on invitaion of the Internaional Society for Cultural Relaions of Georgia with the aim of
ediing of translaion of The Knight in Tiger’s Skin fulilled by Maria Pritwitz in German.
In the leter to be reviewed Huppert indicates with regrets about the diletanish character and weaknesses
and low arisic value of M. Pritwitz’s translaion. He considers it appropriate to fulill the translaion of the poem
himself, for what he asks for support the addressee of the leter.
Other documents have been published too in the aricle: ediion of the paper of the Writers’ Union The
Literature and Art, December 3, 1950 from which we understand that at the reading-reviewing of “the Knight in
Tiger’s Skin~ translated into German by Hugo Huppert, arranged by the secion of translators of the Writers’ Union,
the translaion had been highly appreciated; the report leter of 1953, May 6, of the chairman of the Society
of Cultural Relaions of Georgia with foreign countries, Goglidze in which some details had been represented
connected with fulilling the translaion by Hugo Huppert.
The aricle deals with the publicaions of Stei Choiwari-Junger, Shalva Nutsubidze and Givi Karbelashvili
about the interrelaion of translaions of The Knight in Tiger’s Skin fulilled by two translators Maria Pritwitz and
Hugo Huppert.
_ 222 _
istoriografia
HISTORIOGRAPHY
*
erovnuli sakiTxis qarTuli interpretaciebi
zurab TargamaZe
nacionaluri sakiTxis kvleva qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis ar aris axali da mas mniSvnelovani

tradicia gaaCnia, Tumca gansakuTrebuli profesiuli interesis sagani is mainc damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdgom xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erovnuli sakiTxis mimarT
yovelTvis arsebobda interesi, misi srulfasovnad Seswavla (miT ufro konkretuli magaliTebisa)
sabWoTa periodSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, ar da ver xdeboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli
cdebi ver cdeba marqsis socialuri Teoriis leniniseul interpretacias. amdenad, SeuZlebelia
maTi ganxilva, rogorc am mimarTulebiT damoukidebeli azris ganviTarebis nimuSebisa. garda
amisa, am kvlevebSi ufro metad sakiTxis Teoriuli Sinaarsia warmodgenili da maTSi naklebad
vxvdebiT istoriuli faqtebiT gamyarebul magaliTebs. rac CemTvis, rogorc istorikosisaTvis,
umniSvnelovanesi momentia amgvari tipis kvlevebisaTvis istoriuli kvalifikaciis misaniWeblad.
rogorc vTqviT, viTareba icvleba 80-90-iani wlebisken, rodesac SedarebiT sustdeba sabWoTa
centraluri xelisuflebis wnexi respublikebisadmi. sabolood damoukideblobis mopovebis
Semdgom qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografia nel-nela iwyebs gadasvlas erovnul niadagze, magram
damoukideblobis ocdaxuTi weliwadi namdvilad ar aris sakmarisi kvlevis principulad axali
standartis damkvidrebisaTvis. is, rom sxvadasxva mimarTuleba qarTuli saistorio kvlevebisa
met-naklebad fexs uwyobs da ar CamorCeba Tanamedrove miRwevebs, didwilad adgilobrivi skolis
kvleviTi tradiiciis arsebobisa da regionaluri istoriis specifikis damsaxurebaa. gansakuTrebiT
ki imisa, rom sakmao drois ganmavlobaSi Cveni dasavleli kolegebi moklebuli iyvnen SesaZleblobas,
emuSavaT qarTul wyaroebze. amdenad maTi interesi saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebisadmi,
mniSvnelovnad aris samocdaaTwlovani vakuumis Sedegi da ara Tavad Tanamedrove qarTuli
kvlevebis mowinaveobisa da inovaciurobis (rasakvirvelia arsebobs mniSvnelovani gamonaklisebic,
Tumca zogadi tendencia aseTia). ufro rTulia axali da uaxlesi periodis istoriis mecnieruli
Seswavlis mdgomareoba, sabWoTa dros arsebuli tradicia am etapis istoriuli sinamdvilis
ugulebelyofasa da damaxinjebaSi gamoixateboda.
Tanamedrove istoriuli kvleva mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli misTvis winaswari Teoriuli
safuZvlebis momzadebasTan. sakiTxebis sirTule da mravalSrianoba, rogorc wesi, arTulebs
erTgvarovani poziciis miRwevis SesaZleblobas, es ki tradiciuli istoriuli paradigmisaTvis
kategoriulad miuRebelia. samwuxarod, imis gamo, rom saistorio kvlevebSi socialur-kulturuli
da Teoriuli xasiaTis msjelobebis integrireba saTanadod dRemde ver xerxdeba, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Tanamedrove qarTuli saistorio mwerloba amis magaliTia, yuradRebis miRma rCeba
uamravi sakiTxi, romlebic uaRresad mniSvnelovania, upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi
da Semdgom samecniero azris ganviTarebisaTvis .1
erovnuli TviTcnobierebis/identobis arsebobis, rogorc faqtis, ugulebelyofa mxolod
imis gamo, rom is warmoadgens eris obieqturad arsebobis subieqtur asaxvas, arasworia. azri,
rom misi aramaterialuri subieqtivisturi buneba SeuZlebels xdis mis garSemo racionalur
da mecnierul diskusias, damajereblobas moklebulia.2 miT ufro maSin, roca zepirad yvela
Tanxmdeba imaze, rom saerTo erovnuli cnobierebis fenomeni namdvilad arsebobs. sxvas rom
Tavi davaneboT, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes asaxva imisa, rac ar arsebobs, da Tuki eri obieqturad
arsebobs da erovnuli cnobiereba mis asaxvas warmoadgens (rasac yvelani veTanxmebiT), gamodis,
rom cnobierebis anu identobis istoriis sakiTxebis kvlevac gulisxmobs obieqturi, mecnieruli
WeSmaritebis dadgenas. es ki moiTxovs sakiTxis interdisciplinarul sibrtyeSi gaSlas, risi
aucileblobis Sesaxebac jer kidev 1983 wels gamoqveynebul broSuraSi miuTiTebs g. yoranaSvili:
...mocemuli sakiTxis gaazreba (igulisxmeba erovnuli cnobierebis sakiTxi,- z.T.) unda moxdes
yovelmxrivad, kompleqsurad, igi unda warmoebdes mravali mecnierebis Sesayarze (istoriografia,
sociologia, fsiqologia, literaturaTmcodneoba, enaTmecniereba, religiismcodneoba, saxelmwi-
fosa da samarTlis Teoria da sxv.) calkeul am mecnierebaTagan sakiTxis mxolod Sesabamisi aspeqti
Tu gaigeba. ...es ubralod imitom, rom sakiTxi erovnuli xasiaTis, saerTod fsiqologiis Sesaxeb
rTuli da mravalmxrivia. ...ramdenadac awmyos ramdenadme adekvatuli gageba SeuZlebelia istoriis
_ 225 _
zurab TargamaZe
Seswavlis gareSe, amdenad xalxs an eris fsiqologiis Seswavla gulisxmobs misi istoriis codnasac.
Tavis mxriv, es istoria gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTriv eTnofsiqologiis istoriis, ise, ra Tqma unda,
saerTod xalxis an eris, saerTod eTnosis, namdvil obieqtur istorias (yoranaSvili 1983: 20).
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT qarTul samecniero saistorio mwerlobas, davinaxavT, rom

saqarTvelos istoriis sxva sakiTxebTan SedarebiT, dResac ki sagangaSod mcirea im naSromebis
raodenoba, romelTac aRniSnul sakiTxze istorikosebi qmnian da, romlebic emsaxurebian qarTuli
nacionalizmisa da qarTuli naciis sakiTxebis analizs, arada, am fenomenebis gaazrebis gareSe
axali da uaxlesi periodis istoriis kvleva warmoudgenlad gvesaxeba.
amdenad, naciisa da nacionalizmis fenomenebis Seswavla Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografi-
isaTvis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad migvaCnia. aseve minda ganvmarto is, rom mis mniSvnelobasa da
aqtualobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod Tanamedrove qarTuli politikuri an kulturuli procesis
Taviseburebani da im dabrokolebaTa gadalaxvis moTxovnileba, romlebic postsabWoTa period-
Si aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani xelisSemSleli faqtorebi rogorc Cveni sazogadoebis damoukidebe-
li da erTiani politikur-ekonomikuri sxeulis CamoyalibebisaTvis, aseve erovnuli cnobierebis
formirebisas, aramed im stereotipis uaryofac, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTuli azris ganviTarebi-
saTvis ucxoa erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb diskusia. 3
naciebisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb TeoriebSi, sxvadasxva mosazrebebis paralelurad,
yovelTvis arsebobda minimum am mosazrebaTagan gansxvavebuli da zogierT SemTxvevaSi sruliad
sapirispiro, misi uarmyofeli Teoriebic. Tumca azri imis Sesaxeb, rac sul cota xnis win sakmaod
popularuli iyo, da rac gulisxmobda imas, rom nacionaluri sakiTxi moxsnili iyo politikuri da
kulturuli cxovrebis dRis wesrigidan da, rom patriotizmi da msgavsi emociur-fsiqologiuri
faqtorebi gadalaxul momentebs warmoadgendnen Tanamedrove pluralisturi demokratiuli
sazogadoebebisaTvis, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, uaryofilia. 4
yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRevandeloba imis magaliTad mainc gamodgeba, rom iseT rTul fenomenze
saubrisas, rogoricaa eri, upirveles yovlisa, kategoriuli da imperatiuli gansazRvrebebis
wamoyenebisagan Tavi unda SevikavoT. ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmob imas, rom am sakiTxis garSemo
diskusia unda Sewydes, piriqiT, unda vecadoT, rom ufro Rrmad CavixedoT mis SinaarsSi da
amgvarad avxsnaT dRevandeli nacionaluri da eTnikuri sentimentebiT gaJRenTili saerTaSoriso
da regionuli politikur-kulturuli diskursebi. 5
gasagebia isic, rom nacionalizmisa da naciis fenomenebze saubrisas, gansakuTrebiT ki
maSin, rodesac saqme exeba misi konkretuli Teoriuli midgomis meSveobiT gaanalizebas, Cndeba
garkveuli ukmayofileba. rac, Cveni azriT, upirvelesad dakavSirebulia im gancdasTan, rom
erovnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, ama Tu im naciis kulturuli da istoriuli gamocdilebis
Taviseburebisa da unikalurobis gamo, SeuZlebelia gareSe (ara erovnuli) Teoriebis meSveobiT,
romlebic konkretuli gamocdilebis farglebs miRma Camoyalibda.
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom, miuxedavad sxvadasxva istoriuli gamocdilebisa, adamianuri
cxrovrebis yvela etapze istoriuli procesis mTlianobis dadasturebas warmoadgens isic, rom,
garemoebaTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, umniSvnelovanesi momentebi adamianTa cnobierebaSi erT
niSnulamde daiyvaneba. swored amitom zogadad saxelmwifoebriobisa da eTnikuri da nacionaluri
identobebis Camoyalibeba, miuxedavad geografiuli siSorisa, praqtikulad yvelgan identur
gzas gadis. gansxvaveba mdgomareobs mxolod subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebisadmi erTobis
wevrTa individualur ganwyobebSi. swored amitomacaa, rom arsebul TeoriaTa umetesoba, erTi
SexedviT, erTmaneTisagan raoden gansxvavebuli filosofiuri safuZvelic ar unda hqondeT maT,
eris ganmartebisas praqtikulad erTsa da imave formulirebas gvTavazoben (am azriT sainteresoa
staliniseuli ganmarteba erisa). rogor mniSvnelovan da saSur saqmedac ar unda gvesaxebodes
axali erovnul-patriotuli Teoriebis gamogoneba, unda gvesmodes, rom, samwuxarod, isini ver
gascdebian ukve arsebul koncefciaTa CarCoebs.
rodesac Teoriuli midgomis arCevamde an Seqmnamde midis saqme, unda vicodeT, rom
viwyebT ara raime principulad axlis aRweras, aramed arsebul damokidebulebaTa specifikuri
gamoxatulebebis gacnobierebas, konkretuli winaswar dadgenili mecnieruli standartisa da
motivis Sesabamisad. samwuxarod, am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis Sinaarsi bevrad ufro metia, vidre
Cven xelT arsebuli SesaZlebelobebi, gadmovceT obieqturi mecnieruli codna. amitomacaa, rom
Semecnebis yvelaze ufro Rrma etapebze Znelia racionalursa da iracionalurs Soris zRvaris
dadeba da am dros WeSmaritebis gadmocemis erTaderTi swori gza misi emociuri da intuiciuri
_ 226 _
gaazrebaa. erovnuli TviTSegneba, vgulisxmobT koleqtiur cnobierebaze dafuZnebuli erTobis

TviTcnobierebas/identobas, es swored is sakiTxia, romlis Sesaxebac rac ar unda srulyofili
da yovlismomcveli ganmarteba movZebnoT, yovelTvis aRmoCndebian adamianebi, maT Soris
kardinalurad gansxvavebuli poziciebidan, visac ar daakmayofilebs ganviTarebuli azri (ara
mxolod pozicioneruli TvalsazrisiT, aramed erTi SexedviT, maT eqnebaT sakmaod gamarTuli
da argumentirebuli dasabuTebac). sakiTxis sensitiuroba ganapirobebs imasac, rom dRes, didi
nawili, Cveni sazogadoebisa (maT Soris, mecnierulic) erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb msjelobisas
mxolod poeturi da SemoqmedebiTi gaazrebebis imedadaa da naklebad cdilobs mis mecnierul
diskursSi moqcevas. Seqmnili vakuumi aris umTavresi mizezic, erTi SexedviT, cxadi da Cveni
erovnuli interesebisaTvis sasicocxlod da principulad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis garSemo
azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa.
***
manam, sanam uSualod sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, saWirod migvaCnia zogadad
nacionalizmisa da naciis mniSvnelobaTa ganmarteba. am sakmod vrceli, zogadi xasiaTis Sesavlis
miuxedavad, aqve gvinda vauwyoT mkiTxvels is, rom, sakiTxis bunebidan gamomdinare, zogadi
xasiaTis msjelobebs statiis momdevno nawilebSic SevxdebiT (aseve uSualod erovnuli sakiTxis
interpretaciebis Sesaxeb magaliTebis ganxilvisas warmodgenili iqneba vrceli citatebi, rac,
pirvel rigSi, sakiTxis srulyofilad gaSuqebis surviliT aris gamowveuli), Tumca vfiqrobT, rom es
aucilebelia ara mxolod CvenTvis anu sakuTari azris SedarebiT srulyofilad warmodgenisaTvis,
aramed Tavad mkiTxvelisaTvisac, raTa mas ufro naTeli warmodgena Seeqmnas Cvens saTqmelsa da
arsebul suraTze.
dasavleTSi nacionalizmisa da naciebis Camoyalibebis dros erTobis konsolidacia
mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvruli iyo demokratiuli da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis ideiT, da
mimdinareobda klasobrivi dapirispirebis fonze. kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis
paralelurad, xdeba eTnikuri erTobis (eTnies) formis cvlileba, misi naciad gardaqmna. amgvar
formatSi Camoyalibebuli erebis tipebs ganixilaven, rogorc modernizaciis produqtebs
(CxartiSvili, mania 2011/2012). Tanasworobisa da kuTvnilebis saziarobiTi gancda, am SemTxvevaSi,
ganmsWvalulia politikuri Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis ideiT. qarTuli modelis SemTxvevaSi,
nacionalizmis ideologiis formirebis periodSi da qarTveli eris formirebis saboloo etapzec,
saxelmwifoebriobis ararseboba gansazRvravda kulturuli da eTnikuri nacionalizmis ideebis
dominantobas, Tumca ara calsaxad, da Cveni azriT, is aucileblad gulisxmobda, amave dros,
samoqalaqo anu eri-saxelmwifos dafuZnebis perspeqtivasac. ufro metic, rom ara mecxramete
saukuneSi, ruseTis mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis aneqsia, es procesi zustad iseTive
gardauval da istoriul kanonzomierebad gvesaxeba, rogorc evropaSi iyo. saqarTvelosa da misi
msgavsi SemTxvevebi, e.w. paradigmuli modelis erebisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom aq nacionaluri
konsolidacia absoluturad gacnobierebul moments warmoadgens. aseT dros sruliad
mizanmimarTulad da Segnebulad xdeba nacionalisturi ideebis generireba sazogadoebaSi (nodia:
2009).
rac Seexeba naciisa da eTnies 6, rogorc erTgvari socio-kulturuli fenomenis zogad da
CvenTvisac misaReb mniSvnelobas: eTnie (eTnikuri erToba) da nacia aris garkveuli istoriuli
erToba, romelic emyareba jgufis mier sakuTari identobis (TviTcnobierebis) anu kulturuli7
TviTigivurobis aRqmas da masTan dakavSirebul sentimentebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
solidarobas jgufis SigniT. amgvari erTobebi yovelTvis dafuZnebulia koleqtiur cnobierebaze.8
TavisTavad koleqtiuri cnobierebis gansazRvrebis sakiTxic uaRresad sainteresoa, Tumca
imis gamo, rom aRniSnul statiaSi CvenTvis is Cveni msjelobis mTavar sagans ar warmoadgens,
ar SevexebiT mas sagangebod. aRvniSnavT mxolod yvelaze ufro gansxvavebul damokidebulebas
am fenomenTan dakavSirebiT, romelic praqtikulad gamoricxavs erTiani cnobierebis principul
mniSvnelobas eris arsebobaSi da amgvari mosazrebis gaCenas ukavSirebs fsiqologiaSi masis
fsiqologiis gagebis damkvidrebas. am Sexedulebis ZiriTadi argumenti aris is, rom solidaroba,
rac amosaval debulebas warmoadgens koleqtiuri cnobierebisa, absoluturad gacnobirebuli
aqtia da, amdenad, is ver iqneba masobrivi, araracionaluri qmedebebis safuZveli (TevzaZe 2009).
sakiTxSi Caxeduli mkiTxveli, zemoT moyvanili ganmartebis Semdeg iolad mixvdeboda, rom
arsebul TeoriaTagan CvenTvis misaRebia eTnosimbolisturi koncefcia, romelic imiT aris
saintereso, rom principSi warmoadgens ukve arsebul mosazrebaTa sinTezss, sadac yvelaze
_ 227 _
zurab TargamaZe
ufro metadaa gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxis zogadi safuZvelebi. am Teoriis mxardamWerebic,

msgavsad modernistebisa, eris sabolood Camoyalibebas mecxramete saukunes ukavSireben, Tumca
aRiareben misi Seqmnis Rrma istoriul safuZvlebs. eTnosimbolistebi Tvlian, rom jer kidev
industriamdel epoqaSi Seiqmna garkveuli eTnikuri erTobebi (eTnieebi), romlebsac axasiaTebdaT
erTmaneTis mimarT Zlieri solidaruloba (solidarulobis gagebaSi igulisxmeba obieqtivisturi
da subieqtivisturi ganwyobebis mTeli kompleqsi, da TiToeuli SemTxvevisaTvis ganixileba
individualuri modeli). arsebiTad am Teoriis kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens koleqtiur kulturul
identobaze dafuZnebuli erToba. Tavad identoba ki gulisxmobs igiveobis TviTcnobierebas.
naciad qmnadobiT erToba gadadis ganviTarebis absoluturad axal fazaSi, rac sulac ar
gulisxmobs imas, rom romelime momenti, obieqtur an subieqtur faqtorTa Semadgenlobidan unda
gamoiricxos, piriqiT, axla man sakuTari TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba: ùnda moaxerxos orive
doneze, socialur-politikursa da kulturul fsiqologiurze~ (smiTi 2008:86).
istoriuli faqtori umniSvnelovanesia, rogorc smiTi ganmartavs: `naciis RerZi emyareba
eTnikuri istoriis codnas, es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom dedamiwis romeliRac konkretul adgilas
saerTo istoriis da bed-iRblis erTianobaSi TaobaTa Soris uwyveti kavSiri xorcieldeba~ (smiTi
2008:87).
istoriuli kavSiri ar gulisxmobs mxolod verbalur maxsovrobiT moments, piriqiT, masSi
aucileblad igulismxeba socialur-politikuri da zogadad saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis
memkvidreobiTobisa da aucilebelobis praqtikuli gancdac. amdenad, nacia aris: àdamianTa
TviTdasaxelebis mqone erToba, romelsac ukavia samSoblo miwa da romelsac aqvs saerTo miTebi
da saziaro istoria, saerTo sajaro kultura, erTiani ekonomika da yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo
ufleba-movaleobani~ (smiTi 2004:17). eTnie ki adamianTa TviTdasaxelebis mqone erTobaa: `romelic
dakavSirebulia samSoblo miwasTan, aqvs saerTo miTebi winaparTa Sesaxeb, saziaro maxsovroba,
saziaro kulturis erTi an meti elementi da garkveuli xarisxis solidaroba elitis SigniT
mainc~ (smiTi 2004:17). sabolood gamodis, rom eTnie da nacia msgavsi kulturul-istoriuli
erTobebia da Tavis mxriv: `kultura aris swored is sistemuri meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac
saukuneTa manZilze identobrivi TviTigivuroba SesaZlebeli xdeba~ (kiknaZe 2009:7).
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis modelic ki TavisTavad efuZneba koleqtiur cnobierebas da,
piriqiT. saqme exeba ara garkveuli modelis mxolod formalur gamoxatulebas, aramed mis Sinaarssa
da adgils erTobis cnobierebaSi. swored amitomaa, rom konkretuli forma mmarTvelobisa zog
SemTxvevaSi amarTlebs, zog SemTxvevaSi _ ver.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom eTniesa (eTnikuri erToba)
da naciis SemTxvevaSic konkretul kulturul formatSi saerTo nidagze, winaswari ganwyobis
safuZvelze yalibdeba jgufebis TviTcnobiereba da maT Soris yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
momentebic. es procesi Tavidan bolomde damokidebulia erTiani istoriuli maxsovrobis
uwyvetobasa da mis Sinaarsze.
zogadad erovnuli TviTcnobierebis/identobis sakiTxSi, misi Semadgeneli elementebis
mixedviT ganasxvaveben ramdenime moments. vecdebiT SeZlebisdagvarad mokled davaxasiaToT
TiToeuli maTgani. pirveli, rasac gvinda SevexoT, es aris fsiqologiuri ganzomileba. is
imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom efuZneba naciis wevrTa Soris erTianobisa da siaxlovis gancdas.
Tumca, rogorc vTqviT, zogierTi mkvlevari fsiqologiur ganzomilebas uaRresad subieqtur da
iracionalur mocemulobad miiCnevs. miuxedavad amisa, faqtia, rom swored am gancdis safuZvelze,
adamianebi xSirad wiraven Tavs naciis keTildReobisaTvis. meore umniSvneoovanesi faqtoria
kulturuli ganzomileba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveuli azriT, kultura aris is, rac aris amave
dros fsiqologiuri ganzomilebac da, piriqiT. kulturis Semadgeneli nawilebi: faseulobebi,
rwmenebi, wes–Cveulebebi, qcevis normebi, ekonomika, politika, teqnikuri revoluciebi da a.S.
ayalibeben TaobebSi fsiqo-emociur erTianobas da gansazRvraven koleqtiuri TviTcnobierebis
simtkicesa da Taviseburebebs. rac Seexeba istoriul ganzomilebas, rogorc ukve ganvmarteT,
nacia aris erToba, romelic saerTo warsulisa da istoriuli bedis subieqtivistur gancdas
efuZneba. amdenad, misTvis istoriuli momenti umniSvnelovanesia, vinaidan swored asea SesaZlebeli
erTianobis dadastureba. istoriul ganzomilebaSi igulisxmeba, rogorc mimdinare procesi (rac
arsebiTad kulturul aqtivobasac gulisxmobs), aseve ukve momxdari da, maT Soris, isic ki, romelic
momavalSi unda moxdes. swored is procesebi, romlebic ayalibeben saerTo cnobierebas anu
fsiqologias. istoriuli bedis warmodgena mTlianad dakavSirebulia gancdebTan, amitom naklebi
mniSvneloba aqvs faqtobriv, realur istorias (istoriuli ganzomilebis qveS, moviazrebT, rogorc
_ 228 _
koleqtiuri cnobierebis/fsiqologiis mniSvnelobas, aseve koleqtiurobis individualuri gancdis

Sedegad Camoyalibebul personalur damokidebulebebs). Semdegi aris teritoriuli ganzomileba,
anu samSoblo miwis sakiTxi, romelic arsebiTad gulisxmobs WurWels, romelSic mimdinareobs
kulturul-istoriul procesebTan dakavSirenuli rTuli reaqciebi da romelSic yalibdeba
erovnuli sxeuli. erTi da imave adgilas Tanacxovrebis istoriuli gamocdileba, ganapirobebs
imas, rom naciis gankargulebaSi aucileblad unda iyos realuri an warmosaxviTi teritoria. bolo
sakiTxi, romelsac gvinda SevexoT, aris nacionaluri identobis politikuri ganzomileba. erTiani
politikuri identobis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis
ZiriTad safuZvels. politikuri ganzomilebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia samoqalaqo cnobierebis
arseboba, vinaidan is, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs erTobis wevrTa nebayoflobiT gamoxatul
survils, icxovron erT saxelmwifoSi, rac aris umTavresi garanti stabilurobisa gansakuTrebiT
mravaleTnikur qveynebSi.
zemoT aRweril ganzomilebaTa kompleqsuroba, kargad aCvenebs nacionaluri sakiTxis rTul
bunebas. vfiqrobT, rom mis SinaarsSi ufro Rrmad Caxedva da zogadi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena
mxolod xels Seuwyobs dargis ganviTarebasa da ufro srulyofils gaxdis istoriuli suraTis
reprezentacias, vidre, piriqiT. miT ufro maSin, roca, rogorc statiis momdevno nawilSi
davinaxavT, dainteresebas am sakiTxebiTa da damoukidebeli qarTuli azris ganviTarebas mis
Sesaxeb, sakmao xnis tradicia gaaCnia. logikurad migvaCnia statiis am monakveTis dasruleba
a. jorjZis erT-erTi werilidan amonaridiT, romelic Cven mier zemoT Tqmuls adasturebs: `dRes
erovnuli problema ara marto Teoriul da `romantiul~ interess warmoadgens, aramed samkvdro
sasicocxlo sagans, imisTana ram sagans, romelic hyofs qarTvel inteligencias or did banakad,
or mTavar banakad~ (jorjaZe 1911: 23-24).
***
saqarTveloSi, erovnuli sakiTxis garSemo msjelobam, intensiuri xasiaTi SeiZina mecxramete
saukunis meore naxevarSi, qarTveli eris formirebis periodSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli
nacionalizmis ideologiisa da erovnuli sakiTxis Camoyalibeba, mniSvnelovnad iyo gansazRvruli
maSindeli istoriuli realobiT. is, rom calkeulma qarTulma samefo-samTavroebma damoukidebeli
arseboba Sewyvites, yvelasaTvis cnobil mizezTa gamo, vfiqrobT, rom umniSvnelovanesi faqtori
iyo da gansazRvravda am moZraobis xasiaTs. da Tumca, reaqcia qarTuli sazogadoebisa saukunis
dasawyisSive, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos damoukideblobis gauqmebisTanave iyo myisieri, da zogierTi
mkvlevris mosazrebiT, Tavisi SinaarsiT, saxalxoc, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevridan,
ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT sruliad axal fazaSi gadadis is da realurad iZens, gamokveTil
nacionalistur xasiaTs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos istoriisaa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis yvela etapze
arsebobda identobis gamomxatveli konkretuli formulebi, mecxramete saukuneSi, ilias mier
Camoyalibebuli qarTuli nacionalizmis idea, miuxedavad imisa, rom is efuZneboda qarTvelTa
saerTo istoriul tradicias, da, bunebrvia, rom mas eZebneba paralelebi uwindel koncefciaTa
Sorisac (es asec unda yofiliyo), arsebiTad siaxles warmoadgens. am ideasa da Zvels Soris
principuli sxvaoba, gamoixateba imaSi, rom erovnuli moZraobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi momentia
misadmi mTliani sazogadoebis (an misi umravlesobis mainc) erTguleba, maSin, roca ufro adreul
etapebze erTianobis umTavres sazoms saxelmwifosa da mefisadmi mmarTveli elitis keTilganwyobisa
da morCilebis xarisxi warmoadgenda.
ganxvavebuli, e.w. priomordialisturi azris mixedviT, erovnuli cnobierebis ufro adreul
etapebze arsebobis magaliTia, mefisa da ubralo mosaxleobis mxardamxar brZolis istoriuli
faqtebi. saqme isaa, rom aseT dros, vgulisxmobT mefisa da xalxis erToblivi brZolis SemTxvevebs,
umTavress indikators aliansisa warmoadgenda moSlili saxelmwifoebrivi instituciebi da
arastabiluri politikuri viTareba. sagulisxmoa, rom aseTi kavSirebi upirvelesad mimarTuli iyo
adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxiaTebeli
klasobrivi urTierTobebis CarCoebidan gasulebi iyvnen da, imis magivrad, rom uzrunveleyoT
mosaxleobis usafrTxoeba, Tavad warmoadgendnen umTavres safrTxes maTTvis (sagareo mterze
metadac ki). interesTa Tanxvedra, vgulisxmobT, erTi mxriv, mefis survils centraluri
xelisuflebis gaZlierebisa da, meore mxriv, ubralo mosaxleobis survils mSvidi cxovrebisa,
ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT nacionaluri erTgulebis faqtad. am dros, motivacia, saerTo mtris
winaaRmdeg mosaxleobis brZolisa, rogorc aRvniSneT, sakuTari usafrTxoebis dacva ufro
_ 229 _
zurab TargamaZe
iyo da is ar gamoixateboda saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebis im principiT, romelsac politikuri

mmarTvelobisadmi pirdapiri da uSualo kavSiris gancda ayalibebs.
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargva, miuxedavad imisa, rom mecxramete saukunis
dasawyisidanve gaxda safuZveli mniSvnelovani gamosvlebisa, inteligenciisaTvis, rogorc amas
mogvianebiT ganviTarebuli procesebi aCvenebs, ar iyo mTavari faqtori. marTalia, qarTuli
aristorkatia cdilobda saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas, Tumca misTvisac upirveles
mizans sakuTari usafrTaxoebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda. swored amitom iyo, rom, miuxedavad
patriotuli ganwyobebisa, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawile, Sewyalebuli qarTuli aristokratia
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi mniSvnelovani nawili), udidesi TavgamodebiT, rusul mundirSi
gamowyobili agrZelebda samSoblos `msaxurebas~. erTgvari gaorebuli cnobiereba, erTi mxriv,
iluzia imisa, rom kanonmorCilebiTa da saxelmwifo samsaxurSi CadgomiT, vemsaxurebiT samSoblos
da, maSasadame, erovnul interesebsac, da, meore mxriv, arsebuli istoriuli realoba, rodesac
kanonebi, romlebsac vemorCilebiT, ucxoa da samSoblo, romelsac emsaxurebi, sinamdvileSi
dapyrobilia, swored imis mier, vis kanonebsac verTgulebT, warmoadgenda qarTul inteligenciasa
da ubralo xalxSi moraluri da zneobrivi kategoriebis moSlis safuZvels da maT Soris arsebuli
ufskrulis kidev ufro gaRrmavebas uwyobda xels. RirebulebaTa sistemis nivelireba, sul cota,
saerTo nacionaluri interesebis bunebriv Camoyalibebas uSlida xels da iwvevda mis damaxinjebas.
rusul mundirSi gamowyobili qarTuli inteligenciis nebismieri aqtivoba, upirvelasad
emsaxureboda keTili ufrosi Zmis stereotipis damkvidrebas (am mimarTulebiT politika arc
SemdgomSi Secvlila). igive praqtika gagrZelda sabWoTa periodSic, rodesac maqsimalurad
cdilobdnen qarTuli politikuri, kulturuli da samecniero inteligenciis asocirebas, erTi
mxriv, fsevdo erovnul-patriotul motivebTan da, meore mxriv, sabWoTa rusul mmarTvelobasTan.
es iseTive siyalbe iyo, rogorc sabWoTa konstituciiT garantirebuli demokratiuli wyoba
da principi erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebisa. saboloo jamSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, es politika,
miznad isaxavda qarTul cnobierebaSi saxelmwifoebriobis damoukideblad arsebobis namdvili
ideis surogati ideiT Canacvlebas. rogorc dRevandeloba aCvenebs amas, damoukideblobis
iluzia imdenad Zlieri da tkbili aRmoCnda, rom dResac ki is, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis sakmao
nawilisaTvis, sagareo da msoflmxedvelobrivi damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebisas umTavres
faqtors warmoadgens.
amdenad, mecxramete saukunis 60-iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobis liderTa SemoqmedebaSi
umniSvnelovanesi adgili ekava amgvari simboloebis msxvrevas. erovnuli kulturisa da istoriis
wina planze wamoweva, xazgasma saerTo qarTuli fsiqologiis mankier da dadebiT momentebze,
yuradRebis gamaxvileba samSoblo miwis/teritoriis sakiTxebze, miznad isaxavda erTiani qarTuli
cnobierebis koncentrirebas iseT momentebze, romlebic ufro Rrma istoriuli safuZveliT iyo
ganpirobebuli. mocemul situaciaSi konkretuli politikuri miznebis dasaxva, praqtikulad
gamoricxuli iyo, Tumca erTiani nacionaluri TviTcnobierebis Camoyalibeba, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, samomavlod amgvari praqtikuli SesaZleblobebis warmodgenas ar gamoricxavda
(avtonomiis idea amis dadasturebas warmoadgens). imas, rom qarTuli nacionalizmis mixedviT,
qarTveloba, mSobliuri eris koncefciis, rogorc istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kanonzomierebis,
demonstrirebis gziT, unda gamxdariyo erTgvarovani TviTcnobierebis matarebeli nacia,
ganapirobebda upirvelesad qarTveli xalxis Tanacxovrebis xangrZlivi istoriuli gamocdileba
da misi praqtikuli magaliTebis siWarbe arsebul narativSi.
amitomac iyo axali erovnuli moZraobis wevrTa propaganda ZiriTadad mimarTuli istoriuli
da, amasTanave, eTnikuri momentebis aqtualizaciisaken. sagangebod unda aRiniSos is, rom am
mosazrebebsa da damokidebulebebs arasodes miuRia imgvari forma, rom winaaRmdgeobaSi mosuliyo
samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ideasTan, da, miT ufro, gamxdariyo safuZveli eTnikur motivebze
Camoyalibebuli konfliqtebisa. eTnikurobis Zalian sensitiur gagebas amofarebul, sinamdvileSi
genetikur-seleqcioneruli nacionalizmis ideas, saqarTveloSi arasodes hqonia imgvari gasaqani,
rogorc dRes aqvs da, romelsac realurad saerTo araferi aqvs mis namdvil gagebasTan.
eTnikurobis sakiTxs, nacionalizmis ideebSi, maT Soris, nacionalizmis evropul magaliTebSic,
mniSvnelovani adgili ekava da ukavia kidec, miuxedavad amisa, is konceptualurad arasdros
mosula winaaRmdegobaSi tolerantobisa da solidarobis umniSvnelovanes principebTan.
mecxramete saukuneSi, qarTuli naciis formirebis daskvniT etapze, erovnuli moZraobis
liderebisaTvis umTavresi momenti gaxda erovnuli ideis interpretaciis sakiTxi. swored am
periods ukavSirdeba pirveli diskusiebi erovnuli sakiTxis garSemo:
_ 230 _
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevridan qarTveli intelegencia aRniSnuli faqtis mniSvnelovnebas

acnobierebs da iwyeba erovnuli ideis calkeuli Temebis intensiuri damuSaveba. swored am dros
iqmneba qarTuli nacionaluri narativis ZiriTadi `samSeneblo blokebi~ da yalibdeba erovnuli
idea, romliTac qarTuli erTobis aqtiuri umravlesobis gamsWvalvis Sedegs warmoadgens qarTveli
eri (CxartiSvili, mania 2011/2012: 73).
ilia WavWavaZe mTeli Tavisi publicisturi Tu saliteraturo moRvaweobiT qarTuli erTobis

Tanamedrove koncefciis Camoyalibebas isaxavda miznad. praqtikulad: ìveria ayalibebda qarTul
nacionalur identobas saerTo eTnikuri (da ara nacionaluri, romelic am dromde ar arsebobda,-
z.T.) warsulis aqtualizaciis gziT~ (CxartiSvili, mania 2011:14).
TviTcnobierebis nacionalisturi formis CamoyalibebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am ideebisadmi mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi homogenuri ganwyobebis
danergva. risTvisac im periodisaTvis arsebul SesaZleblobaTagan yvelze ufro mosaxerxebeli
beWduri mediis gamoyeneba iyo (meore mxriv, beWduri mediis arseboba Tavadac aris erTgvari
winapiroba da biZgis mimcemi amgvari moZraobeis gaCenisaTvis).
am periodis qarTuli presis zedapiruli analizic ki aCvenebs imas, rom praqtikulad ar
darCenila arc erTi, met-naklebad mniSvnelovani, Jurnali Tu gazeTi, romelsac yuradReba ar
hqondes gamaxvilebuli nacionalur sakiTxze. mecxramete saukunis 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,
vidre meoce saukunis 30-ian wlebamde gamosuli presa, masSi dafiqsirebuli poziciebis TvalsazrisiT
SesaZlebelia, or ZiriTad nawilad gavyoT. erTi iyo iliaseuli koncefciis gamtarebeli, meore
ki e.w. marqsist-leninuri. am periodis Jurnal-gazeTebidan aRsaniSnavia: iveria, droeba, kvali,
cnobis furceli, moambe, mogzauri, isari, amirani, simarTlis xma, fiqri, komunisti, komunizmis
droSa, moskovis pravda da a.S. rogorc vTqviT, msoflmxedvelobrivi platformis orive mxares
publicistebi nacionaluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari ideebis propagandisaTvis aqtiurad
mimarTavdnen beWdur medias. iliasa da misi momxreebis SemTxvevaSi iveria iyo is adgili, sadac
unda garkveuliyo qarTvelTaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi:
iveriaseul (iliaseul) qarTveli eris narativSi warmodgenili iyo yvelaferi, rac unda scodnoda
qarTuli erTobis TiToeul wevrs mSobliuri erTobis Sesaxeb: rodis da sad warmoiSvnen, raSi
mdgomareobda maTi kulturis unikaloba, rogori iyo maTi momavali, vin, romeli socialuri
fenis warmomadgeneli, an saqarTvelos romeli kuTxis mkvidri SeiZleba moazrebuliyo qarTuli
erTobis wevrad da a.S. am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad iverias hqonda mudmivi rubrikebi.
ganmeorebadi Temebi. arc rubrikebis, arc Temebis arCevani, cxadia, ar SeiZleba yofiliyo (da arc
iyo) SemTxveviTi, isini warmoadgendnen qarTuli erovnuli narativis konstruirebisaTvis saWiro
masalas (CxartiSvili, mania 2011/2012: 73).
rodesac erovnul sakiTxTTan dakavSirebiT iliaseuli mosazrebebis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, gverds

ver avuvliT mis gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas frangi moazrovnis e. renanisadmi. aRniSnuli
sakiTxi (iseve, rogorc ilias nacionalisturi koncefcia), sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili
qarTveli mkvlevrebis mier da amjerad masze dawvrilebiT ar SevCerdebiT.8 saWirod migvaCnia
mxolod im faqtis aRniSvna, rom renanis Sexedulebebisadmi ilias damokidebulebis Camoyalibebaze
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia iman, rom upirvelesad qarTveli sazogado moRvawe frang moazrovneSi
xedavda sakuTar Tanamoazres da misTvis, rogorc qarTveli eris ideis CamomyalibeblisaTvis,
uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo dasavluri, kerZod, franguli gamocdilebis gaziareba (CxartiSvili,
mania: 2011/2012). rogorc irkveva, iliaseuli xedva erovnuli sakiTxisa ar iyo erTgvarovani da is
viTardeboda konkretuli istoriuli mocemulobisa da qarTveli xalxis zogadi fsiqologiuri
portretis gacnobierebis kvaldakval. g. nodia (da ara marto) iliaseuli erovnuli koncefciis
Camoyalibebaze SeniSnavs, rom masze gavlena hqonda politikur procesebsac. kerZod, 1877-1878
wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omma da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi misi istoriuli miwebis dabrunebis
perspeqtivam ganapiroba nacionaluri identobis modificirebuli, saerTo istoriul warsulze
orientirebuli gagebis formireba (nodia: 2009). am mosazrebis mtkicebulebas warmoadgens ilias
Semdegi citati, misi erT-erTi cnobili werilidan: `rogorc kacad ar ixseneba is mawanwala,
romelsac aRar axsovs, vin aris, saidam modis da sad midis, eseve erad saxsenebeli ar aris igi,
romelsac Tavisi.... istoria ar axsovs~ (WavWavaZe 2012: 13).
erovnuli sakiTxis Teoretizebis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa ilias mravali nawarmoebi.
winamdebare statiaSi Cven ilias publicisturi da SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis am TvalsazrisiT
_ 231 _
zurab TargamaZe
ganxilvas ar SevudgebiT, imis gamo, rom am sakiTxebs, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mieZRvna araerTi statia
da monografiuli kvleva, romelTa ZiriTad daskvnebs Cvenc viziarebT. Cveni mizani am SemTxvevaSi
imis Cvenebaa, rom iliaseuli koncefcia, romelic mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
periodSi safuZvlad daedo erTgvar organicistul (unda iTqvas, rom sisxlis erTobisa da
rasobrivi unikalurobis gancda srulebiT ar aris gamoricxuli iliaseuli nacionalisturi
xedvidan, gansxvaveba masSi da qvemoT moyvanil magaliTs Soris aris is, rom sabWoTa periodSi
erovnuli ideis centrSi amgvari damokidebulebis dayenebiT, miznad isaxavdnen lokaluri
konfliqtebis waxalisebas, ilia ki amgvar momentebze xazgasmiT cdilobda im saerTo gadakveTis
wertilebis moZebnas, romelic erTiani istoriis ideasTan erTad Seasrulebda damxmare rols da
xels Seuwyobda erovnul konsolidacias) nacionalistur xedvas, principulad ewinaaRmdegeba mis
namdvil Sinaarss. amis mizezi, Cveni azriT, sabWoTa periodSi propagandirebuli iliaseuli cnobili
triadis mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba (sagulisxmoa, rom swored am formulis tiraJireba xdeboda da
ara misi modificirebuli variantisa, sadac sarwmunoebis adgils istoria ikavebs), damaxinjebuli
gaazrebaa. nebismieri qarTvelis warmodgenaSi, iseve, rogorc sxvebisaTvisac, mamuli samSoblo
miwasTan asocirdeba. sabWoTa periodSi xdeba qarTuli mamulis ideis, rogorc praqtikuli, ise
verbaluri gagebiT, demontaJi. bunebrivia, samSoblo teritoriis srulfasovani warmodgena/aRqma,
rodesac realuri garantia misi konkretul sazRvrebSi grZelvadiani fiqsaciisa ar arsebobs,
da, piriqiT, gvaqvs magaliTebi, misi sasoflo-sameurneo mizniT moZme xalxebisaTvis gadacemisa
(saqarTvelos, demokratiuli respublikas dafuZnebisas ekava 107,600 kv. km. teritoria, xolo 1991
wels damoukideblobis xelmeored gamocxadebisas ki 69,700 kv. km., sabWoTa mmarTvelobisas qarTuli
miwebi gadaeca ruseTis, azerbaijanis, somxeTis socialistur respublikebs), rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT avtonomiuri respublikebisa da olqebis Seqmnaze, SeuZlebeli iyo. arc nacionauri enis
mdgomareoba iyo ukeTesi, adamianuri msxverplis fasad narCundeba misi fasaduri mniSvneloba.
praqtikulad saxelmwifo politikis doneze xdeba sxva qarTveluri enebis, megrulisa da svanuris
waxaliseba, gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba osursa da afxazurzec, riTac qarTuli enis, rogorc
gamaerTianeblis, mniSvneloba knindeba. saerTo enas nacionaluri identobisaTvis mxolod maSin
aqvs mniSvneloba, rodesac misi meSveobiT xdeba erTianobis faqtis gacnobiereba. rac Seexeba
sarwmuneobas, sabWoTa realoba, gansakuTrebiT mogviano periodSi, gulisxmobda religiurobisa
da antireligiurobis saocrad specifikur, erTgvarad sinTezirebul gancdas. amgvar formatSi
Camoyalibebuli qarTuli, Tundac avtokefaluri eklesia, ver asrulebda gamaerTianeblis rols.
amdenad, iliaseuli triadis interpretacia, sabWoTa mocemulobaSi emsaxureboda erovnuli ideis
Sesaxeb TviTkmayofili qarTveli kacis warmosaxvis gaZlierebas mxolod. yovelive amis fonze,
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, arc aris gasakviri, rom cnobili triada transformirda
erovnuli sakiTxis rasobriv aRqmad.
am formatSi msjelobidan avtomaturad iricxeboda saerTo istoriis Sesaxeb iliaseuli
originali ideis aRorZineba, rac mis mier erovnul sakiTxSi gamokveTil momentebs Soris umTavresi
gamaerTianeblis funqcias kisrulobda. miseul realur poziciasa da sabWoTa propagandis mier
SemoTavazebul koncefcias Soris gansxvavebis TvalsaCinoebas ilias mier 1888 wels gamoqveynebuli
patara werilic warmoadgens:
Cveni guliTadi rwmena yovelTvis isa yofila da aris, rom eris warmateba, qonebrivi Tu gonebrivi,
SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca eri wodebaTa dauyoflad, did-pataraobis gaurCevlad da
gamoukleblad erTianis mecadineobiTa da garjiT hcdilobs cxovrebis gza gaikvalos da burTi
bedisa gaitanos wuTisoflis moednidam yvelam erTad sayovelTaod. cal-calke weva cxovrebis
uRelisa, cal-calke xvna da mka, cal-calka Tla lxinisa Tavisaken da Wirisa sxvisaken, marto
Tavis-Tavis xsovna da sxvisi daviwyeba momakvdinebelia kacTa saurTierTo cxovrebisa da saca eg
urTierToba ar aris, iq arc igi krebulia, romelsac eri hqvia (WavWavaZe 1987: 19).
an kidev: `yvelam erTad da TviTeulma calke unda icodnen, rom igi ganuyofeli nawilia
mTelis erisa da amitomac Tavis keTildReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildReobaSi
da ara calke~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 20-21).
zemoT moyvanili citatebi CvenTvis warmoadgens safuZvels, vivaraudoT, minimum is, rom
qarTveli eris mamad wodebuli iliasaTvis umTavresi iyo saerTo erovnuli interesebis gamonaxva
sruliad gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebisaTvisac, rogorc klasobrivi, religiuri aseve eTnikuri
TvalsazrisiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom misi miznebidan gamoricxuli iyo dapirispireba,
rasac ver vityviT sabWoTa sivrceSi formulirebuli qarTuli nacionalisturi ideis Sesaxeb.
_ 232 _
sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom iliaseuli strategia mecxramete sukuneSi, misaRebi aRmoCnda

qarTuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis, maT Soris. principulad gansxvavebuli
msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis mqoneTaTvisac. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis qvemoT ramdenime maTganze
sagangebod gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
erT-erTi pirveli, visi mosazrebaTa ganxilvac gvinda, social-federalisti arCil jorjaZea.
misi Sexedulebebi erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva dros ibeWdeboda: amiranSi isarSi,
droebaSi da a.S. jorjaZis Sromebidan aRsaniSnavia: samSoblo da mamuliSviloba, erovnuli sakiTxis
ganmartebis gamo, erovnuli problema saqarTveloSi, qarTuli eris warmoSobis da ganviTarebis
istoriis mimoxilva da sxv. jorjaZec, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi msofmxedvelobrivi pozicia
erovnul sakiTxSi logikurad gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gaxmovanebas moiTxovda, ilias
msgavsad, iziarebda saerTo niadagis Teorias (swored amis gamo hqondaT social-demokratebs
masTan, rogorc socializmis mimdevarTan, pretenziebi). sagulisxmoa isic, rom Tu mecxramete
saukuneSi erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb msjelobebi Camoyalibebis fazaSi iyo da, amdenad, xSirad
am TeoriaTa Sesaxeb mxolod SemoqmedebiT gaazrebebs vxvdebiT, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi saxeze
gvaqvs misi miaxloeba msjelobis mecnierul standartebTan. arCil jorjaZis publicistika amis
TvalsaCino magaliTa. gansxvavebiT samocianelebis eseistikisagan, misi publikaciebi emsaxureba
ufro metad praqtikuli amocanebis gadaWras da warmoadgens sakiTxis Sesaxeb mecnieruli,
analitikuri msjelobis nimuSs. Tavis SromebSi, is saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis safuZvelze
ganixilavs nacionaluri TviTSemecnebis problemebs. a. jorjaZis azriT, erovnebis warmoSoba,
garkveuli azriT, dakavSirebulia saxelmwifoebriobis warmoSobasTan: èrovneba Cndeba sworeT
amgvari xasiaTis politikuri sazogadoebis niadagze. amitomac aris, rom politikuri sazogadoebis
gansazRvruli evolucia aris amave dros evolucia erovnebisa~ (jorjaZe 1911: 26).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, a. jorjaZis mosazrebaTa Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is absoluturad
iziarebs erovnul sakiTxSi ilias damokidebulebas. gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom jorjaZis
SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs nacionalisturi ideebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval politikur-saxel-
mwifoerbivi sakiTxebis gadaWris praqtikuli gzebis Ziebac (amas, albaT, Sesabamisad momwifebuli
istoriuli viTarebac gansazRvravda).
meore TvalsaCino moRvawe am periodisa, viszec gvsurs yuradRebis gamaxvileba, aris anarqisti
varlam CerqeziSvili. misi piradi msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia da cxovrebiseuli mrwamsi
gansakuTrebiT sainteresos xdis mis mosazrebas erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb. rogorc d. SveliZe
aRniSnavs v. CerqeziSvilis TxzulebaTa krebulis winasityvaobaSi: `mas Rrmad swamda, rom qarTveli
xalxisaTvis upirvelesi sazrunavi, ara romelime socialuri idea, aramed _ erovnuli Tavisufleba
da saxelmwifoebrivi aRdgena iyo~ (SveliZe 2011: 5).
v. CerqeziSvilis, rogorc anarqistis, damokidebuleba erovnuli sakiTxisadmi, romlis
ideologiuri Sexedulebebi yovelgvar saxelmwifoebriv gamovlinebasTan winaaRmdegobaSi
modioda, aCvenebs erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb progresuli inteligenciis erTian xedvas, rac
umniSvnelovanesi faqtori iyo, da romlis, rogorc gadaulaxavi barieris, mospoba rusul
social-demokratias mxolod represiebiTa da ZaladobiT SeeZlo. v. CerqeziSvilis SemTxveva
imiTac aris saintereso, rom is qarTuli nacionalisturi pretenziebis saerTaSoriso asparezze
gaxmovanebas cdilobda. mas ekuTvnis dasavlur presaSi gamoqveynebuli mravali saintereso statia
saqarTvelos politikuri uflebebisa Tu kulturis Sesaxeb. misi pirveli werili georgievskis
traqtatis pirobebis darRvevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda 1888 wels, inglisur Jurnal TaimsSi. 1895
wels prestiJul britanul JurnalSi – mecxramete saukune daibeWda varlam CerqeziSvilis vrceli
statia: saqarTvelos xelSekrulebebi ruseTTan. is aris 1907 wlis haagis konferenciaze, e.w.
qarTvelTa peticiis momzadebis iniciatoric (SveliZe: 2011). rogorc Cans, ukve mecxramete
saukunis bolo aTwleulSi qarTuli inteligenciis nawili 60-iani wlebis periodSi Camoyalibebuli
nacionalisturi xedvisaTvis aqtiurad cdilobda realuri politikuri xorcis Sesxmas (am azriT
sainteresoa saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis saqmianobac). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
qarTuli nacionaluri moZraobis istoriaSi saxeze gvaqvs axali etapis dasawyisi.
erTianobis muxtis siZlieris dadasturebas warmoadgens CerqeziSvilisa da ilias TanamSrom-
lobac iveriaSi, maSin, roca maTi ideologiuri Sexedulebebi principulad gansxvavebuli iyo.
umTavresi mizezi imisa, ris gamoc ilia TanamSromlobda CerqeziSvilTan, iyo is, rom:
ilia WavWavaZe da didi qarTveli Tergdaleulebi, saqarTvelos evropeizaciis propagandistebi iyvnen.

maTi ocneba da mizani, socialur-ekonomikurad, kulturul-inteleqtualurad da politikurad _
_ 233 _
zurab TargamaZe
evropul sistemaze gardaqmnili saqarTvelo gaxldaT. v. CerqeziSvils ìveriis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis

unda gaecno yvelaferi evropisa da gansakuTrebiT - inglisis Sesaxeb (SveliZe 2011:14).
marTlac, Tu gadavavlebT Tvals iveriaSi gamoqveynebuli misi werilebis Tundac saTaurebs,

vnaxavT praqtikulad yvela mniSvnelovan faqts, maSindeli erT-erTi mowinave qveynis, inglisis
Sesaxeb (inglisis magaliTi imiTac aris saintereso, rom, msgavsad qarTuli SemTxvevisa, saxeze
gvaqvs gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebis Tanacxovrebis faqti) erovnul sakiTxebze sainteresoa
misi werilebi: mecxramete saukune: erTa aRorZineba, irlandiis erovnuli aRoZineba da a.S.
erovnul-patriotuli moZraobis momxreebi, gaerTianebulni iyvnen Tavisufali da evropuli
saqarTvelos ideis garSemo.
nacionaluri sakiTxis interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia
m. wereTlis 1910 wels gamocemuli sociologiuri gamokvleva eri da kacobrioba, romelic
warmoadgens maRali donis samecniero naSroms. masSi gadmocemulia, eris definiciis sakiTxSi
socialisturi Tvalsazrisis kritika. m. wereTeli ekonomikur faqtors ganixilavs, rogorc
eris erT mxares, mis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils. Sesabamisad, socializms uyurebs, rogorc
sazogadoebisaTvis arsebuli ekonomikuri safuZvlis cvlilebas da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
ukavSirebs mas internacionalizms da yovelive erovnulis uaryofas (wereTeli 1990). swored am
ekonomikuri, anu socialuri gardaqmnisa da qonebis axleburi gadanawilebis principis dacva, rac
gulisxmobs revoluciis gareSe arsebuli social-ekonomikuri suraTis Secvlas, rusulma social-
demokratiam ver moaxerxa (guruli 2008). amitomac moxda social-demokratTa rigebis menSevikebad
da bolSevikebad dayofa da 1917 wels oqtombris gadatrialeba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ilia WavWavaZis midgomis garda (romelic Teoriul nawilSi, arsebiTad
exmianeboda maSindel dasavlur koncefciebs), arsebobda qarTveli social-demokratebis mier
gaziarebuli, marqsis socialuri Teoriis meSveobiT (ufro swored misi rusuli interpretaciis
mixedviT) qarTuli nacionaluri fenomenis axsnis mcdelobac. aRniSnuli Teoria naciasa da
nacionalizms (e.i.naciis keTildReobis miznis mqone ideologias, romelic aqcents, pirvel rigSi,
Cven-jgufis wevrebs Soris harmoniul, nebayoflobiT urTierTobaze akeTebs) ganixilavs klasebs
Soris dapirispirebisa da apriori yovel erSi ori erTmaneTis antipodi naciis arsebobis Teoriis
farglebSi. sadac mTavari faqtori iyo e.w. muSaTa klasis interesi:
unda gvaxsovdes, rom erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis garda arsebobs kidev muSTa klasis xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebis ufleba da am ukanasknels eqvemdebareba TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. SemTxvevebi aris,
rodesac TviT-gamorkvevis ufleba ewinaaRmdegeba meore ufro maRal uflebas, saxelmwifos saTaveSi
mdgom muSaTa klasis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis uflebas. am SemTxvevebis dros, unda es pirdapir
iTqvas,- TviTgamorkvevis ufleba ar unda iqnes muSaTa klasis mier misi diqtaturis ganxorcielebis
saqmis xelis SemSleli. pirvelma gza unda dauTmos meores, aseTi iyo mdgomareoba, magaliTad,
1920 wels, rodesac Cven iZulebuli SeviqeniT, muSaTa klasis xelisuflebis interesebis mixedviT,
varSavaze gvelaSqra (stalini 1923:35).
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom warmodgenili pozicia momavlis principulad

gansxvavebul da progresul xedvas efuZneba. gansakuTrebiT im fonze, rodesac maTac, iseve
rogorc sxvebs, faqtia, rom SesaniSnavad esmodaT nacionaluri TviTmyofadi sxeulis formirebisas
suverenuli erovnuli institutebis arsebobis/formirebis mniSvneloba:
qarTuli Skolisa, qarTuli mwignobrobisa, Teatrisa da sxva aseT kulturul dawesebulebisas –

amis sawinaaRmdego xalxi ar yofila, piriqiT, yvela es misi cxovrebis miucilebeli moTxovnileba
da imave dros, misi ganviTarebis iaraRia. maSasadame Tavis nacionalur enaze kulturis Seqmna da am
niadagze Tavis mermisis ageba, winmsvlelobis aucilebeli gzaa (Jordania 1908: 4).
yovelive amis Semoqmedi: qarTuli Teatris, literaturis da zogadad kulturis, iyo qarTuli
inteligencia (aristokratia – e.w. mCagvreli klasebi). Tu ki maT mier Seqmnili kultura (anu
subieqturi RirebulebiTi sistema) erTobis arsebobis garantia unda yofiliyo momavalSi, ratom
ar SeiZleboda, is eris erTobis (klasobrivi erTobis) garantad qceuliyo awmyoSic.
sainteresoa, am Teoriis mixedviT, elitis/aristokratiis mier Seqmnil kulturas, rogor unda
gamoekveba internacionalur motivebze mdgari proletariati, romelsac sayovelTao komunizmis
ideiT unda esuldgmula da romelic e.w. proletaruli diqtaturis damyarebas isaxavda miznad.
_ 234 _
istoriuli erTobis uaryofiT da kulturul-istoriul RirebulebaTa sistemis plagiatiT, rac

eris erTiani erovnuli sxeulis (romelic xangrZlivi istoriuli drois ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda)
da saerTo istoriuli maxsovrobis gaxleCas gulisxmobs da absoluturad ewinaaRmdegeba, erTobis
erTianobis istoriulad ganpirobebul gardauval princips, rac ilias mierac iyo amocnobili da
saerTo niadagis TeoriaSic Cadebuli Teza iyo. Tumca, rogorc gamoCnda, e.w. muSaTa da glexTa
klass ar SeeZlo uareyo Tavisi socialuri (kulturuli) sxeulis nawilebi, maT Soris, isic,
romelic mas dapirispirebul klasTan aerTianebda, es iqneboda sxeulis absoluturad janmrTeli
nawilis àmputaciis~ msgavsi da amitomac iyo, rom leniniseuli interpretirebuli socializmi da
mis mier SeTavazebuli `Tavisufleba~ ver gaxda muSaTa da glexTa internacionalisaTvis erTobis
sakmarisi safuZveli.
sagulisxmoa is, rom social-demokratiuli partiis, rogorc menSevikur, ise bolSevikur
frTaSi erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb xelmZRvanelobdnen erTi da imave koncefciiT. faqtia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom maT Soris araerTi sakiTxis garSemo arsebobda azrTa sxvadasxvaoba,
erovnul sakiTxTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT (ufro swored nacionalizmisa da nacionaluri
problemebis mogvarebis praqtikuli gzebis ZiebasTan dakavSirebiT), ZiriTadi sxvaoba sakiTxis
politikur WrilSi ganxilvisas vlindeboda mxolod. ai, rogori warmodgena hqonda stalins
qarTuli nacionalizmis Sesaxeb:
...Tu adgilobrivi antirusuli nacionalizmi, rogorc reaqcia velikorusuli Sovinizmisa, amaze Sors
ar wavidoda (igulisxmeba rusuli Sovinizmisagan Tavis dacva, − z.T). magram ubedurba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom zogierT respublikebSi es Tavdacvis nacionalizmi Setevaze gadadis. aviRoT saqarTvelo.
iq aris ara umetes 30% qarTveli mosaxleoba. maT Soris arian: somxebi, afxazelebi, aWarelebi, osebi,
TaTrebi. saTaveSi dganan qarTvelebi. qarTvel komunistebis nawilSi daibada da viTardeba idea
imisa, rom am wvril erebs ar unda gaewioT didi angariSi: isini nakleb kulturulni, ufro nakleb
ganviTarebulni ariano da amitom maT angariSi ar gauwioTo. ai es aris Sovinizmi, metad savalalo da
saSiSi Sovinizmi, radgan mas SeuZlian saqarTvelo patara ara-sasurveli ambebis arenad gadaaqcios
da man gadaaqcia ukve igi aseT arenad (stalini 1923:18).
erTa TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxis Sesaxeb ki:
...Cveni erovnuli programa gamomdinareobs swored erebis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad arsebobis

uflebidan. iqidan, rasac winad TviTgamorkvevis uflebas uwodebdnen. amis mixedviT Cven unda
gadaWriT ganvacxadoT, rom erTa Soris kavSiri, maTi saerTo saxelmwifoSi gaerTianeba ver iqneba
mtkice, Tu igi ar emyareba nebayoflobas, Tu TviT xalxi ar moisurvebs am gaerTianebas. meore
safuZvels Seadgens im erebis uflebrivi Tanasworoba, romelnic kavSirSi Sedian. da es advili
gasagebia. me ar vlaparakob aq faqtiur Tanasworobaze, amis Sesaxeb me Semdeg meqneba baasi, radgan
faqtiuri Tanasworobis damyareba im erebs Soris, romelTaganac erTi metad dawinaurebuli aris,
xolo meore CamorCenili, metad rTuli saqmea da mTeli rigi wlebis muSaobas moiTxovs. me aq
vlaparakob uflebriv Tanasworobaze. Tanasworoba aq gamoixateba imaSi, rom yvela respublikebi,
xolo am SemTxvevaSi ki oTxi respublika: amierkavkasia, belorusia, ukraina da ruseTi, romelnic
am kavSirSi Sedian, Tanasworad sargebloben kavSiris yovelgvar sasargeblo mxareebiT, magram
amave dros erTnairadve uars amboben zogierT damoukideblobis uflebaze kavSiris sasargeblod
(stalini 1923: 9-10).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufleba sinamdvileSi erTgvari sareklamo

fandi ufro iyo, vidre realuri politika. Tu erebs TavianTi nacionaluri sakiTxebis gadaWris
SesaZleblobas ar miscemdnen da bunebrivi ganviTarebis kalapotidan mowyvetdnen, Tu qarTvelebs
ar eqnebodaT sakuTari erovnuli kulturis dacvis SesaZlebloba (sinamdvileSi sakiTxi swored
ase idga), qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba darCeboda gaxleCili da SekavSirebisa da ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobas moklebuli. mocemuli scenaris mixedviT, qarTul nacionalur proeqts, msgavsad
xeibrisa (romelic ideis avtorebma manamde Tavad daaxeibres), romelsac janmrTeli moTamaSeebiT
dakompleqtebul gundSi misces fexburTis TamaSis ufleba, Tanac winaswar gaafrTxiles, rom es
aris namdvili Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba, eloda gardauvali imedgacrueba.
is, rom politikuri kavSirebi zogadad erTiani standartebis damkvidrebisaken arian midrekilni,
amas Tanamedrove magaliTebic adasturebs. gansxvaveba gamoixateba midgomaSi, rodesac es xdeba
xangrZlivi dialogis Sedegad, magaliTad, evrokavSirSi, sadac gvaqvs, Tanasworuflebianobis
istoriulad dadgenil principze dafuZnebuli politikuri gaerTianeba, yvela subieqtisaTvis
_ 235 _
zurab TargamaZe
garantirebuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis absoluturi uflebiT. sabWoTa kavSirSi ki enisa

da skolis sakiTxze ufro mniSvnelovnad, ris gareSec nacionaluri TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba
gamoricxulia, esaxebodaT mokavSire respublkebSi mrewvelobis ganviTareba (stalini 1923).
umTavresi mizezi, ris gamoc fiqrobdnen ase, iyo is, rom ZiriTad mokavSired axal respublikaTa
kavSiris Seqmnisas ganixileboda muSaTa klasi. mxolod mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT SeiZleboda
adgilobrivi proletarebis gaZliereba da maTi sakavSiro doneze e.w. klasobrivi dapirispirebis
safuZvelze adgilobrivi/sakuTari nacionalizmebis winaaRmdeg gaerTianeba.
saqme isaa, rom rusuli koncefcia sinamdvileSi miznad ar isaxavda naciisa da nacionalizmis
fenomenebis kvlevas, mis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda burJuaziuli-kapitalisturi wyobilebis
rRveva, rasac unda mohyoloda muSur-glexuri saxelmwifos dafuZneba. am Teoriis leninur
interpretaciaSic ki kargad Cans imperialisturi miswarfebebi. sinamdvileSi is, sayovelTao
erovnuli nihilizmis danergviT (saqarTvelos magaliTze mainc) da `humanisturi motiviT~, rusuli
imperiis ideis reabilitacias isaxavda miznad.
axali formati gulisxmobda imas, rom nacionalur narativs unda dapirispireboda axali e.w.
internacionaluri narativi, ara, rogorc misi sruliad uarmyofeli da misi sawinaaRmdego, aramed
rogorc bunebriv kalapotSi mimdinare istoriuli procesis ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli
realobis amsaxveli da misi Taviseburi da axleburad gadaazrebis varianti. bolSevikebisaTvis is
ase JRerda: èri istoriis nawarmoebia. istorias, e.i. sazgadoebriv urTierTobaTa cvililebebs
qmnis nivTieri pirobebi. amisda kvalad erovnul cnebas sxvadasxva istoriul xanaSi sxvadasxva
Sinaarsi aqvs~ (maxaraZe 1924:9).
n. Jordania ufro Sors midis da cdilobs konkretuli istoriuli mtkicebulebebis moZiebas
sakuTari poziciebis gamyarebisaTvis. mis mier ganviTarebuli Tvalsazrisi warmoadgens, rbilad,
rom vTqvaT, istoriuli faqtebis araswor interpretacias. n. Jordanias azriT, radgan qarTuli
burJuazia rusuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi Seiqmna, SeuZlebelia mas erovnuli safuZveli hqondes.
aseve ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis faqts miiCnevs ra gardauvalad, iRebs mas, rogorc
istoriul kanonzomierebas da Tvlis, rom:
qarTveli glexoba, burJuazia da muSa ar viTardeba nacionaluri gziT. amitom maTi nacionaluri
TviTgamorkveva ar SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli winaaRmdeg ucxo politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalebisa.
piriqiT, es TviTgamorkveva unda iyos da aris kidec internacionaluri, e.i. saerTo politika da
saerTo ekonomika – ai, qarTvelobis axali droSa (Jordania 1908:29).
realurad am gaugebrobis mizezi is iyo, rom: `nacionalizmi uxerxul anomaliad iqca mar-
qsistuli TeoriisaTvis da swored amitom, masTan dapirispirebis nacvlad moxda misi ignorireba~
(andersoni 2003:18).
saqme isaa, rom rusul social-demokratias ruseTis `gaTavisufleba~ warmoedgina, imperiuli
paradigmis SenarCunebis gziT. axali sabWoTa `demokratiuli~ wyobilebac, msgavsad mefis ruseTisa,
damyarebuli iyo biurokratiuli sistemis mimarT erTgulebaze. nebismieri imperialisturi sistema
marTvaSi eyrdnoba ara xalxs, aramed biurokratias, xalxis xma gaTanabrebulia biurokratebisa da
partiuli funqcionerebis azrTan. àxali~ politikuri modelis erT-erT umTavres gamowvevas, e.w.
sakavSiro kapitalis Seqmnis xarjze erovnuli ekonomikis mokvla warmoadgenda. vinaidan, erovnuli
burJuaziis an Tundac damoukidebeli erovnuli socializmis pirobebSi, socialisturi ekonomikis
arsebobis faqti, damoukidbelobis mopovebis bunebrivad ganpirobebul survils realurs da
ualternativos gaxdida. erovnuli ekonomikis ararsebobis pirobebSi nacionalisturi proeqtis
ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, swored am miznis miRwevas emsaxureboda sakavSiro ekonomikis ideis
aRorZineba.
standartuli procedurebis miRma CvenTvis sainteresoa erTi garemoeba, kerZod, is faqti,
rom socializmi, ufro sworad, misi miRwevis amgvari forma, winaaRmdgeobaSi modis ara mxolod
qarTul inteligenciasTan, romelsac sinamdvileSi, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, yovelTvis SeeZlo
saerTo ena gamoenaxa qarTvel glexTan, aramed glexobis tradiciul formasTanac. maTi mizani,
glexi eqciaT kolmeurned (gaeTanarebinaT muSaTa klasTan, romelsac tradiciuli meurneobis
tipTan Tavisi arsiT saerTo araferi hqonda), emsaxureboda ara mxolod adgilobrivi meurneobebis
zogadi administraciuli da saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Targze gawyobis mizans, an Tanamedrove
industriuli tendenciebis danergvas, aramed tradiciebis erTguli qarTveli glexidan momdinare
potenciuri safrTxis ganeitralebas misi gaproletarebiT.
_ 236 _
saqme isaa, rom nebismieri ganviTareba, adamianuri Semoqmedebis yvela sferoSi, Tu is ar aris
istoriuli procesisa da adgilobrivi kulturis organuli/kanonzomieri nawili da ar ganicdeba
mosaxleobis mier fsiqo-istoriul doneze, Tundac is namdvilad iyos progresuli, aRiqmeba,
rogorc adgilobrivi tradiciis sawinaaRmdego da damaxinjebul fsevdo faqtad (aseTi magaliTebi
TanamedroveobaSic mravlad gvaqvs. imisaTvis, rom procesebis arastabiluri ganviTareba
Tavidan aviciloT, saWiroa, e.w. siaxleebis mosaxleobisTvis Zalian frTxilad da adgilobrivi
tradiciis prizmaSi gardatexvis gziT miwodeba). miT ufro maSin, rodesac progresi da zogadad
ganviTareba ucxo/dampyrobeli Zalis mier adgilobriv kulturaSi antinacionaluri grZnobebis
aRorZinebisaTvis xelis Sewyobis paralelurad mimdinareobs. tradiciuli meurneobis SenarCunebiT,
qarTveli glexi inarCunebda sakuTari erovnuli sxeulis nawilsac. aseT dros, rogorc aRvniSneT,
Tundac feodaluri urTierTobebis uaryofiTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mas mainc ufro
meti eqneboda saerTo sakuTar aristokratiasTan, vidre muSTa klasTan da mis ideebTan. momavalSi
nacionaluri ganwyobebis aRorZinebisaTvis potenciuri safrTxis ganeitraleba moiTxovda, maTi
cxovrebis wesSi Zireuli cvlilebis Setanas. e.w. koleqtivizacia da kolmeurneobebis Seqmna,
gansxvavebiT evropuli magaliTisagan, sadac is Camoyalibda erovnuli moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad
da warmoadgenda erovnuli ganviTarebis sibrtyeSi gamovlenil kanonzomierebas, sabWoTa
sinamdvileSi, gulisxmobda glexTa da muSaTa klasebis xelovnur gaerTgvarovnebas (maT Soris,
radikaluri Carevebis gziTac). amitomac, ver Sedga qarTuli koleqtiuri meurneoba, miuxedavad
gadaWarbebuli gegmebisa, warmatebul proeqtad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zaladobrivi aqtis xsovna,
damoukideblobis pirobebSic ki mniSvnelovan dabrkolebas warmoadgens qarTveli glexisaTvis
daafuZnos misTvis ekonomikurad momgebiani kavSiri.
komunisturi propaganda 60-ian wlebamde misdevda 20-ian wlebSi danergil praqtikas. am azriT
sainteresoa, am periodSi Seqmnili qarTuli kinematografi: isini Camovidnen mTidan, sabudareli
Wabuki da sxv., sadac mTavari gmirebi toveben mamapapeul saxl-kars da xelobas, anu uaryofen
tradicias da midian qalaqSi axali cxovrebis dasawyebad (am azriT, saintereso faqtia qalaq
rusTavis daarsebac, rac niSnavda imas, rom komunisturi koncefcia frTebs isxamda. aRmSeneblobis
magaliTebi obieqtur mowmobas warmoadgendnen aRTqmuli keTildReobisa). am ideologiis
Tavisebureba imaSic gamoixateboda, rom man Tavisi wiaRidan ver moicila arsebuli nacionaluri
narativebi da misi ganeitralebis mizniT moaxdina maTi xelaxali reinterpretacia, riTac kidev
ufro metad Seuwyo xeli qarTveli kacis bunebaSi, ormagi aRqmis gaZlierebas.
Cven mier zemoT xsenebuli gaorebuli cnobierebis faqti, arasdros iseTi TvalSisacemi
ar yofila, rogorc am periodSi. 30-iani wlebis represiebi ara mxolod konkretuli partiis
politikuri mtrebis likvidacias isaxavda miznad, aramed mis mTavar amocanas mosaxleobaSi
solidarobis aqtis gaqroba warmoadgenda. represiebis fonze, ususurobis faqtis gacnobiereba
adamianebs aiZulebda, uareyoT mSobliuri nacionaluri sxeuli da sakuTari mtrebis Tavgamodebul
mokavSireebad qceuliyvnen. axal sxeulSi dabadebuli qarTveli, erTi mxriv, jer sakuTar Tavs
arwmunebda represiebisa da dapyrobis sisworeSi, mere kidev (garkveuli azriT, usafrTxoeis
mizniTac) sakuTar Svilebs unergavda da arwmunebda komunisturi partiis simarTleSi da rusi
moZme eris keTil zraxvebSi. gansakuTrebuli Tavgamodebis sazRaurad, qarTvelebma miviReT
kargad cxovrebisa da uZlevelobis miTi. da rwmena imisa, rom:
…oqtombris revoluciam erTis dakvriT daamsxvria erovnuli Cagvris xundebi, yiramala gadaatriala
erebs Soris Zvelad arsebuli urTierToba, Ziri gauTxara Zvels erovnul mtrobas, gza gakafa
erebis TanamSromlobisaTvis da ruseTis proletariats moupova ndoba aramc Tu mis TanamoZme erebs
Soris ruseTSi, agreTve evropasa da aziaSic (stalini 1923: 50).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa sistema warmoadgenda partiuli ierarqiisa (sadac gamoricxuli
iyo, romelime piris Zalauflebis zrda periferiaSi) da vertikaluri mmarTvelobis erTgvar
sinTezs, sadac wonasworobis yvela Zafi erTi pirovnebis xelSi iyrida Tavs. mmarTvelis kultze
agebul sistemaSi, umaRles poziciaze mdgomi piri (gansakuTrebiT stalini, romelic sabWoTa
propagandam aqcia qarTuli nacionalizmis mTavar idead) ki ar marTavda procesebs da monawileobda
masSi uSualod, rogorc rigiTi partiuli funqcioneri, aramed, rogorc masze maRla mdgomi,
erTgvari demiurguli poziciis mqone, umaRlesi msajuli. masSi iyo gansxeulebuli komunizmisa
da komunisturi saxelmwifos umaRlesi idea. realurad ki amiT miuxedavad imisa, rom revoluciam
mokla imperatori, rusuli imperiuli sxeuli mainc SenarCunda.
_ 237 _
zurab TargamaZe
SejamebisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodSi gamokveTil midgomebSi saintereso tendenciaa,

rom orive poziciis mimdevrebi, gansakuTrebiT ki, ilias poziciis momxreebi, nacionalisturi
koncefciebis damuSavebisas magaliTebad ganixilavdnen evropul modelebs. maT Soris, rogorc
modernizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili erebis (aSS, inglisi, safrangeTi), aseve paradigmuli modelis
gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnil magaliTebsac (italia, germania). es Tavisebureba mniSvnelovnad da
calsaxad axasiaTebs qarTuli erovnul moZraobasa da zogadad erovnuli problemis gaazrebis
process progresul da ara tendenciur movlenad.
zemoT ganxiluli Tvalsazrisebis garda, nacionaluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb, saqarTveloSi,
rasobrivi nacionalizmis ideac arsebobda:
am miuval mTebsa da xeobebSi, aseulobiT saukuneTa manZlze qarTvelur tomTaTvis mkvidrad tradi-
ciul urTierTSejvarebaTa Sedegad, originalur genotipad Camoyalibda qarTuli jiSis, qarTvelis
kacis saxiT. amitom, qarTveli eris axlos gacnobisas logikurad geufleba azri, rom aucilebelia
am Taviseburi eTnogenotipis, rogorc saxeobis dacva, ise gamravleba, raTa SenarCunebuli iqnas
aTaswlobiT nawarmoebi misi originaluri jiSi, radgan am mimarTulebiT mcire odeni gadaxrac ki
mniSvnelovnad arRvevs saukuneTa manZilze daxvewili genotipis bunebriv harmonias da misi TviTmy-
ofadobis aRdgena Semdeg SeuZlebeli an TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeba (wereTeli 2004: 6).
mxolod is eria ganviTarebis potenciisa da sicocxlis unaris mqone, romlebmac kacTmoyvare su-
liskveTebasTan erTad SeinarCuna sakuTari genetikuri, zneobriv-kulturuli da enobriv-sarwmu-
noebrivi TavisTavadoba (wereTeli 2004: 14).
es Sexedulebac TavisTavad meore ukiduresobas warmoadgens, Tumca sakiTxis TeoretizebasTan

dakavSirebiT, qarTuli azris ganviTarebisa da mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani
faqtia (am TvalTaxedviT sainteresoa g. robaqiZisa da zogadad am periodis qarTveli mwerlebis
Semoqmedebac). qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi momentia
rCeulobis miTi, rodesac xdeba eris erovnuli sxeulis sakralizeba, misi siwmindis dacvisa da
Seuryvnelobis moTxovnileba gansazRvravs biologiuri TviTigivurobis SenarCunebis survilsac
(garda amisa, aseTi momentis arsebobis safuZveli populaciis simcire da gadaSenebisadmi erTgvari
SiSic SeiZleba iyos), swored amitom yvelaze kritikul momentebSi rasobrivi momenti iCens xolme
Tavs. maT Soris aseT faqtebs adgili hqonda Cvens uaxloes warsulSic, 90-iani wlebis erovnuli
moZraobis dros da TxuTmetiode wlis win, saqarTvelos moqalaqis piradobis mowmobaSi erovnebis
aRniSvnis sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli diskusiac amis magaliTs warmoadgens. eTnikurobisa da
nacionalurobis gaigivebis sakiTxi, rasobriv momentebTan erTad, erT-erTi fundamenturi
problemaa dResac.
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SeqmniT, qarTuli nacionalizmis
istoriaSi arsebiTad axali etapi iwyeba. Seqmnili viTareba sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT iyo saintereso,
pirveli da umTavresi momentia is, rom saxelmwifos dafuZnebiT qarTuli nacionalisturi
proeqti realuri gamocdis winaSe dgeba. meore is, rom damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifos
meTaurobis privilegia qarTuli social-demokratebis menSevikuri frTis warmomadgenlebs
ergoT. suverenuli qveynis xelmZRvanelebis poziciidan internacionaluri ideebis propaganda,
miT ufro, ukiduresad gamwvavebuli nacionalisturi ganwyobebisa da regionaluri politikuri
viTarebis fonze, sul mcire, politikurad wamgebiani iqneboda. amitomac am azriT procesebis
ganviTareba Tavis bunebriv dinebaze iqna miSvebuli.
menSevikuri xelisuflebisaTvisac, rogorc politikuri proeqtisaTvis, umTavres amocanad
damoukideblobasTan erTad, erTiani erovnuli sxeulis SenarCuneba iqca. orive doneze
(politikur da fsiqologiur) stabilurobis SenarCunebis erTaderTi gza iyo ilias saerTo
istoriuli warsulisa da mexsierebis faqtorebi, mxolod ase SeiZleboda axlad dafuZnebuli
eri-saxelmwifos sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofa. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia 1919 wels
ivane javaxiSvilis mier stambolSi gakeTebuli moxseneba, sadac is sagangebod aRniSnavs:
yoveli ganaTlebuli erisaTvis, romelsac TviTSemecneba moepoveba, aucileblad saWiroa icodes,

rasakvirvelia, utyuari, WeSmariti istoria da ara gazviadebuli yalbi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenis Semdgom saqarTvelos respublikis yoveli moqalaqe movalea Tavis qveynis warsuli icodes
(javaxiSvili 2006: 4).
_ 238 _
damoukideblobis sami weliwadi, procesebis ganviTarebis dinamiurobisa da arastabilurobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, bunebrivia, ar iyo sakmarisi qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis mdgradobis
gamocdisaTvis. faqtia, rom damoukideblobis xanmokle periodma kidev ufro gaaZliera
qarTveli kacis gaorebuli cnobiereba, im azriT, rom mogvianebiT sabWoTa periodis ideologiam
damoukideblobis aRniSnuli faqti, erTgvar fsevdo realobad aqcia.
meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg, erovnuli
sakiTxis interpretaciis eqskluziuri ufleba mTlianad komunisturi partiis xelSi gadadis.
sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri elitis mier intensiurad xdeba maTeuli postulatebis gaxmovaneba.
am sivrceSi Sesvlis privilegias moklebuli iyvnen farTo wreebi.
Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT literatorebs (k. kekeliZe, g. qiqoZe), romlebic erovnul motivebze
saubars erovnuli literaturis analizis konteqstSi garkveuli doziT mainc axerxebdnen, amgvari
sakiTxebis ganxilva gamoricxuli iyo sxva nebismier SemTxvevaSi. arc erT saistorio saskolo da
samecniero gamocemaSi (istorikosTa SromebSic ki), maT Soris, qarTveli eris istoriis sakiTxebze
msjeloba ar yofila (eris gagebaSi am dros igulisxmeboda viwro eTnikuri da ara nacionaluri
mniSvneloba, rac aseve erT-erTi faqtori iyo qarTul cnobierebaSi eTnikuri momentis gaZlierebisa).
viTareba met-naklebad icvleba 50-iani wlebisaken, rodesac arsebul diskursSi Semodis
samecniero xasiaTis publikaciebi, romlebsac sabWoTa propaganda am sakiTxSi legitimaciis axal
xarisxSi unda aeyvana. am faqtis gamo nacionaluri sakiTxi qarTvel mecnierTa yuradRebis sagnad
mainc iqca, Tumca gasagebi mizezebis gamo is aRar iyo gansakuTrebuli Teoriuli msjelobis obieqti
da misi xazgasma sxva sakiTxebis ganxilvis konteqstSi xdeboda. zogjer is asec ki xmovandeboda:
`qarTveli xalxis erad Camoyalibeba XIX s-is meore naxevarSi win uswrebs aRmosavleTis xalxTa
(irani, TurqeTi..) erebad Camoyalibebas. es ki, cxadia, im ekonomikuri procesis Sedegia, romlis
ganviTareba saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebiT iyo ganpirobebuli“(gabaSvili 1954:127).
60-70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli Cndeba axali Teoriuli literatura.9 1966 wels gamodis
i. kaWaravas mokle bibliografiurli mimoxilva, romelic eris Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli diskursis
warmoCenas isaxavda miznad. avtori aq Tavis Sexedulebasac aviTarebs. igi eris Camoyalibebis
aucilebel winapirobad ekonomikur faqtors asaxelebs, Tumca aqve dasZens nacionaluri erTobis
erTianobis subieqturi (kulturuli) mizezebis Taobazec (kaWarava 1966). eris cnebis raobaze
Tavisi koncefcia aqvs a. surgulaZesac. igi iTvaliswinebs ra socialuri Teoriis CarCos, eris e.w.
burJuaziul-idealistur da socialistur-materialistur gansazRvrebas, askvnis: èri adamianTa
myari istoriul–eTnikuri erTobaa, romelic zrdas kapitalistur an socialistur epoqaSi
asrulebs, erovnul saxelmwifod yalibdeba da enis, teritoriis, ekonomikuri cxovrebisa da
kulturis erTobiT xasiaTdeba~ (surgulaZe 1970: 26).
subieqtur faqtorebze ufro konkretulad yuradRebas amaxvilebs g. yoranaSvili. igi
uaryofs eris gagebis idealistur-burJuaziul versias, miuxedavad imisa, rom individis erovnuli
kuTvnilebis gansazRvrisas Tavad am piris erovnul TviTSegnebas aniWebs upiratesobas. erovnul
TviTSegnebas ki ase gansazRvravs: `...eTnikuri erovnuli TviTSegneba gulisxmobda agreTve Cveni
tradiciebis gacnobierebas. tradiciebi gaiazreboda, rogorc erT-erTi ganuyreli, aucilebeli
safuZveli Cveni eTnikuri erTobisa, erovnuli meobisa~ (yoranaSvili 1984: 64).
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom avtoris mcdelobas axsnas xalxis eTnofsiqologiis (kulturis)
Taviseburebebi da gansxvavebulobis mizezebi, is mihyavs geografiul determinizmamde (yoranaSvili
1983). da sabolood Tavs mainc ver aRwevs eris socialur-materialistur gansazRvrebas. piriqiT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avtori miznad isaxavs marqsistuli sociologiis CarCoSi moZebnos subieqtur
faqtorTa mniSvnelobis axsnis SesaZleblobac. amiT is modernistebs uaxlovdeba.
aseTi aris ZiriTadi suraTi qarTuli nacionaluri sakiTxis interpretirebis TvalsazrisiT,
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, vidre meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebamde. statiis
am nawilSi, Cveni umTavresi mizani iyo gveCvenebina nacionaluri sakiTxis qarTuli azris sibrtyeSi
ganviTarebis adreuli magaliTebi. Segnebulad ar SevexeT im naSromebs, romlebic damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdgom periodSi aris Seqmnili, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
dawyebuli axali kulturuli moZraoba11 damoukidebloba mopovebuli saqarTvelos nacionaluri
Sinaarsis gagebisaTvis, sruliad axal gamowvevas warmoadgens da saWiroebs sxva WrilSi ganxilvas.
***
manam, sanam naSromis Sedegebis saboloo Sejamebaze gadavidodeT, gvinda, ramdenime garemoebis
aRniSvna. pirvel rigSi ki imisa, rom ar gvaqvs pretenzia, warmodgenili statia srulebiT amowuravs
_ 239 _
zurab TargamaZe
sakiTxs. piriqiT, vimedovnebT, rom momavalSi SevZlebT mis ufro vrclad da sruyofilad
damuSavebas. Cvens mizans miRweulad CavTvliT, Tu winamdebare statia daineteresebuli pirebisaTvis
garkveul sacnobaro funqcias mainc Seasrulebs. asev gvinda ganvacxadoT mzaoba gansxvavebul
mosazrebaTa mosmenisaTvis.
rogorc statiaSi ganviTarebuli msjelobidan Cans, mecxramete saukunis Sua xanebidan ilia
WavWavaZisa da mis TanamoazreTa mier gamoikveTa nacionalisturi modeli, romelic upirvelesad
mocemuli istoriuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, miznad isaxavda qarTvelTa nacionaluri
identobis saerTo istoriuli warsulis faqtoriT gamyarebas. misi Sexeduleba erovnuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb arsobrivad exmianeboda e. renenais mosazrebas. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, nacionaluri
identobis Sesaxeb msjelobaSi axali etapi iwyeba a. jorjaZis, m wereTlis da sxvaTa samecniero
xasiaTis publikaciebiT.
meore umTavresi da Zireulad gansxvavebuli pozicia erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb gaxldaT
e.w social-demokratiuli interpretacia marqsisa. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is, rom miuxedavad
socialuri Teoriis farTo amxsnelobiTi SesaZleblobebisa, nacionalur sakiTSi social-
demokratebs, ZiriTad Tavsatexad eqcaT internacionalis fundamenturi ideisa da arsebuli
erovnuli moZraobebis mourigeblobis problema. saukeTeso gamosavlad, rogorc Cans, daisaxa
istoriuli faqtebis damaxinjeba, klasobrivi dapirispirebis principis maqsimizacia da erovnuli
ideis surogacia.
aRsaniSnavia, aseve, rom arsebobda e.w. rasobrivi nacionalizmis idea, romelic efuZneba
genetikuri rCeulobisa da sisxliT naTesaobis princips. gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba am ideam
hpova sabWoTa periodSi, da Tumca dRes, is, namdvilad ar dgas Tanamedrove qarTuli nacionalizmis
centrSi (da arc arasodes mdgara), sazogadoebis garkveul wreebSi jer kidev popularulia msgavsi
azri.
statiis dasasruls kidev erTxel gvsurs xazi gavusvaT imas, rom zogadad naciebisa da
nacionalizmebis Sesaxeb arsebul TeoriebSi, eris ganmartebisas arsebobs standartuli paketi.
gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu romeli modeli, sakuTari kulturul-istoriuli gamocdilebisa
da praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, ras ganixilavs misTvis Sesaferis mniSvnelovan momentad, da romel
ideas daayenebs sakuTari nacionaluri ideologiis centrSi. rogorc wesi aseTi arCevani, ufro
metad paradigmuli modelis mixedviT formirebul erebSia aqtualuri, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi
naciad qmnadoba winaswar dadgenili da xelovnurad inspirirebuli inteleqtualuri proeqtia.
SeniSvnebi
*
statia aris nawili SoTa rusaTavlis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier 2014 wlis doqtoranturis
saganmanaTleblo programebis sagranto konkursiT dafinansebuli proeqtisa (DO/351/1-10/14) qarTvelTa
TviTcnobiereba: istoriuli aspeqtebi (XVIII saukune) .
1
Tavisufal da demokratiul sazogadoebebSi umTavres damkveTs mecnierebisa xalxi warmoadgens. swored
sazogadeobrivi interesebis msaxurebaa mecnierebisaTvis umTavresi, mxolod amgvarad axerxebs is am
modelSi saxelmwifo interesebis ganxorcielebasac. mxolod ase SeiZleba mecniereba idges WeSmaritebis
samsaxurSi, da ar emsaxurebodes konkretuli xelisuflebis interesebs, da miaRwios Tavisuflebis im
standarts, romelic amave dros umTavresi stimulia ganviTarebisaTvis. sabWoTa realobaSi aseTi
SesaZlebloba ar arsebobda. mecnieruli interesis sagani umTavresad iyo politikuri da, amdenad, is
axmovanebda mxolod imas, rac sWirdeboda mmarTvelobas. bevri qarTveli mecnieris sasaxelod, da ara
marto, unda iTqvas, rom am periodSi uamravi mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli naSromi Seiqmna, maT Soris,
qarTul istoriografiaSi, Tumca sazogadod damkvidrebuli tradicia, rac gulisxmobda mniSvnelovan
kopromisebsa da daTmobebs, ver iqna daZleuli. amis gamo ara mxolod Seferxda maSindeli samecniero
azris jansaRi da bunebrivi ganviTareba, erTgvari mniSvnelovani winapirobac ki Seiqmna maxinji tradiiciis
saxiT dRevandelobisaTvis.
2
faqtia, rom erovnuli cnobiereba naciaTmSeneblobisas formirdeba sruliad gaazrebuli gamowvevebisa
da amave dros arsebuli winaswari ganwyobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. erTi SexedviT, formalurad es procesi
xasiaTdeba spontanurobiT da, amdenad, ar aris myari. amis gamocaa, sinamdvileSi sxva momentebze ufro
mniSvnelovani usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis sakiTxi (am dros Zalian Znelia gavavloT mkveTri zRvari
pirad da sazogado interesebs Soris), miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli tradicia da narativi gajerebulia
uangaro, samagaliTo da sazogado Tavdadebis momentebiT.
_ 240 _
3
miT ufro maSin, rodesac XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze uamravi magaliTi gvaqvs erovnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb
diskusiisa am periodis publicistikaSi.
4
sagulisxmoa, rom ara mxolod xangrZlivi istoriis mqone naciebi cdiloben sakuTari identobis SenarCunebas,
aramed maT SigniT arsebuli garkveuli jgufebic. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTebia
is SemTxvevvebi, romlebic fiqsirdeba stabilur, ganviTarebul da, maT Soris, xangrZlivi istoriuli
warsulis mqone erTobebSi. erTgvari sub-nacionaluri moZraobebi, romelTa mizani damoukideblobis
miRwevaa, sakuTari damoukideblobis umTavres safuZvlad ekonomikur mizezebTan erTad asaxeleben
istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenis motivsac. amgvari SemTxvevebi sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiTac, rom
Tu tradiciul TeoriebSi nacionaluri konsolidaciis erT-erT umTavres winapirobad gareSe safrTxes
asaxeleben, naciaTa garkveul tipebSi, miuxedavad stabilurobisa, mainc Cndeba an ufro swored cocxldeba
Sinagani winaaRmdegobebi. rasac ar unda niSnavdes es, istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenas Tu gansxvavebas
regionalur politikur da ekonomikur interesebs Soris, an Tundac marTul eTnikur da kulturul
dapirispirebas, faqtia, rom dRes naciaTa arsebobisaTvis umTavres safrTxes ara gareSe, aramed Sinagani
faqtorebi warmoadgenen.
5
maT Soris, dasavlur erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv modelebSi ganviTarebuli separatistuli moZraobebi.
saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens Cveni regioni da, kerZod, qarTuli SemTxvevac.
6
arsebiTad naciac da eTniec aris kulturuli erTobebi. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT isic, rom nebismieri am
tipis erTobis gaerTianebis safuZvlebSi devs rogorc individualuri da subieqtivisturi ganwyobebis
mixedviT gaerTianebis motivi, aseve ekonomikuri da politikuri usafrTxoebis azric. aseT dros
erTianobis erT-erT umTavres ganmsazRvrel faqtors, Tavdapirvel etapze, aucileblad warmoadgens
eTnikuri kuTvnilebis faqtic. nacionaluri identobis formirebis procesSi, yvela es momenti aqtualuri
xdeba saxelmwifos yvela wevrisaTvis, gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva magaliTebisaTvis gansazRvravs konkretuli
istoriuli garemo.
7
gvinda davazustoT, rom kulturaSi vgulisxmobT mis farTo mniSvnelobas.
8
Cven mier SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba aris yvelaze ufro zogadi gansazRvreba erisa. is ar gulisxmobs
konkretuli definiciis SemuSavebas, romelic SemdgomSi ufro metad problemuri gaxdeba, vinaidan
garkveuli winawargansazRvruli CarCoebis dadgenas gulisxmobs amave dros. arc erTi, yvelaze ufro
popularuli Teoriac ki ar modis winaaRdegobaSi masTan, piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eris gansazRvrebaSi
maTTvisac amosaval debulebas swored amdagvari gageba warmoadgens.
9
ix. g. nodia e. renani. ra aris eri?. frangulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo gia nodiam.
laSari, 1991, # 1.; m. RaRaniZe ilia WavWavaZis osmalos saqarTvelo: erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia.
krebulSi: ilia WavWavaZe–170(saiubileo krebuli), Tbilisi, (2007); m. CxartiSvili, q. mania qarTvelTa
nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi iveria da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo t.I;
Tbilisi; gamomcemloba universali; 2011 da sxva...
10
am periodis avtorebidan sainteresoa: a. afaqiZis naSromi mosaxleobis erTeulebis aRmniSvneli
termninebi Zvel qarTulSi, krebuli orieoni 1967; amave wels gamosuli g. bregaZis naSromi eris cneba
da erebis tipebi. erovnul cnobierebis sakiTxebs exebodnen TavianT SromebSi sxvadasxva specialobebis
wamormadgenlebic, maT Soris, literaturaTmcodneobisa da filosofiis warmomadgenlebi: r. baramiZe,
n. naTaZe, j. afciauri, S. xidaSeli. sainteresoa n. naTaZis Sexeduleba, romelic erovnuli TviTSegnebis
Sinaarsze saubrisas mianiSnebs, sisxlis, faseulobaTa sistemisa da istoriuli miznebis erTianobaze.
11
vgulisxmobT postmodernizmisa da globalizaciis Sedegad Camoyalibebul axal kulturul-istoriul
mocemulobas, romelSic azrovnebis tradiciuli forma Secvala pluralizmisa da individualizmis
ukiduresma gagebam. sxvadasxva sazogadoebis miswrafeba gaerTgvarovnebisaken ganapirobebs nacionaluri
damokidebulebebis nivelirebas (yulijaniSvili 2009).
damowmebani
andersoni 2003: b. andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebani, Tbilisi, ena da kultura.

gabaSvili 1954: v. gabaSvili. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan, nakv. 31, Tbilisi, akademiis gamomcemloba.
guruli 2008: v. guruli. erTmorwmune ruseTi, Tbilisi, universali.
TevzaZe 2009: g. TevzaZe. qarTveli eris dabadeba. identoba da ideologia. politetaluri da societaluri
identobebi. erovnuloba da religiuroba, qarTveli eris dabadeba, ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili
konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba.
kaWarava 1966: i. kaWarava qarTveli xalxis erovnuli konsolidaciis etapebi, Tbilisi, mecniereba.
_ 241 _
zurab TargamaZe
kiknaZe 2009: z. kiknaZe. qarTli gaqristianebis gzaze: adamiani da siwmindeebi, Tbilisi, kavkasiuri saxli.
maxaraZe 1924: f. maxaraZe. nacionaluri sakiTxi, TxzulebaTa krebuli tomi IV, tfilisi, saxelgami.
nodia 2009: g. nodia. qarTuli erovnuli ideis komponentebi: zogadi monaxazi, qarTveli eris dabadeba, ilia
WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba.
Jordania 1908: n. Jordania. qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi, quTaisi, eleqtrombeWdavi i. kilaZisa.
smiTi 2004: e. smiTi. nacionalizmi Teori, ideologia, istoria, Tbilisi.
smiTi 2008: e. smiTi. nacionaluri identoba, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba logos presi.
stalini 1923: i. stalini. nacionaluri sakiTxi: moxseneba da sabolovo sityva nacionaluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb
r.k.p. (bolSevikebis) me-XII yrilobaze da yrilobis rezoliucia, tfilisi, wiTeli wigni.
surgulaZe 1970: a. surgulaZe. eris cnebisa da revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebli
moZraobis etapebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba.
yoranaSvili 1984: g. yoranaSvili. eTnikuri TviTSegneba da tradiciebi, Tbilisi, mecniereba.
yoranaSvili 1983: g. yoranaSvili. eTnofsiqologia da tradiciebi, Tbilisi, mecniereba.
yulijaniSvili 2009: a. yulijaniSvili. kulturis Teoria, Tbilisi, universali.
SveliZe 2011: d. SveliZe. varlam CerqeziSvilis Rvawli, varlam CerqeziSvili Txzulebani t. I, Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba karpe diem.
CxartiSvili, mania 2011/2012: m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTveli eris konceptualizacia da e. renanis ra aris
eri?, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba t. XIII-XIV, Tbilisi, universali.
CxartiSvili, mania 2011: m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva
beWdur mediaSi iveria da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo t.I, Tbilisi, universali.
wereTeli 1990: m. wereTeli. eri da kacobrioba, Tbilisi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba.
wereTeli 2002: g. wereTeli. geni, mamuli, ena sarwmunoeba, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba reo.
WavWavaZe 2012: i. WavWavaZe. eri da istoria: daviT aRmaSenebeli, Cemi rCeuli, t. IV, Tbilisi, palitra.
WavWavaZe 1987: i. WavWavaZe wodebaTa Tanasworoba, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad publicisturi werilebi t.
V; Tbilisi, gamomcemloba sabWoTa saqarTvelo.
javaxiSvili 2006: i. javaxiSvili. damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba kompasi saqarTvelo.
jorjaZe 1911: a. jorjaZe. erovnuli problema saqarTveloSi, Txzulebani wigni pirveli: erovnuli problemis
garSemo, tfilisi, eleqtro-mbeWdavi sorapani.
GEORGIAN INTERPRETATIONS OF A NATIONAL ISSUE
Zurab Targamadze
Even in the modern era for independent Georgia the Soviet past and experience is sill a signiicant challenge.
To overcome the barrier, historians have an important role, not only to specify and clarify the speciic issues of our
long term and nearest past, also, they have to contribute to the development of normal social life.
In this sense I believe that one of the most important challenge is to provoke a discussion about naional issue.
Especially, when the development in this direcion of the Georgian thought grounds a mid nineteenth century.
The paper seeks to discuss two main naionalisic visions, which were discussed by the end of the nineteenth
century. The irst vision was established by Ilia Chavchavazde − leader of naional movement and public igure
referred as ‘father of Georgian naion’. Ilia’s naionalisic model, irst of all by considering current historical realiies,
aimed strengthening Georgian naional idenity by the common historical factors. His view relected E. Renan’s
opinion. By the beginning of the twenieth century, the scieniic publicaions authored by A. JorJadze and M.
Tsereteli, created a new stage for the Georgian discussion about naional idenity.
The second and diametrically diferent vision, which was based on the Leninist interpretaion of Marx, had
social-democrats. It should be menioned, that in spite of broad explanaion opportuniies of the social theory, in
deciding on the naional issue, conciliaion of internaionalism and exising naionalisic movements, become main
problem. The best soluion, as it seems, has been considered surrogaion of these ideas by the distort the real
_ 242 _
historical facts and by maximizing of class conirmaion principle.

It should be noted, also, that there was idea of so-called racial naionalism. It was based on the principle of
geneic choseness and blood kinship. This idea has gained a foothold in the Soviet era, and although for today
he realy is not stands (it has never been) in the centre of the modern Georgian naionalism, among the certain
circles this idea is sill popular.
Because the topic is quite complocated, it is impossible to comprehend it in ful Our purpose would be
achieved, if the present aricle will be serve as a reference for the persons concerned.
The work is a part of the project (DO/351/1-10/14) Georgian Idenity: Historical Aspects (18-th century), sponsored by
Shota Rustaveli Science Foundaion 2013-2014 Doctoral program grant.
_ 243 _
napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis
wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi qarTul istoriografiaSi
merab kalandaZe
winamdebare naSromi miznad isaxavs gamoarkvios, rogor aris napoleonis cxovrebis da

moRvaweobis istoriis sakiTxi damuSavebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi. Tema aris saintereso
da istoriul-samecniero literaturaSi dRemde Seswavlili ar yofila. amitom mizanSewonilad
miviCnieT SevCerebuliyaviT masze.
frangi istorikosis Sarl samaranis TqmiT, ìstoriuli wyaro warmoadgens istoriis Tav-
dapirvel nedleuls~ (salovi 1977: 152). yvela informacia warsulis Sesaxeb aris wyaro. wyaroebis
migneba da damuSaveba istoriuli mecnierebis erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa. istoriuli faqtebis
sicocxlisunarianoba bevradaa damokidebuli imaze Tu ra kvali datoves wyaroebSi. istoriul
movlenebs, faqtebs wyaroebis mixedviT vadgenT. istorikosi axdens warsulis rekonstruqcias.
es aris rTuli procesi. frangi istorikosi fiustel de kulanJi ambobda: èrTi dRis sinTezs
esaWiroeba aTi wlis Sroma~ (fiustel de kulanJi 1906: XXXV).
napoleonis moRvaweobam Rrma kvali datova wyaroebSi da waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdina
ara marto Tanamedroveebze, aramed Semdgom Taobebzec. napoleonis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb arsebobs
sakmaod mdidari da mravalferovani pirvelwyaroebi, romelmac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra misi
cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Seswavlis intensivoba da siRrme. amitom, vfiqrobT, interess moklebuli
ar unda iyos vcadoT gamovarkvioT Tu ra gakeTda am sferoSi qarTul istoriografiaSi.
***
vfiqrobT, urigo ar iqneboda Zalian mokled, sul oriode sityviT, Tvali gadavavloT
napoleonis epoqis wyaroTmcodneobas. es karg istoriul fons Seqmnis CvenTvis saintereso
sakiTxis gansaxilvelad. am Temaze sityvis Tqma umTavresad im garemoebam gadagvawyvetina, rom
masze qarTul enaze araferi dawerila.
pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, aRsaniSnavia napoleonis nawerebi, misi literaturuli
memkvidreoba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT mis gegmebs, ganzraxvebs, Canafiqrebs,
warmodgenas gviqmnis mis ideur evoluciaze, socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebaze,
mrwamsze.
uwinaresad yuradRebas ipyrobs korespondenciebis, napoleonis nawerebis, 32 tomis gamocema,
romelic ganxorcielda meore imperiis dros, rodesac napoleonis kultma apogeas miaRwia.
istorikosebis xelSi aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani pirvelwyaro, romelmac mZlavri stimuli misca
napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Seswavlas. aq yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT or garemoebaze.
wyaroebis am publikacias gaaCnia tendencia da miznad isaxavs napoleonis gandidebas. amitom wminda
politikuri mosazrebebis gamo zogierTi dokumentis adgili wyaroebis publikaciaSi ver moiZebna.
gansakuTrebiT es exeba me-19-dan 32-e tomamde. SemdgomSi am masalis moZieba grZeldeboda (kareevi
1922: 90).
1967-1968 wlebSi, gamoCenili frangi istorikosis, napoleonis erT-erTi saukeTeso biografis,
profesor Jan tiularis redaqciiT, gamovida napoleonis rCeuli nawerebis samtomeuli. yuradRebas
ipyrobs napoleonis anonimuri statiebi, romlebic mas dauweria konsulobis dros. maTi didi
nawili gamoqveynda pirvelad (tugan-baranovski 1990: 22).
napoleonis nawerebi, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs kritikul midgomas. pirvel yovlisa, es exeba
relaciebs armiidan, samxedro biuletenebs. sadac mkafiod Cans gadaWarbebis, gazviadebis, kvali.
es imiT gamoixateba, rom mowinaaRmdegis danakargi usaSvelodaa gaberili, xolo frangebis
danakargi minimumamdea dayvanili. napoleonis moRvaweobis da epoqis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovan
wyarod gvevlineba: memuaruli literatura.
aRiSnul Temas eZRvneba uzarmazari memuaruli literatura. frangi istorikosis Jan
tiularis azriT, misi ricxvi kolosalur cifrs aRwevs da 794 avtors moicavs. faqtobrivad,
maT Cauyares safuZveli SemdgomSi istoriografiaSi gavrcelebul ZiriTad mimarTulebebs:
klerikalur-roialisturs, romelic napoleons augad ixseniebda da pirdapir miwasTan asworebda.
_ 244 _
napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi qarTul istoriografiaSi
maTTvis napoleoni iyo `korsikeli banditi~, `sisxliani teroristi~, àntiqriste~; demokratiuli,

romlis damokidebuleba napoleonis reJimisadmi kritikulia. Tu roialistebi marjvnidan
akritikebdnen napoleonis reJims, demokratebma mas marcxnidan Seuties da `bonapartistuli~,
romelsac napoleoni caSi ayavs da usaSvelod ganadidebs (tarle 1957; kalandaZe 1998). memuarebSi
Tavmoyrili faqtobrivi masala sainteresoa, magram mxolod kritikul filtrSi gatarebis Semdeg
iZens mecnierul Rirebulebas (tugan-baranovski 1990: 22).
pamfletebi.
napoleonis dacemis Semdeg, restavraciis pirvel wlebSi adgili aqvs pamfletebis bums.
frangi istorikosis Jan tiularis daangariSebiT marto 1815-1821 wlebSi gamovida daaxloebiT 500
pamfleti. aq, ra Tqma unda, napoleonis moRvaweobisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba dominirebs.
amgvari midgoma calmxrivia da aRniSnul sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav, warmodgenas ver gviqmnis
(tugan-baranovski 1990: 4).
presa, gazeTebi.
napoleonis epoqis Sesaxeb is saintereso informacias gvawvdis. miuxedavad napoleonis
reJimis avtoritaruli xasiaTisa, is Zalian did yuradRebas uTmobda sazogadoebriv azrs da
yovelTvis zrunavda sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze. oficialur organod gamocxadebuli
iqna `monitiori~. 1800 wels parizSi arsebuli 73 gazeTidan daixura 60. darCa cameti. SemdgomSi
es gazeTebic daixura da darCa mxolod oTxi. gazeTebi kargad Cagvaxedebs XIX saukunis dasawyisis
safrangeTis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, mimdinare politikur vnebaTaRelvaSi (tarle 1958) is
politikuri propagandis erT-erT formad gvevlineba. swored, presa warmoadgens im epoqis
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis mTavar iniciators. misi mniSvnelobac amaSi mdgomareobs.
dokumentebis krebuli.
dabolos, unda iTqvas dokumentebis krebulis Sesaxeb, romelic safrangeTis didi revoluciis
da napoleonis epoqis Sesaxeb auracxeli raodenobiTaa gamocemuli. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia
ara marto dokumentebis krebuli, romelic napoleonis epoqas eZRvneba, aramed isic, romelic
safrangeTis did revolucias Seexeba, radgan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi frangul istoriografiaSi
(a. tieri, f. minie, a. soreli, J. da k. vilarebi, a. sobuli) napoleonis mmarTvelobas revoluciis
xanad miiCnevdnen. saintereso publikaciebi ganaxorcieles f. buSem, p. rum, a. olarma, J. godSom,
J. tiularma da sxvebma (tugan-baranovski 1990: 21).
miuxedavad aRniSnul sakiTxze arsebuli uxvi wyaroebisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom napoleonis
wyaroTmcodneobaSi TeTri laqebi mainc arsebobs. aq, ra Tqma unda, pirvel yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs opozicia armiaSi, romlis nebismier gamovlinebas napoleoni saguldagulod malavda, ar
axmaurebda da amitom wyaroebSi misi kvali sakmaod mkrTalad, sustad, moCans. mniSvnelovanwilad
amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom es Tema istoriografiaSi dRemde SedarebiT naklebadaa damuSavebuli
(tugan-baranovski 1990: 20-22).
***
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom sakiTxis dasma zemoT aRniSnuli kuTxiT sainteresoa
ormxriv: pirveli, ra gakeTda qarTul istoriografiaSi am sakiTxis Seswavlisa da popularizaciis
TvalsazrisiT da meore, napoleonis epoqis da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze ra wyaroebi
gagvaCnia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli problematikis damuSavebaSi qarTulma istoriografiam,
SesaZloa, metad mokrZalebuli, magram garkveuli wvlili Seitana. es misi warmateba iyo. am Sromis
mniSvnelobas misi SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba ganapirobebs da qarTul sinamdvileSi am Temebis
gaSuqebis pirvel mcdelobas warmoadgens.
saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli epoqis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebiT daintereseba or periodad
iyofa da mkveTrad gamokveTili politikuri sarCuli udevs safuZvlad. napoleonis moRvaweobis
wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebiT daintereseba sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi da am
problematikiT daintereseba postsabWoTa xanis qarTul istoriografiaSi. napoleonis epoqas Tan
axlavs raRac romantikuli xibli da, bunebrivia, gacilebiT ufro sainteresoa, vidre am epoqis
wyaroTmcodneoba, romelic wminda akademiuri Temaa. amitom advili gasagebia, rom am sakiTxSi
qarTuli istoriografiis Sedegebi metad mokrZalebuli iyo. is mwiri informacia, romelic
qarTul enaze am sakiTxze gagvaCnia, erTgvar bednier gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT. es Zunwi
masala im periodis qarTuli istoriografiis fonze, rodesac aRniSnul sakiTxze TiTqmis araferi
iwereboda, garkveul wingadadgmul nabijad gvevlineba. misi mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, swored, am
kriteriumiT unda vixelmZRvaneloT.
_ 245 _
merab kalandaZe
pirvel yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis da popularizaciis saqmeSi
Tavisi wvlili Seitana cnobilma qarTvelma istorikosma profesorma grigol naTaZem. am
TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs misi naSromi `napoleonis memuarebi da anderZi~, romelic
1925 wels daibeWda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis moambeSi. es naSromi wyaroTmcodneobiT
xasiaTs atarebs da qarTul sinamdvileSi CvenTvis saintereso Temis sagangebod damuSavebis erT-
erT pirvel mcdelobad gvevlineba. is im periodis qarTuli istoriografiis SenaZenia. aRniSnuli
problemis popularizaciam mecnieruli xasiaTi miiRo.
savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom naSromi iwyeba istoriaSi pirovnebis rolis ganxilviT. aseTi
nabiji, cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar iyo da misi gasaRebi g. naTaZis msoflmedvelobaSi unda veZioT. g.
naTaZe savsebiT marTali iyo, rodesac napoleonis usaSvelod gandideba, romelic dominirebda
XIX-XX saukuneebis frangul da evropul istoriografiaSi, da ara marto istoriografiaSi,
mizanSewonilad ar esaxeboda. am Temaze misi msjelobis racionaluri marcvali, swored, amaSi
unda mdgomareobdes. es ar iyo sakiTxisadmi marqsistuli midgoma, rogorc es erTi SexedviT
SeiZleba Candes. sakiTxi araa martivi. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs misi eseruli
mrwamsis marqsizmTan kveTasTan. napoleonis moRvaweobis Sefasebis dros profesori g. naTaZe
istoriis sociologiuri gaSuqebis momxred gvevlineba da cdilobs èkonomikuri materializmis~
poziciebidan marqsizmisaken evolucias (kalandaZe 1999: 91-92).
profesori g. naTaZe, pirvel yovlisa, cdilobs gaicnobieros memuarebis istoriuli
mniSvneloba da mecnieruli Rirebuleba. igi dasZens: ùaRresi mniSvneloba aqvs TviT napoleonis
naazrevs da nafiqrs. amgvari masala ki bevri ar mogvepoveba. marTalia, bevri ram aris dawerili
napoleonis intimur cxovrebaze, magram es mxolod cnobismoyvareebs Tu daakmayofilebT, Torem
mecnierebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi istoriuls, veras SesZens, garda yofa-cxovrebis daxasiaTebisa.
CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania napoleonis naazrevi da nafiqri, misi gegmebisa da politikis
Sesaxeb. misi faruli zraxvani, Segnebuli da Seugnebelni. garda cotaodeni nawerebisa am
sagnisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eqneboda mis memuarebs, magram misi memuarebi mis mierve Sedgenili
da damuSavebuli ar arsebobs. arsebobs mxolod misi generlebis memuarebi wminda elenes kunZulze
dawerili, rogorc gamomcemlebi amboben `mis mier nakarnaxebi~, magram am wyaros Tanamedrove
mecniereba ndobiT ar ekideba da amis safuZvelic aqvs~ (naTaZe 1925: 41-42). aq is xazs usvams
memuaruli literaturisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis aucileblobas. es iyo swori midgoma,
romelic am Temaze misi msjelobis dadebiT mxares warmoadgens.
g. naTaZes xelT hqonda napoleonis memuarebis sami gamocema. parizis ori gamocema 1823 wlisa
da 1830 wlis da mainis frankfurtis gamocema 1823 wlisa. parizis orive gamocemaSi Tavmoyrilia
napoleonis xelnawerebTan erTad mis mier nakarnaxevi ambebi, romelic mainis frankfurtis
gamocemaSi ar gvxvdeba. amitom g. naTaZis azriT, mainis frankfurtis gamocema rogorc istoriuli
wyaro, SedarebiT naklebad sandoa da `Sedgeba mokle SeniSvnebis da mokle cnobebisagan~ (naTaZe
1925: 43). ufro saimedod miaCnia mas parizis orive gamocema 1823 wlisa da 1830 wlis. is xazs
usvams im gansxvavebas, romelic am or gamocemas Soris arsebobs. misi azriT, Tu pirvel gamocemas
subieqturobisa da tendenciurobis kvali ar etyoba, meoreze amas ver vityviT. is warmoadgens
`napoleonis diTirambebs~. g. naTaZe aRniSnavs, rom aseTi gansxvaveba, cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar iyo
da misi mizezi im periodis safrangeTis istoriaSia saZiebeli.
1823 wels safrangeTSi lui XVIII mefobda da misi reJimi sruli uaryofa iyo ara Tu revoluciis
principebisa, aramed TviT napoleonis marTva-gamgeobis sistemisa. amitom maSin (e.i. restavraciis
xanaSi _ m.k.) napoleonis sasargeblod risime Tqma saxifaTo iyo. es kidev araferi. im didi
ubedurebis Semdeg, romelic safrangeTma gamoiara lui burbonis gamefebamdis, pirvel xanebSi
gamefda iseTi gonebrivi da sulieri sicariele, rom araviTari politikuri idealebi ar arsebobda
da amitom wignSi politikuri tendenciis gatareba mosalodneli ar iyo. 1830 wels ki mdgomareoba
Seicvala. safrangeTSi xelaxla revoluciuri moZraoba daiwyo. burJuazia xelaxla welSi gaimarTa
da SesZlo Tavisi klasobrivi interesebis Sesaferi idealis Seqmna. misi ideali Sors ar midioda...
konstituciuri marTva-gamgeoba sruliad akmayofilebda mas (naTaZe 1925: 48).
savsebiT marTalia profesori g. naTaZe, rodesac am or gamocemas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis

mizezebs politikur kataklizmebSi xedavs. es am Temaze misi msjelobis kidev erTi procesia. g. naTaZis
mosazreba 1823 wlis gamocemis obieqturobisa da miukerZoeblobis Sesaxeb sakamaTod migvaCnia da
gadaWarbebuli SeiZleba iyos. ver vityviT, rom 1823 wlis gamocemas politikuri tendencia ar gaaCnda.
g. naTaZes kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli is garemoeba, rom `restavraciis dros napoleonis sasargeblod
_ 246 _
ramis Tqma saxifaTo iyo~ (naTaZe 1925: 48). es asea, magram napoleonis saxelis augad moxsenieba
dasaSvebi iyo da restavraciis dros farTod moikida fexi. gaixseneT Jermena de stalis nawerebi. gana
es politikuri tendencia ar iyo? vfiqrobT, rom ki. politikuri tendencia marto napoleonis qeba
didebas ar gulisxmobs da mis uaryofiT Sefasebasac exeba. am gamocemis gulubryviloba, obieqturoba,
romelsac xazs usvamda profesori g. naTaZe, moCvenebiTi xasiaTis iyo da miznad isaxavda napoleonis
moRvaweobis damcirebas, dakninebas, rac savsebiT Seesatyviseboda restavraciis epoqis suliskveTebas.
amitom Zneli saTqmelia, rom erT SemTxvevaSi politikuri tendencia TiTqosda iyo, xolo meoreSi
ki ara. aseTi midgoma araTanmimdevrulad migvaCnia. politikuri tendencia orive SemTxvevaSi iyo.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saxeldobr, restavraciis xanaSi, napoleonis moRvaweobisadmi gulgrili
damokidebuleba SeiniSneboda, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciis Semdeg, is
Caanacvla napoleonisadmi aRfrTovanebam, aRtacebam. napoleonis usaSvelod gandideba, gaidealeba,
cxadia, ar Rirs, zedmetia. amaSi profesori g. naTaZe savsebiT marTali iyo.
am ori gamocemis Sedarebis Sedegad profesori g. naTaZe daaskvnis, rom ùkeTes wyaros
warmoadgens misi memuarebis pirveli gamocema, rogorc ufro daaxloebuli mis nawerebTan da
nakarnaxevTan, rogorc ukve naklebad gadamuSavebulTan~ (naTaZe 1925: 53). Cven ki migvaCnia, rom
ufro saimedo SeiZleba iyos napoleonis memuarebis meore gamocema 1830 wels, romelic miuxedavad
napoleonis gandidebisa, ukeTesia pirvelze, ara marto garegnulad (Srifti, qaRaldi), rogorc
amas xazs usvams profesori g. naTaZe, aramed SinaarsiT da napoleonis naazrevze, nafiqralze,
SedarebiT srulyofil, amomwurav, warmodgenas gviqmnis.
profesori g. naTaZe krints ar Zravs napoleonis anderZze, rac am Temaze misi msjelobis
naklia. es garkveul Seusabamobas warmoqmnis naSromis saTaurs da Sinaarss Soris. gamovTqvam
metad frTxil varauds, rom g. naTaZe, xom ar aigivebda anderZs da memuarebs? Tu es asea, maSin,
amgvari midgoma miuReblad migvaCnia.
dasasrul, unda davZinoT, rom profesori g. naTaZis naSromis `napoleonis memuarebi da
anderZi~ mecnierul mniSvnelobas misi SemecnebiTi muxti gansazRvravs. faqtobrivad, es iyo
qarTul enaze dawerili pirveli naSromi, romelic sagangebod am epoqis wyaroTmcodneobis
sakiTxebs Seexeba. am TvalsazrisiT, is siaxles warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba
hqonda mas napoleonis moRvaweobiT dainteresebuli farTo sazogadoebisaTvis da, pirvel rigSi,
studentebisaTvis. is maT gauRviZebda interess istoriuli mecnierebisadmi, konkretulad, am
SemTxvevaSi wyaroTmcodneobisadmi da moaxedebda mas istoriis damxmare disciplinisaken. am
TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs is minaweri, romelic profesor g. naTaZis naSromis arSiaze
gaukeTebia istoriis fakultetis meore kursis students levan Ciqovans 1940 wlis 1 aprils:
`wavikiTxe da Zlier momewona~. saganmanaTleblo misias, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom profesorma g. naTaZem
urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi. Cveni azriT, es iyo mTavari. am naSromis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas,
swored, am kriteriumebidan unda gamovideT (kalandaZe 1998: 135-138; kalandaZe 1999: 91-93).
amrigad, profesor g. naTaZis naSromi napoleonis memuarebi da anderZi im periodis
qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovani faqtia. aseTi wyaroTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis SromebiT
qarTuli istoriografia ara Tu maSin, aramed dResac ar gaxlavT ganebivrebuli. man qarTul
istoriografiaSi pirvelad sagangebo yuradReba miapyro am epoqis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxs
da SeZlebisdagvarad scada gaeSuqebina es Tema. qarTuli realobis fonze, rodesac am sakiTxze
faqtobrivad qarTul enaze araferi ar iyo dawerili, es siaxle iyo. misi damsaxureba imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom aRniSnuli problemis damuSavebis gzaze pirveli nabiji gadaidga. amas didi
mniSvneloba hqonda. man Tavisi sityva Tqva saqarTveloSi napoleonis epoqis wyaroTmcodneobis
sakiTxebis Seswavlisa da popularizaciis saqmeSi. man saTave daudo am Tematikis damuSavebas
saqarTveloSi. amitom gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom Semdgomi periodis
qarTul istoriografiaSi es xazi ar gagrZelebula da g. naTaZis es naSromi erTgvar bednier
gamonaklisad rCeba. profesor g. naTaZis am naSroms aRniSnuli problemis vercerTi qarTveli
mkvlevari gulgrilad ver auvlis gverds. mas Rirsebebi ufro meti gaaCnia, vidre nakli.
Semdgomi periodis qarTuli istoriografiis analogiuri faqtebi gacilebiT ufro iSviaTia.
sasurveli iyo meti aqtivoba. pirvel yovlisa, es exeboda ara raodenobas, aramed xarisxs.
umTavresad aqcenti keTdeba wyaroebis publikaciebze, Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sedegebi
aqac sakmaod mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. realuri suraTi aseTia. misi arc gazviadeba da arc
Seufasebloba gamarTlebuli ar iqneboda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, profesor. g. naTaZis naSromis napoleonis memuarebi da anderZi
Semdeg am Tematikaze qarTul enaze araferi dawerila. am problematikiT dainteresebam, rogorc
_ 247 _
merab kalandaZe
iTqva, saqarTveloSi sul sxva mimarTuleba SeiZina da umTavresad aqcenti keTdeboda am epoqis
amsaxveli wyaroebis publikaciaze. es kidev erTi kargi iniciativa iyo, romelic imdroindeli
qarTuli istoriografiis fonze siaxles warmoadgenda da wingadadgmul nabijad gvevlineba.
aq, pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1943 wels napoleonis Canawerebis
garkveuli monakveTis qarTul enaze gamocema, romlis yuradRebis centrSi dgas napoleonis epoqis
erTi saintereso monakveTi, kerZod, italiaSi laSqroba 1796-1797 wlebSi (napoleoni 1943). aseTi
nabiji savsebiT gamarTlebuli Cans, samxedro istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT, es iyo napoleonis,
rogorc mxedarTmTavris, moRvaweobis erT-erTi saukeTeso kampania. amitom Znelia daveTanxmoT
istorikos fereros, rodesac 1936 wels parizSi gamosul Tavis wigns uwoda `napoleonis avantura
italiaSi (1796-1797 ww.)~. is yovelmxriv cdilobs daamciros napoleonis roli da mxolod
direqtoriis, pirvel rigSi ki, lazar karnos brZanebebis usityvo Semsruleblad aRiqvams. es
iyo erTi ukiduresoba. antibonapartistuli xazi. aris meore ukiduresobac. bonapartistuli
midgoma. napoleonis apologeti istorikosebi adolf tieridan dawyebuli lui madleniT da andre
kasteloTi dasrulebuli, xotbas asxamen da ganadideben napoleons italiaSi laSqrobis dros
Cadenili gmirobebis gamo. italiis kampaniis dros napoleonis damsaxurebas, ra Tqma unda, aravin
uaryofs, magram misi usaSvelod gandideba, gaidealeba, rac wiTel zolad gasdevs apologetur
literaturas, cxadia, marTebuli ar aris (manfredi 1973: 134-135).
napoleonis memuarebi ar warmoadgens memuarebs am sityvis mkacri mecnieruli gagebiT. rogorc
aseTi, memuarebi napoleons ar dauweria. esaa misi Canawerebi da moyolili, romelic Caiweres
las-kazma da generalma bertranma. pirvelis Canawerebi gamoqveynda 1828 wels, xolo bertranis
Canawerebi gamovida mogvianebiT 1951-1959 wlebSi.
napoleonis Canawerebi, rogorc am Janris yvela wyaro, kritikul midgomas moiTxovs da masSi
moxmobili faqtebi mxolod aseTi gacxrilvis mere xdeba faseuli. SemTxveviTi sulac araa, rom
bonapartistul xazs saTave, swored, napoleonma daudo. mis nawerebSi da nakarnaxebSi, bunebrivia,
SeiniSneba sakuTari rolis hiperbolizeba, romantizeba.
gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom axali istoriis qrestomaTiis meore
monakveTis gamoqveyneba garkveuli subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo, ver moxerxda. aq,
bunebrivia, aRniSnuli epoqis amsaxveli wyaroebi sakmaod farTo speqtriT iqneboda warmoCenili. es
SesamCnevad Seavsebda im vakuums, romelic am sferoSi qarTul istoriografiaSi dRemde arsebobs.
2009 wels gamovida napoleonis Canawerebis kidev erTi monakveTi, romelic Seexeba misi boboqari
epopeis dasawyiss, tulonis aRebas 1793 wlis 17-19 dekembers. didi rusi mwerlis, lev tolstois
TqmiT, ès iyo pirveli nabiji didebis gzaze~. es iyo kidev erTi win gadadgmuli nabiji am epoqis
amsaxveli wyaroebis publikaciis gzaze da napoleonis epoqis da moRvaweobis wyaroTmcodneobis
mniSvnelovani SenaZenia (napoleoni 2009).
2012 wels gamomcemloba ìnteleqtma~ gamosca napoleonis mamluqis rustam razas memuarebi.
es saSualebas gvaZlevs davazustoT, rom is iyo, ara qarTveli, rogorc es gavrcelebuli iyo
qarTul istoriografiaSi (am SemTxvevaSi mTavar tonis mimcemad cnobili qarTveli istorikosis
profesori givi Jordania gvevlineboda), aramed Tbiliseli somexi. am gamocemiT saqme gakeTda.
qarTulma sazogadoebam miiRo saintereso wyaro, romelic Rrmad Cagvaxedebs napoleonis epoqis
istoriaSi.
dabolos, unda aRvniSnoT 2014 wels baton baCana bregvaZis mier Sesrulebuli Targmani
napoleon bonaparte. wminda elenes patimris maqsimebi da azrebi (napoleoni 2014). qarTulma
sazogadoebam miiRo kidev erTi saintereso wyaro, romelic daexmareba mas napoleonis azrebsa da
Sexedulebebze kidev ufro naTeli warmodgena Seiqmnas.
am Targmanebma gaamdidres qarTuli istoriografia aRniSnul sakiTxebze arsebuli saintereso
masalebiT, pirvelwyaroebiT da Tavisi wvlili Seitanes napoleonis epoqis wyaroTmcodneobis
popularizaciis saqmeSi. maTi mniSvneloba, swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
amrigad, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla saintereso da aqtualuria da saSualebas gvaZlevs

SevavsoT qarTuli napoleonianas kidev erTi sufTa furceli. qarTulma istoriografiam Tavisi
saqmianoba ori mimarTulebiT warmarTa: 1. napoleonis epoqis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebis
damuSaveba, popularizacia qarTul istoriografiaSi. 2. napoleonze arsebuli saintereso
wyaroebis publikacia. aRniSnuli problematikiT qarTuli istoriografiis daintereseba am ori
aspeqtis Serwymis, Sexamebis, erTgvar mcdelobad gvevlineba. mas mkveTrad gamokveTili SemecnebiTi
datvirTva gaaCnia.
_ 248 _
damowmebani
kalandaZe 1998a: m. kalandaZe. g. naTaZe axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebze _ krebuli miZRvnili
givi kiRuraZis xsovnisadmi.
kalandaZe 1998b: . m. kalandaZe. istorikosebi napoleonze _ kldekari #3.
kalandaZe 1999. m. kalandaZe. dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.
kareevi 1922: Н. Кареев. Западная Европа в новое время. Петроград.
manfredi 1973: А. Манфред. Наполеон Бонапарт. Москва.
naTaZe 1925. gr. naTaZe. napoleonis memuarebi da anderZi _ Tbilisis universitetis moambe t. 5.
napoleoni 1943. rCeuli nawerebi.
napoleoni 2009. napoleon bonaparti. memuarebi. tulonis alya. (Targmna nana kvantalianma). ix. wignSi: al.
diuma, napoleoni. IV.
napoleoni 2012. napoleonis mamluqi. rustam razas memuarebi. (frangulidan Targmnes, winasityvaoba da
komentarebi daurTes al. miqaberiZem da n. xoferiam).
napoleoni 2014. napoleon bonaparte. wminda elenes patimris maqsimebi da azrebi. Targmna baCana bregvaZem.
salovi 1977: В. Салов. Историзм и современная буржуазная историография.
tarle1957: Е. Тарле. Наполеон. http://www.lib.ru/TARLE/napoleon/content.html
tarle 1958: Е.Тарле. Печать во Франции при Наполеоне I _ соч. В 12-и томах. Т. IV.
tugan-baranovski 1990: Д. Туган-Барановский. Формирование бонапартистского режима во франции в годы консульства
(1799-1804 гг.) – Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук.
fiustel de kulanJi 1904: Н.Д. Фустель де Куланж. История обшественного строя древнеи Франции. Т. 1.
SOURCE-STUDIES ISSUES OF NAPOLEON’S BIOGRAPHY INVESTIGATION

IN GEORGIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Merab Kalandadze
The academic proile of the paper is historiography. In paricular, it provides survey of special literature in
Georgian devoted to Napoleon’s personal life and poliical aciviies. The Georgian historiography on this well-
known historical igure is not very rich of facts, however available material deserves atenion of the scholars and
close analysis for both because of representaion of Georgian historical thoughts and used source-studies methods,
as well as for invesigaion Napoleon’s biography and era.
_ 249 _
istoriul-eTnografiuli lazeTi
wyaroebi, istoriografia da Seswavlis problemebi
nugzar mgelaZe
lazTa eTnologia, yofisa da kulturis tradiciuli formebi qarTul istoriografiaSi

naklebadaa Seswavlili, miuxedavad imisa, rom lazTa istoriisa da xalxuri kulturisadmi interesi
yovelTvis didi iyo, obieqturi mizezebis gamo maTi srulfasovani kvleva bolo periodamde ar
xerxdeboda. lazebsa da, saerTod, XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde, istoriul samxreT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobaSi qarTveli specialistebis mier ganxorcielebul savele-eTnografiul Ziebas adre
osmaleTis, xolo gvian TurqeTis administraciis politizirebuli damokidebulebac aferxebda.
zogi Tvlis, rom viTareba TiTqmis ar Secvlila dResac, Tumca kulturis istoriis sferoSi
TurqeTis teritoriaze mcxovreb lazebze inividualuri dakvirveba Tu intervius wesiT ma-
Ti anketireba da gamokiTxvebis gziT savele masalebis mopoveba, ukve SesaZlebelia, magram rac
dRemde gakeTebulia, bunebrivia, srulebiTac araa sakmarisi da, Sesabamisad, lazTa kulturu-
li faseulobebisa da istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis aRsadgenad srul suraTs ver
Segviqmnis.
***
wyaroebi da literatura: lazeTisa da lazebis istoriul-eTnografiuli warsulis Sesaxeb
uZvelesi droidan qarTul Tu ucxour enaze arsebul mraval naSromSi mniSvnelovani cnobebia
daculi. lazTa istoriisa da eTnografiis Sesaxeb cnobebi jer kidev adreul berZnul-romaul
wyaroebSi Cndeba.
satomo saxels – lazs pirvelad I-II saukuneebSi memnon heraklidesTan vxvdebiT. araerTi sayurad-
Rebo informacia pliniusTan da ptolemeusTan vlindeba, magram laTinuri wyaroebidan, gansakuTrebiT,
ax. w. II saukunis romaeli avtoris, imperator adrianes moxelis, flavius arianes Txzuleba periplusi
(mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo), xolo mogvianebiT, ax. w. V saukunis anonimis saxeliT cnobili imave
saxelwodebis Txzulebis bizantieli avtori unda gamoiyos, romelic xSirad im Zvel nawarmoebTa teqs-
tebs imeorebs, sadac lazTa Sesaxeb araerTi cnobaa daculi (ariane 1961; yauxCiSvili 1965: 1-29), Tumca
bevrs miaCnia, rom maTi informaciebi gansxvavebuloba-winaaRmdegobriobiT xasiaTdeba, ise rogorc
saerTod Zvel mweralTa Canawerebi (sixaruliZe1959:24), magram yvela wyaroSi erTi ram cxadia: lazebi
Savi zRvis sanapiroze, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTsa da Savi zRvis mimdebare
gorak-borcvebze gansaxlebulni satomo dajgufeba iyo.
bizantiuri werilobiTi dokumentebidan CvenTvis saintereso problemebTan dakavSirebiT
prokopi kesarielis Txzulebebi gamoirCeva, sadac lazTa politikuri istoriis, maTi samefos
cxovrebis wesisa da kulturis Sesaxeb informacia uxvadaa daculi (yauxCiSvili 1965:38-234).
wyaroebSi, rogorc berZnebTan, ise romaelebTan, aramarto Tanaarsebobis, aramed daundobeli
brZolebis epizodebic gamosWvivis. romaelebs Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi kolxeTis didi
nawilis dapyroba mouxerxebiaT. evropelTa es interesi amiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. agaTia, adre Sua
saukuneebSi pirdapir werda: `Zvelad rom lazebs kolxebi erqvaT da rom isini namdvilad kolxebi
arian, amaSi aravin daeWvdeba, vinc ki gaecnoba fazisis, kavkasiisa da garSemo qveynebis mosaxleobas
... lazebi Zlieri da mamaci xalxia, romelic batonobs sxva Zlier xalxebze. isini friad amayoben
kolxTa Zveli saxelwodebiT da, albaT, arc usafuZvlod~. es tradicia bizantielebmac gaagrZeles
mas Semdeg, rac aRmosavleT kolxeTis teritoriaze, IV saukuneSi, egriselTa politikurma da
genetikurma winaprebma – lazebma – lazTa samefo Camoayalibes. prokofi kesarieli VI saukuneSic
ki kolxebisa da lazebis igiveobas adasturebda da konkretulad ki SeniSnavda: `SeuZlebelia, rom
kolxebi igive lazebi ar iyvnen ... kolxTa saxeli lazebad Seicvala, rogorc es bevr sxva xalxSi
momxdara~ da sxva mravali.
qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi, maT Soris, adre ganviTarebuli da gviani Suasaukuneebis
matianeebi da gamokvlevebi calke unda gamoiyos (yauxCiSvili 1955). gvian SuasaukuneebSi lazebis
istoriis, geografiisa da kulturuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb SedarebiT TanmimdevrobiTi TxrobiT
vaxuSti batoniSvili gamoirCeoda (berZeniSvili 1941:142). vaxuStiT, 1745 wels:
_ 250 _
istoriul-eTnografiuli lazeTi wyaroebi, istoriografia da Seswavlis problemebi
baiburdisa da forCxis samPriT, WaneTis mTas iqiT, ars WaneTi, da aw uwodeben lazsave. ars ese Savi
zRvis kidis (//kiTis) wadevnebiT, goniidam trapizonis sazRvramde. goniis dasavliT moerTvis zRvas
mdinare, WaneTSi gamomdinare WaneTis mTisa, romeli mdebareobs WaneTsa da forCxis Peobas Soris da,
da modis CdiloT. am mdinaris iqiT ars xofja, qalaqi mcire, zRvis kidesa zeda. aq moerTvis mdinare
xofjisa, gamomdinare misve mTisa da momdinare egreTve. kvalad moerTvis zRvas mdinare xofjas
iqiT gamomdinare WaneTisave mTisa,1 romeli ars baiburdsa da WaneTs Soris, da momdinare CrdiloT
kerZod, am mdinaris dasavliT ars qalaqi mcire riza, zRvis kidezed. moerTvis munve mdinare misive
zRvasa, da gamosdis masve mTasa da modis CdiloT. xolo amis dasavliT Camovardebis mcire mTa,
kninRa zRvamde, WaneTis mTidam. da ese ars sazRvari saqarTvelosi da saberZneTisa. aqa ars rkinis-
palo, aqav ars satyepela. aq aRaSena mefeman arCil mowameman cixe Semdgomad yrus Semosvlisa [vgoneb
rizas ] (berZeniSvili 1941: 142).
iqve, vaxuSti lazTa ekonomikasa da saqmianobasac dawvrilebiT axasiaTebs.

gvianSuasaukuneebSi ucxouri wyaroebic Cndeba, romelTagan iezuitebis sazogadoebis
ufrosisadmi – klaudio aqvavasadmi l. granjerios werili unda gamoiyos (TamaraSvili 1902).
osmaleTis administraciebSi saqmis warmoebis procesSi araerTi sabuTi dgeboda, sadac
lazTa yofa-cxovrebis Taobaze informaciac fiqsirdeboda. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba 1595
wels osmalebis mier Sedgenil oficialur dokuments saqarTvelos vilaeTis did davTars
unda daeTmos, sadac aRwerilia lazistanTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi movlena (jiqia 1958).
osmaleTma, roca XVI saukunis miwuruls, 1978 wels samxreT saqarTvelos didi nawili daipyro,
mas gurjistanis anu saqarTvelos vilaieTi uwoda, sadac Cildiri, focxovi, paniaki – bana,
artaania daxasiaTebuli, xolo meore vilaieTad trapezunti gamoiyo, romelic XIX saukunis
samocian wlebSi mdinare yizil-irqamde: Zvel halisamde ganivrcoboda. wyaros mixedviT,
lazistani oTx – lazistanis, trapezuntis, janiqis da gumiSxanes sanjayebad ganiyo. amaTgan
1. lazistanis sanjayi saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvarTan iwyeboda da rizemde vrceldeboda;
2. trapezuntis sanjayi – rizedan ordimde; 3. janiqis sanjayi – ordudan mdinare yizil-
irmaqamde, romlis centrsac qalaqi samsuni warmoadgenda da 4. gumiSxane mTliani adgil-
mdebareobiT. Sesabamisad, askvnian, rom jer kidev XIX saukunis damlevs, osmaleTis oficialuri
nomenklatura adasturebda, rom qalaq samsunis olqi yizil-irmaqamde, adreul halisamde
iyo ganfenili da janiki, igive, Waniki – Wanebis (/lazebis) provincias ewodeboda, Sdr (bawaSi
1988).
saintereso aRwerilobebi Turqma mogzaurebma dagvitoves. calkeuli dakvirvebiT gansakuT-
rebiT mdidaria evlia Celebis Txzuleba, romelic garkveul konteqstebSi lazTa yofa-cxovrebasac
asaxavs (Celebi 1971). Turquli istoriografia lazeTis istoriiT dResac interesdeba(mehmeti
1999; emini 1998; 2002; goloRlu 2013; aleksiva 2009).
istoriografiuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis
dasawyisis avtorTa cnobebi, romlebic lazTa dasaxlebas, istoriul sazRvrebsa da gansaxlebis
teritoriul CarCoebs, sameurneo saqmianobas, socialur urTierTobebs, sulier cxovrebasa
da materialur kulturas, statistikas, eTno-religiur struqturas, enobriv Taviseburebebs,
toponimikas exeboda. am mogzaur-mkvlevarTagan osman-bei (osman-bei 1874), giorgi yazbegi (yazbegi
1876a; yazbegi 1876b), v. lisovski (lisovski 1887), e. liozeni (liozeni 1905-1907), a. frenkeli
(frenkeli 1879), niko mari (mari 1910a; mari 1910b), ioseb yifSiZe (yifSiZe 1911; yifSiZe 1896),
grogol veSapeli (veSapeli 1916: 21), zaqaria WiWinaZe (WiWinaZe 1927), aleqsandre xaxaneli (qronika
1905) gamoirCeodnen. lazebze TiTqmis yvela im gamocemaSia saubari, romelic bizantiis imperiis
istorias exeba (uspenski 1948: 601).
ukve XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi ivane javaxiSvilma da masTan dakavSirebulma mecnierTa
didma jgufma SeZlo saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara istoriuli disciplinisaTvis, ise rogorc
qarTvelologiisa da, saerTod, kavkasiaTmcodneobis mravali dargisaTvis. daixvewa meToduri da
meTodologiuri midgomebi, daiwyo mecnieruli xasiaTis sistemuri da mizandasaxuli kvleva-Zieba.
swored mecnierTa am jgufma ivane javaxiSvilis TaosnobiT qarTul istoriografiaSi mkafiod
dasva sakiTxi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros mosaxleobis kulturuli faseulobebis Seswavlis
Sesaxeb (javaxiSvili 1917); (javaxiSvili 1960); (TayaiSvili 1960); (janaSia 1959); (yauxCiSvili
1943); (yauxCiSvili1948); (makalaTia 1941); (lomouri 1964); (xaxutaiSvili 2007); (jafariZe 1969);
(yoranaSvili 2013). Sdr. (hilzi 1972). bunebrivia, dRis wesrigSi lazTa istoriis, kulturuli
memkvidreobisa da tradiciebis kvlevis problemac dadga, magram imis gamo, rom lazeTi da
lazebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria, rogorc odesRac istoriuli saqarTvelos organuli nawili,
_ 251 _
nugzar mgelaZe
osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli, farTomasStabiani savele sakvlevaZiebo samuSaoebis

Catareba imTaviTve gaZnelda. miuxedavad rigi sirTulisa, garkveuli kuTxiT, mainc xerxdeboda
im folklorul-eTnografiuli masalis gamovlena da Sekreba, romlebic TurqeTsa da
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb lazur mosaxleobas hqonda Semonaxuli. Cveulebriv, problema logiku-
rad iCens Tavs dasavleT saqarTveloSi anu kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis umTavres arealSi,
maT Soris, aWaraSi, arqeologiuri Ziebisas,2 istoriuli geografiis kvlevisas,3 folkloruli,4
enaTmecnieruli, kerZod, dialeqtologiuri Tu leqsikologiuri5 da istoriul-eTnografiuli6
Seswavlis procesSi.
gasaTvaliswinebelia araerTi avtoris naSromi, gansakuTrebiT, yuradsaRebia muhamed vaniliSisa
da ali Tandilavas is monografia, romlis vrceli teqsti xelnaweris saxiT aWaris saxelmwifo
muzeumis arqivSi inaxeba (vaniliSi, Tandilava 1964); ix. recenzia da Sefasebebi: (Citaia 2001:513-
514); (mgelaZe 1965:513-514). aseve, yuradsaRebia bolo xanebSi ali Tandilavas avtorobiT gamosuli
lazur-qarTuli leqsikoni (Tandilava 2013).
lazTa sulier da materialur kulturasTan dakavSirebuli mravali sayuradRebo faqti giorgi
Citaiam daafiqsira, romelmac gamovlenili masalebi safuZvlad daudo Tavis cnobil gamokvlevas
sicocxlis xis motivi lazur ornamentSi (Citaia 2001:495-501; 2002).
lazTa warsulisa da lazuri enis Taviseburebebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani
iyo ioseb megreliZis, sergi jiqiasa da arnold Ciqobavas naSromebi, romlebmac faqtobrivad
gansazRvres kidec lazTa istoriisa da kulturis kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. am
naSromebidan unda gamoiyos ioseb megreliZis Лазский и мегрельский слой в гурийском (megreliZe
1938), arnold Ciqobavas Wanuris gramatikuli analizi teqstebiTurT, lazur-megruli Se-
darebiTi leqsikoni, xolo sergi jiqias Turqul-lazuri enobrivi urTierTobani... ix. (Ciqobava
1936; jiqia 1964).
romauli – laTinuri da bizantiuri – berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze
lazeTis saxelwodebis garkvevas nodar lomouris gamokvlevebi exeboda, romlebSic avtoris mier
araerTi sayuradRebo, magram zogjer polemikuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi gaSuqda (lomouri1964). am
mxriv mniSvnelovania c. gigauris vrceli monografia, romelic romaul mwerlobaSi kolxeTis
problematikas asaxavs (gigauri1985).
rig avtors, marTalia, uSualod lazebis istoriisa da tradiciuli kulturisadmi ar miuZRvnia
statia Tu monografia, magram maT, ZiriTadad, enaTmecnierul gamokvlevebsa Tu istoriul
da kulturologiur TxzulebebSi lazebis monaTesave teritoriul-eTnografiuli jgufebis
SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, qarTveluri enebis adreuli gramatikuli formebis
dadgenisa da etimologiuri wiaRsvlebis procesSi, araerTi yuradsaRebi dakvirveba gvxvdeba, rac
xSirad qarTuli kulturuli faseulobebis rekonstruqciisa da uZvelesi socialuri simboloebis
semantikis safuZveli gamxdara.
istoriul-arqeologiuri da istoriuli geografiis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad faseulia oTar
lorTqifaniZis, Teimuraz miqelaZis, rismarg gordezianis, guram grigolias, iuri sixaruliZis,
meri inaZis, gela gamyreliZis, guram yifianis, nino inaiSvilis, merab xalvaSis, SoTa mamulaZisa
da misi redaqtorobiT gamocemul krebulSi avtorTa jgufis, mamia faRavas, malxaz CoxaraZis,
xolo fizikur-geografiuli aspeqtiT aleqsandre terelaZisa da sxvaTa naSromebi, romle-
bic materialuri, socialuri da sulieri kulturis sakiTxebs exebian. ix. (lorTqifaniZe 1998);
(miqelaZe 1967); (miqelaZe 1974) ; (grigolia 1994); (sixaruliZe 1959); (sixaruliZe 1977); (sixaruliZe
1999); (terelaZe 1959); (inaZe, 1994); (gamyreliZe 2001); (xalvaSi 2002); (inaiSvili1991; (mamulaZe
2014).
sofel sarfSi vladimer mgelaZis mier Sekrebilia eTnografiuli masalebi, romlebic
xel naweri dRiurebis saxiT SoTa rusTavelis baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis niko
berZeniSvilis institutis eTnografiis ganyofilebis xelnawerTa fondSi da mis pirad
saojaxo arqivSi inaxeba. am masalebis safuZvelze avtor ma lazTa yofa-cxovrebas araerTi
naSromi, laze bis istoriul warsulze gamoqveynebul monografias recenzia (mgelaZe 1964) da
da calke statiac (mgelaZe 1964)7 miuZRvna. vladimer mgelaZis 1964 wels gamocemul specialur
naSromSi, romelic lazuri dasaxlebis morfologias exeba, lazTa istoriis calkeuli
epizodi, socialuri kultura, erT-erTi lazuri soflis topografia, dasaxlebis sameurneo
pirobebi da lazTa sxva kulturul faseulobaTa Taviseburebebia asaxuli. vladimer mgelaZis
mier dawyebuli kvlevebi, romlebic lazTa kulturuli iersaxis Seswavlas iTvaliswinebda,
SemdegSic gagrZelda (mgelaZe 2005).
_ 252 _
uTuod Rirebulia lazuri folkloris, yofa-cxovrebis, toponimikis, leqsikisa da, saerTod,

enobrivi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb zurab Tandilavas (Tandilava 1965); (Tandilava 1970); (Tandilava
1972); (Tandilava 1976), revaz baqraZis (baqraZe2003), ciala ardaSelias (ardaSelia1978: 83-
41), naTela quTelias (quTelia 1982); (quTelia 2001); (quTelia 2011), omar memiSiSis (memiSiSi
2005);(memiSiSi 2005); (memiSiSi 2007); (memiSiSi 2012: 258-267), gubaz vaniliSis (vaniliSi 1978: 119-131);
(vaniliSi 1979); (vaniliSi 2005); (vaniliSi: 2011), ciala narakiZis (Tandilava, narakiZe 2013: 172-176),
lile Tandilavas (Tandilava 2003: 58-66); (Tandilava 2011: 177-181), pirimze ruruas (rurua 2005);
(rurua 2007); mzia jRarkavas (jRarkava 2002); (rurua 2005) gamokvlevebi.
lazebis istoriiT, kulturuli anTropologiiT, eniTa da, saerTod, Tanamedrove eTno-
socialuri procesebiT dainteresebulia dasavluri istoriografia.8 volfgang forSteinma lazur-
germanul-Turqul-qarTuli leqsikonic ki Seadgina, romelsac transkrifciiT lazurad wodebuli
laTinurenovani anbani daurTo (feurtseini 2002), rogorc Cans, im keTili motiviT, rom lazebma,
rogorc ùdamwerlobo~ da reliqturma eTno-teritoriuli jgufis warmomadgenlebma, maTi
kulturuli Rirebulebebis werilobiTi gacnoba SeZlon, Tumca avtors unda gaeTvaliswinebina,
rom TurqeTSi mcxovrebi lazebi, rogorc qarTul-kolxuri samyaros istoriulad monaTesave
warmomadgenlebi, qarTveluris gansazRvruli enobrivi Stos – zanuris dialeqtze laparakoben da
rom lazurisa da megrulis, rogorc zanuri enis dialeqtebis, svanurisa da sakuTriv qarT-ulis
anu zogadad qarTveluris amosavali, saerTo fuZe-ena iyo. bunebrivia, aqedan gamomdinare, lazebs
axali anbanis – damwerlobis Seqmna ar sWirdebaT, radgan maT winaprebs igi TxuTmeti saukunis win
da, SesaZloa, ufro adrec, ukve Seqmnili hqondaT.
kolxTa kulturuli memkvidreoba met-naklebad asaxulia saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis
mosaxleobaSi – megrelebisa da lazebis istoriaSi, eTnografiaSi, folklorSi, enaSi, rac
gamoxatulia saqorwino tradiciebsa da saojaxo yofaSi, samgloviaro ritualSi, bavSvis
dabadebasa da aRzrda-socializaciaSi, CveulebiT samarTalSi, sameurneo cxovrebasa da
materialur kulturaSi da, rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, leqsikaSi. dRes ukve enaTa kvlevis
formaluri meTodebic ki – diaqronul prizmaSi samyaros konceptualizaciis, struqturebisa
da modelirebis saSualebas iZleva. igi arsiT integraluri xasiaTisaa da miaCniaT, rom
adamianuri yofis iseT sociokulturul sferoebs moicavs, rogorebicaa ena, xelovneba,
religia, meurneoba, eTnotradiciuli adaT-wesebi, kultura-civilizacia farTo gagebiT. ukve
araerTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom formaluri meTodebiT sruliad dasaSvebia fuZe-enisa da misi
diaqronuli ganviTarebis suraTis rekonstruqcia, saidanac xalxTa genetikuri kavSirebis, maTi
pirvelsacxovrisisa da istoriuli migraciebis mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb informaciis miReba
SegviZlia dawvr. ix. (asaTiani 2011:19).
saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis mosaxleobis kulturuli memkvidreoba istoriuli kolxeTis
eTnikur arealSia aRmocenebuli. arqeologiuri masalebi, asuruli, urartuli, berZnul-
romauli, maT Soris, bizantiuri, qarTuli da somxuri werilobiTi da sxva tipis, gansakuTrebiT,
empiriuli, samecniero-analitikuri Tu nivTieri, kulturis aRwerilobaze dafuZnebuli wyaroebi
miuTiTebs, rom es teritoriebi qarTvelur tomTa uZvelesi sabinadro iyo, ufro zustad, igi
erT-erTi satomo gaerTianebis – kolxebis (//zanebis) im sxvadasxva eTnografiuli ganStoebis,
magaliTad, kolxebis, sanebis, igive, Wanikebi’s (Sdr. sanois/tZanois), makronebis, henioxebis,
kerketebis, manralebis//manralois (Sdr. berZnul SesatyvisobebSi ekri(k)tikes – egridixa’ anu
egrisis miwas), megrelebis, lazebis... samosaxloebs warmoadgenda, romlebic istoriis ama Tu im
monakveTSi sxvadasxva monaTesave politikur gaerTianebebSi Sedioda. SavizRvispireTis barsa
da mTaSi diaoxelebis mier konturmoxazulma saxelmwifoebriv-politikurma warmonaqmnma, Zv.
w. XI-IX saukuneebidan intensiurad dawyebul makonsolidebel eTnikur procesebSi, ukve Zv. w.
VIII-V saukuneebSi, eTnopolitikur memkvidreobiTobaze dafuZnebuli umniSvnelovanesi faqti
gamokveTa: aq mosaxle calkeuli dajgufeba Tanmimdevrulad kolxTa teritoriul-eTnografiul
gaerTianebebad Camoyalibda da, sabolood, iberiul-mesxur warmonaqmnebTan erTad qarTvelTa
eTnogenezSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.
saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas uxsovari droidan – diaoxelTa arsebobis
epoqaSi Caeyara safuZveli, rac antikur periodSi kolxeTis samefosa da, albaT, gadaWarbebuli
ar iqneba Tu vityviT, iberiul-qarTuli (qarTul-mesxuri) subeTnosis msgavsad, qarTveluri
supereTnosis monaTesave qarTul-kolxuri (//qarTul-zanuri) da svanuri, aseve, subeTnosebis
warmoqmniT dasrulda, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, SemdegSi sxvadasxva teritoriul-eTnografiul
jgufebad daiyvnen. ganviTarebis ama Tu im safexurze, gansakuTrebiT, antikur da elinistur
_ 253 _
nugzar mgelaZe
xanebSi zanuri (kolxuri) subeTnosis teritoriul-eTnografiul danayofebs adre Wanebi (sanebi),

makronebi, SesaZlebelia, biZerebi da Zidritebic, gvian ki – lazebi da megrelebi warmoadgendnen.
istoriis ama Tu im etapze, saerTo koniuqturidan gamomdinare, calkeuli eTnografiuli jgufis
eTnopolitikuri mniSvneloba gafarTovda, xolo sxvebis daviwrovda. am jgufTagan bevri, droTa
ganmavlobaSi, erTmaneTs Seerwya da Tanamedroveobas lazebisa da megrelebis saxiT SemorCa,
rogorc qarTveluri eTnolingvisturi ojaxis organuli nawilebi, Sesabamisad, eTnopolitikuri
procesebi eTnolingvistur procesebsac Seexo. amdenad, roca qarTveluri ena qarT’uls, zanursa
da svanurs aerTianebda, maSin enis ganviTareba, garkveulwilad, eTnosisa da eTnopolitikuri
organizmis ganviTarebasTan SesabamisobaSi mimdinareobda, Tumca enis diferenciaciis, ise,
rogorc unifikaciis procesi mxolod eTnosocialuri da eTnopolitikuri stabilurobiT ar iyo
ganpirobebuli, magram mainc Tu ena, rogorc kulturul-istoriuli fenomeni, garkveul sociumSi
arsebobda da adamianis yofierebis yvela sferos moicavda, maSin, bunebrivia, marTebulia azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom gansazRvrul biosferoSi teritoriul-eTnografiul jgufTa pasionaruli ganwyobis,
rogorc kulturul-istoriuli erTobis roli gansakuTrebulad didi iyo. unificirebas ganicdida
ara marto garkveul sivrceSi arsebuli yvelasaTvis gasagebi erTiani sazogado ena, aramed misgan
diferencirebuli dialeqtebi. mimdinare procesebSi aucilebeli piroba qveynis politikuri
erTianoba iyo, Tumca Cven viciT rom qveynis politikuri daqucmacebulobis periodSic yvela
qarTvelisaTvis qarTuli ena saxelmwifo, saeklesio da samwerlobo ena iyo. aqedan gamomdinare,
enaTmecnierebi askvnian, rom amgvari sayovelTaoba ara lingvisturi, aramed organizebuli
politikuri Zalauflebis gavrcelebiT ganisazRvreboda. Sesabamisad, azrovneba enis Sesaxeb,
rogorc arnold Ciqobava fiqrobda, enaTmecnierebad istoriulma Tvalsazrisma aqcia. swored
amitom, qarTvel tomTa enobriv areals kulturul-istoriuli TvalTaxedviT unda mivudgeT,
radgan maT socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis procesSi erTiani qarTuli enisa
da qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibeba SeZles. enis funqciis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.
(quTelia 2011:149).
dRes megruli da lazuri (//Wanuri) zanuris qvejgufebs ganekuTvnebian. enaTmecnierTa erTi
nawili miiCnevs, rom zanuri, ise rogorc svanuri da sakuTriv qarT-uli, qarTvelur fuZe-enasTan
mimarTebaSi, dialeqtebad gamoiyureba imdagvarad, rogorc dRes lazuri (//Wanuri) da megruli
zanuris dialeqtebad ganixileba, xolo mkvlevarTa meore nawilis mixedviT, qarT’uli, svanuri da
zanuri qarTveluri fuZe-enidanaa miRebuli da damoukidebel enebad ganviTarebuli. Tavis mxriv,
Tanamedrove lazuri sam dialeqtadaa dayofili: aTinurad, viwo-arqavurad da xofurad, megruli
ki dasavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli da dRes, umTavresad, cxeniswyalsa da afxazeTs
Soris arsebul teritoriazea ganfenili. igi or dialeqts moicavs: senakursa da samurzayanoul-
zugdidurs. enobriv klasifikaciasTan SesatyvisobaSi qarTvelurma winare supereTnosmac
qarTveli xalxis – qarTuli eTnosis Camoyalibebamde xangrZlivi gza gaira. sabolood, qarTuli
eTnosi istoriul-qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT struqturul-ierarqiulad sam did jgufad – sam
subeTnosad danawilda: 1. qarT-ulad (//iberiulad), ufro zustad, iberiul-mesxurad; 2. zanurad
(/kolxurad) da 3. svanurad. zanuri subeTnosi, Tavis mxriv, or eTnografiul jgufad gaiyo:
megrulad da lazurad (//Wanurad). SemdgomSi es procesi kidev ufro gaRrmavda, rac rogorc
megrulis, ise lazuris kilo-kavebad diferenciaciaSi gamoixata. diferenciaciis analogiur
gzas qarTTa subeTnosic daadga, romelic qarTuli eTnosis farglebSi mravali eTnografiuli
jgufisa da dialeqtis CamoyalibebiT dasrulda. Tanamedrove lingvokulturologiur lite-
raturaSi qarTveluri enebis naTesaoba da maTi saerTo warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs, magram,
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, sakamaToa maTi diaqronuli ganviTarebis gzebis gansazRvris sakiTxi.
amitomac, specialur literaturaSi qarTvelTa lingvisturi warmomavlobisa da dinamikis –
struqturuli arqitetonikis ramdenime paradigmuli versia arsebobs. maT Sesaxeb ix.(asaTiani
2011:19-20).
rac Seexeba qarTvelur eTnolingvistur agebulebas, igi diagramaze pirobiTad Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba:
_ 254 _
adre, saqarTvelos tradiciuli yofa, mTisa da baris urTierTSepirispirebis fonze kulturis,

rogorc zogadeTnikuri (zogadqarTuli), ise, calkeul viTarebaSi, lokalur-eTnografiuli
(saxeobo da tomobriv-eTnografiuli) elementebiTac xasiaTdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom
kulturis elementTa arqauli formebis rekonstruqciiT araerTi mkvlevari iyo dakavebuli,
mainc, samecniero literaturaSi tradiciuli yofis uZvelesi eTnikur-eTnografiuli plastebisa
da am plastebisaTvis niSandoblivi kulturuli Sreebis gamovlenasa da istoriuli fragmentebis
aRdgenas saTanado yuradReba ar eqceoda. bunebrivia, am problemis gadaWra gansakuTrebuli
midgomis gareSe SeuZlebelia. vfiqrobT, misi ganxorcieleba iberiul-mesxuri, kolxuri da
svanuri kulturis istoriul-SedarebiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze unda daiwyos. stratigrafiuli
da istoriul-SedarebiTi midgoma iberiul-mesxuri da zanur-svanuri kulturuli Sreebis
diferencirebulad Seswavlis safuZvelze saSualebas mogvcems ama Tu kulturuli elementis ara
marto winare qarTveluri saerTo fesvebi davadginoT, aramed kulturologiuri saklasifikacio
niSnebiT Tanamedrove qarTuli eTnosis zogadeTnikuri da am eTnosis struqturul samxareo
danayofTa lokalur-eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi gavarkvioT.
istoriografiaSi ukve SesamCnevi masala dagrovda da amas arqeologiuri, eTnologiuri da
wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis gafarToebamac Seuwyo xeli. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc cota ram viciT
_ 255 _
nugzar mgelaZe
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZveles gaerTianebaTa socialuri wyobisa da, saerTod,

socialuri modelis, sameurneo yofis, politikuri struqturisa da enobrivi Taviseburebebis
Sesaxeb. werilobiTi wyaroebiT am xarvezis srulad Sevseba sagrZnoblad rTuldeba da faqtobrivad
arc xerxdeba. am amocanis erT-erT damatebiT saSualebad kolxTa STamomavlebis eTnografiuli
yofis sxvadasxva aspeqtiT – socialuri struqtura, materialuri kultura, sameurneo yofa,
religia da miTologia, toponimika – Seswavla migvaCnia.
lazebisadmi mzardi interesi, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT evropis samecniero wreebis, ramdenime
faqtoriT Cans ganpirobebuli: 1. lazebma, rogorc qarTveluri enebidan zanuris erT-erT
dialeqtze molaparake eTno-teritoriulma jgufma da qarTveli xalxis istoriulad organulma
nawilma, romelic erovnul sxeuls didi xania mowyda, marTlmadideblobis qveS jer bizantiur
garemocvaSi, maT Soris, trapizonis imperiaSi gaagrZela arseboba, xolo gvian Sua saukuneebSi
osmaleTis Zlevamosili saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca da islamizacias daeqvemdebara, ramac
kulturologiuri TvalsazriT maT mimarT eTnologebis interesi erTi-orad gazarda; 2. lazebi
warmoadgens im eTno-teritoriul jgufs, romelTa cnobiereba da ena dRes Wrel eTnikur gare-
mocvaSi gaqrobis safrTxis winaSea; lazebi reliqturi kulturis matareblebi arian; 3. lazebi ara
marto TurqeTis respublikaSi, aramed saqarTveloSic cxovroben. Tavis droze, politikuri bata-
liebis safuZvelze, aRniSnuli eTno-kulturuli jgufis teritoriis nawili daiyo da sazRvrispira
regionebSi isini ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT cal-calke da damoukideblad ganviTarda: nawili
TurqeTSi islamur garemoSi, xolo meore nawili saqarTveloSi qristianul garemocvasa da
mSobliuri qarTuli kulturis wiaRSi moeqca. TavisTavad es faqti aRvivebs interess Seswavlili
iqnes yvela is SesaZlo winakonfliqturi an mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis Teoriuli modelis
wanamZRvrebi, romlebic garegani faqtorebis gamoyenebis pirobebSi ori qveynis, Tundac saerTo
warmomavlobis sazRvrispira regionebis mosaxleobas axasiaTebs.
amrigad, lazTa istoriul-eTnografiuli panoramis aRgenis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba unda
mieniWos kolxTa im kulturuli memkvidreobis gamovlenasa da sistematizacias, romlebic
laTinur, berZnul, somxur, Turqul da qarTul wyaroebSia asaxuli.
SeniSvnebi
1
iuri sixaruliZe eyrdoba ra vaxuSti batoniSvilis wyaroebs rkinis-palosTan satyepelas gamoyofs, Tumca
vaxuStisTan satyepela dasturdeba (sixaruliZe 1977:11). Sdr.(berZeniSvili 1941: 142).
2
kolxeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis eTnologiisa da arqeologiis zogierTi sakiTxi
gaSuqebulia araerT statiasa Tu monografiaSi, romelTagan unda gamoiyos (miqelaZe 1974:9-75). Zv. w. X-VII
saukuneebis qarTveluri tomebi da Semdgomi periodis maTi mimoxilva, kolxTa eTnikuri vinaoba, gansaxlebis
areali, sameurneo, socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis sakiTxebi ZvelberZnuli da laTinuri werilo-
biTi wyaroebis safuZvelze asaxulia daviT xaxutaiSvilis fundamentur naSromSi (xaxutaiSvili 2009: 17-174),
aseve, arqeologiuri masalebis gamoyenebiT samTo-metalurgiuli dargis ganviTarebis uZvelesi kerebis
kvalobaze kolxTa eTnogenezisis problema nivTieri monacemebisa da werilobiTi wyaroebis urTierT-
SejerebiT ganxilulia mis memkvidreTa naSromebSi (xaxutaiSvili, 2013:69-90).
3
istoriuli geografiis Suqze lazeTis warsulis mniSvnelovani movlenebi aisaxa sxvadasxva avtorTa
SromebSi (sixaruliZe 1958); (sixaruliZe 1977); (sixaruliZe 1999); (grigolia 1994); (axvlediani 2009).
4
lazuri folkloris Sesaxeb ix. (kartozia 1968); (Tandilava 1965); (Tandilava 1970); (Tandilava 1972);
(Tandilava 1986); (Tandilava 1988); (Tandilava 1976); (Tandilava 1996); (Tandilava 2011); (Tandilava, 2003);
(Tandilava 2005); (Tandilava 2011); (Tandilava 2013); (Tandilava 2015).
5
lazuris megrulTan, qarT’ulTan da svanurTan Sejerebisa da qarTvelologiur WrilSi Seswavlis saqmeSi
udidesi Rvawli miuZRviT cnobil mecnierebs. ix. (mari 1910); (yifSiZe 1911; (yifSiZe 1939); (Ciqobava 1936);
(JRenti 1960); (gamyreliZe, ivanovi 1984), (gayreliZe 1954); (kartozia 2005). lazurTan mimarTebaSi am mxriv
kvlevebi dResac ar wydeba (futkaraZe 2015; Tandilava 2015). araerTma mkvlevarma lazuris SeswavlaSi
enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana, ix. (niJaraZe 1971); (quTelia 1982),
aseve, TviT lazma filologebma ix. (Tandilava, narakiZe 1986); (narakiZe 1986); (narakiZe 2010); (memiSiSi
1999); (memiSiSi 2005); (Tandilava 2013); (Tandilava 2015).
6
lazebis, yofisa da kulturis calkeuli sakiTxebi mravali avtoris SromebSia ganxiluli(Citaia 1926;
(Citaia 1941); (Citaia 1947); (adamia 1956); (garayaniZe 1959); (robaqiZe 1959); (Ciqovani1960); (vaniliSi, Tandilava
1964); (mgelaZe 1964); (vaniliSi 1978); (vaniliSi 1979); (Ciqovani 1960); (vaniliSi 2005); (mgelaZe 2005); (mgelaZe,
_ 256 _
SoSitaiSvili, miqelaZe, tunaZe 2009); (varSalomiZe 2005); (varSalomiZe 2007). konteqsturTan mxedvelobaSi
misaRebia Teimuraz gvancelaZisa da salome-baxia oqruaSvilis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi, romlebic
lazurTan mimarTebaSi afxazeTisa da samegrelos eTno-kulturul mozaikas exeba (gvancelaZe 1996; baxia 2011).
7
rogorc Cans, vladimer mgelaZes Cafiqrebuli hqonda lazebis yofa-cxovrebaze vrceli monografia
daewera, magram udrood gardacvalebis gamo mas es ar dascalda. mis pirad saojaxo arqivSi daculia
xelnaweri, romelic araa dasaTaurebuli, magram xelnawerSi gamoyofilia qvesaTaurebi literatura da
wyaroebi, lazebis gansaxleba da teritoriuli sazRvrebi da lazeTis warsulidan. es naSromi vrceli
saxiT, sadac rigi sakiTxi damatebiTaa gaSuqebuli, magaliTad, iseTebi, rogorebicaa sarfis dasaxlebis
topografiis mokle mimoxilva, lazuri soflis eTnikuri Sedgeniloba, sarfis mosaxleobis gvarobrivi
Sedgeniloba, niko berZeniSvilis institutis eTnologiis ganyofilebis arqivSia Senaxuli (mgelaZe
1961). aseve, avtoris arqivSi daculia ramdenime gverdiani xelnaweri lazuri dasaxlebis morfologiis
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi (sofel sarfis masalebis mixedviT), romlis Semoklebuli teqsti man saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis erT-erT specialur gamocemaSi gamoaqveyna. Semonaxulia lazTa warsulisa da
lazuri dasaxlebisadmi miZRvnili naSromis qarTulenovani manqanaze nabeWdi mcire moculobis reziume,
romelic faqtiurad dasaxelebuli gamokvlevis daskvniTi nawilia. zogierTi am xelnawerTagani Cven misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg gamovaqveyneT. magaliTad ix. (mgelaZe 2006).
8
aRniSnul sakiTxebze saqarTvelos sazRvrispira regionebSi maTeus pelkmansi lazebsa da samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, kerZod, aWaris mosaxlebis Tanamedrove eTnokulturul procesebze, 1995 wlidan intesiur
savele samuSaoebs awarmoebda, romelic bolo xanebSi gamosuli inglisurenovani monografiiT dasrulda
(pelkmansi 2006).
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monacemebis Suqze. _ „saistorio macne~, XX, baTumi.
javaxiSvili 1917: i. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris mokle istoria, quTaisi.
javaxiSvili 1960: i. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, I, Tbilisi.
janaSia 1959: s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. III, Tbilisi.
jafariZe 1969: o. jafariZe. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi TrialeTSi, Tbilisi.
jiqia 1944: s. jiqia. `lazut~ sityvis warmoSobisaTvis, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, b. V, 12,
Tbilisi.
jiqia 1958: s. jiqia. gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, Tbilisi.
jiqia 1964: ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. ucxouri wyaroebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
wigni, XV (teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo sergi jiqiam), Tbilisi.
jRarkava 2002: m. jRarkava. kolxuri (megrul-lazuri) saakvno leqs-simRerebi. _ baTumis SoTa rusTavelis
saxelobis saxelmifo universitetis Sromebi (humanitarul mecnierebaTa seria), IV, baTumi.
jRarkava 2002: m. jRarkava. kolxuri saqorwilo leqs-simRerebi (megrul-lazuri folkloruli masalebis
mixedviT), baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi (humanitarul
mecnierebaTa seria), VII, baTumi.
jRarkava 2005: m. jRarkava. kolxuri (megrul-lazuri) `sijalikoba~ da masTan dakavSirebuli xalxuri
poezia, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis baTumis niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis samecniero-kvleviTi
institutis Sromebi, IV, baTumi.
hilzi 1972: d. s. hilzi. Cemi mogzaurobani TurqeTSi, Zvel lazeTSi, `mimomxilveli~, Tbilisi.
_ 260 _
HISTORIC-ETHNOGRAPHIC LAZETI:
SOURCES, HISTORIOGRAPHY AND PROBLEMS OF STUDY
Nugzar Mgeladze
In spite of the fact that the interest towards history and folklore of the Laz has always been great, their
ethnology, everyday life and culture have been explored poorly in the Georgian historiography. Due to some
objecive reasons their comprehensive exploraion has not been carried out so far. The ield exploraions of the Laz
and historic south Georgian populaion in general has been hindered irst by the Otomans and then by poliically
moivated aitude of the Turkish administraion. It is considered that the same aitude has been preserved today.
However, carrying out individual observaions or structured interviews, obtaining ield data about the Laz living in
Turkey is possible. Naturally, everything that has been carried out ill today is not suicient to make clear picture
about cultural values and peculiariies of their historic development. In this regard, writen sources are of utmost
signiicance. In the scheme of representaion of historic and ethnographic panorama of the Laz history, huge
signiicance should be paid to those cultural disclosure and systemaizaion of Colchis, which are preserved in Lain,
Greek, Armenian, Turkish and Georgian sources.
_ 261 _
qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba Sua saukuneebSi:
qarTlis samefos daarsebis Sesaxeb
cnobebis SedarebiTi analizi
mariam CxartiSvili
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli istoriografiis ori nimuSi moqcevai qarTlisai da qarTlis

cxovreba garkveuli monakveTSi mogviTxrobs erTidaimave istoriul faqtebze: pirveli maTgani
mokled, meore ufro vrclad. Tumc, rogorc es araerTgzis aRniSnula specialistebis, maT
Soris, Cem mierac1 gansxvaveba am Zeglebis Txrobas Soris marto moculobiT ar amoiwureba.
xSirad araerTgvarovania maTSi warmodgenili faqtobrivi monacemic da aRweril movlenaTa
Sefasebac. am sxvaobaTa Sejereba da analizi, rogorc wesi, Zalian saintereso Sedegebs gvaZlevs
ara marto istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi kuTxiT, aramed qarTuli istoriuli azrovnebis anu
istoriografiis istoriis TvalsazrisiTac. winamdebare statiaSi erT-erT amgvar SemTxvevaze
SevCerdebi. sityva exeba centriT mcxeTaSi qarTuli saxelmwifos dafuZnebis istorias.
aRniSnuli istoria ukve mravali welia aris mkvlevarTa Seunelebeli interesis sagani da,
Sesabamisad, sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili mravalricxovani gamokvlevebic arsebobs: (xazaraZe 2001:
318-336); (sanaZe 2001: 23-52); (nikoloziSvili 2006: 51-73); (qavTaraZe 2009: 29-55); (wulukiZe
2010); (gordeziani 2014: 84-85).2 arsebuli gamokvlevebis gacnobis Semdeg uSualod wyaroTa
analizis safuZvelze da Cem mier zog problemasTan dakavSirebiT adre miRebuli Sedegebis
gaTvaliswinebiT gamiCnda azri, rom SesaZlebelia logikurad ufro gamarTuli, da, amave dros.
wyaroTa monacemebTan srulad Sesatyvisi, axali Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibeba. am Tvalsazriss
warmovadgen qvemoT.
cnobilia, rom rogorc moqcevai qarTlisai, ise qarTlis cxovreba rTuli Sedgenilobis
Zeglebia, isini arsebiTad istoriografiuli krebulebia. aqedan gamomdinare sxvadasxva monakveTs
sxvadasxva avtori da redaqtori SeiZleba hyavdes. am sakiTxis saTanadod warmoCenis saSualeba,
cxadia, aq araa. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan asacileblad, marTebulad mimaCnia aRniSnul wyaroTa
saanalizo monakveTebisaTvis SemoviRo pirobiTi dasaxelebebi: moqcevai qarTlisais im nawils,
romelic Seicavs cnobebs mcxeTis samefos dafuZnebis istoriis Sesaxeb, vuwodeb pirvel teqsts,
xolo qarTlis cxovrebis Txrobas igive faqtis Sesaxeb — meore teqsts.
aSkaraa, rom meore teqstis avtori icnobs pirvel teqsts, Tumc gvawvdis gansxvavebul
reprezentacias:
pirveli teqstis mixedviT, mcxeTaSi politikuri centris mqone qarTuli saxelmwifos
dafuZneba ukavSirdeba aleqsandre makedonels. garkveuli winaswari RonisZiebebis gatarebis
Semdgom aleqsandres aq mouyvania da mefed dausvams arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azo. amgvarad, azo, am
wyaros monacemiT iyo mcxeTis samefos pirveli mefe (abulaZe 1963: 81-82).
meore teqstis mixedviTac, mcxeTis samefos warmoqmna aleqsandres epoqas ukavSirdeba, magram
samefos Seqmna adgilobrivi iniciativaa. am narativSic mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia azos (am
saxelisaTvis teqstSi gamoyenebuli forma azonia), romelic, oRondac, aq makedonelad da mefe
aleqsandres Tvisad anu naTesavad aris warmodgenili. am gansxvavebul faqts ramdenime, misgan
logikurad gamomdinare, cvlilebac axlavs: magaliTad, pirveli teqstis mixedviT, azom kerpebi
gaci da gaca Tavis samSoblodan anu arian-qarTlidan moitana; meore teqstis avtori, vinaidan arian-
qarTls ugulvebelyofs da azons makedonias ukavSirebs, gvarwmunebs, rom kerpebi azonma adgilze
Seqmna aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdgom. azoni aleqsandres mier dadgenil iyo mcxeTis samefos
mmarTvelad. aq mocemulia azo/azonis sityvieri portretic: igi adgilobrivTa anu qarTvelTa
mimarT sastikia da maT siZulvils imsaxurebs. mas dasjabnis dadebiTi pirovnuli TvisebebiT uxvad
Semkobili farnavazi, romelic aris aleqsandres mier mokluli mcxeTis mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli.
swored farnavazia, meore teqstis miTiTebiT, mcxeTis samefos pirveli mefe (yauxCiSvili 1955:
18-21).
qarTlis cxovreba, rogorc iTqva, aris ZvelqarTul istoriografiul TxzulebaTa krebuli.
CvenTvis saintereso cnoba mocemulia mis dasawyis nawilSi, romlis avtori (zogi TvalsazrisiT,
Semdgenel-redaqtori) leonti mrovelia. CvenTvis saintereso cnoba aris TavSi, romelsac
_ 262 _
qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba Sua saukuneebSi: qarTlis samefos daarsebis Sesaxeb...
farnavazis cxovreba ewodeba. rogorc varaudoben, es Txzuleba arsebobda damoukidebeli

saxiTac. anu reprezentacia, romelic zemoT warmovadgine, nawilobriv SesaZloa, momdinareobdes
swored leonti mrovelis wyarodan, romelic gacilebiT Zveli Cans, vidre leontis moRvaweobis
xana anu XI saukune.
zemoT aRniSnul faqtobriv sxvaobaTa Sesaxeb, rogorc aRvniSne, araerTxel gamaxvilebula
yuradReba specialur literaturaSi. magram, Cemi azriT, marto faqtebis CamoTvla araa sakmarisi.
unda xazi gaesvas mTavari gzavnilis gansxvavebulobasac: pirvelis Tanaxmad, azo legitimuri
xelisufalia: is mefis Zea anu mas dabadebiT aqvs ufleba imefos, amasTan is qarTul samyarosTan
dakavSirebuli romeliRac politikuri erTeulis anu arian-qarTlis mmarTveli dinastiis
warmomadgenelia.
rasac es Zveli avtori gvamcnobs, savsebiT logikuria: aleqsandrem SemTxveviTi piri ki ar
moiyvana qarTlSi, aramed Sesabamisi legitimaciis mqone pirovneba. sainteresoa, rom Cemi es varaudi
anu logikaze dafuZnebuli interpretacia, SeiZleba Semagrdes faqtobrivi analogiiTac: rogorc
irkveva, sxva SemTxvevaSic aleqsandre aseve moqceula. ai, rogori viTareba yofila somxeTSi:
331 wels aleqsandre makedonelma dariosi gavgamelas brZolaSi sabolood gaanadgura da

gavgamelasTan Semdeg somxeTis satrapad darios mesamis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi namyofi sardesis
yofili garnizonis Tavi miTreni daniSna. aleqsandres miTreni `pativSi~ SemTxveviT ar hyavda.
miTreni iarvandianTa saxlis Svili iyo, xolo aqemeniduri iranis somxeTis satrapia iarvandianTa
saxls ekuTvnoda. rogorc k.Tumanovi aRniSnavs, miTrenis iarvandianobam ganapiroba aleqsandres
arCevani. ...aleqsandre makedonelma, ra Tqma unda, mSvenivrad icoda, rom mas somxeTSi satrapad
mxolod iseTi saxlis Svili unda aerCia, romelic ucxo ar iqneboda imdroindeli somxeTis mmarTveli
aristikratiisaTvis (mamulia 1979: 104).
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom pirveli teqsti samefo taxtze azos
legitimaciis teqstia.
rac Seexeba meore teqsts, mis avtors aSkarad ar surs, rom azos Sesaxeb es Tvalsazrisi
gaviziaroT. misi favoriti farnavazia. igi farnavazs, rogorc vnaxeT, didi pirovnuli xiblis
mqoned warmoaCens, maSin, roca sastiki azo/azoni yvelas sZuls. azo/azonis biografiidan meore
teqstis avtori, vfiqrob, Segnebulad iRebs am ukanasknelis legitimaciisaTvis mniSvnelovan faqts
— mis kavSirs qarTuli samyarosTan da erT-erT qarTul samefo dinastiasTan. cdilobs mkiTxveli
daarwmunos azonis ucxoelobaSi. amis paralelurad xazgasmulia farnavazis adgilobrivoba.
magram adgilobrivoba da pirovnuli xibli araa sakmarisi taxtis dakavebis legitimurobis
dasasabuTeblad. legitimaciasTan dakavSirebiT farnavazs aqvs didi problema. is araa warmoSobiT
mefe. magram es garemoeba meore teqstis avtors xels ar aRebinebs farnavazis gandidebaze da
cdilobs sabuTad mogvawodos faqti, romelsac Zveli kulturis msoflxatis CarCoebSi, ase
vTqvaT, `wyali ar gauva~. es faqti mas mocemuli aqvs farnavazis sizmris saxiT: ix. (yauxCiSvili
1955: 21-23). aRniSnuli sizmari araerTxel gamxdara mkvlevarTa analizis sagani. Cemi azriT, es
aris farnavazis cxovrebis anu meore teqstis umTavresi gzavnilis Semcveli mikroteqsti. is
gvamcnobs, rom farnavazi uflis rCeulia. es ufali mzea. swored mzis sxivi apovninebs farnavazs
ganZs, rasac farnavazi azos winaaRmdeg ajanyebis organizebisaTvis gamoiyenebs. farnavazi ubralo
Wabuki ki araa, is mzeWabukia, mzis mier Zalmosilia. mzis cvarcxebulia. gavixsenoT qarTuli
xalxuri zRaprebis Txroba mzis piris nabaniT gmiris gaZlierebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, igulisxmeba, rom
mzis cvari mzis Zalis momniWebelia. avtors aSkarad imis Tqma unda, rom farnavazis gamefeba aris
gangebis neba da es gangeba ki mzea.
amgvarad, meore teqsti profarnavazulia. amitomac, is amave dros, antiazonuri narativia.
iseTi STabeWdilebaa, rom meore teqstis avtori iTvaliswinebs da pasuxebs scems òponentebs~,
romlebic, SesaZloa, rom mcxeTis samefos dafuZnebis istoriis reprezentirebisas swored
pirveli teqstis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT Semoedavon. aqedan gamomdinare mebadeba kiTxva:
xom ar SeiZleba meore teqstis avtoris mier farnavazis mefobis mziT legitimaciis faqtic,
ramenairad ukavSirdebodes (pasuxs warmoadgendes) azo/azonis biografiul monacemze. anu xom ar
iyo azos/azonis realur biografiaSi (anda, biografiis legendaSi) misi mefobis mzesTan kavSiriT
legitimaciis Sesaxeb informacia?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, minda ganvixilo kvlav wyaroTa monacemebi. rogorc iTqva,
pirveli teqstis avtoris mixedviT, azosTan aris dakavSirebuli garkveuli religiuri iniciativa:
gacisa da gacas kerpebis arian-qarTlidan motana. wm. ninos cxovrebis vrcel redaqciaSi, romelic
_ 263 _
mariam CxartiSvili
moqcevai qarTlisais meore nawils warmoadgens, aris gameorebuli is cnoba, rom es kerpebi iyvnen
mcxeTel qarTvelTa arian-qarTveli winaprebis anu `mamaTa~ kerpebi (abulaZe 1962: 120).
wm. ninos cxovrebis vrceli redaqcia IV s. Sua xanebSi Seqmnili da mere araerTi redaqcia
gamovlilia (CxartiSvili 1987). zemoT aRniSnuli azri ki danarCunebulia. amrigad, qarTuli
erTobis narativSi umniSvnelovanesi eTnikuri identobrivi markeris anu religiuri markeris,
CamoyalibebaSi arian-qarTvelTa Rvawlis Sesaxeb cnoba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ucvlelad
narCundeba. kidev meti: XII saukuniT daTariRebul wm. ninos cxovrebis metafrasul redaqciaSi,
romelic moqcevai qarTlisais saeklesio sakiTxavad gadamuSavebis warmatebul cdas warmoadgens
(CxartiSvili 1980: 114-121), ganmeorebulia qarTvelTa arian-qarTvelTagan warmomavloba da amis
damatebiT xazgasmulia qarTvelTa da arian-qarTvelTa enis igiveobac (abulaZe 1971: 46-47) anu
identobrivi gangrZobadobis TvalsazrisiT umTavresi markeris igiveobaa miTiTebuli. es avtori,
romelsac zogi mkvlevari arsen bers uwodebs da zogi arsen iyalToelTan aigivebs, aSkarad
gaazrebulad imeorebs Tavisi wyaros cnobas da mas arian-qarTuli enisa da qarTuli enis igiveobis
Sesaxeb mosazrebiT avsebs.
aRniSnuli faqti, damatebiT Tavad terminisa, mafiqrebinebs, rom àrian-qarTlSi~ Zveli qarTveli
mwignobarni SeuZlebelia qarTuli samyarosagan sruliad mowyvetil qveyanas gulisxmobdnen.
qveyana, romelTanac mcxeTis samefos mosaxleobis eTnikuri igiveoba SeiZleba warmoedginaT Zvel
qarTvel mwignobrebs, SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi: esaa kolxisi3 — qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
akvani; kolxuri ena ki uZvelesi qarTulia.
aietis kolxisis xsovna rom arsebobda qarTul samyaroSi, es dasturdeba ucxour wyaroebis
mixedviTac:
mTeli am teritoriis mosaxleoba antikur epoqaSi Tavis Tavs swored am diadi gaerTianebis
memkvidred Tvlida. memkvidreobiTobis es jaWvi imdenad Zlieri yofila, rom igi ar gawyvetila
mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi miuxedavad qarTveluri samyaros intensiuri diferenciaciisa
da saqarTvelos tertoriaze axal-axali saxelmwifo gaerTianebis simravlisa. herodote
gadmogvcems, rom fasisSi berZnebis misvlisa da medeas motacebis ambavi mSvenivrad icodnen sparsma
istorikosebma (I,2). `kolxebs axsovdaT egviptelebi~ (II,104). qsenofonti (Zv.w.a. IV s.), gvauwyebs, rom
fasianTa qveyanaSi anu kolxeTSi mis dros aietis STamomavalni mefobdnen („anabasisi~, V,6, 36-37),
xolo straboni (Zv.w.a.I s.) azustebs, rom kolxeTSi aieti adgilobrivi saxelia (1`2,39). berZnul
wyaroebSi aseve adgilobrivi tradiciis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT
tendencia Zveli erTiani kolxeTis axal, diferencirebul kolxeTTan dapirispirebisa. straboni
Semdegs gadmogvcems: `Tu rogor iyo saxelganTqmuli Zvelad es qveyana, cxadyofen amas miTebi,
romlebic mogviTxroben iazonis laSqrobaze...amis Semdeg memkvidre mefeebmaskeptuxiebad dahyves
qveyana da hqondaT zomieri Zalaufleba~ (XI,2,18). aq gamoTqma àmis Semdeg~, SeiZleba mxolod aietis
periodis movlenebs gulisxmobdes. Sesabamisad, strabonis mixedviT, aietis droindeli erTiani
kolxeTi Semdgom skeptuxiebad anu sabrZanebel regionebad dahyves misma memkvidreebma. bunebrivia,
diferenciaciis miuxedavad, albaT TiTqmis TiToeuli skeptuxiis mmarTvels Tavisi dinastiis
sawyisebi im legendarul dromde da did kolxeTamde ahyavda (gordeziani 1993: 25-26).
amgvarad, moqcevai qarTlisais informaciis interpretacia SeiZleba iyos mxolod is, rom
azo esaa pirovneba, romelic kolxiss da mis samefo dinastias ukavSirdeba. kolxisis mefeebi
iyvnen aietis STamomavlebi, xolo aieti heliosiani anu mzis Svili iyo. Sesabamisad, azo mzis
STamomavalia.
amitom vfiqrob, rom meore teqstis avtoris aqcenti farnavazis mzismier Zalmosilebaze
ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi: mas surs gviTxras, rom am niSniT farnavazi sulac araa azo/azonze
naklebi. marTalia, mas heliosianoba dabadebiT ar mosdgams, magram is mzisgan Zalmocemuli
pirovneba da, Sesabamisad, sruliad legitimuri xelisufalia. anu imis Tqma minda, rom farnavazis
legitimurobis am saxiT dasabuTeba miuTiTebs imas, rom meore teqstis avtors azos legitimacia
dakavSirebuli aqvs mzesTan. magram es logikuri iqneba im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas moqcevai qarTlisais
mier gamoyenebuli termini àrian-qarTli~ esmis, rogorc `kolxisi~.
rogorc ki àrian-qarTls~ `kolxisad~ gaviazrebT da azos kolxisTan dakavSirebul pirovnebad,
misi saxeli am narativSi erTbaSad SeiZens Zalian Rrma Sinaarss. araerTxel yofila miTiTebuli
specialur literaturaSi, rom azo/azoni da iazoni, es erTidaigive saxelebia, ufro zustad, erTi
saxelis variaciebia.
rogorc ukve moyvanili cnobebidan Cans, aietianeloba anu did kolxeTTan memkvidruli
kavSiris warmosaxva, iyo saqarTvelos teritoriaze momdevno epoqebSi warmoqmnili politikur
_ 264 _
erTeulebSi xelisuflebis legitimaciis safuZveli. arian-qarTveli mefis Zis saxeli, romelic,

aSkarad sagvareulo saxelia, mafiqrebinebs, rom Semdgomdroindeli saxelmwifoebis xelisufalTa
kavSiri aietianTa dinastiasTan moiazreboda iazonianebis gziT anu aietis qaliSvilis medeasa da
misi siZis _ iazonis _ STamomavlebis gziT.
aq unda gavakeToT Semdegi SeniSvna: xSirad Tanamedrove mkiTxvelma iazonis Sesaxeb
icis Tqmulebebis mxolod is nawili, romelic kolxisSi mis misvlas da aqedan oqros sawmisis
waRebas da medeas wayvanas exeba. magram iazonis saxelis dakavSireba SeiZleba momdevno periodis
kolxisTanac misi da medeas STamomavlebis anu iazonianebis gziT. iazonisa da medeas cxovrebis
gviandeli periodis Sesaxeb arsebobs Tqmulebebi, romelTa nawili aCvenebs, rom iazonsa da medeas
STamomavloba darCaT, rom garkveuli periodis Semdeg isini dabrundnen kolxisSi. magram farTo
mkiTxvelis TvalSi amgvar informacias axSobs evripides (Zv. w. V saukune) tragedia medea misi
uZlieresi emociiT, rasac medeas mier Svilebis mkvleloba warmoSobs. am versiis gaziarebis
SemTxvevaSi iazonisa da medeas STamomavlobaze saubari, cxadia, zedmetia. magram, rogorc vTqvi,
esaa ufro gviandeli versia. adreul TqmulebebSi sxvagvari istoriaa warmoCenili:
medeas mimarTeba Svilebis moklvasTan ukve antikur epoqaSi iwvevda kamaTs. Zveli da axali avtorebis
umetesobis azriT, adreul versiebSi medea ar klavda sakuTar Svilebs... arcerTi Cvenamde moRweuli
evripidemdeli wyaro ar ixseniebs Svilebis mokvlis epizods, Tumca maTSi medea sakmaod aqtiurad
figurirebs. mxolod evripides Semdeg xdeba es versia popularuli. Sesabamisad, medeas tragikuli
saxe, romelic Tavadac itanjeba da Tavisi ubedurebiT CvenSic Zrwolas aRZravs, pirvelad evripides
dramaSi Camoyalibda (gordeziani 2006: 128).
Sdr. s. janaSia:
...nakls avsebs tacitusi Tavis ànalebSi~ (VI, 33-34). is dawvrilebiT saubrobs iberiis ambebze axali
welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi da afiqsirebs iberielebis azrs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb: ìsini amboben,
rom warmoiSvnen Tesalielebisagan im dros, roca iasoni, romelmac moitaca medea da Svilebi iyolia
misgan, Semdeg dabrunda aietis dacarielebul sasaxleSi umefod darCenil kolxebTan. da marTlac
iq bevri ram mowmobs mis saxelsa da friqses orakuls; aravis ar miaqvs msxverplad verZi, radganac
swamT, rom man moiyvana friqse~. ìasons hyavs medeasagn Svilebi da, sagonebelia, maTTan erTad
brundeba kolxeTSi; aietis sasaxle dacareliebulia, xolo kolxebi umefod arian, sagonebelia, rom
aieti mkvdaria. iasoni iWers mis adgils (aseTi Sexeduleba TiTqos Cans strabonTanac, XI, T. II, § 18)
(janaSia 1952: 238, 241, 242, 243).
rogorc vTqvi, àrian-qarTlis~ gageba, rogorc `kolxisisa~ da azosi, rogorc iazonis da

medeas STamomavlis anu heliosian-aietianebTan dakavSirebuli iazonianisa, logikuri asociaciaa
da misi dafiqsireba did sirTules ar warmoadgens. magram Cemamde am asociaciiT, rogorc dasmuli
sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri resursiT, aravis usargeblia.
mainc ra iyo damabrkolebeli Tanamedrove mkvlevarTaTvis, rom amoecnoT Zveli qarTveli
mwerlebis sruliad gamWvirvale azri àrian-qarTlisa~ da `kolxisis~ igiveobis Sesaxeb?
aRniSnulis erT-erTi mizezi, Cemi azriT, isaa, rom mkvlevrebi `qarTls~ aRmosavleT
saqarTvelosTan akavSireben da mis berZnul eqvivalentad miiCneven ìberias~. Sesabamisad, im
toponimis `kolxisad~ gaazreba, romelic Seicavda sityva `qarTls~, Tavidanve gamoricxuli
hqondaT. me rogorRa SevZeli tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisgan Tavis daRweva~?
am SemTxvevaSi damexmara Cems adre gamoqveynebul naSromebSi miRebuli Sedegi terminebis
`kolxisa~ da `qarTis~ da, Sesabamisad, terminebis `kolxisisa~ da `qarTlis~ igiveobis Sesaxeb.
zemoT xsenebul Cems gamokvlevebSi aRZrulia qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis sakiTxi. rogorc
gamorkveulia specialur Teoriul literaturaSi, TviTsaxelwodeba eTnikuri (agreTve, erovnuli)
jgufis Zalian mniSvnelovan markers warmoadgens. masSi aisaxeba is Tu rogor acnobiereben TavianT
erTad yofnis faqts am jgufis wevrebi anu esaa jgufad yofnis gacnobierebis gamomxatveli
mniSvnelovani markeri. gamorkveulia isic, rom eTnikur jgufebs ganviTarebisas axasiaTebT
`moqnili stabiluroba~: cvalebadobis miuxedavad jgufis gangrZobadoba droSi. zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare cvlilebebi ganviTarebaSi, pirvel rigSi, unda aisaxos TviTsaxelwodebis cvlilebaSi,
xolo Tu ganviTareba gangrZobadia, jgufis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapis Sesatyvisi es
saxelwodebanic unda iyos msgavsi da ara absoluturad gansxvavebuli. me vaCvene qarTuli Cven-
jgufis aseTi ganviTareba da TviTsaxelwodebis Sesabamis cvlilebac: qarTuli erTobis wevris
_ 265 _
mariam CxartiSvili
Tanamedrove TviTsaxelwodeba _ `qarTveli~ _ mxolod garkveuli etapidan Cndeba, kerZod, maSin,

roca eTnikur koleqtivs ewodeba `saqarTvelo~. manamde eTnikur koleqtivs ewodeboda `qarTli~
(es iyo, rogorc gairkva, ara marto toponimi, aramed eTnonimic), xolo individualur wevrs
_ `qarTi~. qarTli-koleqtivi gaiazreboda qarTebis simravled. ufro adreul etapze eTnikur
koleqtivs `qari~, xolo jgufis individualur wevrs isev `qarTi~ ewodeboda: T kuTvnilebis
mawarmoebeli sufiqsis meSveobiT xdeboda qar-koleqtivisadmi wevris mikuTvnebulobis Cveneba. am
msjelobidan amjerad mTavaria imaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rom sityva `qarTi~ Sedgeba ZiriTadi
`qar~ segmentisagan da T kuTvnilebis sufiqsisagan.
magram aseTi analizi xom cxadyofs, rom sityva `kol-x-i~ sityva `qar-T-is~ identuria: kolxs
agreTve aqvs sami asosagan Semdgari ZiriTadi `kol~ segmenti da kuTvnilebis mawarmoebeli x
sufiqsi anu orive am sityvas aqvs erTi funqciis mqone sufiqsebi (T da x), maSin roca `kol~ da
`qar~ fonetikurad erTmaneTis fardia: q da k , a da o da l da r bgerebis monacvleoba ara marto
qarTveluri enebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, aramed fonetikuri universaliaa. amgvarad, `qarTi~ da
`kolxi~ fonetikuri variaciebia (CxartiSvili 2009: 47-65).
Sesabamisad, `qarTli~ da `kolxisi~ erTi da igivea. e.i. àrian-qarTli~ es igive àrian-kolxisia~.
aRniSnuli identifikacia qmnis myar asociaciur bmas berZen wyaroebSi gamoyenebul terminTan:
Zneli araa mivxvdeT, rom qarTuli wyaros àrian-qarTli~ berZnuli wyaroebis àia-kolxisis~
fardi terminia. àia-kolxisi~ pirvelad herodotesTan gvxdeba. adrindeli avtorebi icnoben
mxolod àias~. orive sityvis erTad gamoyenebiT herodote erTmaneTisagan mijnavs legendarul da
istoriul kolxiss. herodote qveynis Zvelsa da axal saxelwodebas awvdis mkiTxvels kompozitis
pirveli nawili aiets epoqis qveynis saxelia, meore Semdegdrondel xanis (gordeziani 2014: 59). anu
aRniSnul kompozitSi àia~ `kolxisis~ sinonimia da ara atributi.
igive unda iTqvas kompozitze àrian-qarTli~: àrian~ `qarTlis~ msazRvreli ki ar unda iyos,
rogorc aqamde Tvlidnen, aramed misi sinonimia. amasTan Tu viciT ras niSnavs àia~, gvecodineba
ras niSnavs àrian~.4
amitom jer gavarkvioT ras niSnavs àia~.5
apriori mosalodnelia, rom es iyos geografiuli mxaris aRmniSvneli sityva. marTlac, Zveli
samyaros kulturul konteqstSi àia~ niSnavs erT-erT geografiul mxares, kerZod, àRmosavleTs~:
es sruliad garkveulad uweria homeross (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss.) odiseaSi anu uZvelesi ZeglSi, romelic
àias~ asaxelebs. àia~ dasturdeba ramdenjerme (homerosi X, XI, XII). odiseas mixedviT, àiaie~
mdebareobs aRmosavleTiT, iq, sadac mzis RmerTi heliosi aRmosvlas iwyebs (homerosi XII, 1-4).
aqadur RvTaebaTa panTeonSi àia~ aris deda qalRvTaeba, niSnavs ganTiads, is asocirdeba mzis
amosvlasTan. àia~ iyo SamaSis, igive utus anu mzis RmerTis meuRle. àias~ unda ukavSirdebodes
sityva àisic~ anu ganTiadi anu isev mzis semantikuri velia. qarTul sinamdvileSic mecnierebi
varaudoben mzis qalRvTaeba àias~ arsebobasav. magaliTad, samegreloSi dadasturebuli àia-JaSxa~
(anu igive àia-bJaSxa~) swored amis mauwyeblad miaCniaT. kompoziti aSkarad Sedgenilia cnebis Zveli
da axali saxelwodebebisagan: anu, erTis mxriv, sityva àiasagan~, romelic mzis dRis aRsaniSnad
ufro adre gamoiyeneboda da, meores mxriv, sityvisagan `bJaSxa~, romelic ufro gviandelia. anu
àia~ aris samzeo, mzis samyofeli adgili, mzis qveyana.
amitom vfiqrob, rom àia~ mzis amosavlis adgils anu àRmosavleTs~ niSnavs. amgvarad, kompoziti
àia-kolxisi~ unda gavSifroT rogorc àRmosavleTi-kolxisi~. am kompozitis Semadgeneli sityvebi
sinonimebia.
zemoTqmulma SeiZleba mkiTxvelis gakvirveba gamoiwvios: `kolxisi~ da àRmosavleTi“?
`kolxisi~ xom dasavleT saqarTveloa, rogor SeiZleba misi sinonimi iyos àRmosavleTi“?!
jer erTi, kolxisi ar aris mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelo. amaze araerTxel Tqmula da axla
am sakiTxs ar Sevexebi. mTavari am SemTxvevaSi sxvaa: dasavleT saqarTvelo dasavleTia aRmosavleT
saqarTvelosaTvis, magram ara saberZneTisaTvis, romlis mxridan dasavleT saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc
mTeli saqarTvelo, aris aRmosavleTi. amitom àRmosavleTi-kolxisi“aris qarTuli samyaros xedva
berZnuli poziciidan6 da, Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom `kolxisis~ sinonimad gvaqvs àRmosavleTi~.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare molodini iseTia, rom sityva àrian~, agreTve unda iyos
dakavSirebuli mzis semantikur velTan da niSnavdes àRmosavleTs~. marTlac: R/r aris Ziri
sityvisa àRmosavleTi~ anu òrienti~ (laTinuri oriens). Sdr. somxurSic mzis amosvlis Tu Tavad
mzis aRmniSvneli an mzis semantikuri velis sityvebi: արեւ (arev) _ aisi, արեւածագ (arevawag) _ mzis
amosvla, արեգակն mzis Tvali anu mze. am konteqstSi albaT zedmeti ar iqneba aRiniSnos xeTuri
panTeonis mzis qalRvTaebis samyofeli qalaqi àrinac~.
_ 266 _
amgvarad, sityva àrian~ niSnavs àRmosavleTs~ .„arian-qarTlic~ aseve unda gavSifroT, rogorc
àRmosavleTi-qarTli,~ rac igive farTod gagebuli kolxisia.
am konteqstSi sainteresoa, rom Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelo gaiazreboda aRmosavleTad
mimarTebiT bizantiasTan anu saberZneTTan, romelic iyo oikumenas dasavleTi nawili. es araerTgzis
dasturdeba XI saukunis qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaSi wm.giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi
(abulaZe 1967: 173-174, 183). am Zeglis mixedviT aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo sinonimebia. igives
aCvenebs sxva wyaroebic.
„aRmosavleTi~ iyo farTod gagebuli `qarTlis~ anu igive `kolxisis~ Zveli saxelwodeba. da es
unda yofiliyo ara marto berZnebis azri `kolxisis~ // `qarTlis~ Sesaxeb, aramed Tavad am qveynis
mmarTveli elitis da mosaxleobis azric. qveyanas, romelsac, iTvleboda, rom mzis Svili marTavda,
sxvagvarad rogor gaiazrebdnen Tu ara rogorc àRmosavleTs~ anu amomavali mzis qveyanas.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, irkveva, rom Sua saukuneebSi qarTvel istorikosebi qarTvelTa
eTnikur fesvebs, iseve rogorc politikuri istoriis dasawyiss, aietis kolxisSi eZiebdnen.
kolxisisaTvis ki maT termini `qarTli~ igive àrian-qarTli~ hqondaT.
moqcevai qarTlisais monacemi aCvenebs Zveli qarTvelebis istoriuli maxsovrobaSi kolxisis
xatis arsebobas da, Sesabamisad, qarTuli identobis gangrZobadobas mokidebuli aietis epoqidan.
aRniSnuli faqts sxva wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze aqamdec varaudobdnen specialistebi, magram
winamdebare gamokvlevis Sedegi mniSvnelovani imiTaa, rom irkveva: is dasturdeba Zveli qarTuli
istoriografiuli Zeglis meSveobiT.
rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi adgili hqonda istoriografiul pluralizms
iseT fundamentur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dasawyisi.
pirveli teqstis anu moqcevai qarTlisais mixedviT, arsebobs memkvidreobiToba aietis kolxissa da
mcxeTaSi centris mqone qarTul saxelmwifobriobas Soris. es ukanaskneli Tvisebriv axali ram ar
aris qarTvelTa istoriaSi. meore teqstis anu qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, es memkvidreobiToba
Tumc TiTqos garkveulad ikiTxeba striqonebs miRma, mainc farnavazis samefo sruliad axali
fenomenad aris warmoCenili rogorc politikuri, ise kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. am viTarebis
erTi paradoqsi isaa, rom orive es urTierTgamomricxavi azri Tanaarsebobs Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi da meore teqstis didi emociuri muxtis mqone narativi dinastiis damfuZnebel
mzeWabuk farnavazze, sruladac ver axSobs pirveli teqstis azrs qarTuli samefo saxlis
aietianuri sawyisis Sesaxeb. gansxvavebul TvalsazrisTa Tanaarsebobis mizezi, Cemi azriT, unda
iyos meore paradoqsi: miuxedavad urTierTgamomricxveli informaciisa, orive es Sexeduleba
sworia: farnavazis samefo aietis samefos gagrZelebac iyo da sruliad axali etapic qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis da identobis istoriaSi.
SeniSvnebi
1
Cems sxvadasxva naSromSi, magaliTad, mefe farsman qvelis, mefe mirianis, stefanos pirvelis qarTlis
erismTavris Sesaxeb dasaxelebuli wyaroebSi daculi cnobebis SedarebiT analizs vatareb: (CxartiSvili
1994: 84-104); (CxartiSvili 1996: 22-23); (CxartiSvili 2009a: 88-117)
2
am CamonaTvals araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs sisrulis pretenzia. aq vasaxeleb mxolod ramdenime bolo-
droindel naSroms. yvela es naSromi gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss warmoadgens CvenTvis saintereso sakiTx-
ebze. maTi dasaxeleba imitomac mimaCnia am SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilad, rom avtorTa umetesoba gvawvdis
istoriografiul SeniSvnebs da dainteresebul mkiTxvels maTi meSveobiT iolad SeeZleba sakiTxis kvlevis
istoriis Sesaxeb met-naklebi sisrulis warmodgenis Seqmna. Tavad me statiis formis mqone gamokvlevis
SezRuduli moculobis gamo istoriografiuli mimoxilvis warmodgenis saSualeba amjerad ar maqvs.
3
rogorc cnobilia, Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi `kolxeTi~ ar ixsenieba. is axlad Seqmnili terminia.
amitom vamjobine berZnuli formis `kolxisis~ danarCuneba. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTi aviRe profesor
r.gordezianisagan, romelic iyenebs berZnul wyaroebSi kolxeTisaTvis gamoyenebul sxva formas: `kolxidas~.
ai, amasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevris SeniSvna: `Cven ganzrax varidebT Tavs gviandeli da xelovnurad
nawarmoebi terminis kolxeTis gamoyenebas kolxTa qveynis aRsaniSnavad da Segnebulad vxmarobT kolxida
formas, romelSic berZnuli fuZis -id sufiqsaluri elementia SenarCunebuli~ (gordeziani 2006: 53).
4
g. meliqiSvilis azriT, àrian~ niSnavs irans. anu àrian-qarTli~ es igivea, rac iranis qarTli. am Sexedulebas
dRes mravali mecnieri iziarebs. am terminis sxvadasxva gaazrebis magaliTad ix. agreTve (jafariZe); (s.rapi
2014: 121-124).
_ 267 _
mariam CxartiSvili
5
samecniero literaturaSi àias~ etimologiis Sesaxeb samecniero TvalsazrisebisaTvis ix. (gordeziani 2014).
6
ara maincdamainc berZnebismieri, aramed esaa xedva berZnebis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
damowmebani
abulaZe 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni 1. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada
avtorTa koleqtivma ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tbilisi, mecniereba.
abulaZe 1967: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi gamocemuli i.bulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa
da redaqciiT, wigni II (XI –XV saukuneebi), Tbilisi, mecniereba.
abulaZe 1971: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni mesame. (metafrasuli redaqciebi
meTerTmete-mecamete saukuneebi). dasabeWdad moamzada avtorTa koleqtivma ilia abulaZis
xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tbilisi, mecniereba.
gordeziani 1993: r. gordeziani. qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis problema, Tbilisi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba.
gordeziani 2006: argonavtebi. Txroba da komentarebi r. gordezianisa. meore gamocema, logosi.
gordeziani 2014: aia wignSi antikuri kavkasia. enciklopedia, II, 1, Tbilisi: logosi.
mamulia 1979: g. mamulia. klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi. Tbilisi,
mecniereba.
nikoloziSvili 2006: n. nikoloziSvili. qarTli elinizmisa da qristianobis saTaveebTan `moqcevai
qarTlisaisa~ da `qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT: istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero
xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili disertacia, Tbilisi.
rapi 2014: S.Rapp. The Sassanian World through Georgian Eyes. Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Anique
Georgian Literature. Ashgate Publishing Company.
sanaZe 2001: m. sanaZe. `qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelos istoriis uZvelesi periodi (qarTlisodan
mirianamde), Tbilisi, saqarTvelos macne.
qavTaraZe 2009: g. qavTaraZe. àrian-qarTlis~ sakiTxisaTvis. — istoriisa da eTnologiis Sromebi, IX.
yauxCiSvili 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis
mier, t.1,Tbilisi, saxelgami.
CxartiSvili 1994: ix. m. CxartiSvili. `martvilobai da moTminebai wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisai~. `cxovrebai
da moqalaqobai wmidisa serapion zarzmelisai~ (wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva). Tbilisi, mecniereba.
CxartiSvili 1996: m. CxartiSvili. `moqcevai qarTlisai~ da I-II ss qarTlis politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi.
samecniero sesia `werilobiTi istoriuli wyaroebis Seswavlis da gamocemis aqtualuri sakiTxebi~
(siRnaRi, 9-11 maisi, 1996). moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. Tbilisi, Tsu.
CxartiSvili 1987: m. CxartiSvili. qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis problemebi („cxorebai
wmidisa ninoisi~). Tbilisi, mecniereba.
CxartiSvili 1980: m. CxartiSvili. metafrasi `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ `qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~ redaqciis
Sesaxeb. sma macne (seria: istoria, arqeologia, eTnografia da xelovnebis istoria), #4.
CxartiSvili 2009a: m. CxartiSvili. qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi, Tbilisi, universali.
CxartiSvili 2009b: m. CxartiSvili. saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan. Tbilisi, universali.
wulukiZe 2010: n. wulukiZe. arian qarTlidan mosulni. baTumi: SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba.
xazaraZe 2001: n. xazaraZe. leonti mroveli da arian-qarTlis lokalizaciis sakiTxi.- wignSi: Dedicaio.istoriul-
filologiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba.
janaSia 1952: s. janaSia. kavkasieli eTnarq-eponimebis antikuri sqema. Sromebi, II, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba.
jafariZe: mitropoliti anania. arian-qarTli. sityva `qarTvelis~ etimologia, veb-gverdi Cveni saunje. htp://
saunj e.ge/i ndex.php?opi on=com_content&i d=1092%3A qq &cai d=1%3A2010 01 24 19 54 07&l ang=r u
_ 268 _
DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIAN HISTORICAL THOUGHT IN MIDDLE AGES:

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCES ON ESTABLISHMENT OF KARTLI KINGDOM
The monument of old Georgian historiography “Conversion of Kartli~ menions the country under the name
Arian-Kartli. According to this source the son of a King of Arian-Kartli Azo was irst King of Eastern Georgian
Kingdom with the poliical center in Mtskheta. He occupied the throne being supported by Alexander the Great.
There is no consensus among the scholars concerning the ideniicaion of the poliical and geographical reality
to which the term Arian-Kartli was referred.
Grounded on a close analysis of sources and results of my previous invesigaions assering sameness of
Kartli and Colchis, I provide novel conclusions on Azo and Arian-Kairtli. In paricular, there is argued that Arian-
Kartli is equivalent of, Aia-Colchis menioned by Greek writers. The later consists of two synonymous words: Aia
and Colchis. Aia was ancient designaion of Colchis. In anique cultures this word was referred to Dawn and Sun
rising, i.e. phenomena associated exclusively with East. Thus, East/Colchis was the meaning of Aia-Colchis. It is
expected that term Arian too had the same meaning. Indeed in Georgian as well as in many other languages
(Lain, Armenian, etc.) root r(rh) creates basis for words which are associated with the semanic ield of the word
East/Oriens.
Thus, Arian-Kartli means East/Kartli. And it is nothing but Georgian designaion of Colchis (//Aia-Colchis).
Azo is a family name of Jazonides, i.e. descendants of Colchian King Aiete’s daughter Medea and her husband
Jazon. Of course, it is not accident at all, that just the person with the dynasic legend linking him with Aieides’
dynasty accompanied Alexander the Great in his Caucasian campaign.
The facts obtained by me are evident and logical and lie on the surface; therefore is astonishing enough that
it was not noiced by scholars earlier. Perhaps, the reason of this was an established view on ideniicaion Kartli
of Georgian sources with Iberia of Greek sources and associaion of Colchis solely with Western Georgia. The term
Colchis covered not only Western Georgia, but territories in Eastern Georgia too. Actually, in certain periods by
Colchis was designated whole Georgia. However, for the present invesigaion maters not this fact, but another
one: Western Georgia as well as Georgia in general might be perceived as Orient regarding to Greece represening
Occident.
_ 269 _
(sainformacio-diplomatiuri wyaroebis literaturuli pirvelsaxe)
nawili pirveli
vladimer WeliZe
qarTuli sakaro literatura, kerZod, saistorio proza, sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT

TandaTanobiT iqmneboda („aRiwereboda JamiTi Jamad~). es xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani istoriul-
literaturuli procesi Tanmimdevruladaa asaxuli Zvel qarTul saistorio TxzulebebSi
(moqcevaY qarTlisaY da leonti mrovelis mefeTa cxovreba).
swored aRniSnulma werilobiTma Zeglebma Semogvinaxes umniSvnelovanesi sainformacio-
diplomatiuri wyaroebi.
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi am wyaroebma arsebiTi xasiaTis teqstobrivi, kerZod, rogorc
grafikuli, ise azrobrivi, saxecvlilebebi ganicada.
garda amisa, Semdgom, damatebiTi cvlilebebi ganapiroba saistorio krebulebis Tematur-
kompoziciurma wyobam, kerZod, sxva wyaroebTan Serwymam da gaerTianebam.
am cvlilebebma, Tanadrouli epoqis istoriul realiebTan mimarTebiT, sxvadasxva xasiaTis
gaugebroba da Seusabamoba ganapiroba. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia amave wyaroebis litera-
turuli pirvelsaxis1 dadgena, xolo amis safuZvelze qarTuli saistorio prozis adreuli peri-
odis literaturuli modelis miaxloebiTi sisruliTa da sizustiT aRdgena (WeliZe 2002: 53-56).
Tavis mxriv, pirvelsaxis dadgena SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi periodis ucxour (berZnul-romaul
da somxur) saistorio Txzulebebsa da epigrafikul ZeglebTan paralelebis daZebniT, maTi
erTmaneTis TanmimdevrobiT SeswavliTa da calkeuli monacemebis detaluri kvleva-ZiebiT.
aRniSnuli garemoeba mogvcems saSualebas garkveulwilad sworad gavigoT da gaviazroT am
epoqaSi mimdinare istoriul-diplomatiuri da literaturul-kulturuli procesebi.
garda amisa, mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli procesebis erTiani da mTliani suraTis metnaklebad
srulad warmoCena, risTvisac Tavdapirvelad unda Catardes saistorio wyaroebis filologiur-
teqstologiuri Seswavla da aucilebelia ganisazRvros am mimarTulebiT warmarTuli kvleva-
Ziebis parametrebi. kerZod, teqstis dasadgenad mniSvnelovania aramarto teqstobrivi niuansebis
da Taviseburebebis, aramed gansaxilveli periodis ideologiuri qveteqstebisa da istoriuli
konteqstebis gaTvaliswineba.
am saxis kvleva-Ziebebis Sedegad dadgenili teqstis analizi momdevno etapze SesaZlebelia
gagrZeldes istoriul-literaturuli da istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi mimarTulebebiT.
ra Tqma unda, kvleva-Zieba gagrZeldeba sainformacio-diplomatiuri mimarTulebebiTac,
radgan es wyaroebi paralelurad gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo informaciasa da arsebiTi xasiaTis
miniSnebebs gvawvdis Tanadrouli epoqis qarTuli saxelmwifos rogorc saSinao mdgomareobis, ise
sagareo orientirebis Sesaxeb.
saistorio wyaroebis pirvelsaxis aRsadgenad saWiroa ganvixiloT moqcevaY qarTlisaY, radgan
àdreuli, safiqrebelia, Tavdapirveli, etapi dafiqsirebulia~ (CxartiSvili 2009: 7) swored am
ZeglSi.
aRniSnuli Txzulebis sawyis monakveTSi mocemulia winaqristianuli xanis qarTlis samefos
mokle aRweriloba qarTvel mefeTa rigiTi Tanamimdevrobis mixedviT (nikoloziSvili 2008: 20-24).
Tavidanve SesamCnevia is garemoeba, rom mefeTa sias („ese ocdarvani mefeni~) erTi mefis saxeli
aklia, radgan rigiTi CamonaTvalis mixedviT mxolod ocdaSvidia („kz~) miTiTebuli.
gamorCenili mefis saxelis Sesabamis adgilze aRsadgenad miznSewonilia aTvla bolodan
daviwyoT, ris Sedegad Radam mefe rigiT mecxramete („iT’) gaxdeba. am SemTxvevaSi teqstis momdevno
monakveTis („da dRe k~) `k~ aso-niSani konteqstis mixedviT gulisxmobs ara misi mefobis ocdRian
periods2, aramed imas miuTiTebs, rom momdevno mefe rigiT meocea, rac teqstobrivi gaugebrobis
gasworebisa da dazustebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. kerZod, gansaxilveli monakveTis fraza („da
dRe~) azrobrivad ar ukavSirdeba amave teqstis wina nawils. es fraza aso-bgeraTa damsgavsebiT
ganpirobebuli azrobrivi da grafikuli saxecvlilebaa gamefebis mniSvnelobis mqone sityva-
_ 270 _
terminisa `d a d g a~, romelic gvxvdeba mefeTa siis dasawyisSi: `da Semdgomad misa d a d g a
farnavaz~; `da Semdgomad misa d a d g a mefed saurmag~ (nikoloziSvili 2008: 22). saistorio
teqstis literaturul pirvelwyaroSi, savaraudod, iqneboda fraza − `dadga mefed~, romelsac
Semdgom metwilad Caenacvla sxva, terminologiurad igive mniSvnelobis mqone sityva − `mefobda~.
Tavis mxriv, mefeTa cxovreba pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom adam (Radam) `sam wel oden mefobda~
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 29). leonti mrovelis saistorio TxzulebaSi miniSnebac ki ar aris oc dReze.
amdenad, saistorio teqstis am monakveTSia saZiebeli gamorCenili da ucnobi, rigiT meoce
mefis saxeli. amave dros, ucnobia a z o s mamis, arian-qarTlis mefis saxelic. maTi vinaobis
dasadgenad saWiroa gairkves, konkretulad ra garemoebebma ganapiroba es teqstobrivi uzustobebi
da gaugebrobebi.
moqcevaY qarTlisaY iwyeba aleqsandre makedonelis kavkasiaSi laSqrobebis epizodiT, rac,
istoriuli konteqstidan gamomdinare, anaqronizmia, radgan mas aq, rogorc cnobilia, brZolebi
ar warumarTavs. am epizodis pirvelwyaroa qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli
fsevdo-kalisTenes romani aleqsandriani. 3
garda amisa, gansaxilvel TxzulebaSi, rogorc qarTuli saeklesio-sasuliero mwerlobis Ze-
glSi, bunebrivia, CarTulia bibliur-qristianuli literaturuli tradiciis amsaxveli calkeuli
frazebi, rac garkveuli ideologiuri xasiaTis qveteqstebis Semcvelia. kerZod, aq, teqstis da-
sawyisSive, gvxdeba bibliuri frazebi: `naTesavni igi l o T i s S v i l T a n i wariqcina da SeaPadna
igini k e d a r s a mas queyanasa~; ì e b o s e l T a naTesavni iyvnes~ (nikoloziSvili 2008: 20).
amave epizodis Sesabamis monakveTebSi mefeTa cxovreba teqstobrivad gansxvavebulia:
aman aleqsandre daipyrna yovelni k i d e n i queyanisani. ese gamovida dasavliT, da Sevida samPriT,
Semovida CrdiloT, gardamovlna kavkasni da movida qarTlad. da povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes
y o v e l T a naTesavTa sjuliTa; ara r o m e l n i naTesavni (yauxCiSvili 1955: 11).
es sxvaobebi miuTiTebs, rom TxzulebaSi moqcevaY qarTlisaY mxolod ideologiuri

mizandasaxulebiTaa ganpirobebuli bibliuri frazebis CarTva.
garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia gansaxilveli epizodis pirvelive winadadebis erTi mokle monakveTi:
ìxilna naTesavni sastikni b u n - T u r q n i~ (nikoloziSvili 2008: 20), romlisgan gansxvavebiT,
leonti mrovelis saistorio Txzulebis Sesabamisi teqsti vrceli da azrobrivad dasrulebulia:
ìxilna ra ese naTesavni sastikni w a r m a r T n i, romelTa-igi Cuen b u n T u r q a d da
y i v C a y a d 4 uwodT~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 11).
Txzulebis moqcevaY qarTlisaY teqstis Sekveca ganapirobebulia qronikis Janris specifikidan
gamomdinare, riTac aRniSnulma monakveTma azrobrivad mTlianad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZina. es epizodi garkveuli ideologiuri qveteqstis Semcvelia. qarTul saistorio Txzulebebis
avtorTa mier moTxrobili istoriul-legendaruli ambavis mixedviT qarTlSi salaSqrod Semosul
aleqsandre makedonels ebrZvian adgilobrivi `warmarTni~, romlebic, Tanadrouli qristianuli
epoqis istoriuli konteqstis mixedviT, TavianTi bunebidan da xasiaTidan gamomdinare aRqmulia
`bunTurqTa~, `loTis SvilTa~ da ìeboselTa~, rogorc `naTesavTa sjuliTa~ msgavsni.
aqedan gamomdinare, bunTurqTa5 qarTlSi mkvidrobis ambavic, istoriuli konteqstis mixedviT,
ra Tqma unda, anaqronizmia.
ucnobi mefis, kerZod, azos mamis vinaobis dasadgenad gasarkvevia àrian-qarTlis~ sakiTxi.6
Tavis droze, gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom sityva-termini àrian~ bibliur-apokrifuli Janris
literaturuli tradiciis amsaxvelia (TayaiSvili 1948: 624-626). aRniSnuli mosazreba bolo
periodis kvleva-ZiebiTac dadasturda (qavTaraZe 2009: 29-55).
rogorc Cans, es sityvac ideologiuri qveteqstis Semcveli da, Txzulebis dasawyisi monakveTis
ganxiluli SemTxvevebis msgavsad, anaqronizmia.
anonimis TxzulebaSi ninos cxovreba fraza àrian-qarTli~ Senacvlebuli sityvaTa wyobiTaa
warmodgenili: `warvida q a r T l a d a r i a n mamisa TKsisa~ (abulaZe 1971: 80). anonimis mixedviT
àrian~ ara qveynis, aramed am qveynis mefis saxelia.
leonti mrovelis saistorio Txzulebis Sesabamis epizodSi aseve ara qveynis, aramed am qveynis
mefis saxeli gvxvdeba, magram aq àrian~ Canacvlebulia msgavsi saxeliT ìaredos~: `da dauteva ...
azon, Ze i a r e d o s i s i~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 12).
miuxedavad am sxvaobisa da saxecvlilebebisa, orive saxeli („arian~ da ìaredos~) msgavsia
qarTlis mefeTa siis saxelisa `mirvan~.
_ 271 _
vladimer WeliZe
mefis Zis saxeli àzo~ ki, Tavis mxriv, rogorc es garkveulia, msgavsi, oRond grafikulad
Sekvecilia, aRniSnuli siis ormefobis xanis mesame wyvilis erT-erTi Tana-mefis saxelisa àzork“7
(qavTaraZe 2006: 56).
aso-niSanTa gadasmisa da damsgavsebis Sedegad grafikulad dazianebulia leonti mrovelis
TxzulebaSi SemorCenili es saxelic („azork~), romlis Sesabamisia mefeTa siis (moqcevaY qarTlisaY)
− àrsok~.
rogorc Cans, ucnobi mefis saxelia m i r v a n (arian, iaredos) da misi Zis a r s o k (azo{rk},
azon). qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis (moqcevaY qarTlisaY da mefeTa cxovreba) mixedviT m i r v a n
da a r s o k samSvildis erisTavTa saxelebia (WeliZe 1999: 153-163). am saxelTa msgavseba imaze miu-
TiTebs, rom dinastiurad samSvildis erisTavebi mirvan mefisa da misi Zis arsokis STamomavlebi
arian, rasac, bunebrivia, isic adasturebs, rom qarTlis mefeTa siaSi isini farnavazianTa da egri-
sis erisTavTa paralelurad gvxdebian.
savaraudod, àrsok~ saxelis gavrceleba parTiaSi arSakiduli dinastiis gamefebis Semdgom
moxdeboda (daaxloebiT Zv. w. 250), rac, Sesabamisad, adgens qarTlis samefos Seqmnis zeda qro-
nologiuri zRvars.
garda amisa, SesaZlebelia, qveda qronologiuri zRvaris garkvevac.
maSin movides naTesavni mbrZolni, − gadmogvcems moqcevaY qarTlisaY, − qaldevelTagan gamosxmulni,

h o n n i, da iTxoves bun-TurqTa uflisagan queyanaY xarkiTa da dasxdes igini zanavs. da epyra igi,
romel xarkiTa aqunda, hrqKan mas xerki (nikoloziSvili 2008: 20).
garkveulwilad gansxvavebulia mefeTa cxovreba, sadac, Sesabamis monakveTSi, saerTod ar

aris moxseniebuli `honni~: `kualad gamovides sxuani naTesavni qaldevelni, da daeSennes igini-ca
qarTls~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 11).
magram dasmul sakiTxSi garkveuli koreqtivi Seaqvs saistorio Txzulebis wina Tavis erT
monakveTs, romelSic SedarebiT vrclad aris gadmocemuli am epizodis Sesabamisi meore nawili:
maSin nabuqodonosor mefeman warmostyuena ierusalemi, da muniT otebulni u r i a n i movides

qarTls, da moiTxoves mcxeTelTa mamasaxlisisagan queyana xarkiTa. misca da dasxna aragusa zeda,
wyarosa, romelsa hqKan zanavi. da romeli queyana aqunda maT xarkiTa, aw hqKan xerk xarkisa misTKs
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 10).
„qaldevelni~ aq Canacvlebulia Zv. w. VI saukunis babilonis cnobili mefis saxeliT `nab-

uqodonosor~, rac, sxva aseTive ideologiuri xasiaTis cvlilebebis msgavsad, leonti mrovelis
mier ganxorcielebulia Tavisi epoqis saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan da mizandasaxulebidan ga-
momdinare. kerZod, man originalur literaturul wyaroSi, rogorc es missave TxzulebaSia aR-
niSnuli, CaurTo epizodebi ucxouri (sparsuli − „cxovreba sparsTa~, berZnuli − `cxovreba berZ-
enTa~, somxuri − `cxovreba somexTa~) saistorio Txzulebebidan, romlebic qarTlis istoriasTan
mimarTebaSi anaqronistulia da, amdenad, istoriul sinamdvilesaa moklebuli. amgvari Seusabamoba
erTi SexedviTac vlindeba, roca Txzulebis avtori cdilobs qarTlis cxovrebis misadagebas
msoflio istoriisadmi (sxvadasxva istoriul movlenas leonti mroveli sazRvravs nabuqodono-
soris, aleqsandre makedonelis, parTiis samefos daarsebisa da arSakidebis dinastiis mefobiT,
somxeTSi arSakis gamefebiT, qarTlSi farnavazianTa garda ucxo qveynebis samefo dinastiebis _
nebroTianTa, arSakunianTa, xosroianTa warmomadgenlebis moRvaweobiT da sxva). es garemoeba mxed-
velobaSi unda gvqondes, roca leonti mrovelis Txzulebas vecnobiT (WeliZe 2005: 51).
amave dros, im gadmocemis mixedviT („uriani movides qarTls“8), romelsac mefeTa cxovreba
gvawvdis, `honni~ (moqcevaY qarTlisaY) teqstobrivad unda gaswordes, rogorc − `h{uria}ni~.
aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia qveda qronologiuri zRvaris dadgena.
gansaxilveli Txzulebis (moqcevaY qarTlisaY) erT-erT (WeliSur) redaqciaSi arsebuli
saTariRo monacemebis safuZvelze garkveulia, rom qarTlSi ebraelTa pirvelad mosvla da
damkvidreba Zv. w. 169 wels moxda9 (meliqiSvili 1978: 61).
amis Sesabamisad, savaraudoa, rom swored am wels movidnen qarTlSi `qaldevelTagan gamos-
xmulni h {u r i a} n i~.
es ebraelTa am qveyanaSi mosvlis pirveli etapia.
mefeTa siis mixedviT, aRniSnuli periodidan dawyebuli qarTlSi ramdenime Taoba Seicvala
(moqcevaY qarTlisaY) da ormefobis xanis pirveli wyvilis, qarZam-bratmanis mefobis drosac −
`h u r i a n i movides mcxeTas~10 (nikoloziSvili 2008: 22).
_ 272 _
qarZami, movses xorenacis mixedviT, somxeTis mefeebis tigran meorisa (Zv. w. 95-55 ww) da misi
Zis artavazdis (Zv. w. 55-34 ww) Tanamedrovea. rogorc cnobilia, swored aRniSnul xanebSi, kerZod,
Zv. w. 63 wels, romaelTa sardali pompeusi siriidan daiZra palestinisaken, daipyro iudeis
samefo da igi romis provinciad gadaaqcia. am dros iudeaSi mimdinareobda dinastiuri brZola
samefo taxtisaTvis or Zmas hirkansa da aristobules Soris. hirkans mxars uWerdnen farisevlebi,
xolo aristobules − sadukevlebi. pompeusi miemxro hirkans. aristobule Seipyres, xolo qveynis
SigniT daiwyo sadukevelTa devna. safiqrebelia, moqcevaYs cnoba imas migvaniSnebs, rom mcxeTaSi
movidnen damarcxebul sadukevelTa seqtis warmomadgenlebi, romelTac samSobloSi ukve aRar
daedgomebodaT. ganxiluli faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom qarTuli wyaroebis monacemebi realuri
istoriuli viTarebis amsaxvelia, rac sxva qornologiur mimarTebaTa dadgenas Seuwyobs xels
(WeliZe 1999: 155).
amdenad, ebraelTa qarTlSi mosvlis momdevno, kerZod, meore etapi ormefobis dasawyisTan,
kerZod, Zv. w. 63 wlis ambebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli saistorio pirvelwyaros pirvel epizodSi aRwerili dro,11 zeda
da qveda zRvaris dadgenis (daaxloebiT Zv. w. 250-169 wlebi) Semdeg, arsebuli mosazrebebisgan
gansxvavebiT, zogadad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT Zv. w. III saukunis bolo da II saukunis dasawyisi
periodiT.
garda amisa, damatebiTi wyaroebis moZiebiT SesaZlebelia rogorc aRniSnuli saTariRo
monacemebis dadastureba, ise Tanadrouli epoqis istoriuli realiebis dazusteba da dakonkreteba.
amisaTvis, kerZod, gasarkvevia mefis mirvanisa da misi Zis arsokis periodis sxva istoriuli pirebis,
kerZod, `bun-TurqTa u f l i s~ (moqcevaY qarTlisaY), igive `mcxeTis m a m a s a x l i s i s~ (mefeTa
cxovreba) vinaoba.
moqcevaY qarTlisaY damatebiT raime konkretul monacems `bun-TurqTa uflis~ (rogorc
dadginda, maTSi qarTlis `warmarTni~ igulisxmeba) vinaobis dasadgenad ar gvawvdis.
am mxriv, metad mniSvnelovania saistorio gadmocema mcxeTis mamasaxlisis samarasa da
gansakuTrebiT misi Zmiswulis farnavazis Sesaxeb (mefeTa cxovreba). kerZod, gasarkvevia aRniSnuli
socialuri terminis („mcxeTis mamasaxlisi~) warmomavlobis sakiTxi.
mcxeTis,12 rogorc cixe-qalaqis mSenebloba mefeTa ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda
da, bunebrivia, am mSeneblobis dasrulebamde verc es termini ver Seiqmneboda:
xolo ese azoY ... dajda Zuel mcxeTas; farnavaz ... aRmarTa kerpi didi cxK[r]sa zeda, da dasdva
saxeli misi armazi. da moqmna zRude wyliT kerZo, da hrqKan armaz; saurmag ... iwyo armazs SHnebad;
mirvan ... aRaSena armazi; farnajob ... aRaSena [cixH]’; ars(ok) ... qalaqsa zRudeni moaqmnna; arik ...
Sidacixe aRaSena armazsa; bratman, romelsa ze mcxeTas qalaqi daewyo; mirean ... aRaSena mcxeTaY
qalaqi (nikoloziSvili 2008: 22).
xolo meore sityva-terminis („mamasaxlisi~) nacvlad aq gvxdeba sxva socialuri termini −

s a x l n i m a m a - m Z u Z e T a n i. teqstSi aRniSnuli termini mravlobiT ricxvSia, rac
ganpirobebulia wina ricxviTi sityviT („aTni~), romelic, savaraudod, raodenobis aRmniSvneli
sxva terminis nawilia da, Sesabamisad, teqstis Sekvecis gamoa meqanikurad mierTebuli gansaxilvel
terminze. iseve, rogorc termini `m a m a s a x l i s i~, isic saistorio pirvelwyaroSi warmodgenili
iqneboda mxolobiT ricxvSi − `s a x l i m a m a - m Z u Z i s a~.
aRniSnuli socialuri terminebis („saxli mama-mZuZisa~ da `mamasaxlisi~) Sedareba gviCvenebs
terminologiuri saxecvlilebis teqstobriv safuZvels. kerZod, ori sityvis („saxli~ da `mama~)
adgilebis gadanacvleba-gadasmiTa da erTsityvad SerwymiT leonti mrovelma Seqmna sxva,
grafikulad da azrobrivad msgavsi termini („mamasaxlisi~). terminis meore nawilis momdevno
erTi sityvis („mZuZe~) teqstobriv-grafikulma saxecvlilebam (aso-niSamTa gadasmam), Tavis mxriv,
ganapiroba grafikulad msgavsi, magram azrobrivad gansxvavebuli da orsityviani terminis („Zmis
Ze~) Seqmna. leonti mrovelis TxzulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma istoriuli ambis Txrobis epikurma
maneram ganapiroba amgvari da sxva msgavsi teqstobrivi da siuJetur-kompoziciuri xasiaTis
saxecvlilebebi, kerZod, calkeuli epizodebisa da sitya-terminebis CarTva, gadasma-gadanacvleba
da Serwyma-gaerTianeba, ris Sedegadac, am Txzulebis teqsti garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba savaraudo
pirvelwyarosagan.
qarTlis samefos Seqmnis realiebis aRwerisas leonti mrovelma swored sxvadasxva teqstob-
riv-terminologiuri saxecvlilebebisa da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi gamonagonis mixedviT SeTxza
_ 273 _
vladimer WeliZe
epikuri stiliT moTxrobili da gadmocemuli metad saintereso, dramatuli istoriul-litera-

turuli legenda, kerZod, mcxeTis mamasaxlisis samarasa da misi Zmiswulis farnavazis ambavi.
am gadmocemis mixedviT cnobili iyo mxolod farnavazis biZis saxeli („samara~), xolo mamisa ki
ara, rac ambis Txrobis konteqstidan gamomdinare garkveul gaugebrobas badebda. magram arsebuli
teqstobriv-terminologiuri saxecvlilebebis dadgenisa da dazustebis Semdeg gasagebia is
garemoebebi, ramac rogorc aRniSnuli, ise sxva saxis gaugebrobebi da istoriuli anaqronizmebi
ganapiroba.
aRniSnuli saxeli („samara~), romelic qarTlis mefeTa dinastiuri, kerZod farnavazis Zis
saxelis („saurmag~) msgavsia, aSkarad Sekvecili da grafikulad dazianebulia (gadasmulia aso-
niSnebi). saistorio pirvelwyaroSi misi saxelic, bunebrivia, iqneboda s a u r m a g.
ganxiluli monacemebis mixedviT, `saurmag mamamZuZe~, savaraudod, farnavazis mamaa da ara
biZa. xolo `samara mamasaxlisi~ ara istoriuli piri, aramed leonti mrovelis mier gamogonili
literaturuli personaJia.
amdenad, mesame istoriuli piris vinaobac garkveulia, romlis Sesaxeb monacemebs gvawvdis
rogorc moqcevaY qarTlisaY, ise metafrasul redaqciebi − arsen beris ninos cxovreba da anonimis
ninos cxovreba:
xolo ese azoY warvida ar[i]an-qarTlad, mamisa TKsisa da warmoiyvana r v a Y saxli da a T n i

saxlni m a m a-m Z u Z e T a n i, da dajda Zuel mcxeTas da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad — gaci da ga
(nikoloziSvili 2008: 22);
xolo ese azove warvida arian qarTlad mamisa TKsisa da warmoiyvana muniT a T a s i saxli m d a b i o Y
da m o q a l a q e dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT da kualad aTi saxli m T a v a r T a g a n p a l a t i s a T a
dedebiT da yrmebiTurT maTiT, da maT Tana hyves kerpni RmrTad (abulaZe 1971: 47).
maSin azoel warvida q a r T l a d a r i a n mamisa TKsisa da warmoiyvana muniT a T a s i saxli

m d a b i o Y (u f l i s a C), da kualad aTi saxli m T a v a r T a g a n da yovliT dedawuliT maTiT
moiyvanna da daaSena qarTls da Tana hyves kerpni maTni RmrTad (abulaZe 1971: 80).
am monacemebis mixedviT s a x l i s a u r m a g m a m a m Z u Z i s a qarTlis samefo wres („saxli

mTavarTagan palatisaTa~, `saxli mTavarTagan~) ganekuTvneba. aqedan gamomdinare, gansaxilveli
teqstis Sesabamisi monakveTis pirvelsaxe, savaraudod, amgvarad unda aRdges: `warmoiyvana ... saxli
mama-mZuZisa, mTavarTagan palatisaTa~.
im monacemebis mixedviT, romelsac moqcevaY qarTlisaY, arsen berisa da anonimis metafrasuli
Txzulebebi gvawvdis, irkveva, rom mirvan-arsok da saurmag-farnavaz (azo-farnavazis Sesaxeb
leonti mrovelis saistorio gadmocemisagan gansxvavebiT) erTmaneTis Tanamedrove da, rac
mTavaria, Tanamdgomni arian, rogorc am qveynis samefo wris wevrebi, da saxelmwifo interesebis
dasacavad erTad ibrZvian ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg.
garda amisa, qarTuli saistorio wyaroebSi, Sesabamisad, aRwerilia adreuli periodis
aRmosavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinare sabrZolo procesebis mimarTuleba da
geografiuli mdebareoba. orive saistorio Txzulebis mixedviT brZola mimdinareobs mtkvris
saTavidan dawyebuli mdinaris xeobis gaswvriv (moqcevaY qarTlisaY − oZrxedan sarkine-qalaqamde,
mefeTa cxovreba − wundidan kaxeTis qalaqebamde).
qveynis samxreTiT mimdinare es sagareo samxedro agresia teritoriulad mxolod mezobel
somxur saxelmwifos SeeZlo ganexorcielebina,13 rasac pirdapir adasturebs qalaq wundis Sesaxeb
arsebuli saistorio gadmocema (mefeTa cxovreba), romelic leonti mrovelis Txzulebis
sxvadasxva monakveTSi gvxvdeba:
aman javaxos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqni: wunda da qalaqi artanisa, romelsa maSin erqua qajTa qalaqi,
xolo aw hqKn huri; da ese yovelni Sekribna farnavaz da miegeba naqalaqevsa Tana artanisasa, romelsa
erqua maSin qajTa qalaqi, romel ars huri; maSin mefe iqmna somxiTs didi igi mefe iarvand. ... da
mouRo sazRvarsa qarTlisasa qalaqi wunda da artani mtkuramde da dasxna wundas Sina kacni mPecni,
naTesavni devTani, da uwoda wundasa saxelad qajatuni, romeli-ese iTargamnebis devTa-saxlad
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 6, 16, 27).
am monakveTebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom pirvel epizods, romelic Txzulebis meore Tavis
_ 274 _
qarTlis eTnarq-eponimebis Sesaxeb leonti mrovelis mier SeTxzuli istoriul-legendaruli

ambebis siuJeturi qargis nawilia, safuZvlad, Sesabamisad, meore da mesame epizodebi udevs. magram
masSi daSvebulia erTi arsebiTi xasiaTis Secdoma. kerZod, aq saubaria or cixe-qalaqze („aRaSena
orni cixe-qalaqni: wunda da qalaqi artanisa~), xolo momdevno or epizodSi moTxrobilia artanis
mxaresa da iq mdebare mxolod qalaq wundis Sesaxeb, romelsac adre huri erqva. aRniSnuli Secdoma
saistorio teqstis arasworad gaazrebam ganapiroba, radgan mxare da am mxaris qalaqi Txzulebis
avtorma or cixe-qalaqad warmoidgina.
garda amisa, Sedarebis Sedegad irkveva isic, rom meore epizodis sabrZolo procesebs
qronlogiurad win uswrebs mesame epizodi, romelSic aRwerilia qarTlis sasazRvro mxareebis
mitaceba somexTa mefis iarvandis (oront II) mier, `romlis zeobac ivaraudeba Zv. w. III s-is bolos
− II s-is dasawyisSi~14 (nikoloziSvili 2011: 226).
am SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani swored qarTul-somxuri wyaroebis monacemebis
aseTi Tanxvedraa. kerZod, qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviTac, aRniSnuli procesebi, rogorc
aRvniSneT, Sesabamisad, Zv. w. III saukunis bolo da II saukunis dasawyisi periodebiT TariRdeba.
rac Seexeba meore epizods, igi leonti mrovelis saistorio Txzulebis mesame Tavis dasawyisi
monakveTis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens, romelSic („ambavi farnavazisa~) gadmocemulia qarTuli
(qarTl-mesxeTi da egris-svaneTi) da Crdilokavkasiuri (oseTi, durZukeTi) gaerTianebuli samxedro
Zalebis brZola sagareo agresiis Sedegad mitacebuli qarTlis samxreTi mxareebis dasabruneblad.
SeiZleba iTqvas, garkveul gaugebrobas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom qronologiurad winmswrebi
mesame epizodi CarTulia momdevno periodis, kerZod, ormefobis xanis meore wyvilis (farsman da
kaos) mefobis amsaxvel monakveTSi.
amgvari teqstobrivi gadanacveleba, rogorc Cans, ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom
saistorio pirvelwyaros somxur-qarTuli (zogadad, kavkasiuri) lokaluri saomari procesebis
aRweriloba qristianul xanaSi Seicvala aleqsandre makedonelis saerTaSoriso konteqstis mqone
da Tanadroul msoflioSi cnobili sabrZolo ambebis gadmocemiT.15
swored am ambebs, teqstobriv-kompoziciuri saxecvlilebebis Sedegad, daukavSirda da Seerwya
adreuli periodis qarTlis istoriis calkeuli epizodebi. kerZod, rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTlSi
salaSqrod Semosul aleqsandre makedonels ebrZvian adgilobrivi `warmarTni~, rac istoriuli
konteqstis mixedviT, anaqronizmia. magram amiT, aRniSnulma Txzulebebma winaqristianul epoqasTan
ideologiurad dapirispirebuli literaturuli qveteqstebis mniSvneloba SeiZina.
mefeTa cxovreba ormefobis xanis meore da mesame wyvilebis mefobis amsaxvel monakveTSi
iarvandis Semdgom gadmovcems vrcel sabrZolo epizodebs somexTa mefe artaSansa (artaSes I, Zv. w.
189-160)16 da mis spaspet sumbat bivritianze.17
rogorc Cans, qarTuli saistorio Txzulebebis teqstobriv-kompoziciuri saxecvlilebebisa
da gadanacvlebis Sedegad es epizodebi Tematurad gaerTianda zarenis (movses xorenacis mixedviT
zareh,18 tigranis Ze da artavazdis umcrosi Zma) epizodTan, romelic, qronologiurad Tanxvdeba
qarTlSi ormefobis periods, radgan is, movses xorenacis mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia, daatyveva
qarZam mefem.
rogorc Cans, saistorio pirvelwyaros teqsti iwyeboda iarvand somexTa mefis mier
qarTuli saxelmwifos samxreTi teritoriebis nawilis mierTebiT („iarvand ... mouRo sazRvarsa
qarTlisasa qalaqi wunda da artani mtkuramde~), ramac ganapiroba mtkvris saTaveSi mdebare
mxaridan, kerZod, s a m c x i d a n (SesaZloa, es saxeli erqva Tanadroul aRmosavlurqarTul
saxelmwifos), administraciuli centris, romelic, rogorc Cans, o Z r x e Si mdebareobda, mtkvris
xeobis aRmosavleTiT gadmotana („mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixueviT, oTx qalaqad, da dabnebi
maTi: sarkine-qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi da oZraPe, da cixeni maTni: cixH didi sarkinisaY, uflis-cixH
kaspisa, urbnissa da oZraPisaY~ — moqcevaY qarTlisaY, `mdinaresa mas mtkurisasa mixveviT~ - mefeTa
cxovreba).
rogorc Cans, amave ambavs gadmogvcems mefeTa cxovreba. kerZod, saistorio Txzulebis
meore Tavis dasawyisSi istoriul-legendaruli eTnarq-eponimis _ qarTlosis19 Sesaxeb moTxrobil
epizodSi swored aRniSnuli procesia aRwerili:
da ese q a r T l o s movida pirvelad adgilsa mas, sada SeerTvis a r a g K m t k u a r s a, da ganvida

mTasa mas zeda, romelsa ewodebis armazi, da pirvelad Seqmna mun zeda s i m a g r e da iSena mun zeda
s a x l i, da vidre aRmarTebadmde mun zeda kerpi armazisi, erqua mTasa mas q a r T l i. da mis gamo
ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa q a r T l i — xunaniTgan vidre zRuadmde sperisa (yauxCiSvili 1955: 4).
_ 275 _
vladimer WeliZe
am epizods, miuxedavad garkveuli saxesxvaobebisa, safuZvlad ganxiluli (moqcevaY qarTlisaY,

arsen berisa da anonimis Txzulebebi) saistorio teqstebis Sesabamisi monakveTebi udevs.
aq arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, rogorc aRvniSneT, savaraudod, dadginda mirvan mefis, misi
Zis arsokisa da saurmag mamamZuZis vinaobebi.
amave dros, garkveulwilad Seusabamoa mefeTa siis ormefobis monakveTSi a z o r k (a r s o k -
moqcevaY qarTlisaY) Tana-mefis arseboba, radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, àrsok~ samSvildis erisTavTa
dinastiuri saxelia. xolo qarTlSi mefeTa, kerZod, farnavazianTa da samSvildis erisTavTa
urTierTbrZolebis Sedegad gamowveuli dinastiuri monacvleobis sapirispirod, farnavnavazianTa
da egrisis erisTavTa aseve dinastiuri gaerTianeba moxda, rasac maTi memkvidrisa da swored misi
STamomavlebis gamefeba mohyva ormefobis xanaSi.
rogorc Cans, ganxilulma teqstobriv-kompoziciurma saxecvlilebebma da gadanaclebam
ganapiroba wina periodis ara mxolod somexTa (iarvandis, artaSanisa da sumbat bivritianis),
aramed, Sesabamisad, qarTvel mefe-erisTavTa, kerZod, a r s o k mefis, misi u c n o b i erisTavisa,
da, agreTve, f a r n a v a z (f a r s m a n a v a z − moqcevaY qarTlisaY) spaspetisa da ZuZumtis
Sesaxeb arsebuli epizodebis ormefobis xanis amsaxvel monakveTSi CarTva.
farnavazis20 Sesaxeb leonti mroveli vrclad mogviTxrobs Tavis saistorio TxzulebaSi.
moqcevaY qarTlisaY farnavazis mefobas mokled aRwers: `da ... dadga f a r n a v a z. aman
aRmarTa kerpi didi cxK[r]sa zeda, da dasdva saxeli misi armazi. da moqmna zRude wyliT kerZo, da
hrqKan armaz~ (nikoloziSvili 2008: 22). xolo `farsman avaz~ amave Txzulebis mixedviT ormefobis
xanis mexuTe wyvilis erTerTi Tana-mefea: `da mefobda imier farsman qveli da amier — f a r s m a n
a v a z~ (nikoloziSvili 2008: 22).
mefeTa cxovreba garkveulwilad gansxvavebulia. aq vxdebiT farsman qvelis ara Tana-mefes,
aramed mis spaspetsa da ZuZumtes f a r n a v a z s.21
rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi moTxrobili ambebis Sesabamisi epoqis ucxour
(berZnul-romaul da agreTve somxur) saistorio TxzulebebTan SedarebiTa da SepirispirebiT
dasturdeba, rom qarTuli saistorio gadmocemebi istoriuli sinamdvilis amsaxvelia. Sesabamisad xdeba
qronologiuri mimarTebebisa da qarTlis (iberiis) mefeTa genealogiuri Tanamimdevrobis dadgena.
am kuTxiT yvelaze mniSvnelovan monacemebs gvawvdis farsman mefis Sesaxeb arsebuli saistorio
gadmocemebi. kerZod, iberiis (qarTlis) mefis farsmanis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis
romaeli istorikosi kornelius tacitusi Tavis analebSi. amave dros, tacitusis analebis
monaTxrobs iberTa am saxelovani mefis Sesaxeb metad sagulisxmo paralelebi eZebneba leonti
mrovelis saistorio TxzulebaSi warmodgenil epikuri xasiaTis epizodTan farsman qvelze.22
`bevrnairad sagulisxmoa Sedareba leonti mrovelis epikuri moTxrobisa farsman qvelis Sesaxeb,
da romael istorikosis tacitis moTxrobisa farsman I-is Sesaxeb~, — aRniSnavs pavle ingoroyva23
(ingoroyva 1978: 472).
pavle ingoroyvas mier mikvleuli paralelebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan vlindeba
romaul-qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis Tanxvedris sxva `saintereso paralelebic~. kerZod,
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania farsmanis Sesaxeb arsebul gadmocemebSi moxseniebul istoriul
pirTa Tanxvedra24 (WeliZe 1998: 31-36).
amave dros, gasarkvevia, erTi arsebiTi xasiaTis sxvaoba.
tacitusis cnobis mixedviT farsmani Tavis Svils radamists moakvlevinebs miTridates.
Tavis mxriv, leonti mroveli gadmogvcems, rom mirdatma farsman qvels miugzavna mzareuli
da moawamvlina igi, ris Semdegac sparselTa daxmarebiT gamefda qarTlSi.
analebis monacemebis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom farsmani iberiaSi mefobs ax. w. 35 wlidan
60-iani wlebis bolomde, xolo mcxeTa-armazSi aRmoCenili Saragas (Cargas) pitiaxSis arameuli
da vespasianes berZnuli warwerebis mixedviT ax. w. 70-iani wlebidan iberiis mefea miTridate,
romelsac, bunebrivia, qarTulad mirdati erqmeoda.
m i T r i d a t e unda iyos dinastiurad dakavSirebuli wyvilis, kerZod, iberTa mefis
f a r s m a n i s Zis, r a d a m i s t i s a da farsmanis mierve armeniaSi gamefebuli m i T r i d a t e s
asulis, z e n o b i a s Svili.
sagulisxmoa, rom m i T r i d a t e dedis mamis da ara mamis mamis saxelia, rac, rogorc Cans,
ganapiroba dinastiurma garemoebam. kerZod, tacitusis saistorio gadmocemis mixedviT, miTridates
Semdeg armeniaSi gamefda radamisti. aqedan gamomdinare, man Svils, rogorc, savaraudod, armeniis
momaval mefes, daarqva wina mefis, qarTuli samefo dinastiidan armeniaSi pirvelad gamefebuli
m i T r i d a t e s saxeli.
_ 276 _
aseve adams (Radams) `darCa Ze misi weliwdisa erTisa yma~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 29).
garda amisa, sayuradReboa 114 - 115 wlebis romauli epitafia. am warweraSi moxseniebulia
iberieli ufliswuli − a m a z a s p i, romlis Zmaa iberTa mefe − m i T r i d a t e (meliqiSvili
1970: 565).
analebi gadmogvcems, rom somxeTidan ltolvili radamistis orsuli meuRle — zenobia
tiridatma samefo Rirsebis Sesaferisad miiRo, rac miuTiTebs, rom aseve meore Svilic unda
darCenoda radamists (Radam-adams).
zenobia, savaraudod, swored armeniis pirveli arSakidi mefis daxmarebiT axerxebs SemdgomSi
Tavisi pirveli Zis, ufliswul m i T r i d a t e s iberiaSi gamefebas, radganac dinastiurad
mxolod mas, rogorc ormefobis xanis Tana-mefeTa orive Stos STamomavals, SeeZlo qarTlis
samefos xelaxali gaerTianeba.
savaraudod, qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi erTidaimave saxelis (m i r d a t-m i T r i d a t e)
mqone ori sxvadasxva istoriuli piris Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmocemebi erTmaneTs Seerwya da
gaerTianda.
amdenad, qarTuli da ucxouri saistorio gadmocemebis mixedviT dasturdeba, rom mefeTa
siaSi gamorCenili, rigiT meoce mefis saxelia — m i r d a t (m i T r i d a t e). aqedan gamomdinare,
am saxiT unda aRdges pirvelwyaros teqstis Sesabamisi monakveTi:
` k~. d a d g a m i r d a t“
amave dros, ucxouri (berZnul-romauli) wyaroebi, ganxiluli msgavseba-paralelebis garda, aranair
cnobas ar gvawdis arc farsman qvelis Tana-mefeze (farsman avaz − moqcevaY qarTlisaY), arc mis spaspetsa
da ZuZumteze (farnavaz − mefeTa cxovreba), rac damatebiT miuTiTebs imas, rom es epizodic ormefobis
xanis monakveTSi teqstobrivi saxecvlilebebisa da gadaadgilebis Sedegad aris CarTuli.
qarTuli saistorio Txzulebebis aRniSnuli monacemebi, rogorc Cans, miuTiTebs imas, rom
f a r s m a n − saxelia da a v a z − metsaxeli, xolo am saxelisa da metsaxelis Serwymisa da Sekvecis
Sedegadaa miRebuli paraleluri saxeli − f a r n a v a z.
amgvarivea zogierTi sxva, kerZod, qarTlis mefe vaxtang gorgaslis saxelic − `saxeli
misi sparsulad varan-xuasro-Tang, xolo qarTulad ewoda vaxtang~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 115). aq
(„varan-xuasro-Tang~) saxelSi CarTulia metsaxeli (sparsulad sityva `xuasros~ mniSvnelobaa −
`brwyinvale~). maTi Serwymisa da Sekvecis Sedegadaa Seqmnili aRniSnuli paraleluri saxeli −
v a x t a n g.
asevea f a r n a v a z mefis SemTxvevaSic (mefeTa cxovreba), razedac miuTiTebs saistorio
Txzulebis Sesabamisi monakveTi − `farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 19).
savaraudo pirvelwyaroSi nacvlad saxelisa àrmaz~ gveqneboda f a r s m a n a v a z. es teqstobrivi
saxecvlileba ZiriTadad ganpiroba rogorc am saxelebis grafikulma msgavsebam, ise im garemoebam,
rom leonti mrovelma aRniSnul teqstSi („f a r n a v a z ... aRmarTa kerpi ... da dasdva saxeli
misi armazi~ moqcevaY qarTlisaY) kerpis saxeli („saxeli m i s i~) gaiazra mefis saxelad („farnavaz
Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda T K s s a~).
farnavazis msgavsia misi STamomavalis saxeli f a r n a j o m, romelic miRebuli unda iyos,
Sesabamisad, saxelis f a r s m a n da metsaxelis j u a n (sparsulad àxalgazrda~) Serwymisa da
Sekvecis Sedegad, rac, istoriuli konteqstidan gamomdinare (f a r s m a n a v a z da f a r s m a n j u a n ),
bunebrivi da logikuria.
rogorc Cans, ormefobis xanis meore wyvilis SemTxvevaSic gvaqvs ara Tana-mefeTa saxelebi
(f a r s m a n da k a o s), aramed pirveli Tana-mefis saxeli da metsaxeli f a r s m a n k a o s (iseve
rogorc f a r s m an q u e l i), radgan mefeTa siaSi ar gvxdeba sxva mefe saxeliT — k a o s.
amdenad, qarTlis mefeTa, kerZod, f a r n a v a z i a n T a dinastiuri saxelebia − s a u r m a g
(farnavazis Zisa da, savaraudod, mamis saxelic) da f a r s m a n. sxvadasxvaa am saxelis (f a r s m a n )
mqone mefeTa metsaxelebi, romlebic mefeTa saxelebis msgavsad, metwilad, sparsulia − a v a z,
j u a n, k a o s. maT Soris mxolod erTi metsaxelia qarTuli − q u e l i.
garda amisa, dasadgenia, agreTve, Tanadrouli epoqis istoriuli konteqstis Sesatyvisi
calkeuli socialuri terminebis mniSvneloba („r v a Y saxli da a T n i saxlni...~; à T a s i saxli
m d a b i o Y i da m o q a l a q e dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT da kualad a T i saxli...~; à T a s i
saxli m d a b i o Y u f l i s a, da kualad a T i saxli... yovliT dedawuliT maTiT...~).
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT terminis `saxli~ erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa `gvari~, rac
Seesatyviseba straboniseul γένος-s. kerZod, gvianantikuri xanis cnobili berZeni istorikosi
Tavis saistorio TxzulebaSi geografia detalurad gadmogvcems cnobebs amave periodis iberiis
_ 277 _
vladimer WeliZe
sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis oTxi genosis (gvaris) Sesaxeb25 (yauxCiSvili 1957: 129).

anonimis metafrasuli Txzulebis aRniSnul epizodSi pavle ingoroyvam, qarTuli saistorio
wyarosa da strabonis Txzulebis Sedarebisas, mniSvnelovani paraleli gamoavlina. kerZod,
mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT aq gvxvdeba `gadmonaweris saxiT ... Senaxuli~ da àrqauli epoqidan~
momdinare fraza („mdabioY uflisaY~), da miuTiTa im msgavs socialur terminze, `romelic strabons,
antikuri xanis iberiis aRwerilobaSi, moxsenebuli aqvs rogorc `λαο~ = `mdabioni~, οἳ βασιλικοὶ
δοῦλοί εἰσι = `romelni mefisa („uflisaY~) monani arian~ (ingoroyva 1978: 515).
es garemoeba namdvilad sayuradRebo da gasaTvaliswinebelia. magram aq dasazustebelia sityvis
`mdabio~ terminologiuri mniSvneloba, radgan, rogorc Cans, is gansaxilvel epoqaSi `mdabal wres,
<<mdabioTa>> wres~ (ase ganmartavs am sityvas pavle ingoroyva) ar unda niSnavdes.
arsen beris metafrasuli Txzulebis Sesabamisi monakveTis teqstis wyoba („mdabioY da
moqalaqe~) pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom es socialuri terminebi, Sesabamisad, aRniSnavs `dabis mkvidrs~
da `qalaqis mkvidrs~.
amdenad, anonimis TxzulebaSi aRniSnuli sityva ùflisa~ sityvaze `mdabioY~ teqstobrivi
saxecvlilebis (sityvaTa gadasmis) Sedegad meqanikurad aris mierTebuli.
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT termins ùflisa~ Seesityveba `mona~. kerZod, mefeTa
cxovreba aRniSnuli xanis Sesaxeb ase gadmogvcems: `farnavaz wargzavna m o n a Y TKsi qujis Tana~;
`... ganixara quji sixaruliTa didiTa da hrqua: ` ... Sen xar u f a l i Cemi, da me var m o n a Y Seni~
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 15). leonti mroveli misi winare epoqis ambebis Txrobisas, rogorc Cans, amave
periodis sazogadoebrivi wyobis amsaxvel suraTs aRwers.
aqedan gamomdinare, iqneboda ara Sesityveba `mdabioY uflisa~, aramed − `monaY uflisaY~ („monani
uflisani~).
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebSi („vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba~) dabali socaluri wris
aRsaniSnavad gvxdeba termini `wurili eri~: àravin erCda w a r C i n e b u l T a g a n i, aramed
w u r i l i s a e r is a g a n i moaqcia ...~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 161).
amdenad, saistorio pirvelwyaros konkretuli monakveTi, kerZod, dabali socaluri wris
warmomadgenlebis saxelwodeba, terminologiurad sruli saxiT amgvarad aRdgeba — `monani
uflisani, wurilisa erisagan~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am saxiT es socialuri termini zustad Seesatyviseba strabonis aRwerilobas
iberiis sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis meoTxe genosis Sesaxeb.
amave dros, gansaxilvel epizodSi gvxdeba raodenobis aRmniSvnel terminTa calkeuli sityvebisa da
frazebis rogorc Sekveca, ise, gansakuTrebiT, grafikuli da azrobriv-teqstobrivi saxecvlilebebi.
kerZod, konkretuli ricxviTi sityvebis sxvaoba aRniSnul monakveTSi (`r v a Y’ moqcevaY qarTlisaY:
à T a s i~ − arsen berisa da anonimis metafrasul TxzulebebSi) ganpirobebulia imiT, rom àsomTavrul
damwerlobaSi, miuTiTebs p. ingoroyva, ricxvi `rva~ iwereba amrigad: H; xolo ricxvi àTasi~ iwereba
amrigad: C. maSasadame, moqcevaY qarTlisaY-s pirvel dedanSi ricxviTi aso-niSniT yofila aRniSnuli: C
(e. i. àTasi~), rac ufro gviandeli xanis gadmonawerebSi dazianebula da waukiTxavT rogorc H (e. i.
`rva~). aseTi warmoSobisaa am SemTxvevaSi moqcevaY qarTlisaY-s teqstis dazianeba~ (ingoroyva 1978: 515].
raodenobrivad garkveulad gansxvavebulia leonti mrovelis cnobac: `movides mcxeTas saxli
ocdarvaY~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 10). magram, miuxedavad am sxvaobisa, ès aris moqcevaY qarTlisaY-dan
mcxeTaSi azos 18 saxliT mosvlis Sesaxeb ambis aSkara gamoZaxili~ (nikoloziSvili 2011: 209).
grafikuli da azrobriv-teqstobrivi saxecvlilebebi aqac ricxviTi mniSnelobis mqone
asomTavruli aso-niSnebis damsgavsebiT aris gamowveuli. kerZod, pirvelwyaroSi iqneboda ara
sityva òcdarvaY~, aramed, Sesabamisad, òci aTasi~.
es ricxvi, savaraudod, ori paraleluri ricxviTi maCveneblis (àTi aTasi~ da àTi aTasi~)
jams warmoadgens, razec, kerZod, miuTiTebs `m o q a l a q e~ sityva-terminis Semdeg dasaxelebuli
ricxvi à T i~ (à T n i~ moqcevaY qarTlisaY). Sesabamisad, mas aklia momdevno sityva à T a s i~.
Tanadrouli epoqis istoriuli konteqstidan gamomdinare, aRniSnul monacems paraleli eZebneba
farnavazis ambavTan (mefeTa cxovreba): à T a s n i m P e d a r n i, romelni azonisgan moerTnes
farnavazs, ...ipyrna igini keTilad ... da uwoda maT saxelad a z n a u r n i~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 19).
amdenad, saistorio pirvelwyaroSi gveqneboda à T i a T a s i m P e d a r i~ („aTni aTasni
mPedarni~). xolo meore frazis („saxelad a z n a u r n i~) nacvlad ki − `saxli a z n a u r n T a~. 26
momdevno monakveTSi („da m o q a l a q e dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT da kualad a T i
saxli...~) Sua fraza („dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT~) konteqstisaTvis Seusabamoa, gansxvavebiT
anonimis Txzulebisagan, sadac Sesabamisi fraza teqstis bolosaa darTuli („da kualad aTi saxli
_ 278 _
mTavarTagan da yovliT dedawuliT maTiT moiyvanna~). aRniSnuli monakveTis darCenili nawili

(„m o q a l a q e da kualad ...~), azrobrivad da teqstobrivad dazustebis Semdeg (kerZod, msgavsad
sityva-terminisa `m T a v a r T a g a n~), miiRebs aseT pirvelsaxes − `m o q a l a q e T a g a n
kualad ...~, romelsac daerTvis amave teqstis aRdgenili gagrZeleba − à T i a T a s i m P e d a r i,
s a x l i a z n a u r n T a~.
garda amisa, teqstSi terminamde `saxli m d a b i o Y~ gvxvdeba ricxvi à T a s i~, romelsac,
Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisad, aklia wina sityva à T i~. am SemTxvevaSic, aRniSnuli samxedro socialuri
terminis (à T i a T a s i m P e d a r i, s a x l i a z n a u r n T a~) paralelurad, unda gvqondes
msgavsi Sinaarsis termini à T i a T a s i m k K r c x l i, s a x l i m d a b i o T a~.
es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani monacemebia, radgan paralelebs poulobs strabonis
aRwerilobis mesame genosTan (`mxedarTa da miwis moqmedTa~). aq termini `s a x l i m d a b i o T a~,
savaraudod, Seesabameba `miwis moqmedTa~,27 xolo meore monakveTi (`m o q a l a q e T a g a n kualad
a T i a T a s i m P e d a r i, s a x l i a z n a u r n T a~) ki − `mxedarTa~.
mirianis, qarTlis pirveli qristiani mefis ambavis aRwerilobaSi (mefeTa cxovreba) gvxdeba
termini `qurumni kerpTani“28, riTac Sesatyisoba dasturdeba meore genosTan.
strabonis aRwerilobas pirveli genosis Sesaxeb, savaraudod, Seesabameba qarTul saistorio
wyaroebSi mignebuli da konkretulad ganxiluli cnobebi, romelic exeba rogorc qarTlis
(iberiis) mefes (gadmocema mirvan mefisa da misi Zis arsokis Sesaxeb), ise mefis Semdeg meore pirs
imave samefo socialuri wridan `saxli mamamZuZisa, mTavarTagan palatisaTa~ (saurmag mamamZuZisa
da misi Zis, farnavaz-farsman avaz spaspetisa29 da ZuZumtis ambavi).
qarTuli saistorio Txzulebebis sawyisi epizodis calkeuli monakveTebis teqstobrivad da
terminologiurad dadgena-dazustebis Semdgom, ganxiluli monacemebi, savaraudod, saistorio
wyaros literaturuli pirvelsaxis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva:
xolo ese a r s o k warmovida o Z r P e qalaqiT, queyaniT, romelsa ewodebis s a m c x e , m i r v a n

mamisa TKsisa Tana da warmoiyvana m o n a n i u f l i s a n i , w u r i l i s a e r i s a g a n , da a T i a T a s i
m k K r c x l i , s a x l i m d a b i o T a da m o q a l a q e T a g a n kualad a T i a T a s i m P e d a r i , s a x l i
a z n a u r n T a , da s a x l i m a m a - m Z u Z i s a , m T a v a r T a g a n p a l a t i s a T a yovliT dedawuliT
maTiT, da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga da qurumni kerpTani, da movida pirvelad adgilsa
mas, sada SeerTvis a r a g K m t k u a r s a , da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa ewodebis q a r T l i , da
pirvelad Seqmna mun zeda s i m a g r e da iSena mun zeda s a x l i , da mis gamo ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa
q a r T l i − xunaniTgan vidre zRuadmde sperisa.
SeniSvnebi
1
`pirvelsaxe, romlisagan momdinareobs yvela Semdgomi varianti~ (CxartiSvili 2009: 20).
2
Radamis mefobis oci dRis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa Soris garkveuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa (ingoroyva 1978;
515), (CxartiSvili 2009: 32-35).
3
`miuxedavad imisa, rom somexTa istoria, qarTuli matianeebis msgavsad, iberiis samefos warmoqmnas
aleqsandre didis saxels miawers, savsebiT cxadia, rom aleqsandres arasodes gaulaSqrebia kavkasiisaken.
qarTuli da somxuri matianeebis es cnobebi etyoba nasesxebia fsevdo-kalisTenes popularuli Txzulebidan,
aleqsandres romanidan (Historia Alexandri Magni), romelic adreul Suasaukuneebs (savaraudod ax. w. IV s.)
ganekuTvneba~ (qavTaraZe 2006: 36).
4
leonti mrovelma damatebiT Tavisive periodis realiebis mixedviT CaurTo sityva `yivCayad~.
5
bunTurqTa qarTlSi mkvidrobis sakiTxi didi xania mkvlevarTa ganxilvis sagania (alasania 2000: 19-29),
(alasania 2008: 5-215), (goilaZe 2015: 6-15).
6
mkvlevarTa umravlesobis azriT, is istoriul-geografiul terminia. aRniSnuli sakiTxi vrclad aqvs
ganxiluli g. qavTaraZes (qavTaraZe 2009: 29-55).
7
`saxelwodeba azorki, Tavis mxriv, ueWvelad dakavSirebulia qarTlis pirveli mefis (moqcevaY qarTlisaY-s
cnobis), azos saxelTan~ (qavTaraZe 2006: 56).
8
aRniSnul sakiTxzec mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. kerZod, ès pasaJic mTlianad `moqcevaY
qarTlisaY~-s Sesabamisi teqstis araswori interpretaciaa. moqcevaYs `honni~ (ix. Satberdis krebuli, Tb.,
1979 gv. 320) `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gviandelma redaqtorma aRiqva rogorc `huriani~ da CaTvala, rom isini
_ 279 _
vladimer WeliZe
nabuqodonosoris dros ierusalimis aoxrebisa da ebraelTa datyvevebis Sedegad qarTlSi ltolvili

ebraelebi unda yofiliyvnen~ (nikoloziSvili 2011: 209).
9
`vaspurakanis mTavari mcxeTeli ebraelis _ abiaTaris mimarT ambobs, rom `fg(=503) weli gavida mas Semdeg,
rac Tqveni mamani (winaprebi) movidnen aq (mcxeTaSi, qarTlSi)~. amave saubarSi abiaTari, Tavis mxriv,
aRniSnavs, rom gavida 334 weli mas Semdeg, rac RvTaeba aRar mfarvelobs israels. aq, rogorc Cans,
igulisxmeba ... sikvdili qristesi, raSic adanaSaulebdnen ebraelebs. aqedan gamomdinare, mcxeTis ebrauli
koloniis daarseba unda momxdariyo ax.w. 334-503 w. Zv.w. 169 wels~ (meliqiSvili 1970: 166). `Zv. w. 169 weli,
marTlac, iyo selevkidTa dinastiis warmomadgenlis, antioqos IV epifanes winaaRmdeg makabelTa ajanyebis
weli, romlis drosac mravali ebraeli iZulebeuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi samSoblo da usafrTxo
adgilebisTvis Seefarebina Tavi~ (nikoloziSvili 2011: 226).
10
mkvlevrebi ZiriTadad qarZam-bratmanis mefobis dros qarTlSi damkvidrebul ebraelebs Tvlis Zv. w. 169
wels mosulebad (nikoloziSvili 2011: 226).
11
am epoqas Zv. w. IV saukunis bolo periods ukavSireben mkvlevarebi (nikoloziSvili 2011: 211-212).
12
saxelwodeba, savaraudod, momdinareobs sityva-terminidan _ `cixeTa~ (qavTaraZe 2010-2011: 49-60).
13
aRniSnuli procesebi Semdgom, qristianul xanaSi gansakuTrebuli popularobis gamo, rogorc Cans,
aleqsandre makedonels miewera.
14
mesame monakveTSi (leonti mrovelis mefeTa cxovreba) gadmocemuli istoriuli ambavi `pirdapir kavSirSia
mose xorenelis II wignis 40 da 41 Tavebis SinaarsTan, romelTa mixedviTac ervandma (igive orontma, igive
iarvandma) aaSena bagarani, kerpebis qalaqi mdinare axurianis CrdiloeT napirze. imave mdinaris CrdiloeT
napirzeve gauSenebia ervands didi tye, romelic SemouRobavs da iq gauSvia sxvadasxva gareuli cxoveli,
raTa nadirobiT garTobiliyo. mose xorenelis mixedviT, ervands am tyisTvis daurqmevia `cnndoc~. ...mdin-
are axuriani unda gulisxmobdes mtkvris berZnuli saxelwodebis _ `kYur-os~ damaxinjebul variants, xolo
tyis saxeli _ `cnndoc~ (somx. `dabadebuli~) unda iyos damaxinjebuli `wunda~, antikuri qarTuli qalaqi
mtkvris napiras. saxelwodeba `bagaran~ (iran. `RmerTebis adgili~) ki, romelsac xoreneli kerpebis qalaqs
uwodebs, pirdapir kavSirSia qarTveli mematianis sityvebTan _ ùwoda wundas saxelad qajatuni, romelic
iTargmneba devTa saxlad~. amjerad Znelia gadaWriT imis Tqma, ra wyaroebs eyrdnobodnen qarTlis cxovre-
bis avtori da mose xoreneli, an romeli romelzea damokidebuli~ (nikoloziSvili 2011: 226).
15
qarTuli saistorio Txzulebebis (moqcevaY qarTlisaY, mefeTa cxovreba) mixedviT (mravali sxva
qristianuli qveynis mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli literaturuli tradiciis msgavsad) sakuTari qveynis
istoria dakavSirebulia msoflio istoriul procesebsa da TavianTi moRvaweobiT gansakuTrebiT cnobil
istoriul pirebTan. am kuTxiT rogorc ucxoel, ise, am SemTxvevaSi, qarTvel avtorTa mierac iqna
gamorCeuli aleqsandre makedoneli.
16
sainteresoa (nikoloziSvili 2011: 227), rom ès ambavi exmianeba mose xorenelis istorias (ix. m. xorenaci,
II, 37-47)~.
17
`mose xorenelTan igi warmodgenilia, rogorc smbat biuratis Ze, bagratuni. daexmara artaSess iarvandis
nacvlad gamefebaSi (II, 37-38, 43-50)~, rac aseve sainteresoa (nikoloziSvili 2011: 227).
18
`mose xoreneli zaren/zarexis ambavs lakonurad aRwers~ (nikoloziSvili 2011: 230).
19
es da amgvari saxelebi leonti mrovelis mier Seqmnilia sxvadasxva pirovnebis, qveynis an mxaris
saxelwodebebze berZnuli nominativis brunvis niSnis - ος darTviT, kerZod, q a r T l -o s da sxv.
20
`cnobebi farnavaz mefis Sesaxeb Semogvinaxes Sua saukuneebis epoqis qarTuli istoriografiis umTavresma
Zeglebma: moqcevaY qarTlisaYm da qarTlis cxovrebam. pirvel maTganSi farnavazis moRvaweobasTan
dakavSirebiT sul oriode faqtia aRniSnuli, meoreSi ki mas eZRvneba mTeli Txzuleba cxovreba
farnavazisi. dasaxelebul ZeglTa monacemebi martooden informaciis moculobiT ar gansxvavdeba, isini
igiveobrivi ar aris Sinaarsis mxrivac. orive ukavSirdeba uZveles qarTul istoriografiul tradicias,
oRond TiToeulSi am tradiciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazaa aRbeWdili. ufro adreuli, safiqrebelia,
Tavdapirveli, etapi dafiqsirebulia moqcevaY qarTlisaYSi. SedarebiT gviandeli Cans qarTlis cxovrebis
farnavaziani, romelSic istoriuli faqtebis folklorizaciis sakmaod Sorswasul process vxedavT~
(CxartiSvili 2009: 7).
21
`farnavaz-farsman avaz~ gansaxilveli periodis, kerZod, ormefobis xanis istoriuli konteqstisTvis
garkveulwilad Seusabamoa. aRniSnul sakiTxze gansxvavebuli da sainteresoa m. CxartiSvilis mosazrebebi
(CxartiSvili 2009: 17-51).
22
mefeTa cxovreba detalurad mogviTxrobs ormefobis mexuTe wyvilis _ mirdatisa da farsman qvelis
urTierTdapirispirebis Sesaxeb, romlis Semdgomac qarTlSi ormefoba moispo.
23
romaul-qarTuli saistorio gadmocemaTa urTierTSejerebisa da analizis Sedegad p.ingoroyva askvnis:
àq erTimeores xvdeba istorikosis moTxroba (tacitisa) da epikuri Txroba (leonti mrovelisa) ara
mxolod saerTo suraTis gadmocemisas, aramed im sityvebSiac ki, romliTac farsman mimarTavs Tavis jars
_ 280 _
(tacitiT: àq vaJkacebia, iq ki davla!~ eposiT: àha lomno mZKnvareno, cxovarni dasetyulni~) (ingoroyva
1978: 473). rogorc g. meliqiSvili aRniSnavs, p.ingoroyva `miuTiTebs saintereso paralelebze farsmanis
Sesaxeb tacitusisa da `qarTlia cxovrebis~ cnobebs Soris~ (meliqiSvili 1970: 56). mkvlevari Tumca
fiqrobs, rom `qarTul saistoro tradiciaSi, etyoba, ar aris saerTod fiqsirebuli... qarTlis samefos
(iberiis) yvelaze didi Zlierebis xana _ e.w. `romauli xana~. magram am mosazrebas urTavs aseT SeniSvnas:
`gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ moTxroba farsman qvelze~ (meliqiSvili 1978: 61).
24
or sxvadasxva saistorio nawarmoebSi (analebi da mefeTa cxovreba) mignebuli, msgavsi saerTo momentebis
konstataciiT, urTierTSejerebiT, maTSi gadmocemuli da asaxuli epizodebis logikur-istoriuli
urTierTSesabamisobis warmoCeniT vlindeba romaul-qarTul gadmocemebs Soris arsebuli Sesatyvisoba-
identobani. kerZod, `tacitusi gvauwyebs, rom `male artabani (parTelTa mefe artaban III) mTeli samefos
ZaliT wamovida Suris saZieblad~. parTelebma es meore brZola gamarTes 37 wels, xolo pirveli,
romelSic damarcxdnen, miTridates somxeTSi gamefebis Semdgom (35 w.). am brZolebs Soris Sualedi ara
umetes erTi welia (36 w.). aRniSnul faqts aseve sworad gadmoscems mefeTa cxovreba. kerZod, `welsa
meoresa kualad~ gaimarTa qarTvel-sparselTa brZola. msgavseba vlindeba, agreTve, erTi SexedviT, TviT
ubralo detalebis awerisas. tacitusi mebrZoli mxareebis saomari mzaobis daxasiaTebisas aRniSnavs: `maTi
(parTelebis) erTaderTi Zala mxedroba iyo, farsmani ki Zlieri iyo qveiTiTac~. amasve gadmoscems leonti
mrovelic: `farsman quelman Semokriba spani TKisni, mxedarni da queiTni.~ tacitusi analebSi farsmanTan
erTad cnobebs gvawvdis mis Zmaze _ miTridateze. mefeTa cxovreba mogviTxrobs, rom farsman qvels
hyavs Tana-mefe mirdati, romelic imave samefo sagvareulos STamomavlia. ZiriTadi, arsebiTi niSnebiT
(saxelTa msgavseba, farsmansa da miTridate-mirdats Soris arsebuli urTierTsapirispiro urTierToba)
es istoriuli pirebi Tanxvdebian, Seesatyvisebian erTmaneTs. garda amisa, tacitusi erTob vrclad
da dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs farsman mefis Svilis radamistis Tavgadasavals. moqcevaY qarTlisaYs
mixedviT, farsman qvelis Svils qvia _ Radami, xolo `mefeTa cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad _ adami. `sworia pirveli
damwerloba: Radami~, _ wers pavle ingoroyva. Radam (adam)-radamistis igiveoba, saxelTa msgavsebasTan
erTad, sxva analogiebiTac dasturdeba. kerZod, analebis monacemebis safuZvelze gamorkveulia, rom
radamistis mcirexniani gamefeba somxeTSi 52-54 wlebze modis. aseve zustad aRniSnavs Radamis mefobis
mokle periods mefeTa cxovreba: `sam wel oden mefobda~. ra wyaroebiT sargeblobda qarTuli saistorio
Txzuleba farsman qvelis Sesaxeb? `rasakvirvelia srulebiT gamoricxulia SesaZlebloba, _ wers pavle
ingoroyva, _ rom leonti mroveli icnobda tacitis teqsts~. mkvlevari iqve SeniSvnis saxiT dasZens:
àrsad sxvagan leonti mrovelis cxovrebaSi ara gvaqvs tacitis gavlenis raime kvali, xolo leonti
mrovels rom scnoboda tacitis Txzuleba, igi cxadia, gamouyenebels ar datovebda im uxv cnobebs,
rac tacits moepoveba~. leonti mroveli rom ar icnobs tacitusis Txzulebas, es im arsebiTi xasiaTis
sxvaobebiTac Cans, rac romaul-qarTul saistorio gadmocemebSi dadasturebul msgavsebebTan erTad
vlindeba: a) `mefeTa cxovreba~ ar icnobs miTridate (mirdatis) da radamistis (Radamis) somxeTSi gamefebis
ambebs; b) mkvlevrebi (p. ingoroyva, g. meliqiSvili da sxvebi) damajereblad asabuTeben, rom analebSi
gadmocemul iberTa mefis farsmanisa da parTelTa ufliswulis orodis orTabrZolis epizods (mTlianad
iber-sparselTa pirveli brZolis suraTs) metad niSandoblivi tipologiuri paraleli eZebneba qarTul
saistorio TxzulebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, sxvaoba aqac iCens Tavs. leonti mrovelisaTvis (SesaZloa misi
pirvelwyarosaTvis) ucnobia orodis pirovneba; g) gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos am or Txzulebas Soris
is sxvaoba, rom miTridate romauli orientacisaa („analebi~), xolo mirdati ki sparsulisa („mefeTa
cxovreba~). ... am sxvaobaTa miuxedavad, ... msgavseba-paralelebi da Sesatyvisobani erTob TvalsaCino,
niSandoblivi da angariSgasawevia~ (WeliZe 1998: 31-36), rac myar safuZvels qmnis qronologiurad
ganvsazRvroT da davadginoT rogorc farsman qvelis winadroindeli, ise misi mefobis Semdgomi epoqis
qarTlis (iberiis) mefeTa moRvaweobis xana (WeliZe 1999: 153-163).
25
`gamoyenebuli wyaroebis mixedviT iberiis aRweriloba strabonis `geografiaSi~ (XI, 3, 1-6) or nawilad
ganiyofeba da sxvadasxva wyaros eyrdnoba: XI, 3, 1-5 damyarebulia amierkavkasiis qveynebSi pompeusis
laSqrobis (Zv. w. 66-65 ww.) monawile Teofane mitilenelis Txzulebebze, Tumca aqve gamoyenebulia agreTve
Zv. w. III s. avtori eratosTene da zogjer (§ 3) posidoniosic. rac Seexeba XI, 3, 6-s, igi swored posidoniosis
ìstoriidaan~ unda modiodes. Tavis mxriv, cnobebi, romlebic posidonioss gaaCnda, Zv. w. II s. 40-iani wlebis
dasasruls an 30-iani wlebis dasawyiss ganekuTvneba. ... Zveli qarTlis sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis
Sesaswavlad gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa swored is cnobebi, romlebic posidoniosidan anda, SeiZleba, TviT
patrokledan momdinareobs (XI 3, §3 da 6). iberiis aRwerilobis dasasruls straboni aRniSnavs: àdamianTa
oTxi gvari mosaxleobs am qveyanaSi: erTi (gvaria) da pirveli, romlisaganac mefeebs sxamen maxloblobisa
da asakis mixedviT uxucess, xolo meore (am gvaridan) mosamarTleobs da mxedarTmTavrobs. meore (gvari)
aris qurumTa, romlebic zrunaven agreTve mezoblebTan samarTalze. mesame (gvari) aris mxedarTa da miwis
moqmedTa. meoTxe (gvari) aris xalxisa (λαοὶ), romlebic samefo monebi (οἳ βασιλικοὶ δοῦλοί) aris (XI, 3, 6). da
akeTeben yvelafers, rac cxovrebisaTvis aris saWiro~ (meliqiSvili 1970: 166).
26
rogorc grafikulad, ise azrobrivad msgavsi terminebi `saxeli~ da `saxli~ Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi
teqstobrivad xSirad enacvleba erTmaneTi.
_ 281 _
vladimer WeliZe
27
aRniSnul socialur terminTa Sesatyvisobis sakiTxi dasva da amis Sesaxeb Tavisi mosazreba gagviziara m.
wurwumiam, risTvisac pativcemul mkvlevars did madlobas movaxsenebT.
28
es termini iqneboda saistorio pirvelwyaroSi.
29
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT damatebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania p. ingoroyvas mosazreba: `gavecnoT amis
Semdeg erT uaRresad sayuradRebo cnobas, romelsac gadmogvcems antikuri xanis ganTqmuli geografosi
straboni iberiis saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis Sesaxeb. straboni wers, rom iberiaSi samefo gvareulobidan
− ìrCeven mefed mas, romelic uxucesia xnovanobiT da gvaris xaziT. [imave samefo gvareulobidan] irCeven
S e m d g o m s (δεύτερος − meore pirs mefis Semdeg), romelic aris msajuli da mxedarTmTavari~ (strabonis
geografia, wigni X, Tavi III, 6). strabonis es uwyeba, rogorc vxedavT, ZiriTadSi emTxveva qarTuli wyaros
cnobas: a) iberiaSi, strabonis cnobiT, arsebula Tanmdeboba mefis `Semdgomi~-sa, meore pirisa mefis Semdeg.
es aris igive `Semdgomi~ mefisa, romelsac moixseniebs leonti mroveli, ... romelic, qarTveli istorikosis
cnobiT, `mTavrobiT ganagebdis yovelTa erisTavTa zeda~; b) leonti mrovelis cnobiT, es xelisufali
`Semdgomi~ mefisa ... amave dros iyo mxedarTmTavari samefosi (`spaspeti~). strabonis cnobiTac igive meore
piri mefis Semdeg aris mxedarTmTavari samefosi. ...amrigad, Cven gvaqvs uaRresad mniSvnelovani damTxveva
strabonis cnobebisa qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebTan~ (ingoroyva 1978: 546).
damowmebani
abulaZe 1971: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni III, (metafrasuli redaqciebi XI-XIII
s.s.), i. abulaZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi.
alasania 2000: g. alasania, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis bun-Turqebi (sakiTxis istoriografia), qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba, IX, Tbilisi.
alasania 2008: g. alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi, Tbilisi.
goilaZe 2015: v. goilaZe, hun-Turqebi kavkasiaSi, Tbilisi.
TayaiSvili 1948: e. TayaiSvili, saidan da rogor gaCnda `qarTlis moqcevis~ qronikaSi saxelwodeba àrian-
qarTli?~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. IX, #9-10, Tbilisi.
ingoroyva 1978: p. ingoroyva, qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis mokle mimoxilva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV,
Tbilisi.
meliqiSvili 1970: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, g. meliqiSvilis redaqciiT, Tbilisi.
meliqiSvili 1978: g. meliqiSvili, qarTlis (iberiis) mefeTa siebSi arsebuli xarvezebis Sesaxeb, Jurn. `macne~
istoriis seria, 1978, 3, Tbilisi.
nikoloziSvili 2008: moqcevaY qarTlisaY, Zveli qarTuli teqsti daadgina da axal qarTul enaze Targmna n.
nikoloziSvilma, Zveli qarTuli teqsti ax. qarTuli paraleluri TargmaniT (n. nikoloziSvilis Targmani),
qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi 3 tomad (red. levan abaSiZe), t. I. Tbilisi
nikoloziSvili 2011: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti axal qarTul enaze Targmna da komentarebi daurTo n.
nikoloziSvilma, Tbilisi.
qavTaraZe 2006: g. qavTaraZe, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi (adreuli xanidan),.
Tbilisi.
qavTaraZe 2009: g. qavTaraZe, àrian-qarTlis~ sakiTxisaTvis, istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi,
IX, Tbilisi.
qavTaraZe 2010-2011: g. qavTaraZe, mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa da saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis,
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, X-XI, Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier. tomi I, Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1957: T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tbilisi.
CxartiSvili 2009: m. CxartiSvili, saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, Tbilisi, universali.
WeliZe1998: l. WeliZe, saistorio gamocemebi farsman qvelze, klasikuri da Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba,
Tbilisi.
WeliZe 1999: vl. WeliZe, leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~ da ucxouri saistorio gadmocemebi,
literaturuli Ziebani, XX, Tbilisi.
WeliZe 2002: l. WeliZe, adreuli xanis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis ganviTarebis etapebi, qristianuli
arqeologiis VI konferencia, moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi.
_ 282 _
WeliZe 2005: l. WeliZe, leonti mrovelman aRwera („mefeTa cxovrebis~ siuJeturi erTianoba da kompoziciuri
mTlianoba), klasikuri da Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba, Tbilisi.
EARLY STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIAN HISTORIC PROSE

LITERARY PROTOTYPE OF THE INFORMATIVE-DIPLOMATIC SOURCES
Part 1
Vladimer Chelidze
The literature of Georgian royal court, paricularly, historic prose, has been gradually formed over ime. This
was consistently relected in old Georgian historic wriings (Conversion of Kartli and Life of the Kings by Leoni
Mroveli). Menioned writen monuments have kept very important informaive-diplomaic sources. Over the course
of ime these sources have gone through essenial textual changes. Addiional changes have been made due to
the themaic-composite structure of the historical collecion of works and, speciically, due to their combinaion
with other sources. It is important to determine the iniial versions of these wriings and thus possibly complete
and precise restoraion of literary model of the Georgian historic prose, which is possible by inding the parallels
with foreign (Greek-Roman and Armenian) historical works and epigraphic monuments of that period, through
their detailed analyses. At the beginning, research for philological-textual analyses of the historic sources should
be carried out. It is also necessary to determine the parameters of the studies, carried out in this direcion. To be
more precise, not only the determinaion of the textual characterisics but also consideraion of the historic context
and ideological implicaions are important. On the next stage, research can be coninued by historical-literary and
source-studies, as well as informaive-diplomaic direcions. In parallel these sources provide signiicant informaion
and substanial indicaions on Georgian internal situaion as well as foreign vectors at that ime.
In order to restore the original versions of the historic sources, we have reviewed Conversion of Kartli, which
gives a short descripion of pre-Chrisian kingdom of Kartli (Georgia) by the sequenial order of Georgian Kings. As
it was found, the list of the Kings (twenty eight Kings) was missing one name. According to the sequenial order,
there are only 27 monarchs indicated. As a result of the analyzing the historical data, the name of the missing king
has been conjectured. Unknown and twenieth king’s name is M i r d a t (M i t r i d a t e).
Besides this, a very important secion of the beginning of historic text has been restored; therefore, iniial
version has been recovered: “And Arsok went from town Ozrkhe, the land called Samtskhe, with his father Mirvan,
and he took the servants of the Lord, peasants and ten thousand infantry, and family of villagers and ciizens, also
ten thousand horsemen, family of noblemen, family of his senior and all the members of the royal court and the
idols he worshiped – Gatsi and Ga, and the priests. He came to the place where river Aragvi lows into the river
Mtkvari. He went up to the mountain, called Kartli, where he built a bulwark and setled with family. Ater it the
whole area that was stretched from Khunan territory to the Sper Sea was named as K a r t l I.~
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saerTaSoriso prezentacia
INTERNATIONAL PRESENTATION
THE FORMATION OF KARTVELIAN IDENTITY IN LATE ANTIQUITY:
Some Methodological Consideraions1
Christopher Haas
“The Iberi are a Chrisian people and keep the ordinances of the faith as zealously as any people we know.
However, they have long been subjects of the Persian king~ (Pers. 1.12.2–3). With this terse statement, the 6th
century Byzanine historian, Procopius, introduces his readers to the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli or Iberia.
For Procopius, as for other Greek writers in this period, the two most important descripive elements in any
ethnographic representaion are religion and geo-poliics.2 This signals a subtle shit among Byzanine writers from
the Classical ethnographic tradiion, beginning with Herodotus in the ith century BC. At one crucial moment in his
Histories, a spokesman for the Athenians rejects the allurements of “Medizing~ by concluding, “Furthermore, there
is Hellenicity, consising in the same blood and the same language, the common shrines of gods and cult and the
same way of life, which the Athenians should not betray.”3
These Classical markers of ethnicity evolved as the Mediterranean world came under the dominion of Rome.
Ethnographic descripions of the inhabitants of Kartli are best exempliied by Strabo, who was born in nearby
Pontus.4 When he wrote his monumental Geographica during the reign of Augustus, he portrayed the kingdom of
Kartli in this fashion: “The greater part of Iberia is so well built up in respect to ciies and farmsteads that their
roofs are iled, and their houses as well as their marketplaces and other public buildings are constructed with
architectural skill.~ He goes on to say that “The plain of the Iberians is inhabited by people who are rather inclined
to farming and to peace, and they dress ater both the Armenian and Median fashion~ (Geogr. 11.3.1–3). Similar
to his descripions of other kingdoms and peoples surrounding the Mediterranean world, Strabo also sketches
the hierarchical dynamics of Iberian society and poliics, the principal routes of access to the region, and the
involvement of Iberians in Roman military conlicts – in this case, Gn. Pompey’s campaigns against Mithradates VI
of Pontus.5 By the mid-6th century, however, these markers of ethnic idenity fade in signiicance compared with
religious adherence, in some respects a revival of one important ethnic marker for Herodotus when he sought to
disinguish the Greeks from the Persians. For Procopius, religion was now assuming a role as the dominant criterion
of ethnicity – just two generaions before Khusro Parwez launched the last great war of Aniquity in the spring of
603. This war, which convulsed the enire Near East for almost three decades, included religion for the irst ime
as a major ideological component.6 Even in the modern era, religion has maintained a crucial posiion as a marker
1 This paper was the product of a simulaing conference enitled Georgia Between the Empires Before the Coming of Islam, held
at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, 26 June 2015. I owe an incalculable debt of graitude to the co-
organizers, Prof. Tedo Dundua and Prof. Mariam Chkharishvili. I also wish to acknowledge the generous comments, suggesions,
and encouragement provided by Eka Tchkoidze, Nikoloz Vacheishvili, Dato Tcheishvili, Levan Gordeziani, Lado Mirianashvili, Emil
Avdaliani, Nino Silagadze, Leri Tavadze, and Niko Chocheli. I also wish to thank my colleagues at Villanova University who gladly
answered my someimes unusual queries: Judy Giesberg, Andy Liu, and Craig Bailey. Despite the best eforts of all these generous
colleagues, the inevitable remaining errors of fact or interpretaion are solely my own.
2 Followed closely in later Byzanine thought by language; on which, see J. Koder, “Sprache als Idenitätsmerkmal bei den
Byzaninern,~ Anzeiger der Philosophisch-historischen Klasse 147.2 (2012): 5-37.
3 Herodotus, Histories 8. 144.2; (αὖτις δὲ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐὸν ὅμαιμόν τε καὶ ὁμόγλωσσον καὶ θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι ἤθεά
τε ὁμότροπα, τῶν προδότας γενέσθαι Ἀθηναίους οὐκ ἂν εὖ ἔχοι.)
4 A recent appraisal of these two very diferent authors may be found in M. Maas, “Strabo and Procopius: Classical Geography
for a Chrisian Empire,” in H. Amirav and B. Romeny, eds., From Rome to Constaninople. Studies in Honour of Averil Cameron,
(Leuven, 2007), pp. 67-83. See also, A. Kaldellis, Ethnography Ater Aniquity: Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzanine Literature,
(Philadelphia, 2013).
5 On Strabo, see O. Lordkipanidze, Das alte Georgien (Kolchis und lberien) in Strabons Geographie, Neue Scholien, (Amsterdam,
1996); G. Traina, Strabone. Geograia, Il Caucaso e L’Asia Minore (Libri XI e XII), (Milano 2000): D. Braund, “Greek geography
and Roman empire: the transformaion of tradiion in Strabo’s Euxine,~ in D. Dueck, H. Lindsay, and S. Pothecary, eds., Strabo’s
Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia, (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 216-234.
6 J. Howard-Johnston, “Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire, 622-630,~ War in History 6. 1
(1999): 1-44; W. E. Kaegi, Heraclius: Emperor of Byzanium (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 142-159.
_ 287 _
CHRISTOPHER HAAS
of Kartvelian idenity, from Ilia Chavchavadze’s famous triad of fatherland, language, and faith (within a common,
historical sacral community) to the more recent formulaion of Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II, who emphasizes God,
homeland (samSoblo - a Trinitarian concept), and humanity – or love for one’s neighbor.7
For Procopius in the sixth century, the most noteworthy aspect of the Iberians was the paradox of their
fervent Chrisianity along with their longime status as a Sasanian vassal state. As a writer who sill embraced
vesiges of Eusebius’s unitary vision of Church and Empire, Procopius had diiculty placing the inhabitants of Kartli
in his clear-cut taxonomy of peoples. Yet, it is this very oddity that cuts to the heart of the Iberians’s emerging
cultural idenity during that pivotal half millennium between the second and seventh centuries AD. And it is this
seeming dichotomy that draws me to the study of cultural idenity in this region during Late Aniquity. As Lévi-
Strauss famously said of certain animals, I have found the Caucasus “good to think with,~ paricularly regarding the
intersecion of geography, cultural dynamics, and state formaion.8 This was especially true of Late Aniquity, when
the nascent kingdoms of the South Caucasus became the focal point for a ierce geopoliical compeiion between
the Roman Empire in the west and Parthian Empire in the east, succeeded in 224 by the even more aggressive
Sasanian (or Sasanid) Persian Empire.9 While these two empires played out their contest for hegemony along a
3,000 kilometer front extending from the Caucasus to the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, a galaxy
of lesser states situated in this conlict zone struggled to forge their separate cultural ideniies while maintaining
a modicum of poliical autonomy.
Second, much of the theoreical discussion of cultural idenity in Late Aniquity has tended to overemphasize
the luid nature of cultural choices, as well as the way cultural markers can be adopted, blended together, or
rejected based upon paricular circumstances. This holds true for individuals (usually highly literate members of
poliical or religious elites), groups bound together by common linguisic and ideological ies, or even enire states
or kingdoms. While airming the dynamic nature of cultural idenity, I argue that the evoluion of cultural idenity
progressively narrows the choices available. Especially in the case of enire kingdoms, the process is more akin
to the slow accreion of a coral reef, gradually building upon itself and allowing later coral to lourish. Just as
an ecological catastrophe may lead to a reef’s destrucion, so also the peripheral states of Late Aniquity were
frequently under the threat of a geopoliical tsunami by invading armies from either great empire. Two such
catastrophes at opposite ends of the fronier zone would be the Batle of Avarayr in 451, when the lower of
Armenian nobility led by Vardan Mamikonean was annihilated by a vastly superior Sasanian army. In like manner,
the Himyarite king, Yusuf As’ar Yathar, led a doomed campaign in 522-525 against the Chrisian communiies
of his kingdom, inviing certain invasion and retaliaion by their patron, the Aksumite king, with the support of
the Byzanine emperor. Nonetheless, even a military disaster leading to the end of an indigenous dynasty and
absorpion into the provincial structure of either Rome or Persia was not enough to imperil the foundaions of
cultural idenity formed in Late Aniquity. In many cases, cultural markers like language, literature, religion, art,
and architecture survived intact into the modern period when they were embraced by naionalists over the past
two centuries.
This criical self-awareness operates on two levels: the use of paricular historical theory and the construcion
of plausible historical models. First, by historical theory, I do not mean something esoteric or philosophical. I
see theory as simply an explanatory tool, a perspecive that helps us decide how to view and approach diicult
historical quesions. For my part, many of my own theoreical choices are made in reacion to widely-fashionable
theories that I ind less than fruiful. A great number of my colleagues are enamored of the triad race/class/gender
as an all-explaining theoreical lens through which they view the past. The principal theoreician inspiring this
view is Michel Foucault (1926-1984) whose wriings highlighted the centrality of power and dominance in every
form of social relaion and, indeed, in the construcion of knowledge itself. At imes, this may allow for useful
insights, but as an all-embracing historical theory, I ind it as unsaisfying as dialecical materialism. Second, by
models, I refer to intellectual constructs that deliberately simplify reality in order to emphasize the recurrent, the
7 Chavchavadze (1837-1907) developed and published many of these ideas in the inluenial journal, Iveria between 1877
and 1906. For Chavchavadze’s foundaional contribuion to modern noions of Georgian naionhood, see m. CxartiSvili,
q. mania, qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi. ìveria~ da misi
mkiTxveli saqarTvelo, (Tbilisi, 2011) [M. Chkharishvili, K. Mania, Coverage of the process of the Georgian naional
consolidaion in print media. Georgians as a readers of Iveria, (Tbilisi, 2011)]; M. Chkharishvili, “Georgian Naionalism and the
Idea of the Georgian Naion,~ Codrul Cosminului 19.2 (2013): 189-206.
8 “Les espèces sont choisies non commes bonnes à manger, mais comme bonnes à penser,~ in La Pensée sauvage, (Paris, 1962).
9 The Caucasus, its peoples, and its resources coninue to be a focus of great power compeiion today. See, R. G. Suny, “The Pawn
of Great Powers: The East-West Compeiion for Caucasia,~ Journal of Eurasian Studies, 1 (2010), pp. 10-25.
_ 288 _
THE FORMATION OF KARTVELIAN IDENTITY IN LATE ANTIQUITY
constant, and the typical. These are especially useful for exploring causal relaionships among historical factors. In
the study of Classical history, two of the most inluenial models in the past half century have been Moses Finley’s
model of the “consumer city~ which focuses on the iscal exploitaion of the countryside in order to support the
development of urban, classical civilizaion; and Keith Hopkins’s model of the Roman economy which posits three
disinct economic zones (the fronier, the peaceful interior provinces, and a bloated imperial capital).10 As ariicially
simpliied constructs of reality, models do not purport to express some eternal truth about the past, they only
assist us in conceptualizing complicated historical data and discerning plausible paterns. Finley’s consumer city
model has undergone considerable scruiny, and when enough excepions and divergences from the original model
crop up, then it is becomes necessary to abandon the enire model.11
Over the past twenty years, considerable ink has been spilt in an efort to reformulate long accepted models
which linked geographical zones and their disinct cultures. Perhaps this can best be seen in the reappraisal of
Fernand Braudel’s classic, La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a l’epoque de Philippe II (2nd ed. 1972).12
Where Braudel once saw a uniied Mediterranean environment in which the ebb and low of human history was
constrained by the deep currents of a near-imeless landscape, more recent studies, notably Horden and Purcell’s
The Corruping Sea, envision a geographical space consising of extraordinarily diverse micro-regions surrounding
the Mediterranean whose natural tendencies towards fragmentaion are ofset by the necessity to reduce the risks
of survival by both short and long-range “connecivity~ through trade.13 These seminal works, and the numerous
studies inspired by them, focus largely on seaborne exchange as the principal means of creaing connecion, and
tend to ignore the poliical connecions forged by state building and the creaion of empires. Likewise, the Atlanic
World during the Early Modern and Modern periods has become a disinct historical space in scholarly discourse,
so much so that an enire ield centered on the Atlanic World has emerged with conferences, journals, and job
posings in universiies.
I menion these two examples because it is becoming increasingly clear to historians that these spaial
frameworks oten are anachronisic projecions from a modern imperialist and Enlightenment scieniic world-view
onto spaces that were conceived quite diferently by their inhabitants in the past. This new revisionist perspecive
recognizes that these “naturally~ demarcated geographical zones frequently turn out to be colonial constructs,
imposing unity on regions where none existed. The “India~ of Classical geographers comprised all the various lands
with coasts bordering the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. “India~ as a geographical unity did not exist unil it was
annexed by European powers. Historians are recognizing that the discourses of imperial outsiders are oten quite
diferent from those of indigenous inhabitants.14
As with seas, so also with mountains.15 Tradiionally, they are regions understood almost exclusively from the
perspecive of the inhabitants of the lowlands. They are accessible only by steep, winding roads whose tortuous
ascent Braudel described as “an extension of the plain and its power through the hill country.”16 Even in the irst
10 M. I. Finley, “The Ancient City,” in B. D. Shaw and R. Saller, eds., Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, (London, 1981), pp. 3-23;
idem, The Ancient Economy, 2nd ed. (London, 1985); K. Hopkins, “Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire,” Journal of Roman Studies
70 (1980): 101-125.
11 Useful introducions to the applicaion of models and historical theory in Greco-Roman history may be found in N. Morley, Theories,
Models, and Concepts in Ancient History, (London, 2004); and M. I. Finley, Ancient History: Evidence and Models, (New York, 1985).
12 F. Braudel, La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a l’epoque de Philippe II, (2 vols., Paris 1949; 2nd rev. ed. Paris 1966)
with Engl. transl. by S. Reynolds, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II, (London 1972). For
a thoroughgoing analysis of Braudel and the inluenial Annales school of historical interpretaion, see S. Kinser, “Annaliste
Paradigm? The Geohistorical Structuralism of Fernand Braudel,” American Historical Review 86.1 (1981): 63-105.
13 P. Horden and N. Purcell, The Corruping Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, (Oxford, 2000), which should be read in conjuncion
with the review by B. D. Shaw, “Challenging Braudel: A New Vision of the Mediterranean,~ Journal of Roman Archaeology 14
(2001): 419-453; the collected papers in W. V. Harris, ed., Rethinking the Mediterranean (Oxford, 2005), and I. Malkin, ed.,
Mediterranean Paradigms and Classical Aniquity, (London, 2005).
14 A foundaional presentaion of this revisionist approach may be found in M. W. Lewis and K. Wigen, The Myth of Coninents: A
Criique of Metageography, (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1997). See also R. Lederman, “Globalizaion and the Future of Culture
Areas,~ Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998): 427-449.
15 As an entrée into this ield, consult M. F. Price, A. C. Byers, et al., Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Dimensions, (Berkeley
and Los Angeles, 2013).
16 Braudel, La Mediterranee (Engl. transl. by S. Reynolds, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world), p. 41, as part of a longer
discussion, pp. 25-53.
_ 289 _
CHRISTOPHER HAAS
and second centuries AD, Roman Italy with the most developed road system in the Mediterranean, let only a faint
imprint of its civilizaion on the mountainous zones everywhere present in the Italian peninsula. Yet, just as in the
interplay between Eurasian steppelands and the sedentary, agricultural empires to the south, so too mountain and
plain are bound together by innumerable ies of economic exchange, poliical conlict, and a rich give-and-take of
cultural markers. At the same ime, what consitutes a mountainous zone is oten in the eye of the beholder. The
nearest plains and hill country are frequently regarded by outside observers as litle diferent from the adjacent
mountains, especially when those outside observers represent imperial powers. This truism is glaringly obvious to
anyone who bristles at the geographical designaion of “Transcaucasus~ for the region south of the Great Caucasus
range, and the hegemonic, imperialist discourse implicit in naming an administraive city, Vladikavkaz.
Because of their natural diiculty of access, mountain zones are oten regarded as mere peripheries by
outsiders. Yet, their oten-criical role in providing links between regions compels the atenion of both ancient
observers and modern historians. No serious historian of either Rome or Persia can ignore the decisive posiion
held by the Alps and the Zagros for each imperial state. It was more than simply a convenience in nomenclature
and also kinship in indigenous cultures that led the irst Roman administrators to refer to Cisalpine and Transalpine
Gaul. The Zagros was the spine of successive Persian empires, the rulers of which regarded the Mesopotamian
regions west of the Zagros as an integral part of Īrān, albeit the “lowlands~ (Middle Persian: erāgh, hence al-Ἱrāq).
Likewise, the Caucasus in aniquity was not an uterly impenetrable barrier, either to steppe dwellers in the north
or to the inhabitants of the Mtkvari and Aragvi valleys to the south. Archaeological remains from both sides of
the Caucasus have long demonstrated that the enire region served as a pivotal cultural crossroads for millennia.
Nonetheless, as the cultural historian Ori Soltes astutely observed regarding the Caucasus, “Crossroads are points
of both creaive and destrucive potenial; as such they can transform reality in the most exhilaraing and the
most devastaing of ways.~ To put it another way, “the wider Caucasian world consituted one of Eurasia’s most
energeic and cosmopolitan zones of cross-cultural encounter, … a crucible of negoiaion and accommodaion.”17
Consequently, when I speak of Late Aniquity’s “peripheral kingdoms,~ it is with the recogniion that this label
only makes sense from the imperial capitals of Rome/Constaninople and of Ctesiphon. What consitutes a periphery
and what consitutes a center is simply a mater of cogniive geography. The Iberian nobles buried between the
2nd and 4th centuries at the necropoleis of Armaziskhevi and Samtavro with a dazzlingly rich assortment of presige
goods surely did not envision themselves as inhabiing the periphery of the civilized world. However, the main
conlict zone between the great imperial powers was in eastern Syria and northern Iraq. From the standpoint of
the emperor or of the shahan’shah, the South Caucasus kingdoms of Colchis/Lazica, Iberia/Kartli, and Armenia, as
well as the Red Sea kingdoms of Himyar in modern Yemen and Aksum in modern Ethiopia and Eritrea were well
removed from main theater of war and diplomacy.18
Like many historians today, I am fascinated by the formaion of cultural idenity among peoples and kingdoms
during the centuries just prior to the rise of Islam. For each of these various kingdoms and states, the late anique
period consituted a seminal stage in the formaion of their self-understanding and cultural idenity. Many of these
kingdoms already had a rich heritage stretching back at least as far as the Achaemenid empire in the 5th and
4th centuries BC.19 In like fashion, the cultural transformaions common to many of these states in Late Aniquity
will foreshadow their ongoing evoluion over the next millennium and a half unil the elorescence of naionalist
ideologies in the 19th and 20th centuries. Late Aniquity witnessed a crucial stage in a long-term process extending
from the earliest ethnic coalescence during the Bronze Age to our modern era of compeing naion-states. Charing
the development of any one of these states in a diachronic manner across the centuries makes perfect sense as
17 O. Z. Soltes, “The Eternal Crossroads,~ in idem, ed., Naional Treasures of Georgia, (London, 1999), pp. 18-29; S. H. Rapp, Jr., The
Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Anique Georgian Literature, (Farnham
and Burlington, 2014), pp. 1-2. The Caucasus and their inhabitants have long served as the source of myth, legend, and romanic
images that seldom accord with reality. On the creaion and uses of this imaginary Caucasus, see C. King, The Ghost of Freedom:
A History of the Caucasus, (Oxford, 2008), pp. 20-141
18 On the dichotomy of center/periphery in Late Aniquity, see G. W. Bowersock, “Centrifugal Force in Late Anique Historiography,~ in
C. Straw and R. Lim eds., The Past Before Us: The challenge of historiographies of late aniquity Bibliothèque de l’Aniquité tardive,
6 = Smith Studies in History Series 84 (Turnhout, 2004), pp. 19-23. For a later period, see J. Shepard, “Byzanium’s Overlapping
Circles,~ Proceedings of the 21st Internaional Congress of Byzanine Studies (2006): 15-56.
19 At the same ime, scholars are becoming sensiized to the meta-narraives embedded in tradiional histories of Persia. On this,
see the percepive comments of T. C. McCaskie, “‘As on a Darkling Plain’: Praciioners, Publics, Propagandists, and Ancient
Historiography,~ Comparaive Studies in Society and History 54.1 (2012): 145–173.
_ 290 _
a historical methodology.20 However, I am very much aware of the ideological mineield surrounding the formaion
of ethnic and naional idenity in the South Caucasus. There is no quesion but that I am an outsider to these
discussions. I earnestly hope that I lack the naïveté and arrogance to presume to barge heedlessly into decades-
long incendiary debates fraught with violent poliical consequences. In similar fashion, there are very good reasons
why few non-Americans have made substanive contribuions to the history of the American Civil War.21 The recent
heated debates in the US regarding the public display of the Confederate batle lag today demonstrate that a
cultural observer needs a nuanced awareness of race, secional passions, and the muliple meanings carried by a
single historical symbol – and this for a symbol that has a history of only a century and a half.22 In comparison
with the history of the Caucasus, that is a mere blink of an eye. I recognize that archaeology, linguisics,
and historical texts have long been employed throughout the South Caucasus to substaniate mutually-exclusive
historical narraives and claims to territory.23 I also appreciate the singular dedicaion and personal sacriice of
pioneering Georgian scholars over the past century as they heroically created new ields of study and the academic
insituions to support them. We must acknowledge their monumental contribuions and tread carefully in scholarly
ields whose products have oten been wrenched out of context and appropriated by rabid ideologues. I try to keep
in mind the dictum of the great Briish historian of naionalism, Eric Hobsbawm, “Historians are to naionalism[s]
what poppy-growers in Pakistan are to heroin addicts: we supply the essenial raw material for the market.”24
As a historian of Late Aniquity, my chosen methodological approach to the quesion of cultural idenity is to
employ a comparaivist method. This allows me to side-step theoreical debates within the study of naionalism
and ethnicity, especially the conlict between the construcivists or instrumentalists, who see ethnic or naional
idenity as a constantly changing, negoiable instrument in service to the self-interest of groups in the present,
and the so-called primordialists, who trace the origins of the modern naion into deep past.25 This later school of
thought has become much more sophisicated in recent years, informed by the theoreical advances of scholars
like Anthony D. Smith and Azar Gat.26 Historians of ancient cultures are increasingly embracing a dialecic between
20 For this method as it applies to Georgia, see M. Chkharishvili, “Represening Georgian Past: Problem of Naion-Formaion,~ in M.
Chkharishvili, ed., Represening History: Theoreical Trends and Case Studies, (Tbilisi, 2014), pp. 290-302; and idem, On Georgian
Idenity and Culture, (Tbilisi, 2009).
21 To my knowledge, the only such historian is the Briish scholar, Amanda Foreman, whose voluminous A World on Fire: Britain’s
Crucial Role in the American Civil War, (New York, 2011), focuses on the impact of Southern coton producion on the worldwide
market in the 19th century.
22 One of the most insighful discussions is that of Tony Horwitz, “Embatled Banner,~ The Civil War Monitor (Fall, 2015): 33-41.
23 The intersecion of these academic ields with modern poliical ideologies is addressed by P. L. Kohl and G. Tsetskhladze,
“Naionalism, Poliics, and the Pracice of Archaeology in the Caucasus,~ in P. L. Kohl and C. P. Fawcet, eds., Naionalism, Poliics,
and the Pracice of Archaeology (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 149-174; E. N. Chernykh, “Postscript: Russian archaeology ater the collapse
of the USSR – infrastructural crisis and the resurgence of old and new naionalisms,~ ibid., pp. 139-148; V. A. Shnirelman, The
Value of the Past: Myths, Idenity and Poliics in Transcaucasia, Senri Ethnological Studies, 57 (Osaka, 2001); P. L. Kohl, M. Kozelsky,
and N. Ben-Yehuda, “Introducion~ in idem, eds., Selecive Remembrances: Archaeology in the Construcion, Commemoraion,
and Consecraion of Naional Pasts, (Chicago, 2007), pp. 1-28; and L. Khatchadourian, “Making Naions from the Ground up:
Tradiions of Classical Archaeology in the South Caucasus,~ American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 112, No. 2 (2008): 247-278.
A broader introducion to the poliical and ethnic dynamics that shaped archaeology and related ields may be found in R. G.
Suny, The Revenge of the Past, (Stanford, 1993); idem, “The empire strikes out: Imperial Russia, “naional~ idenity, and theories
of empire,~ in R. G. Suny and T. Marin, eds., A State of naions: Empire and naion-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin, (Oxford,
2001), pp. 23–66; T. Marin, “An Airmaive Acion Empire: The Soviet Union as the Highest Form of Imperialism,~ in ibid., pp. 67-
92; F. Hirsch, Empire of Naions, (Ithaca, NY., 2005); R. G. Suny, “The Contradicions of Idenity: Being Soviet and Naional in the
USSR and Ater,~ in M. Bassin and C. Kelly (eds.), Soviet and Post-Soviet Ideniies, (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 17-36.
24 E. Hobsbawm, “Ethnicity and naionalism in Europe,~ Anthropology Today 8.1 (1992): 3-13, at p. 3.
25 Some of the most inluenial works of the construcivist/instrumentalist school are B. Anderson, Imagined Communiies:
Relecions on the Origin and Spread of Naionalism, rev. ed. (London, 2006); J. Breuilly, Naionalism and the State, (Manchester,
1982); and E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger, eds., The Invenion of Tradiion (Cambridge, 1983). The classic exposiion of this view as
it applies to Georgian naionalism is R. G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Naion, (Bloomington, 1988; rev. ed., Bloomington,
1994). This basic theoreical stance is implicit in a wide variety of recent histories of Georgia which skip over millennia of Georgian
history and focus almost exclusively on the period ater 1783.
26 A. D. Smith, The Cultural Foundaions of Naions: Hierarchy, Covenant, and Republic (Oxford, 2008); idem, Ethno-symbolism and
Naionalism: A Cultural Approach, (New York, 2009); A. Gat, Naions: The Long History and Deep Roots of Poliical Ethnicity and
Naionalism, (Cambridge, 2012).
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CHRISTOPHER HAAS
these two models that recognizes the ongoing project of idenity formaion within the constraints of a paricular
historical context.27 This approach uses the evidence supplied by ancient texts as well as the rich material culture
revealed by archaeology, epigraphy, and numismaics. In my view, it is criical to integrate both sorts of evidence
without privileging one over the other. This is especially true when tracing one of the most important markers in
cultural idenity, religion, which embodies abstract ideologies in very speciic material contexts.
In modern western historiography of cultural idenity in early Georgia, it seems as though there are two
compeing models at work. One school of thought, best exempliied by David Braund, wants to irmly connect early
Georgia to the Greco-Roman world. This view is mirrored by a considerable body of Georgian scholarship, which
situates the nascent polity of Kartli within the Greco-Roman orbit, either as a result of diplomacy and trade in the
irst centuries AD, or as a result of the kingdom’s conversion to Chrisianity in the fourth century.28
The other model, championed by the voluminous scholarship of Stephen Rapp and Nina Garsoïan, instead want
to interpret the kingdoms of the south Caucasus primarily with reference to Sasanian Iran.29 While I very much
respect all of these impressive scholarly contribuions, this sort of either/or model seems inadequate as it deprives
the indigenous peoples of the south Caucasus of any agency or iniiaive in their own cultural development. In
his more recent work, Steve Rapp has adopted a broader approach in which he follows historical and cultural
developments across the enire south Caucasus, including Lazica, Kartli, Albania, and Persarmenia.30 In this way, he
revives the approach of Cyril Toumanof, and yet Rapp goes much further in presening a more nuanced view based
on the most recent textual studies.31 Addiionally, he has become much more atuned to value of archaeological,
epigraphic, and numismaic sources as he elucidates his posiion. Nonetheless, Rapp and Garsoïan understandably
emphasize the vivid narraives found in literary souces, whether they be the Kartlis Tskhovreba or the histories of
Agathangelos or Lazar Pʿarpecʿi. If one views the cultural idenity of the Caucasus kingdoms solely through the
literary sources, one logical conclusion is that the socieies of both Kartli and Armenia were paterned closely
ater Sasanian Persia. However, the material culture revealed by archaeology tells a very diferent story. Especially
in Kartli, the status-bearing presige goods sought by the nobility and the forms of both secular and sacred
architecture are overwhelmingly western.32 One of the great beneits of Subaltern Studies and Postcolonial theory
27 Lucid introducions to these issues may be found in J. McInerney, “Ethnicity: An Introducion,~ in idem, ed., A Companion to Ethnicity
in the Ancient Mediterranean, (Oxford, 2014), pp. 1-16; J. Siapkas, “Ancient Ethnicity and Modern Idenity,~ in ibid., pp. 66-81. See
also C. Antonaccio, “(Re)Deining Ethnicity: Culture, Material Culture, and Idenity,” in S. Hales and T. Hodos, eds., Material Culture and
Social Ideniies in the Ancient World, (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 32-53; F. Curta, “Some Remarks on Ethnicity in Medieval Archaeology.”
Early Medieval Europe 15 (2007): 159-85; E. Gruen, Rethinking the Other in Aniquity, (Princeton, 2011); N. MacSweeney, “Beyond
Ethnicity: The Overlooked Diversity of Group Ideniies,” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 22 (2009): 101-26.
28 D. Braund, Georgia in Aniquity (Oxford, 1994); T. Dundua, Georgia with the European Integraion as Seen Through Coinage,
(Tbilisi, 1999); idem, Georgia with the European Integraion, Part 2, Romans and the Georgians, (Tbilisi, 2012). M. Chkharishvili
views this fundamental shit in cultural orientaion as commensurate with the conversion of the Kartvelian monarchy and nobility
in the fourth century: Georgian Ethnie in the Epoch of Religious Conversion, Vol. 3 in the series Georgian Community and Its
Idenity: Ideas, Symbols, Percepions, (Tbilisi, 2009), (in Georgian with English summary).
29 S. H. Rapp, Jr., Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts, CSCO 601, Subsidia 113 (Leuven,
2003); idem, “The Iranian Heritage of Georgia: Breathing New Life into the Pre-Bagraid Historiographical Tradiion,~ Iranica
Aniqua 44 (2009): 645-692; idem, The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late
Anique Georgian Literature, (Farnham and Burlington, 2014); N. G. Garsoïan, Armenia between Byzanium and the Sasanians,
(Aldershot, 1985); N. G. Garsoïan and J.-P. Mahé, Des Parthes auf Califat: Quatre leçons sur la formaion de l’idenité arménienne,
(Paris, 1997), pp. 39-57. On the paricular development of Armenian idenity during this period, see also R. W. Thomson, “Armenia
in the ith and sixth century,” in Averil Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby, eds., CAH2 Vol 14., Late Aniquity: Empire
and Successors, A.D. 425–600, (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 662-677; T. M. van Lint, “The Formaion of the Armenian Idenity in the First
Millennium,~ Church History and Religious Culture 89.1-3 (2009): 251-278.
30 S. H. Rapp Jr., “Recovering the Pre-Naional Caucasian Landscape,~ in R. Bütner and J. Peltz eds., Mythical Landscapes Then and
Now: The Mysiicaion of Landscapes in [the] Search for Naional Idenity, (Erevan: 2006), pp. 13-52; idem, “Caucasia and the First
Byzanine Commonwealth: Chrisianizaion in the Context of Regional Coherence,~ Working paper, Naional Council for Eurasian
and East European Research (Seatle, 2012); To a lesser degree, this was the approach advocated by N. G. Garsoïan, and B. Marin-
Hisard, “Unité et diversité de la Caucasie médiévale (IVe-XIe s.),~ in Il Caucaso: Cerniera fra Culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia,
Seimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull’alto Medioevo, vol. 43a (Spoleto, 1996), 275-347.
31 C. Toumanof, Studies in Chrisian Caucasian History (Washington, 1963); idem, “Armenia and Georgia~ in J. M. Hussey, ed., The
Cambridge Medieval History, 2nd ediion, Vol. 4.1 (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 593-637.
32 A conclusion supported by the splendid recent catalogue and accompanying text by G. Gamkrelidze, Archaeology of the Roman
Period of Georgia (Iberia-Colchis): Essay & Catalog, (Tbilisi, 2014).
_ 292 _
derived from the work of Antonio Gramsci and Edward Said is to restore agency and a voice to groups previously
deprived of these expressions in forms of historical discourse.33 Colonial socieies are no longer viewed as passively
acted upon by imperialist outsiders. Instead, indigenous peoples are now regarded as constantly negoiaing and
reshaping the discourse of their imperial overlords while they formulate their own disincive ideniies.34
While the theoreical models of Subaltern Studies and Postcolonialism were created to beter ariculate
cultural dynamics in modern colonial socieies, they may also be applied proitably to the study of pre-modern
socieies, paricularly when used in concert with the archaeological remains of material culture. In the case of
the South Caucasus, this means not necessarily privileging the viewpoints of outsiders, whether they be Strabo,
Ammianus Marcellinus, Procopius, or Agathias. It also acknowledges that indigenous historiographical tradiions
were not created ex nihilo, but were formed in dialogue with longstanding literary tradiions (notably in in Greek
and Syriac) which were themselves undergoing profound evoluion during Late Aniquity.
Perhaps we may approach the theoreical understanding of Late Anique cultures more clearly by taking a cue
from recent models of archaeological theory. In the last half century, there has been a profound reacion against
the previously dominant model of difusionism, a model given a sophisicated basis in the pioneering works of
V. Gordon Childe (1892–1957). At its most basic form, difusionism postulates that any signiicant innovaion in
material culture, technology, or arisic styles (ranging from burial pracices to potery designs to the shit from
bronze to iron) should be explained solely with reference to migraion, conquest, or the exchange of goods from
a superior culture to that of more backward naives.35 In this way, archaeologists formerly ploted the difusion of
high culture from a central “Cradle of Civilizaion~ to more primiive peripheries. In the 1980’s, this crude model
was stood on its head by Marin Bernal and other Afro-Centrists who argued that the glories of Classical Civilizaion
were essenially “stolen~ by white Europeans (Greeks) from black Africans (Egypians). Although these Afro-Centrists
made an important contribuion in revealing the racist undertones in 18th and 19th century European Classical
Studies, they were blind to the fact that their own model rested upon the same difusionist assumpions.36
Difusionism as a theoreical model has had a long an checkered history in the archaeology of the South
Caucasus, especially of the Bronze and early Iron Ages. It has been used to explain everything from the advent
of metallurgy and the spread of paricular forms of burial to the creaion of enire cultures. In conjuncion with
archaeo-linguisics, it has been employed either to link or to disinguish the ancient inhabitants of Georgia with
peoples of the south and southwest (Urarians, Hurrians, Mushki, Phrygians, and Armenians), the north (Scythians,
Sarmaians, and Alans), and the west (Colchians and Greeks). Fortunately, archaeology – by its very nature – has
within it the means by which once dominant theories are overthrown. The Dmanisi skulls have challenged previous
orthodoxies in paleoanthropology concerning humanity’s journey “out of Africa.~ On a more recent historical stage,
our understanding of the irst centuries of the Iron Age in the South Caucasus is being transformed by the exciing
ongoing excavaions at Grakliani by Vakhtang Licheli and others from TSU.
In addiion, the advent of new archaeological technologies from radiocarbon daing to DNA mapping have
discredited many earlier difusionist models while allowing for a more sophisicated understanding of the migraion
of people and ideas. Historians and archaeologists are much more cauious about idenifying assemblages of
material remains as evidence for disinct cultures, paricularly the tendency to highlight unexpected intrusions
into a tradiionally accepted assemblages as borrowings, invasions, or migraions. Nonetheless, difusionist models
persist in many otherwise nuanced cultural studies, especially in those ields where the traumaic experiences
of recent history and the desire to reclaim a naional idenity come into play. For my part, I try not to discount
the inluence of large, aggressive, imperial powers in Late Aniquity upon those kingdoms and peoples caught
between these dangerous “clashing rocks.~ Perhaps a useful comparaive model may come from the opposite
33 I found Gramsci’s views on cultural hegemony to be a paricularly helpful theoreical model in my earlier work on urban society
in Alexandria: A. Gramsci, Selecions from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. by Q. Hoare and G. N. Smith, (London, 1971); T. J.
Jackson Lears, “The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibiliies,” American Historical Review 90.3 (1985): 567-593;
C. Haas, Alexandria in Late Aniquity: Topography and Social Conlict, (Balimore, 1997; paperback ed., 2006).
34 On Said and his inluence, see E. Said, Orientalism (London, 1978); R. Irwin, For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their
Enemies, (London, 2007); A. Adib-Moghaddam, The Metahistory of the Clash of Civilisaions: Us and Them Beyond Orientalism,
(London, 2010).
35 A. A. Storey and T. L. Jones “Difusionism in Archaeological Theory: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly,~ in T. L. Jones, A. A. Storey,
E. Maisoo-Smith, and J. M. Ramirez-Alaiga, eds., Polynesians in America, (Lanham, CA, 2011), pp. 7-24.
36 M. Bernal, Black Athena: The Afro-Asiaic Roots of Classical Civilizaion, vol. 1, The Fabricaion of Ancient Greece, 1785-1985,
(London, 1987); J. Berlinerblau, Heresy in the University: The Black Athena Controversy and the Responsibiliies of American
Intellectuals, (New Brunswick, 1999).
_ 293 _
CHRISTOPHER HAAS
end of Eurasia in roughly the same period, which saw a rich interacion between the empire of Tang China and
the nascent cultures of Korea and Japan. In addiion, I consider it enirely plausible that the smaller kingdoms in
the west borrowed and adapted from one another, whether it be the development of monotheism or massive
irrigaion works in the Red Sea kingdoms of Aksum and Himyar, or common styles of ecclesiasical architecture
and forms of literature in Lazica, Iberia, and Armenia. Sill, we should be cauious in ascribing dependence or
inluence. To take one example, even when king Mirian and his successors on the throne of Iberia/Kartli embraced
Chrisianity, I do not interpret this necessarily as a rejecion of Sasanian cultural and poliical inluence. Nor do
I see the conversion of the Iberian monarchy as a crude example of the difusion of one aspect of East Roman
culture. To me, part of the fascinaion in this period of Georgian history is the atempt by kings, clergy, and holy
men to chart an independent course between the two great imperial powers while maintaining (and developing)
an indigenous cultural idenity.
The construcion of cultural idenity within the Roman Empire has been a key quesion among scholars over
the past two decades. Likewise, a dominant strand in late anique historiography is the quesion of “ethno-genesis.~
Historians have been keenly interested in charing the development of tribal groups during the so-called Migraion
Age in western Europe. As these largely Germanic tribal groups interacted with the Roman Empire and eventually
established independent poliies on former Roman territories, many of them underwent “ethno-genesis,~ an open-
ended process of idenity formaion, in which cultural memories (or “tradiions~) are singled out, and are then
transformed, recreated and employed according to the paricular circumstances of setlement. On the basis of
literary and archaeological evidence, ethnicity as a principle of poliical integraion and legiimaion only came to
the fore as a disinguishing marker once these disparate groups setled within the Western Empire in the ith and
sixth centuries.37 Moreover, it appears that ethnic idenity became more pronounced in periods of conlict with
Rome, Byzanium, or with other Germanic kingdoms. In all of these recent debates concerning warfare, culture, and
state building in post-Roman Europe, one element that has been deliberately downplayed is “proto-naionalism,~
especially since scholars of this period have abandoned the previously dominant noion of “Völkerwanderung,~
the migraion of disinct peoples who changed very litle in their composiion or outlook during these tumultuous
centuries. Admitedly, all this has litle to ofer to those working in the Near East or in the Caucasus, but some
of these models of ethnic formaion might produce fruiful results in an eastern context. I think this is especially
true in the case of western tribal groups who did not migrate, but instead simply expanded – like the Franks, for
instance.38
The quesion of ethno-genesis is much less pronounced in scholarly studies of non-Roman peoples in the
east, though the central conlict zone between Rome and Persia, consising of Syriac and Arabic speaking peoples,
remains an excepion. The client states of northern Iraq and eastern Syria, as well as the tribal confederaions
occupying key bufer regions extending from the Gulf of Aqaba to Kurdistan coninue to engage scholars, in part
due to more pleniful source material, as well as to a natural teleological interest in a region that would soon
witness the rise of Islam.39 In most cases, the poliical independence of these former client kingdoms and “caravan
ciies~ had long since been decided. The majority had been absorbed into the provincial structures of either Rome
or Persia. However, the states in the more peripheral regions of the South Caucasus and the southern reaches of
the Red Sea maximized their advantages of remoteness and diiculty of access, despite the intenions of the two
great empires to engage them in proxy wars against each other. For these reasons, my atenion has been drawn
to the ethno-genesis of the South Caucasus kingdoms of Colchis/Lazica, Iberia/Kartli, and Armenia, as well as the
Red Sea kingdoms of Himyar in modern Yemen and Aksum in modern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
I recognize that to invoke a concept like ethno-genesis with reference to the ancient states of the South
37 F. Curta, “Fronier ethnogenesis in late aniquity. The Danube, the Tervingi, and the Slavs,~ in idem, ed., Borders, barriers, and
ethnogenesis. Froniers in late aniquity and the middle ages, (Turnhout, 2005), pp. 173-204.
38 Most commentators date the beginning of this discussion to R. Wenskus, Stammesbildung und Verfassung. Das Werden der
frühmitelalterlichen Gentes, 2nd ed., (Köln, 1977). For a sampling of the vast literature on this contenious quesion, see A. Gillet,
ed., On Barbarian Idenity: Criical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages, Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 4 (Turnhout,
2002); W. Pohl, “Rome and the Barbarians in the 5th Century,~ L’Aniquité Tardive 16, (2008): 93-101; W. Pohl, and G. Heydemann`
eds., Strategies of Ideniicaion. Ethnicity and Religion in Early Medieval Europe, (Turnhout, 2012); M. Kulikowski, “The Western
Kingdoms,~ in S. F. Johnson, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Late Aniquity, (Oxford, 2012), pp. 31-59.
39 J. F. Haldon and H. Kennedy, “Regional Ideniies and Military Power: Byzanium and Islam c. 600-750,~ in G. King, and L. A.
Conrad, eds., Communal Ideniies in the Late Anique and Early Islamic Near East, (Princeton 2000); K. G. Holum and H. Lapin,
eds., Shaping the Middle East: Jews, Chrisians, and Muslims in an Age of Transiion 400-800 C.E., (Bethesda, MD, 2011); G. Fisher,
Between Empires. Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in Late Aniquity, (Oxford, 2011).
_ 294 _
Caucasus is akin to the theological debates surrounding the term homoousios (“of the same substance~) ater
the Council of Nicaea in 325. Many church leaders objected to the creed’s use of homoousios on the quite
sensible grounds that it had been tainted by associaion with the hereical theology of the Gnosics and of
Sabellius over half a century earlier. So too, the concept of ethno-genesis may be suspect due to its deleterious
applicaion by adherents of various schools of Soviet ethnology, and its use in either airming or denying ethnic
self-determinaion. Respected academicians oten found themselves having to adapt to dangerous shits in the
ideology of ethno-genesis, especially during the 1930’s and 1940’s under a capricious autocrat who fancied himself
a specialist on ethnicity. The tragedy of massive deportaions was oten jusiied on dubious ethnological grounds,
and the atershocks of seismic upheavals regarding the concepts of naion and ethnicity are sill being felt today.
My own perspecive on ethno-genesis within the contested peripheral zones of Late Aniquity is shaped by
two principal models of interpretaion. First, the various poliies occupying these zones faced remarkably similar
challenges and responded to them in very similar ways. These common features are put in high relief by an
explicitly comparaive methodology which illumines their similariies, but which also reveals certain key disincions
between them.40 In the past decade, comparaivist studies have been enjoying a renaissance in ancient history.
However, the current trend is to focus either on state formaion and large imperial systems or to analyze in a
comparaive fashion science and philosophy among major civilizaions.41 A notable excepion is Chris Wickham’s
widely inluenial Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005), which compares the fortunes of ten discrete regions
both within Rome’s imperial borders and beyond (Ireland and Denmark) during those centuries which witnessed
the decline of Roman power in the West.42 This ofers a model for analyzing the smaller kingdoms poised between
the great powers of Late Aniquity. My current project employs a comparaive methodology in order to gain a
clearer awareness of historical causality, the condiions that created parallel developments in the various kingdoms,
various categories of ethnic self-idenity, and a heightened sensiivity to local/regional pariculariies.43 As part
of this deliberaively comparaivist understanding, I also intend to foreground the geographical similariies of the
peripheral kingdoms. All of these smaller kingdoms were relaively protected by natural geographical barriers, yet
they were also either astride or close to important internaional trade routes, and they provided the larger imperial
powers with strategic advantages in their larger military struggles.
In recent years, comparaivist analysis has been gaining more adherents among late anique scholars.
Conferences on both sides of the Atlanic have focused on religion, state building, and cultural idenity, including a
criically important 2009 symposium at Princeton enitled Naion, Group and Religion in Late Aniquity and the Early
Middle Ages. One of the largest of these conferences was held in Vienna at the Österreichische Akademie der
Wissenschaten in June of 2009. The proceedings have been published as W. Pohl et al, eds., Visions of Community
in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzanium and the Islamic World, 300-1100 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012). Although
the papers ranged from Tibet to Ireland, many of them dealt with the Germanic kingdoms of western Europe
and the emerging poliies of the Islamic world. Likewise, many of the papers referenced Chris Wickham’s massive
comparaive study of the immediate post-Roman world. Unlike Wickham’s Framing the Early Middle Ages, I am far
less interested in socio-economic factors and the exercise of state power than I am in the emergence of disinct
and enduring cultural ideniies. And yet, I ind that a similar comparaive framework yields potenially rich insights
40 On the applicaion of a comparaive methodology and its uility in construcing historical models, see C. Lorenz, “Comparaive
Historiography: Problems and Perspecives,~ History and Theory, 38.1. (Feb., 1999): 25-39. J. Mahoney and D. Rueschemeyer,
Comparaive Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, (Cambridge, 2003); D. Cohen and M. O’Connor, eds., Comparison and
History: Europe in Cross-Naional Perspecive, (New York, 2004). For comparaive theory in ancient studies, see P. F. Bang, M.
Ikeguchi, and H. G. Ziche, eds., Ancient Economies, Modern Methodologies: Archaeology, Comparaive History, Models and
Insituions, Vol. 12 of Pragmateiai (Bari, 2006).
41 Signiicant examples of this trend are M. H. Detenhofer, “Das römische Imperium und das China der Han-Zeit: Ansätze zu einer
historischen Komparaisik,~ Latomus 65 (2006): 880-897; F. Hurlet, Les Empires: Aniquité et Moyen Kge: Analyse compare,
(Rennes, 2008); P. F. Bang and D. Kolodziejczyk, eds., Universal empire. A comparaive approach to imperial culture and
representaion in Eurasian history, (Cambridge, 2012); W. Scheidel, ed., State Power in Ancient China and Rome, (Oxford, 2015);
G. E. R. Lloyd, Principles and Pracices in Ancient Greek and Chinese Science, (Aldershot, 2006); R. King and D. Schilling, eds., How
Should One Live? Comparing Ethics in Ancient China and Greco-Roman Aniquity, (Berlin, 2011).
42 C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800, (Oxford and New York, 2005). For a
more explicitly theoreical discussion, see C. Wickham; “Problems in doing comparaive history,~ Challenging the Boundaries of
Medieval History, (Turnhout, 2009), pp. 5-29. Note also the important review essay of B. D. Shaw, “Ater Rome: Transformaions
of the Early Mediterranean World,~ New Let Review 51 (2008): 89-114.
43 To be published with the provisional itle, Between the Clashing Rocks: Small Kingdoms, Great Powers, and Cultural Idenity in Late
Aniquity (Balimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press).
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CHRISTOPHER HAAS
in the study of late anique and early Medieval Kartvelian idenity. A handful of examples may suice which
adumbrate my fuller exposiion in the near future.
Chrisianizaion is a notoriously diicult process to trace, especially because many of the sources used
by scholars date from eras someimes centuries removed from the actual events.44 Moreover, the narraive of
conversion oten is closely linked to the formaion of ethnic or naional idenity, and care must be taken not to
follow blindly much later sources that deliberately archaize in order to promote a paricular agenda. However, a
close comparaive analysis reveals a clear model of Chrisianizaion in the kingdoms of Aksum and Kartli/Iberia, two
kingdoms separated by nearly two thousand miles and by a volaile Roman/Persian fronier. Ezana I of Aksum and
Mirian III of Iberia/Kartli both embraced Chrisianity in the early fourth century. It should be noted that neither
Mirian nor Ezana converted to Chrisianity as the result of Roman diplomaic iniiaives. Indeed, in each case,
the Roman emperor responded late to the changed religious preferences of the local monarchs. Moreover, their
espousal of Chrisianity should not be considered as equivalent to the conversion of the two kingdoms. Instead,
the royal conversion stood as but one phase, though an admitedly crucial one, in a remarkably similar process
of Chrisianizaion in Aksum and in Kartli. In both cases, this was a muli-phased process that took centuries to
complete.
Chrisianizaion in Kartli and Aksum went through very similar stages between the third and sixth centuries –
indeed, so similar that we may speak of a model of Chrisianizaion.45 It begins with a substratum of preexistent
monotheisic ideas, nurtured by a long established Jewish community. It is followed by early contact with
Chrisianity through trade and the presence of Chrisian merchants, cratsmen, and diplomats. In the case of Kartli,
this may be traced in an upsurge of Chrisian grave-goods and presige material remains. In both kingdoms, the
actual conversion of the royal house was carried out through the eforts of foreign-born Chrisians: Aedesius and
Frumenius in Aksum, and St. Nino in Kartli. This is followed by the establishment of an ecclesiasical hierarchy,
in each case invited into the kingdom at the behest of the monarch. Soon, the newly-converted king constructs a
magniicent church in the capital to express his devoion, to house a paricularly numinous relic, and to promote
the centralizaion of his kingdom (Sveiskhoveli). However, in order to spread Chrisianity beyond the capital and
the immediate royal circle, both kingdoms required the evangelizaion work of foreign-born monks who also
planted monasicism in the countryside (Thirteen Syrian Fathers). Ulimately, it took the vigorous promoion of
Chrisianity by a strong monarch, who later achieves near-legendary status, to ensure the fusion of Chrisianity with
the kingdom’s cultural idenity: Kaleb I in Aksum and Vakhtang Gorgasali in Kartli.
Another area where a comparaive analysis reveals nascent features in cultural idenity is in the nature of
sacredness, and the means by which the inhabitants of a late anique kingdom ensure ongoing contact with
numinous power. Throughout the late anique east, ciies and states had to re-orient their origin stories to beter
accord with their new Chrisian idenity. Between the fourth and sixth centuries, the regions subject to the east
Roman emperor in Constaninople went through a profound shit in the ways they negoiated their cultural
idenity by referencing their foundaion myths and their evolving collecive memories. As the ides of wealth,
power, and resources lowed toward Constanine’s city, so also potent talismans of the classical past as well as
relics associated with earliest Chrisianity were eagerly gathered together by pious emperors. In a Chrisianized
empire, the ideological dominance of Constaninople was reinforced by the presence of these relics unil, by the
ime of Jusinian, Constaninople had become a veritable Charybdis of sacredness. To counter this encroachment
on the ideniies of ciies and kingdoms, it was necessary to tap into the holiness of another source of sacredness,
Jerusalem. This meant that, if at all possible, a city should establish a irm material connecion with the circle of
the Apostles in Jerusalem, or even beter, with Christ or the Virgin Mary. Only large and powerful ciies like Anioch
or Alexandria could aford to rely upon their own tradiions of legiimaion based on ancient ies with the Apostles
or through their own saints. Smaller ciies, like Emesa in northern Syria or the fronier city of Edessa, sought
44 C. Haas, “Mountain Constanines: The Chrisianizaion of Aksum and Iberia,~ Journal of Late Aniquity 1.1 (2008): 101-126, for
the literature prior to 2008. For a sampling of the voluminous literature on late anique Chrisianizaion since 2008, see R. Lim,
“Chrisianizaion, Secularizaion, and the Transformaion of Public Life,~ in P. Rousseau, A Companion to Late Aniquity, (Oxford,
2009), pp. 497-511; H. Inglebert, S. Destephen, and B. Dumézil, eds., Le problème de la chrisianisaion du monde anique, (Paris,
2010); J. Maxwell, “Paganism and Chrisianizaion,~ in S. F. Johnson, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Late Aniquity, (Oxford, 2012),
pp. 849-875; P.-L. Gaier, “La chrisianisaion de l’Aniochène dans l’Aniquité tardive,~ in J. Keiser, R. Bailey, et al., eds., The Levant,
Crossroads of Late Aniquity : History, Religion and Archaeology = Le Levant, Carrefour De L’Aniquité Tardive: Histoire, Religion
et Archäologie, (Leiden, 2014), pp. 145-164; A. Busine, ed., Religious Pracices and the Chrisianizaion of the Late Anique City,
(Leiden, 2015); A. Papaconstaninou, N. McLynn, and D. Schwartz, eds., Conversion in Late Aniquity: Chrisianity, Islam, and
Beyond, (Farnham, 2015).
45 As argued in C. Haas, “Mountain Constanines.”
_ 296 _
to maintain their unique ideniies through a renewed emphasis on their connecion with Jerusalem. However,
this quest for a Jerusalem-centered legiimaion was most successful in the peripheral kingdoms of Aksum and
Iberia, each of which developed remarkably close associaions with Jerusalem through pilgrimage, monasicism,
liturgical styles, and the possession of “super-relics~ like the Ark of the Covenant and the Robe of Christ. In both
kingdoms, the capitals themselves were rechristened as types or models of the earthly Jerusalem, creaing a type
of spirituality which later legiimized monarchies and provided a sense of “elecion~ during the modern process
of naion-building.46
In the midst of any discussion of formaive cultural idenity, it is necessary to confront the widely-accepted
noion that these ideniies in Late Aniquity were constantly in lux. This dominant Post-Modern perspecive
emphasizes the luid nature of cultural choices, as well as the way cultural markers could be adopted, blended
together, or rejected based upon paricular circumstances.47 A close comparaive analysis of two peripheral
kingdoms calls into quesion this paradigm. Over the course of the ith and early sixth centuries, the states of
the South Caucasus and the Red Sea came under increasing pressure from both Rome and Persia. In addiion to
military consideraions, the larger empires became less tolerant of cultural diferences within the states of their
“near abroad.~ Religion became one of the principal points in dispute, and included not only the choice between
Chrisianity and Zoroastrianism, but in some cases also a paricular sub-group within each religion, especially ater
the Council of Chalcedon in 451. As a response to these pressures, the Kartvelian king Vakhtang Gorgasali threw
of his longstanding alliance with the Persian shahan’shah, and aligned himself with Rome. Some forty years later, a
previously deposed Himyarite king named Yusuf As’ar Yathar staged a coup d’état against a client regime installed
by an invading army from Aksum. In both cases, their policy shit seems to make no sense, since it set them on
an unavoidably confrontaional path with a major empire that could only result in military and poliical disaster.
However, a comparaive study of these two kings reveals that their seemingly ill-advised poliical decisions resulted
from their adherence to key features of the emerging cultural ideniies within their respecive states. In other
words, the religious choices made by their predecessors determined their own geopoliical policies.48
A comparaivist approach is but one way of consciously theorizing the evoluion of cultural idenity in Late
Aniquity. By comparing the development of Kartli with that of similar contemporary poliies, it might be possible
to arrive at a beter understanding of the evolving relaionship between Chrisianizaion and idenity formaion in
the peripheral kingdoms between Rome and Persia. In spite of the varying poliical and military fortunes of these
kingdoms, the late anique period provided a crucial space and the means to ariculate their newly forged cultural
ideniies. These ideniies would be tested during the decades-long war between Rome and Persia that engulfed
the enire Near East in the late sixth and early seventh centuries. The rapid spread of Islam and the rise of the
Umayyad Caliphate would likewise test the self-understanding of these peripheral states. However, their sense
of cultural autonomy survived intact and coninues to exert a profound inluence on the contours of geopoliical
dynamics today.
46 M. Chkharishvili, “Мцхета как Новый Иерусалим / Mtskheta as New Jerusalem,~ in A. Lidov, ed., New Jerusalems. Hierotopy and
Iconography of Sacred Spaces, (Moscow, 2009), pp. 131-150.
47 Examples of this new orthodoxy are É. Rebillard, Chrisians and their many ideniies in late aniquity, North Africa, 200-450 CE,
(Ithaca, NY 2012); D. Demetriou, Negoiaing Idenity in the Ancient Mediterranean, (Cambridge, 2012); S. R. Marin, “Ethnicity
and Representaion,~ in J. McInerney, ed., A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean, (Oxford, 2014), pp. 356-375.
48 An early version of this comparaive study may be found in C. Haas, “Geopoliics and Georgian Idenity in Late Aniquity: the
Dangerous World of Vakhtang Gorgasali,” in T. Nutsubidze, C. Horn, and B. Lourié, eds., Philalethes: Patrisic, Philosophical, and
Georgian Studies in Honor of Shalva Nutsubidze’s 125th Anniversary (Leiden, 2014), pp. 29-44.
_ 297 _
CHRISTOPHER HAAS
qarTveluri identobis Camoyalibeba gvian antikur epoqaSi:

zogi meTodologiuri mosazreba
qristofer haasi
naSromSi komparativistul WrilSi ganxilulia qarTuli identobis ganviTarebis peripetiebi

gvian antikur periodSi. avtoris azriT, swored komparativistuli midgoma SeiZleba iyos erT-
erTi gza am epoqaSi arsebuli identobebis TeoretizebisaTvis.
qarTlis Sedarebam analogiuri ganviTarebis mqone Tanadroul saxelmwifoebTan SeiZleba
migviyvanos romsa da sparseTs Soris arsebul periferiul samefoebSi qristianizaciisa da
identobis formirebis Soris kavSiris ufro Rrma gagebamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom am samefoebs
hqondaT gansxvavebuli samxedro da politikuri bedi, gvianma antikurobam maT misca saWiro
sivrce da saSualebebi mkafiod gamoexataT TavianTi axlad gamoWedili kulturuli identoba. es
identobani unda gamowrTobiliyvnen romsa da sparseTs Soris mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare
omiT, romelmac moicva mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi meeqvse saukunis bolosa da meSvide saukunis
dasawyisSi. islamis swrafi gavrceleba da omiadebis saxalifos zrda aseve unda yofiliyo gamocda
am periferiuli saxelmwifoebis TviTcnobierebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli avtonomiis
gancda darCa ucvleli da dResac kvlav axdens gavlenas geopolitikuri dinamikis konturebze.
_ 298 _
Tvalsazrisi
STANDPOINT
samecniero kvlevebis koncefcia
mariam CxartiSvili
2012 wels ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Catarda konkursi
akademiuri Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad. sxva sabuTebTan erTad konkursantebs unda waredginaT
samecnieroo kvlevebis koncefcia. me am konkursSi vmonawileobdi da cxadia, zemoT aRniSnuli
dokumenti mec warvadgine. konkursSi gamarjveba movipove. erT-erTi, ris gamoc sakonkurso
komisiam Cems kandidaturas mxari dauWira, usaTuod kvlevebis koncefciac iyo. aq dafiqsirebuli
Tvalsazrisi, cxadia, marto konkursis moTxovnis gamo ar gamCenia. mis gaziarebas kolegebisaTvis
isedac karga xania vapirebdi da konkusrma amis saSualeba momca. axlaxan am koncefcias Tvali
gadavavle da aRmovaCine, rom is kvlav aqtualuria CemTvis, radgan is Tvalsazrisi, romelic maSin
kolegebis viwro wres warvudgine gansasjelad, vfiqrob, saWiroa, rom ufro farTo sazogadoebas,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, am specialist mkiTxvel mkiTxvels gavuziaro. teqsts TiTqmis ucvlelad
vbeWdav anu is 2012 wliT TariRdeba.
***
Tavidanve minda ganvmarto, rom msjeloba, romelsac qvemoT warmogidgenT, miznad ar
isaxavs sazogadod saqarTveloSi da mis sazRvrebs gareT istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove etapis analizs, aramed warmoadgens konkretulad saqarTvelos istoriis dargSi
arsebuli mdgomareobis xedvas, Tumc, cxadia, saqarTvelos istoriis problematika Tavsdeba
istoriuli disciplinis ganviTarebis saerTo konteqstSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi ganxilva
savsebiT mowyvetili ver iqneba im movlenebsa da faqtebs, romelTac adgili aqvT dRes istorikosTa
Tanamegobrobis cxovrebaSi msoflios masStabiT.
Cems msjelobas warvmarTav Semdegi gegmiT. Tavidan ganvmartav, Tu rogor mesmis istoriuli
disciplinis sazogadoebrivi funqcia da istoriuli reprezentaciis romeli paradigmis CarCoebSi
mimaCnia kvleva istoriis dargSi mizanSewonilad (radgan samecniero kvlevebis koncefcia, cxadia,
gamomdinareobs iqidan, Tu rogor xedavs istorikosi aRniSnul faqtorebs). amis Semdgom movaxden
qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe mdgari umTavresi problemebis identifikacias da Sevecdebi
davsaxo maTi gadaWris gzebi. bolos ki vityvi imis Sesaxeb, Tu Tavad me ras vakeTeb im sakiTxebis
gadasaWrelad, romlebic, Cemi azriT, qarTuli istoriografiis aqtualuri problemebis ricxvs
ganekuTvneba.
I. istoriuli reprezentaciis paradigmis sakiTxi
rogorc sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis, aseve istoriis disciplinisaTvis,

ganmsazRvreli aris sinamdvilis Semecneba, sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis dadgena. magram amave
dros unda gvaxsovdes, rom istoria ar aris martooden mecniereba, igi warmoadgens koleqtiuri
kulturuli identobis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli erTobebis (eTnosebis, naciebis) markersac.
Tanamedrove Teoriul literaturaSi damajereblad aris naCvenebi, rom koleqtiuri
kulturuli identobis mqone erTobebis droSi gangrZobadobas da gareSe cvlilebebisadmi
medegobas didad ganapirobebs subieqturi faqtorebi, romelTa Soris gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs swored istorias anu koleqtiur maxsovrobas. istoriografia aris koleqtiuri maxsovrobis
umTavresi gamovlineba. identobis ganviTarebis yovel safexurs Seesabameba istoriografiis
ganviTarebis garkveuli done. erad arseboba SeuZlebelia erovnuli istoriografiis gareSe,
radgan swored istoriiT axdenen erebi sakuTari TviTmyofadobis gamokveTas da SenarCunebas.
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor xedavs istorikosi Tavis Tavs (rogorc gareSe damkvirvebeli, warsuli
sinamdvilis yovelgvari emociis gareSe Semmecnebeli, Tu ama Tu im koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobis mqone Cven-jgufis wevri, romlis erTaderTi mizanic warsulis reprezentaciisas
koleqtiuri TviTidentifikaciis problemebis mogvarebaa), cxadia, sxvadasxva iqneba misi samecniero
kvlevebis koncefcia.
_ 301 _
mariam CxartiSvili
es koncefcia didad aris damokidebuli imazec, istoriuli naSromis dawerisas istorikosi

misdevs e.w. tradiciul anu empiricistul paradigmas, romelsac rankeseulic SeiZleba ewodos
cnobili germaneli istorikosis leopold fon rankes mixedviT, Tu misTvis amosavalia àxali
istoriis~ midgoma, romlis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis analebis skolas.
rogorc cnobilia, tradiciuli paradigma, romelsac zogi mecnieri `saRi azris logikis~
paradigmasac uwodebs, ZiebaTa centrSi aqcevs faqtebis Txrobas. anu es aris aRwerilobiT
xasiaTis istoriuli reprezentacia anu narativis istoriografia, maSin, roca àxali istoriis~
paradigma orientirebulia struqturebis Semecnebaze da aris ara deskrifciuli, aramed diskursis
analitikuri forma.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc irkveva, istoriuli reprezentaciis am ori formis Tanaarseboba
da urTierTdapirispirebuloba istoriografiuli praqtikis mudmivi maxasiaTebelia, mainc
iTvleba, rom ufro adrindelia movlenebis aRweraze orientirebuli rankeseuli modeli, xolo
àxali istoria~ am midgomis bolodroindel gamowvevas warmoadgens.
kvlevis obieqtis arCevisas aRniSnul or midgomas axasiaTebs sxvadasxvagvari preferenciebi.
sxvadasxvagvaria maTi damokidebuleba wyaroTa bazis struqturis gansazRvris sakiTxSic.
rankeseuli midgomisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, damaxasiaTebelia interesi politikuri
istoriisadmi da gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWeba dokumenturi wyaroebisaTvis, romlebic
oficiozis Sexedulebas asaxavs. àxali istoriisaTvis~ istoriuli rekonstruqciis mizans
warmoadgens e.w. totaluri istoria anu istoria mTlianad da ara marto sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
romelime erTi, calke aRebuli, aspeqti da amisTvis iyenebs Zalze mravalferovan wyaroTa bazas.
funqcionalisturi anu struqturebis Semecnebaze orientirebuli midgomisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia `qvemodan zemoT~ istoriografiuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba anu asaxva ara liderTa
cxovrebisa, aramed Cveulebrivi adamianebis da mentalobebis anu imisa, rac masobriv cnobierebas
ukavSirdeba.
analebis skolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli f. brodeli, rogorc cno-
bilia, drois ramdenime fenas ganasxvavebda da amis mixedviT axdenda istoriuli xdomilebebis
klasifikacias. pirveli fena esaa e.w. xangrZlivi dro anu geopolitikuri cvlilebebis dro. meore
fena aris saSualo dro anu socialuri da ekonomikuri procesebis ganviTarebis dro. da mesame
fena aris mokle dro, romelic daaxloebiT erTi Taobis cxovrebis xangrZlivobiT ganisazRvreba.
swored am droSi viTardeba politikuri movlenebi: politikuri istoria aris ìstoriis okeanis
talRebis qafi~, namdvili movlenebi siRrmeSi imaleba, politika ki zedapiruli movlenaa. brodelis
da sxva struqturalist-funqcionalisti istorikosebis azriT, mniSvnelovania siRrmiseuli
faqtebis Semecneba.
istoriuli reprezentaciis tradiciuli paradigmis da masTan dakavSirebuli e.w. `mec-
nieruli~ istoriografiis ganviTareba, rogorc cnobilia, daemTxva, erTis mxriv, istoriis
profesionalizaciis periods da, meores mxriv, nacia-saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibebis xanas. amitom
is gulisxmobda kvlevis specifikurad istoriuli meTodebis srulyofas, agreTve – istoriis
saxelmwifos samsaxurSi Cayenebas. yovelive amis Tavisebur gamowvevas warmoadgenda àxali
istoria~. is, Tavisi arsiT, iyo interdisciplinuri da fokusSi aqcevda komparativistul kvlevebs,
radgan struqturebis Semecneba, gansxvavebiT faqtebis Txrobisagan, romelic diaqronul Wrils
gulisxmobs, aucilebelia moxdes sinqronul WrilSi.
„axali istoria~ warmoadgenda umniSvnelovanes impulss istoriuli praqtikis internaciona-
lizaciisaTvisac.
mkvlevari, romelic Seecdeba emociuri momentis gamoricxviT, mxolod akademiuri mizniT
Seimecnos warsuli, funqcionalistur-struqturalistur reprezentaciaze iqneba orientirebuli.
heroikuli eTnoistoriis Seqmna ki, cxadia, ufro mosaxerxebelia istoriuli reprezentaciis
tradiciuli anu empiricistuli paradigmis farglebSi.
istoriulad ase moxda (mxedvelobaSi maqvs viTareba dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si): jer àxali
istoriis~ mier sruliad daiCrdila tradiciuli istoriografia, magram ukve gasuli saukunis
70-iani wlebidan daiwyes saubari struqturuli anu funqcionalisturi istorografiis marcxze da
naratiuli istoriografiis aRorZinebaze. Tumc imasac miuTiTeben, rom axla narativi is aRaraa,
rac iyo mecxramete saukuneSi.
aq gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoeba: marTalia, funqcionalistur istoriografias metad
amsgavseben sabunebismetyvelo da socialur mecnierebebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, axasiaTeben
mas, rogorc meti sizustis mqone istoriografiul paradigmas, farTo sazogadoeba gulgrilia
_ 302 _
struqturebis istoriisadmi, ramdenadac struqturebis istoria CrdilSi aqcevs pirovnebebs,

individualobas, unikalobas, radgan igi orientirebulia ara calkeulze, konkretulze da
specifikurze, aramed – universalurze da sazogadoze.
farTo sazogadoebas istoria ainteresebs swored, rogorc sxvaTa gamocdilebis Taviseburi
sacavi. istoria, rogorc iTqva, aris ara marto samecniero disciplina, romlis meSveobiT
sinamdvilis (am SemTxveveSi warsuli sinamdvilis) Semecneba xdeba, aramed erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
identobrivi markeric. koleqtiur kulturul identobaze aRmocenebuli erTobebisaTvis ki
istoriuli maxsovroba gadamwyvetia, imdenad gadamwyveti, rom eTnosebsa da naciebs, romlebic
swored identobis aRniSnuli tipis mqone erTobebia, zogi mkvlevari mnemonikur anu maxsovrobiT
koleqtivebsac ki uwodebs. magram identobrivi markeris funqcia SeuZlia Seasrulos mxolod
heroikulma istoriografiam, gmirebis, wmindanebis Rvawlis amsaxvelma narativebma da ara
individalurobisagan daclilma impersonalurma istoriulma reprezentaciam.
struqturebis istoria, marTalia, erTis mxriv, warmoaCens warsuli sinamdvilis axal
ganzomilebas, magram, meores mxriv, es axali ganzomileba sruliad moklebulia emocias. istoriuli
reprezentaciisaTvis ki, rogorc individualoba, aseve emocia Zalze arsebiTia. istoriisaTvis
mniSvnelovania ara marto adamiani, rogorc aseTi, rogorc saxeoba, ara marto, rogorc socialuri
klasi an koleqtiur kulturul identobaze dafuZnebuli erToba, aramed – rogorc konkretuli
pirovneba, konkretuli individualoba.
aqedan gamomdinare, me viziareb im specialistTa Tvalsazriss, romelTa mixedviT, ar SeiZleba
istoriuli reprezentaciis es ori paradigma ganxilul iqnes istoriografiuli praqtikis
alternatiul modelebad. istoriuli rekonstruqciisas oriveni Tanabrad unda iqnen gamoyenebuli,
radgan isini urTierTs avseben.
me (da cxadia, ara marto me) istoriuli azris ganviTarebaSi udides miRwevad mimaCnia
f. brodelis mier mravalfeniani istoriuli drois konceptis Semotana. aseve Zalian mniSvnelovani
mgonia movlenaTa klasifikaciac swored gansxvavebuli siCqariT mdinare droTa mixedviT.
erTaderTi, rasac am SemTxvevaSi brodelis koncefciaSi ver viziareb, esaa azri, rom xangrZliv droSi
ganviTarebuli procesebi ufro mniSvnelovania, istoriografiuli praqtikis TvalsazrisiT, vidre
– mokle droSi warmoSobili faqtebi. marTalia, es ukanasknelni swored pirvelTa gamovlinebas
warmoadgenen, magram istoriis disciplinis paradoqsi swored isaa, rom misTvis zedapiruli
movlenebic iseve faseulia, rogorc siRrmiseuli. istoriis erT-erTi umTavresi sazogadoebrivi
funqcia anu erTobis markireba maxsovrobiT, ukavSirdeba swored zedapiris, ìstoriis okeanis
talRebis qafis~ (brodelis xatovani frazaa, romelmac mravalfenovani istoriuli dro aRwera
zRvis metaforis saSualebiT) faqtebs. amitom ara marto xangrZliv droSi an saSualo droSi
mimdinare procesebi, aramed mokle droSi momxdari faqtebic Zalian arsebiTia istorikosisaTvis.
II. saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevis Tanamedrove problemaTa identifikacia
dasawyisSive CamovTvli im ZiriTad problematikas, romelic, Cemi azriT, am dargSi momuSave

specialistebs aqvT gadasawyveti sadReisod da amis Semdgom Sevecdebi ufro dawvrilebiT
ganvixilo TiToeuli sakiTxi, amocanebis saxiT warmovadgino isini da am amocanaTa gadaWris gzebis
Sesaxeb Cemi Tvalsazrisic mogaxsenoT.
saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi Tanamedrove etapze sami umTavresi problema mesaxeba.
esenia:
1) qarTveli eris warsulis Tvisebrivad axali koncefciis Seqmna da qarTveli samoqalaqo
eris istoriis dawera;
2) saqarTvelos istoriis profesionalizaciis procesis gaRrmaveba, rac gulisxmobs kvlevis
Teoretizebas, sagangebo zrunvas istoriografiuli (termin ìstoriografias~, rogorc
cnobilia, aqvs ramdenime mniSvneloba. am SemTxvevaSi me mas viyeneb istoriis disciplinis
aRmniSvneli sityvis azriT anu rogorc ìstoriis~ sinonims. Sesabamisad, gamoTqma
ìstoriografiuli praqtika~ sxva araferia Tu ara kvleva istoriis dargSi.) praqtikis
anu istoriis kvlevis meTodologiaze (meTodologiebze: mravlobiT ricxvSi sityva
`meTodologiis~ gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia realuri viTarebiT, kerZod, Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi arsebuli pirobebiT: dRes, gansxvavebiT uaxloesi warsulisagan, namdvilad
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mariam CxartiSvili
SesaZlebelia mecnierebi sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis yvela dargSi, da cxadia,

istoriaSic) iyvnen pluralistuli meTodologiuri diskursis monawileni) da meTodebze,
istoriuli reprezentaciis stilze, istoriografiuli diskursis obieqturobaze;
3) saqarTvelos istoriis internacionalizacia anu saqarTvelos istoriis dargSi
kvlevis Sedegebis saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis gacnoba da qarTuli
istoriografiis umTavresi monapovrebis msoflio istoriis konteqstSi CarTva.
samive es problema mWidrod aris urTierTdakavSirebuli da maTi gadaWra, principSi, erTdroulad
unda moxdes, Tu rogor amis Cvenebas Sevecdebi qvemoT, roca TiToeul maTganze ufro vrclad
SevCerdebi.
1. minda msjeloba daviwyo meore problemiT anu saqarTvelos istoriis dargSi
profesionalizaciis procesis gaRrmavebisaTvis xelSewyobis problemiT.
rogorc ukve iTqva, istoria ar aris `Cveulebrivi~ samecniero disciplina, rom misi sazo-
gadoebrivi funqcia martooden warsulis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi ar mdgomareobs. istoria
da, kerZod, erovnuli istoria, aris amave dros koleqtiuri maxsovrobis formac. swored amitom
misdami sazogadoebis interesi gansakuTrebiT didia da arsebobs garkveuli sazogadoebrivi
imperativic imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori unda iyos mSobliuri eris istoria.
cxoveli sazogadoebrivi interesi didi stimulis mimcemia mkvlevrisaTvis. dameTanxmebiT,
sul sxvagvaria kvlevis motivacia, rodesac misi Sedegebisadmi mipyrobilia farTo sazogadoebis
yuradReba. magram igive zogjer damTrgunvelic SeiZleba aRmoCndes imis gamo, rom, rogorc vTqvi,
sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi moTxovnebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori erovnuli istoria unda mas
da aqvs garkveuli molodinic, romlis daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi istorikosis Sromas igi
ar miiRebs. es aris seriozuli problema erovnuli istoriis dargSi momuSave specialistebisaTvis:
erTi mxriv, maT, cxadia, zedmiwevniT unda daakmayofilon mecnierebis umTavresi moTxovna da
WeSmaritebis Zieba daisaxon miznad da, meore mxriv, upasuxon sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebas da
miawodon mas Sidajgufuri konsolidebisaTvis `gamosadegi warsuli~ (Tanamedrove britaneli
mecnieris toni judis gamoTqma rom gavimeoroT).
rogor unda gadaiWras es sakiTxi, romelic, erTi SexedviT, namdvil dilemas warmoadgens?
ra viTarebaa am TvalsazrisiT qarTul sinamdvileSi? am bolo kiTxvas aqve vupasuxeb: imperativi
istoriografiis misamarTiT sazogadoebis mxridan qarTul sinamdvileSic xelSesaxebi faqtia da
igi gavlenas axdens ara marto kvlevis Sedegze, aramed zogjer Tavad problemebis SerCevazec.
rogorc iTqva, sazogadoebas, koleqtivs aqvs garkveuli molodini erovnul istoriografiasTan
dakavSirebiT. magram es molodini TavisTavad ar Cndeba. is momdinareobs winare istoriografiidan.
anu sazogadoebis mier mowonebuli Temebi da istoriuli reprezentaciis stili ganpirobebulia ukve
aprobirebuli da koleqtiuri maxsovrobis sistemaSi moqceuli istoriografiuli diskursiT. Tu
tradiciuli istoriografiuli narativisagan gansxvavebuli ram gvinda SevTavazoT sazogadoebas
da gvsurs, rom man miiRos es siaxle, amisaTvis unda winaswar SevamzadoT da vaswavloT istoriuli
reprezentaciis im stilis Sefasebac da dafasebac (sic!), romlis SeTavazebasac vapirebT. anu,
marTalia, sazogadoebas aqvs garkveuli imperativebi istorikosTa saqmianobis mimarT, magram am
imperativebis, gnebavT, stereotipebis Camoyalibebaze zemoqmedeba, saTanado muSaobis SemTxvevaSi,
SeuZliaT Tavad profesional istorikosebs da maT es kidevac unda gaakeTon.
amgvarad, aRniSnul `dilemis~ daZlevasTan dakavSirebiT me sakmaod optimisturad var
ganwyobili da, vfiqrob, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebas SevTavazoT mSobliuri eris warsulis
Sesaxeb namdvilad mecnieruli da amave dros misTvis misaRebi istoriografiuli narativi.
vidre farTo sazogadoebisaTvis daviwyebdeT amgvari sakiTxebis gacnobas da ganmartebas,
Tavad profesionali istorikosebis wreSi unda moxdes Sesabamisi sakiTxebis farTo ganxilva
da garkveul TemebTan, agreTve, kvlevis meTodebTan da meTodologiasTan dakavSirebiT
Tvalsazrisebis Sejereba. CvenSi es procesi jerjerobiT sustad aris ganviTarebuli. iSviaTad
SevxdebiT samecniero naSroms, romelSic mkvlevari sagangebo msjelobis sagnad aqcevdes istoriis
kvlevaSi Teoriul midgomas an cdilobdes tradiciulisagan gansxvavebyli reprezentaciis stili
SemogvTavazos. qarTveli istorikosebi, cxadia, icnoben dasavleTSi arsebul sxvadasxva istoriul
skolebs, Sesabamis kursebSi studentebs farTod warmoudgenen kidec maT Sesaxeb informacias,
magram TavianT samecniero praqtikaSi iSviaTad iyeneben am midgomebs. ar mimdinareobs am midgomebis
vargisianoba-uvargisobis gansjac. amgvari sakiTxebi TiTqmis mTlianad ignorirebulia.
am oriode wlis win erT-erTi saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier saqarTveloSi Catarebuli iqna
_ 304 _
vorqSofi Semdegi saxelwodebiT: istoriis ganviTareba, kvleva saqarTveloSi: ra aris saWiro?

masSi monawileba miiRes istorikosebma saqarTvelos wamyvani universitetebidan da kvleviTi
institutebidan. mec gaxldiT am Sexvedris monawile da, SemiZlia vTqva, rom es iyo ideebis
gacvlis TvalsazrisiT Zalian nayofieri Sexvedra. gamoirkva, rom qarTvel istorikosebs istoriis
rogorc samecniero disciplinis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT erTmaneTisaTvis bevri ram aqvT
saTqmeli. da am fonze saintereso iyo Semdegi faqti: miuxedavad amisa, ukve didi xania isini am
sakiTxebze sasaubrod erTmaneTs ar Sexvedrian, arc ucdiaT amgvari Sexvedris organizeba. es ki
im viTarebaSi, roca saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad konkretuli istoriuli kvlevisadmi miZRvnili
mravali samecniero forumi tardeba.
mimaCnia, rom istoriis Teoriuli sakiTxebisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba saqarTveloSi
unda Seicvalos da Sesabamisi aqtivobebiT (konferenciebis, seminarebis organizebiT, arsebuli
gamokvlevebis analiziT, saganmanaTleblo programebiT, sagranto proeqtebiT da a.S) dafiqsirdes
am sakiTxebisadmi profesionalTa interesi. aq mTavaria, problemis gacnobiereba. sxva dama-
brkolebeli garemoeba ar arsebobs. axla amgvar, wminda mecnierul sakiTxebze yuradRebis kon-
centrireba, vfiqrob, ufro adviladaa SesaZlebeli, radgan samecniero da saganmanaTleblo
sivrceSi reformebis didi nawili ukve, vimedovneb, rom gatarda da uaxloes wlebSi ufro mSvidi
viTareba Camoyalibdeba. sabWoTa periodis saqarTveloSi, raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, ufro
meti yuradReba eqceoda istoriis Teoriul mxares (magaliTad, i. javaxiSvilis istoriis da
eTnologiis institutis wyaroTmcodneobis ganyofilebaSi, sadac me, rogorc mecnierma, `fexi
avidgi~, sistematuri yuradRebis sagani iyo wyaroTmcodneobis Teoriuli problemebis kvleva),
Tumc maSin meTodologiuri monizmis pirobebSi, es arsebiTad naklebi Sedegis momtani iyo.
axla ki, roca dasaSvebia meTodologiuri pluralizmi da reprezentaciis stilis arCevanis
sakiTxSic araviTari SezRudva ar arsebobs, cxadia, istoriis Teoretizebis problema dargis
ganviTarebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens da igi dargis specialistTa sagangebo zrunvis
sagani unda gaxdes.
aqve minda aRvniSno am problemis gadaWrisaken mimarTul erTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb, romelic
inicirebulia Tsu humanitaruli fakultetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis mier. es
aris akademikos mariam lorTiqifaniZis dabadebis 90-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso
samecniero konferencia istoriuli reprezentacia: Teoriuli mimarTulebani da konkretuli
kvlevebi, romlis Catareba igegmeba mimdinare wlis noemberSi da romelSic monawileobas iRebs
ramdenime aTeuli mecnieri msoflios mravali qveynidan, maT Soris, cxadia, saqarTvelodanac.
rogorc konferenciis saxelwodebac aCvenebs, igi miznad isaxavs swored xeli Seuwyos istoriis
Teoriuli problematikis kvlevas konkretul kvlevebTan erTad.
2. saqarTvelos istoriis dargis Teoretizebis problemasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
internacionalizaciis problemac. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos istoria aRqmadi gavxadoT
istorikosTa saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisaTvis da ubralod saqarTveloTi dainteresebuli
ucxoeli mkiTxvelisaTvis, sakmarisi rodia romelime saerTaSoriso enaze vTargmniT saqarTvelos
istoriis dargSi Tundac klasikurad miCneuli gamokvlevebi.
saqarTvelos istoriis internacionalizaciisaTvis qarTvelma istorikosebma TavianTi
naSromebi unda warmoadginon ara marto ucxo enaze, aramed im kulturis enaze, romelzec saubroben
dRes istorikosebi. vgulisxmob saerTaSorisod cnobad problematikas istoriis dargSi. qarTuli
SemTxvevis analizi unda moxdes Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi ukve gamokveTil problemebTan
mimarTebiT, unda kargad gvesmodes Cveni araqarTveli mkiTxvelis gemovneba da interesi. amasTan
dakavSirebiT ar SemiZlia ar gavixseno Semdegi SemTxveva: erT-erTma Cemma amerikelma nacnobma,
romelic ar misdevs profesiul saqmianobas istoriis kuTxiT, magram ganaTlebiT istorikosia da,
romelic amis gamo da im mizeziTac, rom karga xania saqarTeloSi cxovrobs, didi interesiT ecnoba
saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb literaturas, CemTvis moulodnelad erTxel CemTan saubarSi
dananebiT aRniSna Semdegi: `ra mosawyenad aris dawerili yvelaferi saqarTvelos istoriaze~.
am SemTxvevaSi misi piriT me aSkarad vismendi dasavleli mkiTxvelis azrs saqarTvelos
istoriis Sesaxeb arsebuli diskursze. is mciredi, rac dRes arsebobs evropul enebze Tavad
qarTveli mecnierebis mier dawerili, xSirad ver iTvaliswinebs dasavleli mkiTxvelis interess
da amitom nakleb warmatebulia informaciis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT. xolo is, rac ucxoelTa
mier aris dawerili, ver iTvaliswinebs Cvens interess saqarTvelos Sesaxeb informaciis
internacionalizebasTan dakavSirebiT da, amgvarad, isinic ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos
istoriis internacionalizaciis bolomde warmatebul cdad.
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mariam CxartiSvili
am rTuli, mravalaspeqtiani problemis gadaWra ver moxerxdeba kerZo iniciativiTa da calkeul

avtorTa enTuziazmiT. aucilebelia Tundac universitetis sivrceSi sagangebo kvleviTi ujredis
Seqmna, romelic dakompleqtebuli iqneba Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis personaliT, uzrunvelyofili
finansurad da aRWurvili saTanado teqnikuri saSualebebiT da farTiT. swored am ujredma
unda SeimuSavos Sesabamisi aqtivobebis grZelvadiani gegma da uzrunvelyos TandaTanobiT misi
ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos istoriis internacionalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT.
cxadia, zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom yvelaferi, rac Seiqmneba amgvari ujredis wiaRSi, Tu
misi TanamSromlobiT sxvebTan, unda pasuxobdes Tanamedrove mecnierebis moTxovnebs, problema
yovelTvis ise unda iqnes dasmuli, rom SesaZlebeli iyos qarTuli SemTxvevis analizi SedarebiT
konteqstSi da alternativul Teoriul diskursSi. magaliTad, Tu visaubrebT qarTveli eris
warmoSobaze, aucilebeli iqneba naciis mSeneblobis procesis reprezentacia marqsistuli
sociologiis alternatiul midgomis CarCoebSic warmovadginoT da ara mxolod marqsistulad,
rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme.
3. dabolos, sul pirvelad dasaxelebuli problema, romelic, Cemi azriT, yvelaze rTulia
da, Sesabamisad, yvelaze Znelad gadasaWrelic. esaa, rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos istoriis
axali gadmocemis Seqmna da qarTuli erTobis axal safuZvelze konceptualizacia. es problema
warmodgeba ara mxolod uSualod dargis ganviTarebis moTxovnidan, aramed garkveuli azriT, igi
sazogadoebriv dakveTaze pasuxic aris.
2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTveloSi intensiurad mimdinareobs samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mSenebloba da samoqalaqo solidarobiT moqalaqeebis aRzrda. logikuria
vifiqroT, rom amgvari procesis ganviTarebiT TandaTanobiT mivalT qarTveli samoqalaqo eris
anu mravaleTnikuri qarTveli eris Seqmnamde. magram amgvari erTobis istoria mis warmoqmnamde
unda iqnes moazrebuli anu saqarTvelos warsuli unda aRiweros ise, rom masSi Candnen ara marto
eTnikuri qarTvelebi anu saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesoba, aramed eTnikuri umciresobanic,
am SemTxvevaSi me gamoviyenebdi termins àraeTnikuri qarTvelebi~ (aRniSnili terminis SeqmnisaTvis
Cemi inspiraciis wyaro sxva faqtebTan erTad aris sxvadasxva Sekrebebze saqarTvelos prezidentis
baton m. saakaSvilis mier gamoyenebuli termini `mravaleTnikuri qarTveli eri~) anu saqarTvelos
eTnikurad araqarTveli mkvidrebi. qarTuli samoqalaqo erToba ver gaformdeba Sesabamisi
istoriografiuli diskursis gareSe.
rogorc cnobilia, koleqtiur kulturul identobaze dafuZnebuli erTobis ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etaps Seesabameba sxvadasxva tipis istoriografiuli narativi. qarTlis cxovreba,
magaliTad, gamosadegi iyo wina modernis epoqis qarTuli erTobisaTvis. misi umTavresi mizani iyo
samefo xelisuflebis legitimurobis faqtebis Cveneba. es mizani akmayofilebda im sazogadoebas,
romelmac is Seqmna. loalobis mTavari obieqts warmoadgenda swored mefe. samefo xelsufleba
qarTuli erTobis konsolidebisaTvis iyo ganmsazRvreli faqtori.
axal droSi, mas Semdeg rac qarTuli eTnikuri erTobis nacionalur erTobad gardaqmnis
procesi daiwyo, amgvari diskursi gamosadegi aRar iyo. yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili ilias mier
qarTlis cxovrebis misamarTiT naTqvami kritikuli sityvebi, misi ukmayofileba imiT, rom am
ZeglSi xalxze araferia naTqvami. qarTuli erTobis konsolidebis am etapze loalobis mTavari
obieqti ukve aRar iyo mefe, xalxi gaxda mTavari aqtori da, Sesabamisad, istoriografiasac unda
Seecvala fokusi.
i. javaxiSvilma, rogorc marTebulad aris SeniSnuli specialur literaturaSi, Seqmna qarTveli
eris istoria, maSin roca vaxuSti bagrationis naSromi iyo aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. anu es
ori naSromi sxvaobs erTmaneTisagan ara mxolod konkretuli faqtebis reprezentaciiT, aramed,
upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli erTobis konceptualizaciis TvalsazrisiT. vaxuStisaTvis qarTuli
erToba iyo samefo, i. javaxiSvilisaTvis – eri. es ori istoriografiuli Zegli qarTuli erTobis
ganviTarebis or gansxvavebul etaps ukavSirdeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom èmsaxureba~.
magram, rogorc cnobilia, Tavad erad yofna sxvadasxva droSi da qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia.
Tumca qarTveli eris mamad wodebuli moRvawis anu ilia WavWavaZis definicia erisa iyo
ambivalenturi da erTdroulad moicavda samoqalaqo eris da eTno-eris niSnebs. magram
mogvianebiT sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi (miuxedavad internacionalisturi ritorikisa)
procesi mainc warimarTa eTno-kulturuli TviTidentifikaciis mimarTulebiT. i. javaxiSvilis
naSromi emsaxureboda qarTuli erTobis eTno-kulturul TviTgansazRvras anu qarTveli erTobis
eTno-erad konceptualizacias da realur Camoyalibebas. amitomac, miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa
xelisuflebis damokidebuleba i. javaxiSvilisadmi iyo, rbilad rom vTqvaT, `susxiani~, misi
_ 306 _
naSromebi ar aukrZalavT, piriqiT, maT yovelmxriv popularizacias xeli ewyoboda, radgan eTno-
erebis konsolideba (samoqalaqo solidarobis sapirispirod) sabWouri erovnuli proeqtebis
umTavres mizans warmoadgenda.
dRemde es viTareba grZeldeba. da istoriis dargSi yoveli qarTveli, mamuliSvilis
cnobismoyvareobas, patritul grZnobebs kvlavac zedmiwevniT akmayofilebs i. javaxiSviliseuli
diskursi qarTvelTa warsulis Sesaxeb.
magram qarTvelTa eTno-kulturuli konsolidacia momxdari faqtia. metic, qarTul erTobas
sakuTari saxelmwifo aqvs anu eTno-kulturul identobas meurveoben erovnuli saxelmwifos
instituciebi. miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli erToba axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadga. Tu sabWoTa
imperiaSi yofnisas misTvis aucilebeli iyo darCeniliyo eqskluziur jgufad (es imperiebSi myofi
eTnosebis Tavdacvis saSualebas warmoadgens), sakuTar saxelmwifos flobis SemTxvevaSi is unda
gaxdes inkluziuri. da am mimarTulebiT midis kidec procesi 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis
Semdgom. yalibdeba mravaleTnikuri samoqalaqo solidaroba anu samoqalaqo qarTveli eri. ai,
swored mas esaWiroeba istoria, ara marto mimdinare, aramed winamodernis (sic!) epoqis amsaxvelic,
raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos es.
qarTvel eTno-ers aqvs mdidari istoriografiuli narativi. misi calkeuli nawilebis daxvewa-
dazusteba mudmivad mimdinareobs, magram zogadi qarga ZiriTadad ucvlelia. qarTveli samoqalaqo eris
istoria jer ar arsebobs. amis mizezi, cxadia, isaa, rom jer ar arsebobs Tavad qarTveli samoqalaqo
eric, magram is usaTuid Camoyalibdeba da saWiroa istorikosebma am mxrivac Tadarigi daiWiron.
unda Seiqmnas imgvari istoria, rom erovnulma umciresobebma, romlebic qarTul erTobaSi
integracias eswrafvian, sakuTari Tavi ipovon masSi. es ar aris ioli. Sesaferisi koncefciis
momzadeba did inteleqtualur Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. magram sruliad cxadia, rom saqarTvelos
istoria momavalSi marto eTnikuri qarTvelebis istoria ver iqneba. is, rom profesionali
istorikosebi izruneben amgvari istoriis Seqmnaze, xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo
solidarobis ganviTarebas da bevri gaugebrobisaganac dagvicavs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT erTi SemTxveva minda gavixseno, romelic, vfiqrob, Zalian saintereso
masalas warmoadgens gansjisaTvis.
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi erT-erTma Cvenma kolegam gaakeTa moxseneba azerbaijanSi
gamoqveynebul wignze. avtori am wignisa iyo axalgazrda azerbaijaneli kaci, warmoSobiT
saqarTvelodan – misi mSoblebi dResac saqarTveloSi cxovroben. am wignSi, momxseneblis
miTiTebiT, avtori amtkicebda Turme imas, rom azerbaijanelebi saqarTvelos uZveles mosaxleobas
warmoadgenen da maT gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT qarTvelTa eTnogenezisSi. momxsenebli
amgvari, marTlacda, yovelgvar mecnierul safuZvels moklebuli, azrebis gamo gamoxatavda
ukidures aRSfoTebas da xazs usvamda saswrafo pasuxis gacemis aucileblobas. amave azrs
iziarebda darbazSi msxdomTa umetesoba. CemSi ki am informaciam sruliad sxvagvari reaqcia
gamoiwvia. am axalgazrda avtoris mimarT wyena ar gamiCnda. misi fsevdomecnieruli naSromis
seriozuli kritikis obieqtad qcevac marTebulad ar CavTvale. sruliad aSkara iyo, rom am da
msgavs naSromebze pasuxis gacema saWiroa, magram ara uSualod aseTi wignebis kritikis saxiT,
aramed saqarTvelos warsulis imgvari gadmocemiT, romelSic saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri
umciresobebi pasuxebs naxaven maTi istoris Sesaxebac. sanam isini amas ver pouloben, unda
movelodeT msgavs `Semoqmedebas~, anu mokled: erT-erTi (da ara erTaderTi) pasuxi saqarTvelos
istoriis gayalbebaze aris swored qarTveli samoqalaqo eris istoriis Seqmna. i. javaxiSvilis
qarTveli eris istoria, rogorc iTqva, aris qarTveli eTno-eris istoria, igi emsaxureboda
qarTvelTa eTnokulturul TviTidentifikacias, faqtobrivad, aseTivea saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebSi warmodgenili istoriac. qarTuli erTobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis
Sesabamisi ki aris misi, rogorc samoqalaqo erTobis, warmodgena.
swored yovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTuli istoriografiis erT-erT umTavres
amocanad Tanamedrove etapze qarTveli samoqalaqo eris istoriis dawera mesaxeba.
am problemis gadawyetac SeuZlebelia mxolod enTuziazmze dafuZnebiT. saWiroa warimarTos
administraciis mier mxardaWerili muSaoba Sesabamis kvleviT ujredebSi, Tundac Tsu saqarTvelos
istoriis institutSi. SesaZloa, mizanSewonili aRmoCndes, rom Sesabamisi kvlevis Catareba
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos profesoris samuSao datvirTvaSi da wliuri Temebis saxiT Seiqmnas
safuZveli am proeqtis ufro farTo masStabiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. saswavlo programebSi am
mimarTebiT miRwevebis danergvac ufro swrafad moxdeba, roca profesura kvlevaSi Tavad iqneba
CarTuli.
_ 307 _
mariam CxartiSvili
III. problemaTa gadawyvetis personaluri gamocdileba
piradad me SeZlebisdagvarad vcdilob garkveuli wvlili Sevitano dasaxelebuli samive

problemis gadaWraSi. amas aCvenebs rogorc Cemi samecniero da pedagogiuri moRvaweoba, aseve
intensiuri monawileoba saerTaSoriso konferenciebsa da proeqtebSi.
Cems samecniero naSromebSi me reprezentacias vaxden, rogorc empiricizmis, ise
struqturalizmis CarCoebSi. samecniero muSaoba me daviwye mokle drois faqtebis
wyaroTmcodneobiTi problemebis kvleviT, kerZod, teqstologiuri ZiebebiT, Semdeg gadavedi
wyaroTmcodneobiTi Ziebebis sruli ciklis Semcveli naSromebis Seqmnaze, agreTve, qarTuli
istoriuli azris ganviTarebis istoriis da gviani antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
istoriis politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebis Seswavlaze. am saxis kvlevebs warmoadgens
Cemi mravalricxovani statiebi, sakandidato da sadoqtoro disertaciebi da, agreTve, wignebi.
samecniero daskvnebis erTi nawili Camoyalibebuli maqvs popularuli formiTac, risTvisac viyeneb
deskrifciuli istoriografiis klasikur formas – istoriul biografias, istoriul portrets.
qronologiurad Cemi amgvari gamokvlevebi umetesad XX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebiT TariRdeba, Tumc
kvlevis obieqtebis tradiciuli paradigmiT gansazRvra da istoriuli reprezentaciis naratiuli
forma Cems ukanaskneli drois bevr naSromSic iCens Tavs, TviT maTSic ki, romelTa kvlevis fokusSi
aris procesebi, romelTa ganzomileba aris ara mokle, aramed saSualo da xangrZlivi dro.
qarTuli identobis formireba, romlis istoriis kvlevas me Sevudeqi XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis miwurulidan, aris Zalian xangrZlivi procesi anu istoriuli xdomileba, romelic
SesaZlebelia, rom aRiweros mxolod impersonalurad da analitikurad. am problemis kvlevis
Sedegebi Cems araerT naSromSi, adgilobriv Tu saerTaSoriso prezentaciaSi aris asaxuli,
maT Soris, SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebul or proeqtSi da
monografiebSi. yvela am gamokvlevaSi identobis istoriis Semecneba xdeba, rogorc deduqciurad,
Teoriuli safuZvlis meSveobiT, romelsac gvTavazobs Tanamedrove dasavluri sociologia, aseve
induqciurad, saqarTvelos istoriis faqtebis dadgenis gziT da maTi meSveobiT farTo istoriuli
suraTis rekonstruqciiT. kvleva zogjer wyaroTmcodneobiT safuZvlebsac ki Seexeba. anu am
naSromebSi istoriuli reprezentaciis empiricistuli da struqturalistur-funqcionalisturi
paradigmebis kombinacia gamoiyeneba.
amgvari kombinaciis magaliTia sakonkursod warmodgenili, rusTavelis fondis grantiT
dafinansebuli, 2011 wels gamoqveynebuli monografia qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis
procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi. iveria da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo (Tanaavtori: q. mania),
agreTve, aseve rusTavelis fondis grantiT dafinansebuli Cemi sxva monografiac: qarTuli eTnie
religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi (2009). orive am naSromSi axali Teoriuli bazisis moSveliebiT xdeba
xangrZlivi drois ganzomilebis mqone xdomilebis – identobis – Semecneba, Tumc aqvea mocemuli
wyaroTmcodneobiTi da istoriuli Ziebebi im faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, romelnic, brodeliseuli
klasifikaciiT, mokle droiT arian markirebuli.
IV. Sejameba
Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiSi, sazogadod anTropologiurad da sociologiurad

orientirebuli problematikis damuSavebis SemTxvevebi jer kidev ar aris xSiri. meti aqcenti
keTdeba mokle drois movlenebze. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis saqarTvelos istoriaze. diskursi
xSirad mTlianad moqceulia empiricizmis CarCoebSi da iSviaTad aris cda mopovebuli masaliT
socialuri struqturebis Semecnebisa. miaCniaT, rom mokle drois faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisia
qarTuli erTobis istoriuli cnobierebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
empiricizma didi samsaxuri gauwia sazogadod istoriografias da, konkretulad, qarTul
istoriografias. am midgomas Tavi jer ar amouwuravs. magram mimaCnia, rom aRniSnuli midgoma
saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarTa naSromebSi unda SeuTavsdes e.w. totaluri istoriis moTxovnebs,
Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis mizani Tundac qarTuli erTobis istoriuli cnobierebis
ganviTareba rom iyos mxolod. saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba, romelic
gadaiqca `momxmarebelTa~ (Tanamedrove sociologiur literaturaSi damkvidrebuli azriT)
sazogadoebad, gaxda yvelafrisadmi ufro momTxovni, maT Soris, istoriisadmic. mas da mis elitur
nawils, romlis TviTcnobiereba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs identobrivi markerebis ganmtkicebaSi,
_ 308 _
daakmayofilebs mxolod iseTi istoriografia, romelic istoriuli mecnierebis Tanamedrove

standartebis Sesatyvisia. aqedan gamomdinare, Cemi azriT, saWiroa viTareba dabalansdes da qarTul
samecniero praqtikaSi istoriuli reprezentaciis tradiciuli paradigmis Tanabrad gza gaexsnas
àxali istoriis~ paradigmas: es niSnavs, rom istorikosTa yuradRebis centrSi unda moeqces iseTi
problemebi, romelTa gadawyvetac moiTxovs komparativistul kvlevas. mxolod amgvarad aris
SesaZlebeli qarTveli eris mecnieruli istoria iqces Tanamedrove qarTuli erTobis koleqtiur
maxsovrobad. mxolod amgvarad SeiZleba moxerxdes qarTuli nacionaluri istoriis ganTavsebac
kacobriuli istoriis konteqstSi.
aRniSnuli amocanis gadaWrisaTvis aucilebelia ucxo enebidan Teoriuli literaturis
Targmna, agreTve, SedarebiTi kvlevebisaTvis aucilebeli konkretuli istoriuli naSromebis
gadmoReba da, amgvarad, saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevis praqtikis Zireuli gadaxaliseba.
saWiroa zrunva qarTuli samecniero enis ganviTarebaze, raTa ena ar iqces dabrkoleblad
axali istoriuli koncefciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. axali terminebis Semotanis procesi unda
daregulirdes. Cemi azriT, es niSnavs racionalur zomierebas: arc ucxouri terminebiT zedmetad
gatacebas, Tumc arc maT sruliad uaryofas. axal terminebs win ar unda aRvudgeT mxolod im
sababiT, rom isini ucxo warmomavlobisaa.
sociologiuri da kulturul-anTropologiuri Teoriebi, romelTa danergva dRes sasurvelia
qarTul samecniero praqtikaSi, ucxo warmomavlobisaa da isini qarTuli samecniero aparatis
gadaxalisebis gareSe, cxadia, qarTulad ver aRiwereba.
saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroTa Targmna, komentireba da gamocema swored am mizanTan
mimarTebaSic aris gansaxilveli.
amgvarad, qarTuli istoriografiuli praqtikisaTvis sazogadod da, konkretulad, saqarTvelos
istoriis kvlevisaTvis saWiroa meti zrunva Teoriuli CarCos SerCevisaTvis, problemebis meti
Teoretizeba. SedarebiTi kvlevebis da interdisciplinuri midgomebis meti ganviTareba da, amave
dros, empiricistuli midgomis farglebSi mopovebuli miRwevebis Semdgomi ganviTareba da kvlevis
tradiciuli meTodebis da teqnikis daxvewa.
saqarTvelos istoria unda gadaazrebul iqnes im Temebis mixedviT, romlebiskenac dRes
aris mimarTuli interesi mTel msoflioSi. amave dros am istoriam adeqvaturad unda upasuxos
nacionaluri konsolidaciis axal safexurze myofi mravaleTnikuri qarTuli erTobis
moTxovnilebebs. saWiroa zrunva narativis formazec: faqtebis aRwera unda gamdidrebul iqnes
e.w. `Rrma aRweriT~ (kulturul anTropologiaSi damkvidrebuli specialuri terminis azriT) anu
warmodgenili unda iqnes rogorc zedapiris movlenebi, ise maTi ganmapirobebeli struqturebis
daxasiaTeba.
mokled, saqarTvelos istoriis dargis specialistebma koleqtiuri Zalisxmeva unda mimarTon
iqiTken, rom uaxloes wlebSi Seiqmnas ganmazogadebeli naSromi qarTuli erTobis istoriuli
warsulis Sesaxeb – i. javaxiSvilis cnobili naSromis qarTveli eris istoriis analogi, romelic,
oRondac, rogorc SerCeuli Temebis, ise reprezentaciis formis TvalsazrisiT, Tvisebriv iqneba
gansxvavebuli mecnieruli qarTvelologiis fuZemdeblis xsenebuli naSromisagan.
CONCEPTION OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH
The paper represents Professor Mariam Chkharishvili’s views on current development of studies in ield
Georgian history. These views were primarily introduced to the narrow circle of academics being members of
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University’s commission of compeiion for academic posiions in 2012. According
to the author the dominant trend of modern Georgian scholarship in ield of naional history is event-centered
representaion in terms of staist paradigm. She argues for shiting focus to socially and cultural-anthropologically
orientated historcal problems and ideniies tasks neccasary for this shit. Professor Chkharishvili provides some
examples and shares with the reader her personal experience.
_ 309 _
wignebis mimoxilva
BOOK REVIEWS
enciklopedia antikuri kavkasia
rismag gordeziani
XIX saukunidan moyolebuli antikuri kulturis Sesaxeb mravali enciklopedia Tu leqsikoni

gamoica evropul enebze, magram maTSi saTanadod ar aris warmodgenili kavkasia, romlis
mniSvnelobac, rogorc geopolitikuri, ise kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, antikur wyaroebSi
kargad iqneboda gamokveTili. uaRresad mniSvnelovania iseTi enciklopediuri cnobaris gamocema,
romelic mkafiod warmoaCens kavkasiis rols msoflio civilizaciis istoriaSi.
enciklopedia antikuri kavkasia miznad isaxavs, pirvelad klasikuri filologiisa da
kavkasiologiis istoriaSi Sekribos da mecnierulad daamuSavos mTeli informacia antikuri
kavkasiis Sesaxeb, romelic calke regionad Tavdapirvelad swored Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi
dafiqsirda. antikur wyaroebSive moxda misi geografiuli sazRvrebisa da multieTnikuri
xasiaTis gansazRvra. enciklopediaSi srulyofilad aisaxeba antikur kavkasiasTan da, konkretulad,
saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli amomwuravi informacia, gaanalizebuli iqneba am sferoSi arsebuli
uaxlesi samecniero kvleva da xedva, warmodgenili iqneba wyaroebiT dokumentirebuli masala.
mTlianobaSi enciklopedia Tavs mouyris 2000-ze met termins da masSi, ZiriTadad, warmodgenili
iqneba oTxi jgufis statiebi:
1. antikur da Zvel aRmosavlur (ZiriTadad, asiriulsa da urartul) wyaroebSi dadasturebuli
kavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli yvela termini (geografiuli, miTologiuri, istoriuli
saxelebi. magaliTad, kavkasia, albania, kolxisi, armenia, iberia, fasisi, promeTe, aieti,
medea, farsmanesi, tigranesi, uiteruxi, Zabaxa da a.S.);
2. religiuri, socialuri, kulturuli cxovrebis amsaxveli cnobebi (magaliTad, saxelmwi-
foebi, qalaqebi, mmarTvelobis formebi, panTeoni, xalxebi, enebi da sxv.);
3. antikuri xanis yvela avtori, romelmac Semogvinaxa cnobebi kavkasiis Sesaxeb. es statiebi
Semoifargleba, ZiriTadad, konkretuli mwerlis saxelis, moRvaweobis drois da mis
nawarmoebebSi kavkasiasTan dakavSirebul im terminTa CamonaTvaliT, romlebsac leqsikonSi
calke statiebi eZRvneba (mag., hesiode, Zv.w. VII s. Teogonia: fasisi, resosi, perseisi,
heliosi, kirke, aieti, medea da sxv.);
4. kavkasiis teritoriaze aRmoCenili antikuri xanis is obieqtebi (dasaxleba, samarxi,
calkeuli Zegli), romlebic, marTalia, antikur wyaroebSi ar moixseniebian (an maTi
identifikacia wyaroebis monacemebTan saeWvoa), magram klasikuri arqeologiisTvis
sayuradRebo monacemebs iZlevian. magaliTad, vani, sairxe, fiWvnari da sxv.
enciklopediis gamocema ramdenime tomad igegmeba: 2010 wels gamoica enciklopediis pirveli
tomi, romelic ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier fundamenturi
kvlevebis mimarTulebiT gamoyofili grantis farglebSi. aRniSnul tomSi Tavmoyrilia kavkasiasTan
dakavSirebuli ZvelaRmosavluri da antikuri wyaroebis sakvanZo pasaJebi originalis enaze da maTi
Targmani, aRsaniSnavia, rom mniSvnelovani nawili antikuri wyaroebisa, romelic aRniSnul tomSia
Setanili, pirvelad iTargmna qarTul enaze. igegmeba pirveli tomis gadamuSavebuli da Sevsebuli
meore gamocema, romelsac daerTveba kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili epigrafikuli teqstebi da vrceli
saZiebeli wyaroebisaTvis.
ramdenime wliani pauzis Semdeg enciklopediis gamocemis ganaxleba SesaZlebeli gaxda
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis xelmZRvanelobis
TanadgomiT, ramac proeqtSi perspeqtiuli axalgazrda specialistebis CarTvis SesaZlebloba mogvca.
2014 wels gamoica meore tomis pirveli nakveTi, romelic moicavs a asos da masSi Sesulia
500-mde saenciklopedio statia. calkeuli statiis struqtura, amgvaria: termini, misi ekvivalenti
berZnul an laTinur enaze, zogadi ganmarteba, kvleviTi nawili, romelSic warmodgenilia sakiTxis
Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, bibliografia.
amJamad mimdinareobs muSaoba meore tomis meore nakveTze, romelic moicavs asoebs b-i. am
nakveTSic daaxl. 450 statia iqneba warmodgenili.
_ 313 _
rismag gordeziani
enciklopediis finalur tomSi ganTavsebuli iqneba sailustracio masala: fotoebi, rukebi,

tabulebi.
enciklopediaze muSaoba xorcieldeba Tsu klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da
neogrecistikis institutSi. masSi CarTulni arian rogorc institutis, aseve sxva samecniero
dawesebulebebis TanamSromlebi. enciklopediis redaqtorebi arian: profesori rismag gordeziani,
filologiiis doqtori maia danelia, enciklopediis koordinatori: filologiis doqtori giorgi
ugulava.
enciklopedia antikuri kavkasia ara marto qarTul, aramed saerTaSoriso samecniero sivrceSi,
garkveulwilad, iqneba fundamenturi saenciklopedio xasiaTis vrceli Semajamebeli kvleviTi
naSromi, romelic amomwurav informacias miawvdis sakiTxiT dainteresebul qarTvel Tu ucxoel
mkvlevrebs.
ENCYCLOPEDIA CAUCASUS ANTIQUUS
Rismag Gordeziani
Encyclopedia Caucasus Aniquus aims at collecing and analyzing all available informaion about the ancient
Caucasus, and paricularly Georgia, as documented in the ancient sources. The encyclopedia comprises several
volumes. The irst volume, published in 2010, is a primary source book presening ancient Near Eastern, Greek and
Lain texts with Georgian translaions. The irst part of the second volume, published in 2014, contains around 500
entries (staring with A). Currently the second part of the second volume with around 450 entries (staring with B
to I) is being prepared. Overall, the encyclopedia will contain more than 2000 aricles. The last volume will have
relevant maps, photos and tables. The project is being implemented by the Insitute of Classical, Byzanine and
Modern Greek Studies at Tbilisi State University. A number of scholars from other scieniic insituions of Georgia
are also involved in the project. The editors of the encyclopedia: Professor Rismag Gordeziani and Dr. Maia Danelia.
Project coordinator: Dr. Giorgi Ugulava.
_ 314 _
saerTaSoriso konferenciis moxsenebebis krebuli
pirveli msoflio omi
(analizi da interpretacia)
sofio qadagiSvili
2015 wlis mwuruls romis la sapiencac universitetma gamouSva konferenciis masalebi or

tomad. orive tomi gamoica kembrijis gamomcemlobis mier da asaxavs pirvel msoflio omTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, romelic gaSuqebuli iyo sapiencas universitetSi 2014 wlis ivnisSi
pirveli msoflio omis asi wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso konferencize. krebulebis
redaqtorebi arian amave universitetis profesorebi − antonelo biajini da jovana mota.
Tavad konferenciis Sesaxeb qarTuli wyaroTcodneobis wina tomSi gesaubreT (ix. qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba, XV-XVI, gv. 315-316), amjerad ki minda warmogidginoT is krebulebi, romlebic
Sedegia im didi saqmisa, romlis iniciativa romis la sapiencas universitets da mis araCveulebriv
gunds ekuTvnis. konferencia rom mravalferovani da mravalricxovani iyo amas konferenciis
masalebis or tomad gamoqveyneba da TiToeuli tomis moculoba (I t. − 415 gv., II t. − 535 gv.)
cxadyofs.
orive krebuli asaxavs konfliqtis Teoriebis axlebur xedvebs da axasiaTebs interdisciplinuri,
saerTaSoriso da kombinirebuli kvlevis meTodebs. statiebi eyrdnoba sxvadasxva saarqivo masalebs,
istoriografias, Jurnalebis analizs, safosto baraTebs, propagandis masalebs, saskolo wignebis
da istoriografiul-ideologiuri xsovnis analizs.
orive krebulSi statiebi ganawilebulia Tematikis mixedviT. saerTo jamSi krebulebi moicavs
aT Tematur Tavs. eseni gaxlavT: Teoria, istoriografia, maxsovroba; komunikacia, propaganda,
percefcia; armiebi brZolaSi: struqturebi, operaciebi, inovaciebi; jariskacebi, patimrebi,
moxaliseebi; erebi da umciresobebi; inteleqtualebi da istoriografiuli debati; politika da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi; ekonomika da omi; ruseTi da osmaleTis imperia; kavkasia da Sua azia.
krebuls daskvnis saxiT axlavs antonelo biajinis statia omis Semdgomi rTuli periodis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnia is faqti, rom romis universitetis mier gamocemul sakonferencio masalebSi
ukve meorejer ibeWdeba qarTveli mkvlevrebis statia. pirveli msoflio omisadmi miZRvnil
meore tomSi dabeWdilia Tsu profesoris mariam CxartiSvilis da Tsu doqtorantebis sofio
qadagiSvilis da zurab TargamaZis statia Temaze: pirveli msoflio omis impulsi qarTuli
identobis ganviTarebaze. aRniSnuli statia warmoadgens omis wina da misi msvlelobis uaRresad
mniSvnelovan periodSi qarTuli identobis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs.
_ 315 _
sofio qadagiSvili
THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

THE FIRST WORLD WAR (Analysis and Interpretaion)
Sopio Kadagishvili
The First World War (Analysis and Interpretaion) is a proceedings of the internaional conference published in
two volumes. The conference was held at Sapienza University of Rome in June 2014. The conference was dedicated
to the hundred years anniversary of the First World War. Papers devoted to various aspects of the war count
hundreds of pages. Among them is published the paper by TSU professor – Mariam Chkharishvili and TSU PhD
students – Sopio Kadagishvili and Zurab Targamadze: Impulse of the Great War on Georgian Idenity Development.
_ 316 _
DONALD RAYFIELD, THE LITERATURE OF GEORGIA.
A HISTORY, 3RD REVISED AND EXPANDED EDITION.
London: Garnet Press, 2010, 366 pages.
Keith Hitchins
I make these comments on a new survey of Georgian literature as a historian who studies the rise of the
modern naion-state in Eastern Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Along with the poliical,
economic, and social development of the peoples of this Eurasia, I give much atenion to cultural and intellectual
currents, a knowledge of which is essenial if we are to uncover the moivaions of leaders and to measure the
general climate of opinion of the ime. It is with these thoughts in mind that I read Donald Rayield’s welcome
history of Georgian literature from early medieval imes to the post-Soviet era. He addresses his work both to
scholars who know the Georgian language and literature and to a wider readership that includes the English-
speaker who is coming to the subject for the irst ime.
Rayield divides his narraive into ive secions, each of which he characterizes carefully with abundant
evidence drawn from the works of leading writers and many others, who, though less noteworthy perhaps,
nonetheless cumulaively over ime contributed to the creaion of a disincive naional literature. Throughout his
text he keeps in view broad trends of Georgian literary development, and thus he regularly reminds his readers
how Georgian literature was constantly open to the most diverse inluences –Byzanine, Arabic, Persian, Russian,
French, German, and English−and how it oten played the role of cultural intermediary between East and West.
Rayield designates the period between the 5th and 11th centuries as the Classical Age, a ime of beginnings
and early masterpieces. He points out that translaions in great number, mainly of religious works, laid the
foundaions of Georgian literature. They came from the monasteries of Jerusalem, Constaninople, Mt. Sinai, and, in
the 10th century, Mt. Athos, notably Iviron Monastery, the greatest Georgian center outside Georgia. Almost all the
irst texts of Georgian literature, Rayield notes, were translaions from the Bible. They provided enormous cultural
simulaion for Georgians, and those from Greek, especially, greatly inluenced the Georgian language. He further
notes the signiicance of hymns, in the irst instance, their contribuion to a lowering of lyrical poetry. But he thinks
that the translaions of the Lives of Saints into Georgian, in paricular, led to the appearance of the irst genre of
original Georgian literature. Indeed, the oldest surviving Georgian literary text is the hagiography, The Passion of
Queen Saint Shushanik, of the late 5th century. He also links the Georgian chronicles, notably the composite work
The Conversion of Georgia (9th century) and Leoni Mroveli’s The Life of Kings (c. 1070), to the emergence of an
original prose. Of paricular interest here is Rayield’s discussion of the beginnings of secular literature, which he
connects to the Balahvariani, the Georgian version from the 9th century of Varlaam and Ioasaphat, the Chrisianized
account of the life of Buddha originaing in India. Partly a romance, partly a hagiography, it is, he argues, a striking
example of Georgia’s role as a cultural intermediary, since the Greek translaion from Georgian was the source
of versions in almost every language in Europe. The Balahvariani together with Mroveli’s chronicle, folklore, the
apocrypha, and fantasy in such works as Firdousi’s Shah-nama helped lay the foundaions of a secular literature.
As Rayield puts it, it was part of that crucial shit from the spiritual to the temporal in literature.
The second period of Georgian literature Rayield calls the Golden Age, which he dates from the 12th century
to the 18th. He links the beginning of this creaive era to the independence and unity of the Georgian state, which
was achieved at the opening of the 12th century. The new poliical and social order created the atmosphere and
material condiions that drew writers and scholars to cultural centers in Georgia and imbued them with the self-
conidence to create, Rayield also calls our atenion to a signiicant change in mental aitude represented by
this literature. It replaced the old seniment that this world was one of sufering and melancholy, which only a
devoional literature could relieve, with the airmaion of life as meaningful and even happy and the realizaion
that literature could serve humanity without necessarily being Chrisian and even religious.
Rayield joins his Georgian colleagues in recognizing Shota Rustaveli’s The Knight in the Panther Skin (end of the
12 century) as the most brilliant work of the period and, in his view, the “greatest classic of Georgian secular
th
literature.~ He thinks it is, in essence, a pagan story, but its references to love and brotherhood seem biblical
and its depicion of God as good and the world as treacherous represent a Chrisian view of things. Rayield also
acknowledges Rustaveli’s enormous contribuions to the construcion of the Georgian poeic language, which, in
efect, “gave birth to~ the grammar and vocabulary of modern Georgian.
_ 317 _
KEITH HITCHINS
Rayield ideniies as other outstanding poets of the age King Teimuraz I in the 17th century and Davit
Guramishvili and Besiki in the 18th. He credits King Teimuraz with establishing the narraive historical poem in
Georgian. Steeped in Persian literature and a master of the sounds and rhythms of Georgian, he brought them
together to create a body of work that inspired the leaders of the Georgian cultural renaissance in the 19th century
to recognize him as their forefather. Rayield calls Davit Guramishvili, the author of a long cycle of autobiographical
poems, the Daviiani, Georgia’s irst modern poet. For his work he drew on Georgian hymns but also on Russian
folklore, which provided him with new meters and melodies. Besiki was a cosmopolitan in his educaion and
interests, among them Greek poetry and philosophy, Oriental languages, and French literature. He set the high
standard of Romanic verse for later Georgian poets in such works as I Entered the Garden of Sadness.
Part three, which Rayield enitles “Romanic and Civic Literature,~ covers the 19th century. It is an apt characterizaion,
since the dominant spirit for generaions of writers ater 1800 was Romanic. It was also a ime when Georgian literature
expanded contacts with Western Europe, some of them coming through Georgia’s connecion with Russia. Rayield thus
reminds us of the profound cultural consequences of the Russian annexaion of Georgia in 1801, and throughout the
chapters he shows how Russian inluence exerted itself in diverse ways on individual writers. But he remains commited
to the thesis that Georgian literature was a great synthesis of indigenous, Western, and Eastern currents. He inds all
these traits, all this openness to new ideas, concentrated in the work of Alexandre Chavchavadze. Deeply afected by his
reading of the French Romanics, especially Lamarine and Victor Hugo, he was the irst major Georgian Romanic poet
who wrote the irst radical civic poems in Georgian. Yet, he propagated the themes and moods of Western Romanicism
without sacriicing the forms and subject mater that Georgian had drawn from its own sources and from Persian. Rayield
concludes that one of Chavchavadze’s great achievements was to “transplant~ a Romanic sensibility into a fundamentally
Byzanine culture. He also recognizes the accomplishments of other Romanic poets, notably of Grigol Orbeliani, whose
ode, A Toast, or a Night Feast ater War near Erevan, is, he thinks, the essence of Georgian patrioic poetry, and Nikoloz
Baratashvili, whose one long poem, Fate of Georgia, is a sirring lament for a country burdened with a tragic desiny.
Characterisic of a ime of deep cultural change and spirited literary experimentaion was the rise of modern
Georgian drama. Rayield recognizes how much it owed to Giorgi Eristavi as the founder and irst director of
the Georgian theater and the author of its irst “actable” comedies. These comedies revealed Russian inluence,
especially that of Griboedov, but some of them also made plain the author’s hosility to Russian rule. In any case,
the dialogue was important because it recorded a Georgian that could be heard on the streets of Tbilisi.
Rayield accords a special place in Georgian literary and social life to Ilia Chavchavadze, whom he treats as the
leading representaive of the generaion of intellectuals born ater the conspiracy of 1832. Chavchavadze belonged
to the “sons,~ who were radical or liberal or socialist and were persuaded that literature should be an instrument
of social change. Chavchavadze shared his generaion’s Russian educaion, and he himself was much in debt to
Russian social thought. Rayield thinks that his greatest prose work is The Otariani Widow, a portrait of “tragic
endurance.~ He also recognizes Chavchavadze’s other services to Georgian literature, in paricular his creaion of
the language and ethics of intellectual debate and an engaging narraive prose style.
Rayield devotes the fourth part of his history to Georgian writers’ “rediscovery of roots~ between 1880 and 1914.
He thus involves himself in an inquiry into the nature of Georgian folklore and how it was related to culivated literature.
At the center of his concern is Vazha Pshavela, whose poetry represented a third general current among writers
alongside the Realists, who advocated a social role for literature, and the Symbolists, who promoted a philosophy of art
for art’s sake. Pshavela stood for all that was authenically Georgian in poetry, by which he meant folklore. It was the
chief source of his own poetry and an inspiraion that he sought to pass on to other writers. From his irst poems he
combined the folklore and the dialect of his naive Pshavia and the highlands of Khevsureia with the literary tradiions
of Georgia and Europe. His language was laconic, his narraive style abrupt, and his mood pessimisic. Rayield judges the
high points of his poetry to be Host and Guest (1893), an exploraion of the clash of the folk tradiions of the blood feud
and hospitality, and The Snake-Eater (1901), a Faust story about the shaman Mindia. Rayield suggests that a reading of
Pshavela’s poetry is a producive way of approaching the world of folk poetry, partly Chrisian and partly pagan, upon
which his own career was constructed. But Georgian folk poetry, in turn, especially the heroic poems of the Pshavs and
Khevsurs, provides necessary insight into the meaning of Pshavela’s work.
Rayield devotes the ith and concluding part of his history to the 20th century. He enitles it The Age of
Internaionalism in order to emphasize the diversity of intellectual and arisic currents that atracted Georgian writers.
The subitle, “The Dashing of Hope,~ suggests the dangers that poets and novelists confronted as they pursued their
creaive vocaion under an arbitrary and oten brutal poliical regime between the 1920s and 1980s. Yet, despite growing
constraints on literary experimentaion and individual self-expression as the Bolshevik regime took hold in Georgia during
the 1920s, Rayield is able to idenify numerous promising iniiaives. Among the novelists of the ime, he praises the
work of Mikheil Javakhishvili, who narrowly avoided execuion in 1923 and then in the next six years went on to be
_ 318 _
DONALD RAYFIELD, THE LITERATURE OF GEORGIA. A HISTORY, 3RD REVISED AND EXPANDED EDITION
enormously producive. Rayield discovers his ability as a writer in the merging of two levels of expression: the language
of the folk and the standard literary language. These qualiies are observable in his most inluenial novella, Jaqo’s
Dispossessed (1924), which suggests the possibility of a reconciliaion between a former landlord and the new collecivist
rural world coming into being, and in his master work, the novel Arsena Marabdali (1933-36), based on a hero of
Georgian folklore, the bandit Arsena. Rayield also has praise for Konstanine Gamsakhurdia as a great modernist prose
writer, who like many of his generaion was deeply afected by contacts with Western literature, in his case German
Expressionism and French Post-Symbolist prose. Ater exile on the White Sea he wrote his irst socialist novel, Stealing
the Moon (1933-36), on love and collecivizaion in Mingrelia and Abkhazia.
Rayield’s measurement of the adaptability of poets to the new cultural order produces somber results. Two
examples will suice. Grigol Robakidze was the leader of the Blue Horns, young innovators during the First World
War who shook Georgian poetry into true modernity. For them Rimbaud was the master, but they also admired
Paul Verlaine and the Russian symbolists. They experimented with Georgian meter, allowing Georgian to atempt
the lexible and percussive rhythms of Russian and English verse. Robakidze paricipated enthusiasically in these
experiments. He had as his own models the Russian Symbolist Valerii Briusov and the Acmeist Nikolai Gumiliov,
and he was fascinated by both Georgian folklore and Wagnerian myth. Upon learning that the Bolshevik Georgian
security apparatus had marked him for eliminaion, he led to Germany in 1929. The art of Simon Chikovani, who,
Rayield thinks, is the most original Georgian poet of the 20th century, also ran counter to the objecives of the
new Georgian cultural managers. His invenive and musical poetry of the later 1920s, brought together in Only
Poems (1930), came to an end with the imposiion of the Stalinist literary tenets in 1932.
Rayield indeed devotes a chapter to what he characterizes as “Beria’s Holocaust,~ that is, the destrucion of the
Georgian literary world ater 1927, when Lavrenii Beria became the dominant igure in the Georgian Cheka. He thus
provides us with a chilling portrait of a cunning and brutal igure who was determined to subject intellectuals fully
to the will of the Party. The main task of poets and novelists, then, as he saw it, was to promote Soviet poliical
and economic objecives and glorify Stalin. He thus acively pursued recalcitrant writers like Robakidze and the Blue
Horns. Yet, ater Beria’s departure for Moscow in 1938 literature remained in thrall to authoritarian principles. Even
the death of Stalin in 1953 and the subsequent de-Stalinizaion process did not bring the emancipaion of literature,
mainly, Rayield argues, because the regime in Georgia was ani-intellectual and thus kept writers marginalized. Only
with the advent of Eduard Shevardnadze as the head of the Party in 1972 did literature begin to recover the courage
and inveniveness that had largely been absent since the 1920s and did the isolaion from Europe soten.
As a representaive of the “thaw” in literary life in the 1970s Rayield suggests Otar Chiladze, who contributed
greatly to the revival of the Georgian novel. His irst novel, A Man Went Down the Road (1972-73), draws on
Georgian myths and calls on its readers to imagine Georgia at the dawn of its history, while his The Iron Theater
(1981) analyzes the conlict between art and life and reminds Rayield of Thomas Mann. Rayield also admires
Guram Dochanashvili, in whose work he detects a style and content beholden to the fairytale, as in his irst major
novel, The First Raiment (1975). Rayield also calls our atenion to the narraive power and the ability “to create
legends out of history~ of Chabua Amirejibi. He cites as an example Data Tutashkhia (1972-1975), the story of a
bandit who becomes a force for good, a device that enables the author to confront the Soviet system by defending
a free spirit and drawing on the naional mythology.
Rayield ofers necessarily tentaive judgments about writers who have come to the fore since the “Rose Revoluion~
of 2003, which brought Mikheil Saakashvili to power in place of Eduard Shevardnadze. He cites Aka Morchiladze as a
major talent and typical of his generaion’s orientaion toward English language and literature rather than Russian. He
describes his techniques as post-modern in both his most famous novel, A Journey to Karabakh (1992), which chronicles
the disintegraion of an orderly society into anarchy, and his invenive Down with the Maize Republic (2003), about
Georgian expatriates in London. Another major talent in the making, in Rayield’s view, is the playwright and novelist
Lasha Bughadze, who has writen plays in English and French, has adapted Goethe’s Faust to contemporary imes, and
has shocked the public with his prose, notably the ani-Russian story, “The First Russian.” Among women writers Rayield
inds the work of the poet Mara Sarishvili notable for her feminist approach to both literary and public issues, her
experiments with meter and rhyme, and her general alignment with the work of women writers elsewhere, especially
Sylvia Plath. These and other writers inspire him with hope for the future of Georgian leters.
This history is by far the most authoritaive account of Georgian literature in English. It is valuable for
Byzaninists and Iranists and, of course, for students of the Caucasus. More broadly, it ofers new insights into the
literary and cultural expansion of Western Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries as it measures the recepion of
European ideas and models by Georgian writers. Comparaists will ind much simulaion in Rayield’s account of
the diverse modern Georgian literary currents and in his treatment of the efects of the Soviet Communist system
on Georgian literary life in the 20th century.
_ 319 _
KEITH HITCHINS
donald reifildi, qarTuli literaturis istoria. mesame

Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema.
londoni: garnetis gamomcemloba, 2010 , 366 gv.
keit hiCinsi
ilinoisis universitetis (aSS) profesori keit hiCinsi gvTavazobs recenzias donald

reifildis wignze: qarTuli literaturis istoria. romelic gamocemulia 2010 wels. wigni
Seexeba qarTuli literaturis istorias adreuli Sua saukuneebidan post-sabWour periodamde.
recenzenti aRniSnavs, rom donald reifildis wigni gankuTvnilia, rogorc qarTuli enis mcodne
mkvlevrebisTvis, aseve, inglisurenovan dainteresebul pirTaTvis, romlebsac pirvelad uxdebaT
qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebTan Sexvedra. d. reifildi wigns xuT monakveTad hyofs, sadac
farTod Cans qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis tendencia sxvadasxva xalxebis: bizantielebis,
arabebis, sparselebis, rusebis, frangebis, germanelebis da ingliselebis gavlenis fonze.
reifildi saqarTvelos istoriaSi V da XI saukuneebs Soris periods klasikurs uwodebs.
avtori xazs usvams qarTul samonastro kerebSi dawyebul mTargmnelobiT samuSaoebs, romelmac
xeli Seuwyo qarTuli originaluri literaturis Seqmnas.
qarTuli literaturis meore periods reifildi oqros xanas uwodebs, romelic daiwyo XII
saukunidan da moicavs periods XVIII saukunemde. politikurma oqros xanam mentalurad Secvala
literaturuli azrovneba, romelic kargad Cans SoTa rusTavelis SemoqmedebaSi. oqros xanis
brwyinvale Semoqmedebas uwodebs avtori daviT guramiSvilis da besikis literaturul
memkvidreobas.
wignis mesame nawili dasaTaurebulia rogorc romantikuli da samoqalaqo literatura.
1800 wlidan literaturis dominanturi suli romantikulia da dasavluri orientaciis, riTac
qarTuli literatura ruseTis gavliT sazrdoobda. aq avtori gamoyofs aleqsandre WavWavaZis
Semoqmedebas. donald reifildi gansakuTrebulad amaxvilebs yuradRebas ilia WavWavaZeze,
rogorc inteleqtualebis lideris rolze, romelTa aqtivoba 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis Semdeg
iwyeba. i. WavWavaZisTvis literatura socialuri cvlilebis iaraRi gaxda. reifildi oTaraanT
qvrivs, moiazrebs, rogorc tragikuli amtanobis portrets.
qarTveli mwerlebis istoriis meoTxe etapad reifildi gamoyofs 1880-1914 wlebs, rasac
mkvlevari fesvebis xelaxlad Ziebis periods uwodebs. reifildi saubrobs vaJa fSavelaze da mis
mxatvruls stilze, romelic araerTi avtoris inspiraciis saSualeba gaxda Semdgom.
avtori, daskvniT anu mexuTe etapad da inteleqtualizmis xanad miiCnevs XX saukunes. aq
ZiriTadad saubaria m. javaxiSvilis da k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebiT Rvawlze.
es CamonaTvali, ra Tqma unda, ver amowuravs im avtorebs, romelnic ganxiluli aqvs reifilds Tav-
is wignSi. cxadia, maTi ricxvi da, Sesabamisad, maTi Semoqmedebis Sefasebac ufro didia, vidre recenzi-
is inglisuri da qarTuli versiebi itevs. recenzenti aRniSnul wigns did Sefasebas aZlevs, romelic
qarTuli literaturis istoriiT dainteresebulebs SesaniSnav masalas awvdis inglisur enaze.
_ 320 _
qronika
CHRONICLE
Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis
XV-XVI gaerTianebuli tomis prezentacia
sofio qadagiSvili
2014 wlis 12 dekembers i. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis pirvel korpusSi

gaimarTa samecniero Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis gaerTianebuli − XV-XVI tomis prezenta-
cia. prezentacia organizebuli iyo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis bazaze
arsebuli istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris mier. prezentacias uZRvebodnen
Jurnalis redaqtori da amavdroulad istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris xelm-
ZRvaneli mariam CxartiSvili da wris xelmZRvanelis moadgile, Tsu doqtoranti elza xaindrava.
_ 323 _
sofio qadagiSvili
organizatorebma damswre sazogadoebas gaacnes Jurnalis Sedgenis procesi da saredaqcio

politika, aseve warudgines qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis axali gamocema, romelic Sedgeba
ramdenime ganyofilebisagan: 1. wyaroTa kritika da istoriuli reprezentacia. masSi warmodgenilia
ocdaSvidi kvleviTi xasiaTis naSromi. statiebs Sorisaa wyaroTmcodneobiTi, istoriuli,
istoriografiuli profilis gamokvlevebi da wyaroTa publikacia; 2. Tvalsazrisi. aq warmodgenilia
werili samecniero cxovrebis iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, rogoricaa referirebadi Jurnali; 3.
wignebis mimoxilva; 4. qronika. es statiebi moicavs samecniero RonisZiebebis garkveuli nawilis
mimoxilvas; 5. xsovna. esaa Jurnalis emociurad yvelaze damuxtuli nawili, Tumca igi amave dros
Zalian informaciulicaa da qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebis istorias warmoadgens Taviseburi
rakursiT.
_ 324 _
Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis XV-XVI gaerTianebuli tomis prezentacia
avtorebi warmoadgenen sxvadasxva kvleviT da saswavlo dawesebulebebs. Jurnalze gamoxmaureba

rom didia, amas adasturebs ara mxolod misi sarCevi, aramed is damswre sazogadoeba, romelic
didi interesiT movida prezentaciaze. profesorebTan erTad darbazSi mravlad iyvnen Tsu
bakalavriatis, magistraturis, doqtoranturis studentebi.
_ 325 _
sofio qadagiSvili
Jurnalis wardgenis Semdeg azris gamoTqmis saSualeba miecaT redkolegiis wevrebs, avtorebs
da mowveul stumrebs. kerZod, azri gamoTqves Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebma
giuli alasaniam, giorgi oTxmezurma, goCa jafariZem; Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis TanamSromlebma profesorebma goneli araxamiam, eka
kvaWantiraZem, Temo jojuam; soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebma oTar Jordaniam,
zurab papasqirma, agreTve lado mirianaSvilma da sxvebma.
_ 326 _
aranakleb saintereso iyo prezentaciis Semdgom redkolegiis mier stumrebis araoficialur

garemoSi gamaspinZleba. aman uSualo urTierTobebs Seuwyo xeli.
RonisZiebis organizatorebi im imediT daemSvidobnen stumrebs, rom momaval welsac aRniSnaven
Jurnali qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis gamocemas, romelsac ukve sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs.
_ 327 _
sofio qadagiSvili
_ 328 _
PRESENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL GEORGIAN SOURCE-STUDIES

VOLUME XV-XVI, 2013/2014
Sopio Kadagishvili
On December 12, 2014 were presented scieniic journal Georgian Source-Studies volume XV-XVI,2013/2014.
The presentaion was iniiated by the student research circle History of History Discipline of the Faculty of Humaniies
at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The presentaion was opened by the editor of journal and also
supervisor of the above menioned circle Professor Mariam Chkharishvili, and deputy supervisor of the circle TSU
doctoral student Elza Khaindrava.
Organizers informed the audience about editorial policy and process of gathering aricles for the journal. Then
new ediion of Georgian Source-Studies was presented. It consists of several secions: Source Criicism and Historical
Representaions (27 aricles in total from diferent universiies and research insitutes); Standpoint. Here we have an
aricle about Georgian Academic Environment and Peer Reviewed Journal writen by Professor Mariam Chkharishvili;
Chronicle includes reviews of various scieniic aciviies; In Memoriam.
Kind regards were expressed by authors, editorial board members and hosts. Among them were Professors
Giuli Alasania, Giorgi Otkhmezuri, Gocha Japaridze, Goneli Arakhamia, Eka Kvachaniradze, Temo Jojua, Otar
Zordania, Zurab Papaskiri and Lado Mirianishvili.
Not less interesing was informal part of the presentaion that encouraged interpersonal relaions. Organizators
of the event hope that they will arrange presentaion for the journal’s next volume.
_ 329 _
i.javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetze arsebuli
interdisciplinuri istoriuli mecnierebis
istoriis Semswavleli wris
2014-2015 ww. muSaobis angariSi
elza xaindrava
2014 wlis 17 marts ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis akade-
miurma sabWom daamtkica studenturi samecniero wris debuleba, xolo amave wlis 2 ivniss Tsu
humanitarul mecierebaTa fakultetis sabWom daamtkica fakultetze arsebuli wreebi da maTi
xelmZRvanelebi. universitetSi studenturi wreebis saqmianobis istoria, cxadia, am TariRebiT ar
iwyeba. es iyo wreebis muSaobisaTvis garkveuli oficialuri statusis miniWeba maTi motivaciis
amaRlebis mizniT.
_ 330 _
i.javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetze arsebuli...
Tumc aris erTi mniSvnelovani cvlilebac: adre arsebuli wreebi konkretul samecniero-
saswavlo institutebTan iyo asocirebuli. axla debulebiT daiSva interdisciplinuri
wreebis arsebobac. dRes arsebuli viTarebiT humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetze
umetesoba wreebisa mainc konkretul mimarTulebebs ukavSirdeba. sul ramdenimea maT Soris
interdisciplinuri. erT-erTi maTgania istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wre,
romlis samecniero xelmZRvanelia Tsu profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori mariam
CxartiSvili. xelmZRvanelis moadgile ki var me − Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis
sadoqtoro programis saqarTvelos istoriia da wyaroTmcodneoba doqtoranti elza xaindrava.
wris adgilsamyofelia ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriisa da
eTnologiis instituti. dReisaTvis Cven samecniero wres internetSi aqvs sakuTari gverdi,
romlis saSualebiT xorcieldeba wris wevrebs Soris informaciis gavrceleba. informacias
vdebT agreTve fakultetis veb-gverdze.
_ 331 _
elza xaindrava
_ 332 _
am wris prezentacia moxda 2014 wlis 11 aprils anu ufro adre, vidre fakultetis sabWos
Sesabamisi dadgenileba iqneboda miRebuli. es iyo metad Taviseburi formatis Sekreba, romelzedac
imxanad pirvelkurselebma nani manveliSvilma, irakli nodiam da leri mdinaraZem warmoadgines
Cveni universitetis uxucesi wevris akademikos mariam lorTqifaniZis dabadebidan 90-e wlisadmi
miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebis amsaxveli krebuli da amave dros
studenturi samecniero wris miznebi, amocanebi da muSaobis uaxloesi gegmebi (am faqtis Sesaxeb
vrclad ix. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis wina anu 2013/2014 wlis gamoSvebaSi s. qadagiSvilisa da
m.guncaZis informacia `wignisa da studentTa samecniero wris prezentacia saqarTvelos istoriis
institutSi~, gv.305-312).
istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris pirveli samuSao sxdoma Catarda 2014
wlis 10 oqtombers. moxseneba Temaze masalebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Sesaxeb
dasavleT evropis arqivebSi waikiTxa Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtorantma,
beqa kobaxiZem. momxsenebelma Semdegi sakiTxebi ganixila: didi britaneTis erovnul arqivSi
daculi pirvel respublikasTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebis sruli krebuli: ministrTa kabinetis,
sagareo da Tavdacvis saministroebis masalebi. britaneTis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi sagareo
ministris − lordi kerzonis piradi arqivi. oqsfordis bodleinis biblioTekaSi daculi, 1919-1920
wlebSi samxreT kavkasiaSi misi udidebulesobis umaRlesi komisris _ oliver uordropis piradi
arqivi. britaneTis samxedro muzeumSi daculi, 1920-1921 wlebSi mis udidebulesobis umaRlesi
komisris _ polkovnik stoqsis piradi arqivi. londonis qings kolejSi daculi, 1918-1921 wlebSi
britaneTis Savi zRvis Zalebis sardlis − general jorj milnis piradi arqivi. safrangeTis Tavdacvis
saministros arqivi/AMAE. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivi/SHAT. profesor ilia
tabaRuas mier 1980-ian wlebSi romidan Camotanili italiis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivi,
romelic dReisaTvis xelnawerTa erovnul centrSia daculi. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobisa da
kongresis arqivebi. msofliosa da qarTuli yvelaze didi gazeTebis krebulebi New York Times, The
Times, Le Temps.
morigi sxdoma Catarda 2014 wlis 7 noembers. moxseneba Temaze ra aris istoria? waikiTxa Tsu
doqtorantma zurab TargamaZem. moxsenebis dros ganxiluli sakiTxebi iyo Semdegi: istoriuli
droisa da istoriuli maxsovrobis kategoriebi. tradiciuli istoriisa da mecnieruli istoriis
Camoyalibebisa da urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi. istoriuli narativis problema. Tanamedrove
istoriis aqtualuri problemebi.
_ 333 _
elza xaindrava
2014 wlis 21 noembers wris morig sxdomaze Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis mag-
istrantma, eTer miqaZem warmoadgina moxseneba aleqsandre giorgis Ze bagrationi: wyaroTmcod-
neobiTi kvleva da istoriuli reprezentacia. momxsenebelma, sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT,
imsjela bagrationTa dinastiis dasavluri Stos warmomadgenelze, ùcnob mefeze~, romelic ar
moixsenieba erTiani saqarTvelos mefeTa CamonaTvalSi, Tumca iwodeba erTiani saqarTvelos mefed.
2014 wlis 12 dekembers, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris iniciativiT gaimarTa Jurnal qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneobis XV-XVI gaerTianebuli tomis prezentacia(vrclad am faqtis Sesaxeb ix. am tomis
amave ganyofilebaSi s.qadagiSvilis informacia)
istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris morigi sxdoma Catarda 2015 wlis 27 marts.
moxseneba Temaze wina aziis Zveli enebi da maTi Seswavlis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriisTvis,
waikiTxa Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtorantma levan koWlamazaSvilma.
moxsenebaSi ganxiluli iyo xaTuri da qarTveluri enebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi. iyo
mcdeloba xsenebul enaTa genealogiur konteqstSi ganxilvisa, rac qarTvelologiaSi, da
saerTod, kavkasiologiaSi, erT-erTi aqtualur sakiTxia. xaTur leqsikur masalas aRmoaCnda
tolfardi Zir-fuZeebi qarTvelur enebSi, romelTa Sedarebis Sedegadac dafiqsirda kanonzomieri
bgeraTSesatyvisobis erTiani wesi, romelic istoriulad moqmedebda xsenebul enobriv sistemebs
Soris. moxsenebaSi kidev erTxel gaesva iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis mniSvnelobas
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis.
2015 wlis 1 maiss samecniero wris momdevno sxdoma. amjerad moxseneba Temaze abreSumis
gzis transkulturuli daniSnuleba CineTisTvis waikiTxa Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakultetis bakalavriatis pirveli kursis studentma oTar WiRlaZem. moxsenebis mokle Sinaarsi
iyo Semdegi: abreSumis didi gza iyo transkontinenturi savaWro magistrali, romelic TiTqmis
ori aTaswleulis manZilze warmoadgenda mTavar makavSirebels Soreul aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTis qveynebs Soris. garda savaWro daniSnulebisa, abreSumis did savaWro gzas hqonda
transkulturuli xidis daniSnuleba Soreul aRmosavleTs, evropas, CrdiloeT afrikasa da aziis
danarCen nawilebs Soris. vaWrebs da sxva mogzaurebs, garda saqonlisa gadahqondaT mSobliuri Tu
ucxo kulturis elementebi erTi adgilidan meoreze. Tavis mxriv, savaWro saqonelic kulturis
nawili iyo. gansakuTrebiT didi roli iTamaSa CineTis kulturis ganviTarebaSi Semotanilma
religiebma: budizmma, qristianobam, islamma. maT Soris ki gamosarCevia budizmi. religiebma
Tavisi kvali datoves Cinur msoflmxedvelobaze, ferweraze, skulpturaze, arqiteqturaze,
mecnierebaze da a.S. musika, romelic CineTSi uZvelesi droidan didi popularobiT sargeblobs,
abreSumis gzis gaxsnis Semdeg dasavluri elementis aSkara gavlenas ganicdis. jer kidev ax. w.
meoTxe saukuneSi Sesrulebul freskebze mokaos mRvimeSi gamosaxulia sparsuli, berZnuli da
sxva dasavluri warmoSobis sakravi. Rvino CineTSi jer kidev 6-7 aTasi wlis win fiqsirdeba, magram
yurZnis Rvinis damzadebis teqnikis introduqcia CineTis teritoriaze xdeba Zv.w. meore saukuneSi
centraluri aziidan vaWrebis meSveobiT. aranakleb mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa abreSumis gzam
Cinur arqiteqturaSi axali elementebis Setanis mxriv. ama Tu im kulturis arqiteqturuli codna
da tradiciebi ZiriTadad religiebs gadahqondaT. budizmis gavrcelebas Tan mohyva CineTSi
budisturi taZrebis, pagodebisa da kldeSi nakveTi salocavebis ageba. islamisa da qristianobis
gavrcelebam gamoiwvia eklesiisa da meCeTis dasavluri stilis Serwyma adgilobrivTan. uZvelesi
droidan CineTsa da dasavleTs Soris mimdinareobda samecniero ideebis gacvla. antikur Cinur
mecnierul azrovnebaSi aSkarad SeimCneva babilonuri da TviT Sumeruli civilizaciebis kvali,
gansakuTrebiT astronomiaSi. procesi grZeldeboda berZnuli civilizaciis ayvavebis periodSic.
savaWro gzebis gaxsnam ki sagrZnoblad gaaZliera es procesi.
2015 wlis 15 maiss istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wre morig sxdomas
atarebs. moxseneba Temaze sizmrebi qarTlis cxovrebaSi da maTi istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi
mniSvneloba waikiTxa Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis bakalavriatis meore kursis
studentma nani manveliSvilma. Tema exeboda sizmrebis funqcias winamodernuli epoqis istoriuli
reprezentaciiebSi. maT mniSvnelobas iseT istoriografiul wyaroSi, rogoricaa qarTlis
cxovreba. momxsenebelma ganixila sami sizmari: farnavaz mefis, wm. ninos da vaxtang gorgaslis.
nani manveliSvili Seecada warmoeCina avtoris pozicia, Tu risi Tqma surs mematianes sizmrebis
TxrobaSi SemotaniT.
2015 wlis 29 maiss istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris farglebSi gaimarTa Tsu
miznobrivi samecniero sagranto proeqtis − qarTvelTa koleqtiuri mexsierebis xatebi erovnuli
_ 334 _
istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT − winaswari Sedegebis prezentacia. momxseneblebi iyvnen

proeqtis monawileebi samagistro programis `saqarTvelos istoria~ studentebi nino tivaZe, eTer
miqaZe, ela kakava da nino gogriWiani.
istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris morigi sxdoma Catarda 2015 wlis 23
oqtombers, Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtorantma sofio qadagiSvilma
gaakeTa moxseneba Temaze hagiografiuli Janris Txzulebebis Seswavla istoriografiul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi. moxseneba miznad
isaxavda Tanamedrove etapze dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi hagiografiis kvlevis ZiriTadi
tendenciebis Cvenebas. am masalis analizi saSualebas iZleva gamovavlinoT qarTuli hagiografiis
specifikuri Tu universaluri niSnebi. warmodgenili moxseneba efuZneboda Sesabamisi dargis
uaxles inglisurenovan literaturas.
mimdinare wlis 6 noembers wris morig sxdomaze moxseneba Temaze XVIII saukunis qarTuli
saistorio mwerloba da misi konceptualuri gaazrebani qarTul istoriografiaSi waikiTxa
Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtorantma zurab TargamaZem. moxseneba aRwerda
sabWouri periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis Seswalis
mdgomareobas. gansakuTrebiT gamokveTa momxsenebelma istoriuli reprezentaciisas avtoritetis
problema. avtoritetis damowmeba zogjer gamoiyeneboda, rogorc argumenti.
wreze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi yovelTvis iwvevda msmenelTa did interess. yoveli moxsenebis
Semdgom imarTeboda diskusia.
wrem moamzada Zalian saintereso samecniero-SemecnebiTi proeqtic warsulis reprezentacia
somxeTSi: vizualuri monumentebi (avtorebi mariam CxartiSvili, elza xaindrava), romelic
wardgenili hqonda kidec humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis sabiujeto komisiaSi saTanado
dafinansebis mopovebis mizniT. samwuxarod, komisiam am proeqts mxari ar dauWira. mizezad dasaxelda
wlis meore naxevarSi Sesabamisi Tanxebis arqona. Tumc komisiam daafinansa sxva proeqti, romelic
waradgina humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis erT-erTma saswavlo-samecniero institutma.
am gadawyvetilebam yvelas Zalian dagvwyvita guli, magram mogvces imedi, rom samomavlod Cvens
proeqtsac daafinanseben.
aseTia humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteteze arsebuli interdisciplinuri istoriuli
mecnierebis istoriis Semswavleli wris erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis mokle angariSi.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDENT RESEARCH CIRCLE

HISTORY OF HISTORY DISCIPLINE
Elza Khaindrava
The Interdisciplinary Student Research Circle History of History Discipline started formal funcioning ater March
14, 2014 when Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University academic council approved regulaion on student research
circles and later on, namely, July 2, 2015 on a ground of this regulaion there were established research circles
at the Faculty of Humaniies, among them interdisciplinary circle History of History Discipline. It is coordinated
by Professor Mariam Chkharishvili. PhD student Elza Khaindrava assists Professor Chkharishvili. The Circle was
presented before its oicial approval at the presentaion of book dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Academician
Mariam Lordkipanidze. During the year the circle iniiated ten seminars and one research project.
_ 335 _
vilanovas universitetis profesoris
viziti saqarTveloSi
mariam CxartiSvili
vilanovas universitetis (aSS) profesor qristofer haass vicnob ukve mravali welia. Tu ar
vcdebi, Cven pirvelad 2001 wels SevxdiT. im xanad istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi vmuSaobdi
da amave dros vTanamSromlobdi saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebul qristianuli kvlevis
saerTaSoriso centrSi, romlis dafuZnebis erT-erTi iniciatori gaxldiT da romlis ofisi swored
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis im oTaxSi iyo, sadac dRes Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
istoriisa da wyaroTmcodneobis ganyofilebaa ganTavsebuli.
rogorc aRniSnuli centris gamgeobis wevrTan CemTan Sesaxvedrad movida profesori haasi. igi
moiyvana amerikaSi mcxovrebma Cvenma Tanamemamulem, profesiiT mxatvarma niko CoCelma. profesori
haasi antikurobis mkvlevaria. manamde kavkasiis an, konkretulad, saqarTvelos istoriasTan Sexeba
ar hqonia, magram rogorc marTlmadidebel qristians Zalian ainteresebda saqarTvelo.
es iyo profesor haasis pirveli viziti saqarTveloSi. is ojaxiT stumrobda Cvens qveyanas da me
mqonda bedniereba masTan erTad gamecno misi meuRle da maTi ufrosi vaJiSvili.
batoni haasi uaRresad komunikabeluri pirovnebaa da masTan saubari Zalian uSualod da
sasiamovnod warimarTa. pirveli SexvedrisTanave Cven erToblivi muSaobis garkveuli gegmebi
davsaxeT. is bevrs mekiTxeboda qristianuli saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb. vcdilobdi amomwuravi
pasuxebis gacemas. me mas vaCuqe aRniSnuli centris mier organizebuli pirveli saerTaSoriso
simpoziumis qristianoba: warsuli, awmyo, momavali masalebi (Internaional Symposium Chrisianity: Past,
Present, Future, Georgia, Tbilisi, October 11-17, 2000. Short contents of the papers. Edited by Mary Chkharishvili
and Lado Mirianashvili, Tbilisi: Memaiane, 2000). centris dafuZneba swored am simpoziumze gadawyda.
maxsovs Tavad maCuqa Zalian saintereso da maRalprofesiul doneze Sesrulebuli msxviltaniani
monografia: Christopher Haas. Alexandria in Late Aniquity: Topography and Social Conlict, 1997, romelic
warmoadgens antikurobis urbanuli istoriis reprezentirebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSs.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg mas kvlav Sevxdi saqarTveloSi organizebul erT-erT saerTaSoriso
konfernciaze. am jerzec Zalian Tbili iyo Cveni Sexvedra. maxsovs maCuqa Tavisi saintereso
_ 336 _
vilanovas universitetis profesoris viziti saqarTveloSi
naSromi Mountain Constanines: The Chrisianizaion of Aksum and Iberia. aq Cemi misdami umniSvnelo daxmareba
sagangebod aqvs aRniSnuli madlierebis gamomxatveli sityvebiT.
mere rogorRac Sewyda Cveni urTierTobebi da ai, am oriode wlis win aRniSnuli urTierToba
gamaxsena misma statiam metad saintereso krebulSi: Christopher Haas. Geopoliics and Georgian Idenity in
Late Aniquity: the Dangerous World of Vakhtang Gorgasali in T. Nutsubidze, C. Horn, and B. Lourié, eds., Philalethes:
Patrisic, Philosophical, and Georgian Studies in Honor of Shalva Nutsubidze’s 125th Anniversary (Brill, 2014),
pp. 29-44. TiTqmis am faqtis Tanadroulad misgan damegobrebis mowveva miviRe feisbuqze da amis
Sedegad sainterneto sivrceSi Cveni Sexvedrebi intensiuri gaxda. swored am dros man gamando,
rom Zalian enatreba saqarTvelo. amasTan wers naSroms antikur periodSi kavkasiaSi arsebuli
identobebis Sesaxeb. amitom misTvis aucilebelia qarTvel kolegebTan da, pirvel rigSi, CemTan
Sexvedra. mkiTxa, xom ver davexmarebodi vizitis organizebaSi. me, Cemis mxriv, daxmarebisaTvis
mivmarTe humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekans, profesor darejan TvalTvaZes. man mowvevis
werili gaamzada profesor haasisaTvis. am werilSi qalbatoni darejani werda, rom profesor
haasis viziti saWiro da aucilebelia Cveni samecniero wreebisa da studentebisaTvis. werili
amerikaSi qarTul enazec gavagzavneT inglisur variantTan erTad. aseTi iyo Tavad profesor
haasis survili. es survili man imiT amixsna, rom sjeroda, saTanado Sinaarssa da dasabuTebasTan
erTad ulamazesi qarTuli anbani did STabeWdilebas moaxdenda grantebis gamcem organizaciebis
mesveurebze. es iyo mizezi Tu sxva ram, profesorma haasma saTanado granti, marTlac, moipova da
mTlianad Tavisi dafinansebiT Camovida saqarTveloSi. am mxriv, Cven, samwuxarod, ver davexmareT
mas. Tumc, rogorc qvemoTac vnaxavT, yovelnairad SevecadeT, rom es viziti Cveni stumrisaTvis
mravlismomcemi yofiliyo ara marto mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, aramed sasiamovnoc. gavuswreb
movlenebs da vityvi, rom, rogorc misi vizitis Semdgomi werilebidan Cans, maspinZlebs kargad
gamogvivida am miznis ganxorcieleba. is STabeWdilebebiT aRsavse dabrunda samSobloSi. da
dabejiTebiT SemiZlia vTqva, rom piradad me da sxva qarTvelma kolegebmac yvela im RonisZiebiT,
romelSic profesori haasi monawilebda, uaRresad visiamovneT inteleqtualurad Tu emociurad.
marTalia, profesori haasi Cveni universitetis mowveviT Camovida saqarTveloSi, magram

Cven ar viyaviT aq misi erTaderTi maspinZlebi. samecnieri sivrceSi mis maspinZels agreTve
warmoadgenda ilias universiteti da, konkretulad, am universitetis asocirebuli profesori
eka WyoiZe. akademiuri sivrcis miRma mas meurveobdnen saqarTvelos eklesiis warmomadgenlebis da
qarTuli kulturis moRvaweni. swored maTi damsaxurebaa, rom profesorma haasma bevri imogzaura
saqarTveloSi da moinaxula TiTqmis yvela is adgili, romelic manamde nanaxi ar hqonda da mis
ocnebas warmoadgenda.
profesori haasi saqarTveloSi Camovida mimdinare wlis maisis bolos. pirveli Sexvedra
mas hqonda CemTan da Cemi sadoqtoro programis saqarTvelos istoria da wyaroTmcodneoba or
_ 337 _
mariam CxartiSvili
studentTan: sofio qadagiSvilTan da manuCar guncaZesTan. amjerad Cven profesor haass SevxdiT,
rogorc arasamTavrobo organizaciis qarTvelogiuri kvlevebis institutis gamgeobis wevrebi.
es Sexvedra iyo araformaluri. Cven `xinklis saxlSi~ miviwvieT stumari qarTuli samzareulos
dasagemovneblad. aq bevri visaubreT mecnierebaze, samecniero kontaqtebis mniSvnelobaze, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetsa da vilanovas universitets Soris swavlebisa da administrirebis
msgavseba-gansxvavebebze. vixumreT, vixaliseT. profesor haass ar gasWirvebia saerTo enis gamonaxva
axalgazrdebTan. is, rogorc yovelTvis, axlac uSualo da metad saintereso mosaubre iyo.
am dros me ukve SeTanxmebuli viyavi Tsu klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da
neogrecistikis institutis direqtor profesor rismag gordezianTan, rom profesori haasi
leqcias waikiTxavda am institutis seminaris sxdomaze. 4 ivniss, marTlac, haasi warsdga qarTveli
auditoriis winaSe leqciiT kulturuli identobis navigacia romsa da sparseTs Soris. auditoria
savse iyo. batonma rismagma sxdoma gaxsna. mokle informaciisTvis me gadmomca sityva. Cveni kolegis
lado mirianaSvilis maRali rangis Tarjimnobam didad Seuyo xeli moxsenebis garSemo azrTa gacvla-
gamocvlas. seminaris Semdgom batonma rismagma profesori haasi, me da kidev ramdenime kolega
migviwvia savaxSmod restoran `beRelSi~. sufras Tavad batoni rismagi gauZRva. es iyo namdvilad
dasamaxsovrebeli saRamo savse akademizmiT, da, amave dros, laRi iumoriT. amjeradac, samecniero
problemebis Sesaxeb bevri iTqva da uaRresad saintereso azrTa gacvla-gamocvlas hqonda adgili.
8 ivniss ukve ilias universitetSi Caatara profesorma haasma leqcia Sua saukuneebis kvlevebis
farglebSi. am leqciis saTauri iyo Suquris anarekli: antikuri aleqsandriis istoriuli suraTi.
Semdeg amerikeli profesori garkveuli periodiT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis dasaTva-
liereblad gaemgzavra. iqidan dabrunebuli is Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutSi miviwvie da
institutis direqtors profesor Tedo dunduas gavacani. qarTvel da amerikel kolegebs Soris
umal Camoyalibda Zalian uSualo damokidebuleba. profesorma T. dunduam stumars sakuTari
naSromebi usaxsovra da iqve gadawyda, rom amerikeli mecnieris monawileobiT Cagvetarebina Tema-
turi samecniero konferencia. konferenciis saxelwodebad erToblivi gansjis Sedegad SevarCieT
Semdegi saTauri: Georgia Between the Empires before the Coming of Islam.
26 ivniss Tsu pirveli korpusis 212-e auditoriaSi Catarda inglisurenovani Tematuri
samecniero konferencia. masSi profesor haasis (man warmoadgina moxseneba Temaze Cultural Idenity in
Late Aniquity: Comparaivist Perspecive) garda xuTma momxsenebelma miiRo monawileoba. kerZod, eseni
iyvnen: mariam CxartiSvili (Forging Georgian Idenity in Late Aniquity: Myth of Ethnic Elecion), Tedo dundua
(Georgia – Colchis and Iberia – Between the Empires as Seen in Coinage), nino silagaZe (Georgia – Iberia – Between
the Empires as Seen in the Fine Arts). leri TavaZe (Gubaz II, King of Lazica, and Imperial Sileniarios of
_ 338 _
vilanovas universitetis profesoris viziti saqarTveloSi
Byzanium), emil avdaliani (Sasanian Empire: Strategy for Global Dominance). konferencia Zalian saintereso
iyo ara marto warmodgenili moxsenebebiT, aramed debatebis kuTxiTac. am konferenciis Sesaxeb
ufro vrclad mkiTxvels SeuZlia ixilos l. TavaZisa da T. dunduas sainformacio werilSi (ix.
ìv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakultetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis samecniero konferencia Georgia Between the Empires
before the Coming of Islam (Tbilisi, Tsu, 2015 wlis 26 ivnisi)~, romelic gamoqveynda Tsu saqarTvelos
institutis `Sromebis~ mecxre tomSi, 2014-2015, gv.381-384). profesori haasma yuradRebiT moismina
yvela moxseneba da araerTi sakiTxisadmi sakuTari damokidebuleba daafiqsira.
konferenciis damTavrebis Semdeg profesorma Tedo dunduam profesori haasi ramdenime
kolegasTan erTad restoranSi migviwvia. konferenciaze dawyebuli saubari aq gagrZelda ara-
formalur viTarebaSi. bevri saintereso iTqva da samomavlo TanamSromlobis farTo perspeqtivebic
gamoikveTa.
saqarTvelodan gamgzavrebis Semdeg feisbuqis gverdze profesorma haasma gamoaqveyna
informacia samxreT kavkasiaSi (erTi kviriT is somxeTSic imyofeboda) misi vizitis Sesaxeb. am
informaciaSi, romelSic kolegebisadmi madlobis sityvebs umTavresi adgili eTmoba, naTlad
Cans, rom misTvis es Zalian mniSvnelovani gamocdileba iyo. qarTveli kolegebis saxeliT igives
davadastureb mec. didi madloba profesor qristofer haass, rom man Tavis Semoqmedebas gvaziara
da mis pirovnebasTan daaxloebis saSualeba mogvca.
amgvarad, mimdinare wlis zafxulSi profesor haasis TiTqmis erTTviani viziti saqarTveloSi
nayofieri gamodga. is namdvilad xels Seuwyobs samecniero kontaqtebis da mecnierebs Soris
adamianuri urTierTobebis (rac cxadia, aseve uaRresad mniSvnelovania) Semdgom gaRrmavebas.
VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR’S VISIT TO GEORGIA

At the beginning the author of the informaion − The Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Professor
Mariam Chkharishvili recalls her irst meeing with Villanova University Professor Christopher Haas in 2001: his
fascinaion by Georgian culture and great interest in Georgia history; she menions some of his main contribuions
including those devoted to Georgian history and then represents his recent visit to Georgia in June, 2015. Professor
Haas delivered two lectures: irst − The Navigaion of Cultural Idenity between Rome and Persia to the seminar of
the Insitute of Classical, Byzanine and Modern Greek Studies at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University;
another one − The Historical Image of Alexandria was given at Ilia State University. Professor Haas paricipated to
the conference Georgia between the Empires before the Coming of Islam held by the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University Insitute of Georgian History. Alongside with academic aciviies Professor Haas made sightseeing, visited
many regions of Georgia, met colleagues and gained new friends. This was deinitely fruiful visit for both sides: it
has deepened contacts and intensiied personal relaions between academics.
_ 339 _
saerTaSoriso konferencia:
modis istoria: tanisamosi, simboloebi, komunikacia
romi, 2015, la sapiencas universiteti
sofio qadagiSvili
romis erT-erTma Zvelma la sapiencas universitetma ar uRalata wina wlebis tradicias da 2015
wlis zafxulSic gaxda organizatori saerTaSoriso konferenciisa, sadac asobiT momxsenebelma
miiRo monawileoba. konferencia gagrZelda or dRes. moxsenebebi gadanawilebuli iyo 20 da 21 maisis
sesiebze. konferenciis Tematika gaxldaT modis istoria: tanisamosi, simboloebi, komunikacia.
RonisZiebis mizani iyo debatebis gamarTva modasa da sazogadoebas Soris mimarTebaze istoriuli
ganviTarebis procesSi interdisciplinuri kvlevebis konteqstSi. yvela epoqaSi moda sazogadoebis
produqtia, Tumca amave dros is simboluri gamomxatvelia sazogadoebisa, romelze dakvirvebac
mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis. aqedan gamomdinare, konferenciisTvis prioritetuli iyo
interdisciplinuri kvlevebis da internacionaluri urTierTobebis gazrda, sxvadasxva codnis
da kvlevis meTodebis Tavmoyra, romelic gaaRrmavebda socialuri istoriis gagebas tanisamosTan
mimarTebaSi. swored amis gamo, konferenciam uzrunvelyo sxvadasxva qveynis profesorebisa
Tu doqtorantebis gaerTianeba, romlebic sxvadasxva dargebidan: istoriidan, sociologiidan,
filosofiidan, fsiqologiidan, ekonomikidan, informaciuli teqnologiebidan, literaturidan
amdidrebdnen konferenciis Tematikas.
_ 340 _
saerTaSoriso konferencia: modis istoria: tanisamosi, simboloebi, komunikacia
sesiebi Tematurobis mixedviT iyofoda panelebad. yovel sesias hyavda Tavmjdomare da

diskusanti, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen debatebis gamarTvas da momxseneblebisaTvis akademiuri
garemos Seqmnas. sesiebi dalagebuli iyo sakvanZo sityvebis mixedviT: modis istoria; ekonomika
da marketingi; esTetika da komunikacia; qsovilebi da modis teqnika; uniformebi da Teatraluri
tanisamosi. konferencias hyavda saorganizacio da samecniero komiteti. saorganizacio komiteti
moicavda ocdacxra wevrs, italiis, safrangeTis universitetebidan, aseve san paulos, perus,
lionis universitetebidan. aRsaniSnia, rom wlebia rac i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori mariam CxartiSvili ucxoel kolegebTan erTad warmoadgens
konferenciis samecniero sabWos, rac qarTul-italiur samecniero urTierTobebs ufro mWidros
da intensiurs xdis.
konferenciis saorganizacio komiteti did yuradRebas amaxvilebda konferenciaSi
doqtorantebis da postdoqtorantebis CarTvaze. swored samecniero interesebidan gamomdinare
maTTvis sakonferencio gadasaxadis naxevari iyo dawesebuli. ZiriTadi sakonferencio ena iyo
inglisuri, Tumca monawileebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad arsebobda italiuri da frangulenovani
sesiebic.
mravalerovani momxseneblebTan erTad konferenciis monawileebs Soris iyvnen qarTveli
momxseneblebic. 20 maiss konferenciis damswre sazogadoebam da monawileebma moismines i.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesor mariam CxartiSvilis
da doqtorantebis sofio qadagiSvilis da zurab TargamaZis erToblivi moxseneba, romelic
exeboda erovnul tanisamoss, rogorc avTenturobis gamoxatulebas qarTul nacinalistur
diskursSi. meore dRes amave universitetis profesorma eka lekaSvilma, TanamomxseneblebTan lia
lursmanaSvilTan da ekaterine tuxaSvilTan erTad waradgines moxseneba: abreSumis produqcia
saqarTveloSi: istoria da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi.
konferenciis pirveli dRes gaimarTa megobruli vaxSami, xolo meore dRes plenaruli sxdomiT
daasrula konferenciis sulisCamdgmelma da organizatorma, la sapiencas universitetis profesorma
jovana motam. man Seafasa ordRiani muSaoba da imedi gamoTqva momavali TanamSromlobisaTvis.
organizatorebi momxseneblebs dapirdnen, rom, rogorc wina wels, amjeradac konferenciaze
warmodgenili moxsenebebi krebulad gamoicema Cambridge Publisher-is mier.
_ 341 _
sofio qadagiSvili
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE:
FASHION THROUGH HISTORY
COSTUMES, SYMBOLS, COMMUNICATION
Sapienza University of Rome, 2015
Sopio Kadagishvili
Sapienza University of Rome once again hosted internaional conference enitled: Fashion Through history:
Costumes, Symbols, Communicaion. The conference was hold on May 20 and 21, 2015 at diferent buildings of
Sapienza University of Rome. The conference intended to open a debate on the relaion between fashion and
society through history, analyzed in the context of an intensely interdisciplinary research. The conference program
included both plenary sessions and themaic ones divided into panels, with a chair, a discussant and at least three
speakers. In this years as well as last ones conference had organizing and scieniic commitees, among them is
Professor Mariam Chkharishvili, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.
Conference opened on 20th of July. At the same day was presented joint project of TSU professor Mariam
Chkharishvili and PhD students: Sopio Kadagishvili and Zurab Targamadze: Naional Dress as an Expression of
Authenicity in the Georgian Naionalisic Discourse. On the next day TSU associated Professor Eka Lekashvili along
with co-authors, Lia Lursmanashvili and Ekterine Tukhashvili read their paper Silk Producion in Georgia: History and
Development Opportuniies.
The conference ended with inal session leaded by the scieniic director of the conference Professor Giovanna
Mota. It was producive meeing of researchers from various countries as the organizers are planning to publish
the proceedings of the conference.
_ 342 _
medievistikis saerTaSoriso kongresi
didi britaneTi, lidsi, 2015, 6-9 ivlisi
mariam CxartiSvili
sofio qadagiSvili
medievistikis saerTaSoriso kongresi (Internaional Medieval Congress − IMC) aris yovelwliuri

warmomadgenlobiTi samecniero forumi, romelic tardeba 1994 wlidan. misi organizatoria lidsis
universitetis Sua saukuneebis kvlevebis instituti. aRniSnuli kongresis mesveurebi cdiloben
evropuli Sua saukuneebis kvlevebis yvela sferoSi interdisciplinuri diskusiis SesaZlebloba
Seqmnan. yoveli kongresi Tavisi konkretuli fokusiT gansxvavebulia. 2015 wlis kongresis
saxelwodeba iyo `reformebi da ganaxleba~. es Tema aerTianebs medievalur da Tanamedrove
movlenebs da maT gavlenas adamianuri gamocdilebis bevr aspeqtze.
IMC kongresebis monawileTa ricxvi sakmaod didia, Cveulebriv ramdenime aseuls aRwevs. amave
dros esaa evropis erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivi tradiciis mqone samecniero kongresebi. 2015 wels
Catarebuli kongresi, samecniero donis TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, ar iyo gamonaklisi. igi oTx dRes
gagrZelda da IMC-s istoriis manZilze monawileTa rekorduli raodenoba (2000) moicva. Catarda
ramdenime aseuli (653) sesia. sesiebs Soris iyo Semdegi mimarTulebebi: saero da religiuri,
sivrculi da ritualuri reformebi; uTanxmoeba, kulturaTSorisi perspeqtivebi, medievalisti
istoriografebis xedva reformebze, aseve reformebze postmedievalisturi perspeqtivebi;
reformebis artistuli da literaturuli gamoxatva da codnis reformebi.
saorganizacio komitetma gansazRvra diskursis Semdegi problemebi: reformebis gamarTleba
mmarTveli an disidenturi jgufebis mxridan; reformebis maxsovroba, istoriografiuli
dasabuTeba; reformebis gamarTleba da ganaxleba: medievaluri komentarebi da Tanamedrove
kvleva; reformebi da ganaxlebebi im konteqstSi, romelic aRwers cvlilebas sxvadasxva periodis,
religiis da adgilmdebareobis mixedviT; religiuri da ideologiuri ganaxlebebi da sxv. es
gaxlavT mcire CamonaTvali kongresis winaswargansazRvruli Tematikisa, romelic realurad
aerTianebda Sua saukuneebis da Tanamedroveobis kavSirebs drosa da sivrceSi, aerTianebda
uamravi qveynis gamocdilebas da kvlevas, xels uwyobda interdisciplinurobas da problemis
internacionalizacias.
_ 343 _
amave dros gaimarTa araerTi mrgvali magida, vorqSofi da sxvadasxva, maT Soris, Teatralize-
buli RonisZieba, sesiebis garda, TiTqmis yoveldRe imarTeboda leqciebi sxvadasxva Temaze da tar-
deboda RonisZiebebi. kongresis oTxive dRes universitetis foieSi ewyoboda wignebis yidva-gayidva,
imarTeboda gasarTobi da SemecnebiTi sanaxaobebi, romlebic Sua saukuneebis inglisis suliskveTebas
warmoaCendnen. xdeboda saiuveliro nawarmis, erovnuli tanisamosis Tu saWmlis gamofena-gayidva.
specialurad momxseneblebisaTvis daigegma eqskursiebi, rogorc lidsSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT.
konferenciis ena iyo inglisuri. yoveli sesia dakompleqtebuli iyo sam-sami moxsenebiT,
romelTac koordinirebas uwevda moderatori.
konferenciis pirvel dRes anu 6 ivliss moxseneba warmovadgineT i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorma mariam CxartiSvilma da amave universitetis
doqtorantma sofio qadagiSvilma. moxsenebis saTauri iyo daviT aRmaSenebeli Sua saukuneebis da
Tanamedrove narativebSi (David the Builder in Medieval and Modern Narraives). seqcia, romelzedac Cven
warmovadgines moxseneba iwodeboda ase: Reforming Medieval and Modern Views of the Medieval Past.
Cveni moxseneba eZRvneboda daviT aRmaSenebels da mis epoqas anu qarTul istoriografiaSi
erT-erT yvelaze kargad Seswavlil epoqas, magram Cveni midgoma iyo axali, kerZod, Cven Tavidan
yuradReba gavamaxvileT istoriuli mexsierebis fenomenze. istoriisa da koleqtiuri mexsierebis
urTimimarTeba mravali mecnieris yuradRebas ipyrobs mTels msoflioSi. am sakiTxs eZRvneba ar-
aerTi Teoriuli gamokvleva. es Ziebani efuZneba sxvadasxva istoriul gamocdilebas da Sedegad
gvaqvs Rrma, rogorc konkretuli, ise zogadi xasiaTis daskvnebi. Cveni moxseneba warmoadgenda
mcdelobas aRniSnuli sazogado problema gamokvleul yofiliyo qarTuli magaliTis safuZvelze.
amisaTvis Cven SevarCieT XI – XII saukuneebis saqarTvelo da mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli. mefe daviTi,
rogorc cnobilia, jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda iyo, roca man Caibara dasustebuli qveyana.
gardacvalebis mere ki man datova Zlieri saxelmwifo, faqtobrivad, qarTuli imperia. qarTuli
samefos politikur aRmasvlas Tan sdevda kulturuli miRwevebi. es transformacia Sedegi iyo
_ 344 _
medievistikis saerTaSoriso kongresi
im inovaciebisa, romlis inicireba moaxdina mefe daviTma socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi:
saxelmwifos administraciuli struqtura, sasamarTlo, armia, eklesia, ganaTlebis sistema, saf-
inanso sistema reformirebul iqna. moxsenebaSi Cven mxolod mokled warmovaCineT am reformebis
faqtobrivi istoria (ra moxda sinamdvileSi), ZiriTadad, ki SevCerdiT imaze Tu rogor daileqa es
viTareba qarTvelTa koleqtiur mexsierebaSi. wyaroebi, romelsac Cven viyenebT mravalricxovani
da mravalferovania: gaanalizda ara marto saistorio mwerloba, aramed mxatvruli literatura,
saxelmZRvaneloebi, memuarebi, socialuri qselebis masala da sxv. kvlevam aCvena, rom Sua sauku-
neebis narativebSi mefe daviTi, rogorc pirovneba, warmodgenilia sruliad dadebiTad anu xatad;
magram saintereso isaa, rom Tanamedrove narativebic arsebiTad igives gvTavazoben: erovnuli
gmiri daviT mefe kvlavac xatad gaiazreba, xolo misi moRvaweobis epoqa konceptualizdeba, ro-
gorc saqarTvelos istoriis òqros xana~. Tu realuri daviT aRmaSenebeli qarTveli eris isto-
riis erT konkretul monakveTs ukavSirdeba, koleqtiuri maxsovrobaSi gadasuli daviT mefe yvela
epoqaSi Taviseburad, magram mainc yovelTvis qarTuli identobis fundamenturi markeria.
sesia, romelzedac warmovadgineT Cveni moxseneba, iyo Zalian saqmiani. moderatori iyo
mecnieri qalbatoni germaniidan uta klaine. aq qarTvel monawileTagan marto Cven viyaviT. dasmuli
kiTxvebi, uSualod moxsenebaSi wamoWrili problematikis garda, Seexeboda sazogadod saqarTvelos
istoriis kvlevis problematikasac. moderatorma Cvens prezentacias maRali Sefaseba misca.
kongresze sxva qarTveli mecnierebic iRebdnen monawileobas, magaliTad, ilias universitetis
profesori manana javaxiSvili. moxseneba exeboda saganmanaTleblo reformas Sua saukuneebis saqa-
rTveloSi. momxsenebeli sxva seqciaze moxvda da, samwuxarod, mis moxsenebaze daswreba ver SevZeliT.
samagierod SevZeliT davswrebodiT or qarTvelologiuri sesias: Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
kultura, romelsac Tavmjdomareobda Tsu profesori elguja xinTibiZe da rusTaveli XII
saukunis qarTveli poeti da moazrovne, romelic mihyavda cnobil qarTvelologs, dedofali meris
universitetis rusistikis departamentis profesors donald reifilds. garda Tavmjdomareobisa,
profesori elguja xinTibiZe iyo momxsenebelic. man warmoadgina moxseneba Temaze: siyvarulis
konceptis ganaxleba da reinterpretacia Sua saukuneebidan renesansis periodamde. profesorma
donald reifildma warmoadgina moxseneba: religiuri tolerantoba da Seuwynarebloba Sua
saukuneebis qarTul literaturaSi. moxsenebebi waikiTxa aseve i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetidan irma makaraZem Temaze aRmosavluri siuJetis aRorZineba
inglisur dramaturgiaSi: vefxistyaosnis nakvalevi XVII saukunis inglisSi. veneciis, kafoskaris
universitetis profesori gaga SurRaia auditoriis winaSe warsdga TemiT: vaxtang gorgaslis
(440-502) saeklesio reforma. amave universitetidan moxseneba Temaze vefxis mniSvneloba SoTa
rusTavelis vefxistyaosanSi waikiTxa qarTvelologma luiji magarotom da qarTvelologma berT
beienma Temaze SoTa rusTavelis megobrobis filosofia, aristoteluri Tu qarTuli?
saerTaSoriso medievalisturi kongresi oficialurad daixura 9 ivliss. lidsis universitetis
veb-gverdze ukve devs informacia momdevno wlis kongresis Sesaxeb, romelic, unda vivaraudoT,
iseve saintereso iqneba, rogorc wlevandeli.
Tavisufal dros vaTvalierebdiT lidss. kulturuli programis farglebSi erTi dRiT

vestumreT iorksac. am qalaqma waruSleli STabeWdileba datova CvenTan erTad myof yvela
kolegaze da, cxadia, Cvenzec.
_ 345 _
INTERNATIONAL MEDIEVAL CONGRESS,

Leeds, 6-9 July, 2015
Sopio Kadagishvili
Internaional Medieval Congress (IMC) which was held on 6-9 July provided interdisciplinary forum of discursion
of all aspects of Medieval Studies. However, every year, the IMC chooses a special themaic strand which − for
2015 − was Reform and Renewal. The theme has been chosen for the crucial importance of both phenomena in
social and intellectual discourse, both medieval and modern, as well as their impact on many aspects of the human
experience. For the irst ime in its history the IMC has passed a major milestone of over 2000 acively involved
paricipants with its academic programme featuring a total of 653 sessions and round table discussions.
Among numerous paricipants were Georgians too. On the 6th of July Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
(TSU) Professor Mariam Chkharishvili and TSU PhD student Sopio Kadagishvili presented joint paper on David the
Builder in Medieval and Modern Narraives. Two Kartvelological session were organized by 9th of July. Moderators
and as well as presenters were Professor Elguja Khinibidze, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University with paper:
Reinterpraion and Renewal of the Concept of Love from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance and Professor Donald
Reyield, London, Queen Mary University who made a speech about Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Medieval
Georgian Literature in English. Two non-georgian Kartvelologitss Professors Luigi Magaroto and Bert Beynen made
presentaions: The Meaning of Vepx-i in Shota Rustaveli’s The Man in the Panther’s Skin and Shota Rustaveli’s Philosophy
of Friendship: Aristotelean or Georgian respecively. Ca’Foscari University Professor Gaga Shurgaia consatrated on The
Ecclesiasical Reform of Jakhtang I Gorgasali, c. 440-502. TSU doctoral student Irma Makaradze’s paper was about
Revival of the Oriental Plot in English Dramaturgy: the Trace of the Man in the Panther skin in 17th-Century England.
Manana Javakhishvili, from Ilia State University, presented papet Educaional Reform in Medieval Georgia.
Except scieniic session The Leeds University Union Medieval Society brought together a series of medieval
(inspired) aciviies − from games sessions and ilm showings, to a poetry evening, displays of crat and local produce as
well as live entertainment including music, combat displays and re-enactment demonstraions.
_ 346 _
akademikos giorgi Citaias dabadebidan 125-e wlisTavsadmi
miZRvnili samecniero konferencia
qeTevan xuciSvili
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier organizebuli mecnierebisa da

inovaciebis saerTaSoriso kvireulis farglebSi 2015 wlis 10-12 noembers Catarda samecniero
konferencia: eTnologia guSin da dRes: kulturis kvlevis problemebi. konferencia mieZRvna
gamoCenili qarTveli eTnologis, qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis fuZemdeblis giorgi Citaias
dabadebidan 125-e wlis iubiles. konfernciis organizatorebi iyvnen ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis eTnologiis saswavlo-
samecniero instituti da ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti. konferenciis
Tematika moicavda eTnologiis sakiTxebs, kulturis kvlevis problemebs, meTodologiur,
Teoriul da praqtikul amocanebs. konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes Tsu humanitarul
mecnierebaTa fakultetis eTnologiis saswavlo-samecniero institutisa da ivane javaxiSvilis
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis, ilias saxelwifo universitetis, saqarTvelos universitetis,
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis, samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo universitetis,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis da kulturis kvleviT dakavebuli sxva samecniero-saswavlo
centrebisa da erTeulebis TanamSromlebma da studentebma. konferenciaze warmodgenil iqna 45
moxseneba. konferencia gaxsna Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekanma profesorma
darejan TvalTvaZem. konferenciis Sejamebisas iTqva, rom samdRianma intensiurma muSaobam
daadastura giorgi Citaias mier dasaxuli mimarTulebebis marTebuloba, TvalnaTliv warmoCnda
mimdinare kvlevebis aqtualoba da, rac mTavaria, axalgazrdebis mier warmodgenilma moxsenebebma
xazi gausva memkvidreobiTobis arsebobas qarTuli eTnologiur skolaSi.
_ 347 _
qeTevan xuciSvili
CONFERENCE DEDICATED TO
ACADEMICIAN GIORGI CHITAIA’S 125TH ANNIVERSARY
November 10-12, 2015
Ketevan Khutsishvili
The conference dedicated to Academician Giorgi Chitaia’s 125th anniversary was organised by The Insitute
of Ethnology at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and Insitute of History and Ethnology. The conference
prolonged three days. The themes were focused on actual ethnological problems and tasks, invesigaion issues of
culture, methodological, pracical and theoreical aspects.
_ 348 _
dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferencia
gori, 17 noemberi, 2015
ioseb alimbaraSvili
2015 wels Sesrulda cnobili qarTveli istorikosis, arqeologis, dramaturgisa da sazogado

moRvawis dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e weli. igi daibada goris mazris sofel
xidisTavSi 1815 wels, aznaur konstantine meRvineTxucesiSvilisa da ana winamZRvriSvilis ojaxSi.
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis iyo saqarTveloSi arqeologiis rogorc samecniero disciplinis
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, dramaturgi, istorikosi da sazogado moRvawe, romelsac didi damsaxureba
miuZRvis qarTul siZveleTa da xelnawerTa aRmoCenis, gadmoRebis da damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, maT
Sorisaa Tavisi mniSvnelobiT unikaluri Zegli erisTavTas tyavze naweri dedani, oman xerxeuliZis
naSromi mefoba iraklisa, metexis oTxTavi da sxv. am xelnawerebs dimitri ikvlevda, aRwerda da
peterburgSi ugzavnida mari broses, romelsac frangi mecnieri amuSavebda da aqveynebda Tavis
cnobil “Rapport”-ebSi.
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvils sakuTari ojaxi ar Seuqmnia da mTeli Tavisi qoneba memkvidreobiT
dautova disSvils aneta baqraZes (cnobili qarTveli istorikosis dimitri baqraZis meuRles),
Tumca, man es qoneba ver SeinarCuna da XIX s-is bolos bankis valebSi iqna gayiduli.
dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis saflavi mdebareobs mis mSobliur sofelSi, zedavelas
sasaflaoze, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi, uyuradRebobisa da mouvlelobisagan Zalze savalalo
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.
goris municipalitetis sakrebulosa da goris saxelmwifo universitetis erToblivi
ZalisxmeviT gadawyda saflavis ganaxleba da saiubileo TariRis aRniSvna.
saflavis restavracia da xarjebi mTlianad Tavis Tavze aiRo municipalitetis sakrebulos
wevrma, xidisTavis maJoritarma deputatma qalbatonma liana kovziaSvilma da misma ojaxma. saflavs
Cautarda gasamagrebeli samuSaoebi, mopirkeTda, gaiwminda, SemoiRoba da daidga mecnieris Rvawlis
amsaxveli marmarilos fila.
2015 wlis 16 noembers goris saxelmwifo universitetis profesor-maswavleblebma da
studentebma gvirgviniT Seamkes dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis ganaxlebuli saflavi. misi
sulis mosaxseniebeli panaSvidi aRavlina gori-atenis mitropolitma meufe andriam. RonisZiebas
eswrebodnen adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, eparqiisa da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi.
17 noembers goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetSi moewyo dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis

saiubileo TariRisadmi miZRvnili sauniversitetTaSoriso samecniero konferencia, romelSic
monawileoba miiRo saqarTvelos 14 umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo saswavleblisa da samecniero-
kvleviTi dawesebulebis 36 mecnier-mkvlevarma.
_ 349 _
ioseb alimbaraSvili
konferenciis plenarul sxdomaze misasalmebeli sityvebiT gamovidnen goris municipalitetis

sakrebulos Tavmjdomare konstantine TavzaraSvili, goris universitetis reqtori giorgi
sosiaSvili, profesorebi eldar mamisTvaliSvili, giorgi oTxmezuri, elene kavlelaSvili da
sxvebi.
moxseneba dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis cxovreba-moRvaweobis Sesaxeb gaakeTa universitetis

profesorma, istoriis doqtorma ioseb alimbaraSvilma. momxsenebelma vrclad isaubra dimitri
meRvineTxucesiSvilis peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondent _ mari brosesTan
urTierTobisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb, mis damsaxurebaze saqarTvelos siZveleTa aRmoCena-
gadarCenis, arqeologiis, rogorc samecniero dargis Camoyalibebisa da qarTuli dramaturgiis
ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aseve dimitris Rvawlze mSobliur sofel _ xidisTavSi skolis, bankis
daarsebis, aucilebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebisa da qvelmoqmedebis mizniT.
Semdeg konferencia gagrZelda sxvadasxva seqciebSi.
konferenciaze warmodgenili moxsenebebi gamoicema samecniero krebulis saxiT.
_ 350 _
dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis seqciuri muSaoba
sofio qadagiSvili
imis gamo, rom dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili

konferenciis moxsenebebi ikiTxeboda paralelur seqciebSi, piradad me ar mqonda SesaZlebloba
yvela moxseneba momesmina, amitom warmogidgenT im seqciis muSaobas, romlis monawilec gaxldiT.
seqcias xelmZRvanelobda Tsu profesori mariam CxartiSvili. programiT gaTvaliswinebul camet
momxsenebelTagan moxseneba warmoadgina rvam. maT Soris xuTi (manuCar guncaZe, zurab TargamaZe,
eTer cercvaZe, sofio qadagiSvili da elza xaindrava) ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis sadoqtoro programis saqarTvelos istoria da wyaroTmcodneoba
(xelmZRvaneli Tsu profesori mariam CxartiSvili) doqtoranti iyo.
moxsenebebi aqve warmoadgines Tsu istoriis da eTnologiis institutis ufrosma mecnier
TanamSromelma daviT merkvilaZem, goris municipalitetis sergi makalaTias saxelobis istoriul-
eTnografiuli muzeumis saeqspozicio ganyofilebis gamgem, eTnologiis doqtorma Tamila
koSoriZem da Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis mimarTulebis profesorma istoriis da eTnologiis
institutis mTavarma mecnier TanamSromelma, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriisa da
wyaroTmcodneobis gamgem mariam CxartiSvilma.
_ 351 _
sofio qadagiSvili
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli centris ufrosi mecnier TanamSromlis, manuCar

guncaZis moxsenebis Tema iyo qarTuli jaris meTaurobis sakiTxi 1920 wlis osi bolSevikebis
ajanyebis dros qarTul istoriografiaSi; Tamila koSoriZem waikiTxa moxseneba: dimitri
meRvineTuxucesiSvili da qarTul xalxur dResaswauli.
zurab TargamaZem warmoadgina moxseneba istoria da socialuri mecniereba, daviT merkvilaZis

gamosvla exeboda dekanoz basil merkvilaZis STamomavalTa saojaxo arqivis monacemebs. eTer
cercvaZem warmoadgina istoriografiuli profilis kvlevebi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
SromebSi, xolo elza xaindravam isaubra maRalaZeTa gvaris istoriis Sesaxeb. amave seqciaze
wavikiTxe moxseneba mec Temaze: hagiografiuli Janris Txzulebebis Seswavla istoriografiul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT qarTul da dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi. seqciis
muSaoba daasrulda Tavad seqciis Tavmjdomaris, profesor mariam CxartiSvilis moxsenebiT,
romelmac warmoadgina axali Tvalsazrisi termin arian-qarTlis raobis Sesaxeb.
_ 352 _
dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis seqciuri muSaoba
unda iTqvas, rom TiToeuli moxseneba uaRresad saintereso iyo. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli
rakursisa, moxsenebaTa erToba ufro metad warmoaCenda dargis mravalmxrivobas da siRrmes.
amasTan erTad xazi minda gavusva imas, rom monawileebi kargi msmenelebic iyvnen da yoveli
moxsenebis garSemo imarTeboda xangrZlivi da saintereso diskusia, rac namdvilad dasafasebelia
konferenciis muSaobis procesSi.
gorSi gatarebuli saqmiani dRis Semdeg sasiamovno STabeWdilebebiT aRsavseni davbrundiT

TbilisSi.
_ 353 _
sofio qadagiSvili
SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE DEDICATED TO 200TH ANNIVERSARY

OF DIMITRI MEGVINETUKHUTSESISHVILI’S BIRTH
Sopio Kadagishvili
On November 17, 2015 Gori Studying-Teaching University hosted the scieniic conference dedicated to 200th
anniversary of Dimitry Megvinetukhutsesishvili’s birth. The conference was organized by faculty of humaniies and
Educaional-Scieniic centre of History and Archaeology. The conference was opened with rector George Sosiashvuli
speech. Some of the researchers greeted the paricipants too. Ater the plenary session the conference coninued
working in parallel sessions. I atended one of them and presented paper as well. Supervisor and one of the
speakers was prof. Mariam Chkharishvili. Reports were presented by Dr. Tamila Koshoridze, senior scieniic employee
of Ivane Javakhishvili Insitute of History and Ethnology – David Merkviladze, TSU PhD students (doctoral program -
History of Georgia and Source-Studies): Manuchar Guntsadze, Zurab Targamadze, Eter Tsertsvadze, Elza Khaindrava and
me − Sopio Kadagishvili. Except interesing topics, there was excellent collaboraive collegial atmosphere that made
pleasure feelings during the secional working.
_ 354 _
I saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresi _
qarTvelologiis problemebi da perspeqtivebi
rusudan labaZe
11-13 noembers TbilisSi Catarda I saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresi _ qarTvelologiis
problemebi da perspeqtivebi, romelic organizebuli iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier.
am forums didi mosamzadebeli samuSao uZRvoda, romelsac saTaveSi edga kongresis Catarebis ideis
avtori saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis vice-prezidenti akademikosi roin metreveli.
kongresSi monawile ucxoel mecnierTa Semadgenloba sakmaod warmomadgenlobiTi iyo.

saqarTvelos ewvivnen rogorc ukve cnobili da saqveynod aRiarebuli, ise axalbeda qarTvelologebi:
b. utie (safrangeTi); v. boederi, m. navroTi (germania); h. maeda (iaponia); T. dragaZe (didi
britaneTi); n. dura (rumineTi); k. vamlingi (SvedeTi); k. lerneri (israeli); f. bairami, h. Cimqe,
i. giviaSvili (TurqeTi); S. mustafaevi (azerbaijani); e. nesmeianovi, l. baSaleiSvili (ruseTi);
h. margariani (somxeTi); l. garsaevi, S. gafurovi, v. magomaevi (CeCneTi); b. xarsievi (inguSeTi)
da sxv. kongresis stumrebs Soris iyo agreTve rostovis teqnikuri universitetis delegacia
reqtoris, proreqtoris da wamyvani mecnierebis SemadgenlobiT. monawileTa Soris aranakleb
_ 355 _
rusudan labaZe
mravalferovnad iyvnen warmodgenili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva universitetebisa da samecniero-

kvleviTi institutebis mecnierebi.
10 noembers, stumrebis Camosvlis dRes, kongresis ucxoel monawileebs sakuTar rezidenciaSi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, kongresis saorganizacio komitetis sapatio
Tavmjdomare, uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II Sexvda.
_ 356 _
I saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresi _ qarTvelologiis problemebi da perspeqtivebi
saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresi 11 noembers saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnul

akademiaSi gaixsna. Sesavali sityviT kongresis monawileebs saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis vice-prezidentma, saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresis saorganizacio komitetis
Tavmjdomarem, akademikosma roin metrevelma mimarTa. man aRniSna, rom aseTi masStabis samecniro
forumi sxvadasxva qveynebis qarTvelologTa monawileobiT pirvelad tardeba saqarTveloSi
da, amdenad, misi mniSvneloba Zalian didia. Sesavali sityvis Semdeg monawileebs miesalmen:
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis prezidenti, akademikosi giorgi kvesitaZe, ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori akademikosi vladimer papava,
saqarTvelos kulturis ministri mixeil giorgaZe, WiaTurisa da saCxeris mitropoliti, kongresis
saorganizacio komitetis TanaTavmjdomare, meufe danieli, rostovis teqnikuri universitetis
reqtori, profesori besarion mesxi, CeCneTis respublikis mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti S.
gafurovi.
gaxsnis oficialuri nawilis dasrulebis Semdeg gaimarTa plenaruli sxdoma, romelsac

akademikosma roin metreveli da cnobili frangi qarTvelologi bernar utie Tavmjdomareobdnen.
plenarul sxdomaze wakiTxul iqna oTxi moxseneba: 1. r. metreveli _ ivane javaxiSvili da
kavkasiologiis sakiTxebi; 2. T. gamyreliZe _ ekologia da kultura (T. gamyreliZis avadmyofobis
gamo misi moxseneba waikiTxa prof. e. soseliam); 3. m. lorTqifaniZe _ `mefe~ saqarTveloSi;
4. b. utie _ erTi axali fragmenti qarTuli xelnawerisa da sakiTxebi qarTuli enis Sesaxeb.
plenaruli sxdomis Semdeg kongresis muSaoba seqciebSi gagrZelda. saerTaSoriso
qarTvelologiuri kongresis farglebSi sami seqcia moqmedebda: enaTmecnierebis, saqarTvelos
istoriisa da religiis da literaturisa da xelovnebis. enaTmecnierebis seqcias akademikosi
a. arabuli da germaneli qarTvelologi v. boederi xelmZRvanelobdnen, saqarTvelos istoriisa
da religiis seqcias _ akademikosi n. xazaraZe da akademiis. wevr-korespondenti g. lorTqifaniZe,
xolo literaturisa da xelovnebis seqcias akademikosi e. xinTibiZe da profesori k. maCabeli
uZRvebodnen. 11 noembers, kongresis muSaobis pirvel dRes, seqciaTa or-ori sxdoma Sedga.
12 noembers qarTvelologTa saerTaSoriso kongress ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetma umaspinZla. kongresis monawileebs miesalma universitetis reqtori
akademikosi vladimer papava. man xazi gausva qarTvelologiuri kongresis Catarebis gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas da ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis rols am saqmeSi.
garda amisa, kongresis monawileebs mimarTa ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis samxreTis samecniero
_ 357 _
rusudan labaZe
centris Tavmjdomarem g. matiSovma. naCvenebi iyo dokumenturi filmi rostovis universitetis

istoriisa da dRevandelobis Sesaxeb.
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi TiToeulma seqciam sami
sxdoma Caatara, romlebsac qarTvel mecnierebTan erTad ucxoeli qarTvelologebi uZRvebodnen.
kongresis muSaobis ganmavlobaSi asze meti moxseneba iqna wakiTxuli da, Sesabamisad, Zalian
datvirTuli iyo samuSao grafiki. kongresis muSaobis meore dRe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi mxatvruli programiT dasrulda, romelSic universitetis
ansamblma miiRo monawileoba.
samdRiani samecniero forumis daxurva 13 noembers saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnul
akademiaSi Sedga. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis vice-prezidentma akademikosma
roin metrevelma madloba gadauxada saerTaSoriso kongresis yvela monawiles da imedi gamoTqva,
rom kongresi tradiciuli gaxdeba da saqarTvelo araerTxel umaspinZlebs qarTvelologiuri
disciplinebiT dainteresebul mkvlevrebs. seqciaTa xelmZRvanelebma: akademikosma. n. xazaraZem,
akademikosma a. arabulma da akademikosma. e. xinTibiZem dadebiTad Seajames kongresis muSaoba.
maT xazi gausves moxsenebaTa gansakuTrebulad maRal dones da problematikis mravalferovnebas.
dasasrul, ucxoelma qarTvelologebma emociurad isaubres saqarTveloSi gatarebuli dReebis
Sesaxeb da, momavali TanamSromlobis imediT, didi madloba gadauxades maspinZlebs.
kongresis kulturuli programa sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. ucxoeli stumrebi daeswrnen
speqtakls _ marSal de fanties brilianti _ rezo gabriaZis marionetebis TeatrSi, daaTvalieres
Ramis Tbilisi, xolo kongresis daxurvis Semdeg mcxeTisa da goris RirsSesaniSnaobebs ewvivnen.
qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis didi forumi 14 noembers stumrebis gamgzavrebiT dasrulda.
win daZabuli samecniero muSaoba da momavali kongresisaTvis mzadebaa!
THE INTERNATIONAL KARTVELOLOGICAL CONGRESS –

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF KARTVELOLOGY
Rusudan Labadze
I Internaional Kartvelological Congress – Problems and Prospects of Kartvelology was held on 11-13 November,
2015 in Tbilisi. The Congress was organized by the Georgian Naional Academy of Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi
State University and the Georgian Patriarchate.
Among the paricipants were representaive kartvelologists from France, Great Britain, Germany, Sweden,
Romania, Japan, Israel, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Russia, Chechnya, Ingusheia etc.
The Internaional Kartvelological Congress was opened on 11 November in the Georgian Naional Academy of
Sciences by welcome speech of Academician Roin Metreveli, the Vice-President of the Georgian Naional Academy
of Sciences, the chairman of the organizing commitee of the Congress.
Ater the plenary meeing the sessions coninued in the secions. There were three secions: Secion of
Linguisics, Secion of Georgian History and Religion and Secion of Literature and Art.
On 12 November the host of the Congress was Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. There were held three
meeings of each secions. Enirely the paricipants presented more than hundred reports about Kartvelological
problems during the Congress.
The Congress was closed by the concluding session in the Georgian Naional Academy of Sciences. The
leaders of the secions assessed posiively the reports and emphasized the diversity of the Kartvelological problems
discussed during this Congress. The guests of the Congress expressed graitude and hoped to carry on the idea
of the Congress.
_ 358 _
samecniero konferencia
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da
eTnologiis institutSi
daviT merkvilaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi mecnierebisa da inovaciebis

kvireulis `saqarTvelo − 2015~ farglebSi 25-27 noembers gaimarTa samecniero konferencia.
konferencia gaxsna institutis direqtorma vaJa kiknaZem.
pirvel dRes moxsenebi ZiriTadad mieZRvna saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebs.
sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda institutis direqtoris moadgile Temo jojua. moxsenebebi waikiTxes
Semdegma mecnierebma: vaxtang goilaZem − qalaqebis sakiTxi Sua saukuneebis oseTSi; niko gurgeniZem
− mawyverel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigis dazustebisaTvis; niko javaxiSvilma − qarTul-
litvuri saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobis saTaveebTan (XV s.); qeTevan quTaTelaZem − samxreT
da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierTi toponimis etimologiuri ZiebisaTvis; daviT merkvilaZem
− hereTis, kaxeTisa da kuxeTis Sesaxeb leonti mrovelis cnobebis vaxuSti batoniSviliseuli
interpretacia; irakli gelaSvilma − ucnobi epigrafikuli Zeglebi ruisis feriscvslebis
eklesiidan; daviT javaxiSvilma − qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswulebi
(XVIII s-is I nax.); gela saiTiZem − irakli aleqsandres Ze gruzinski (bagrationi) (1827-1882 ww.).
sxdomis Tavmjdomare, Temo jojua gamovida ori moxsenebiT: fanaskertelTa feodaluri
saxlis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxis dazustebisaTvis (XIV-XV ss.); da grigol feraZe da krakovis
universitetis erovnuli muzeumis Tavadi Cartoriiskebis biblioTekaSi daculi qarTuli
xelnaweri wignebi (XI-XVIII ss.).
_ 359 _
daviT merkvilaZe
konferenciis meore dRe daeTmo saqarTvelosa da msoflios axali da uaxlesi istoriis

sakiTxebs. sxdomis Tavmjdomare iyo vaJa kiknaZe. pirveli moxseneba waikiTxa sxdomis Tavmjdomarem
− ruseTis imperiis kulturul-eqspansionisturi politikis ramdenime magaliTi (XIX s.). Semdegi
moxsenebis Tema iyo ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba da qarTuli sazogadoeba (istoria da Tana-
medroveoba) − momxsenebeli dodo WumburiZe.
moxsenebebiT agreTve warsdgnen: gia gelaSvili − ulrix rauSeri − germaniis elCi saqarT-
velos demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww.); SoTa vadaWkoria − saqarTvelos pirveli res-
publikis mTavrobisadmi wayenebuli braldebis − osmaleTisadmi baTumis `nebayoflobiT~ ga-
dacemis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis (1921 wlis marti); lela saraliZe − saqarTvelos emigraciuli
mTavrobis sagareo-diplomatiuri urTierTobis istoriidan (1921-1922 ww.); nato sonRulaSvili
− erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi (XX s-is 40-50-iani ww.); avTandil sonRu-
_ 360 _
samecniero konferencia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi
laSvili − erovnul umciresobaTa religiuri seqtebi saqarTveloSi XX s-is saukunis 50-ian wleb-
Si; nugzar bardaveliZe − politikuri terorizmis axali veqtorebi; maia guramiSvili _ religi-
uri fundamentalizmis problema Tanamedrove politikaSi; aleqsandre grigalaSvili − samxreT
kavkasiis regionuli stabilurobis perspeqtivebi; Tamar darCia − jorj herbert uolker buSi
− aSS-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebis axali etapi; naTia lacabiZe − saqarTvelo-italiis urT-
ierToba postsabWoTa periodSi; neli papukaSvili; muSaiToba da misi roli esTetikuri gemovnebis
ganviTarebaSi.
sxdomis bolo, mesame dRe daeTmo eTnologiuri xasiaTis moxsenebebs.
sxdomas uZRveboda qeTevan xuciSvili. manve waikiTxa pirveli moxseneba: karla serenas cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
moxsenebebi agreTve waikiTxes: xaTuna ioselianma − azerbaijanelTa gansaxlebisa da dasaxlebis

formebi qvemo qarTlSi; giorgi mamardaSvilma − afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri suraTis
istoriuli safuZvlebi da ganviTarebis dinamika; daviT WiTanavam − `neoliTuri revoluciis~
ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtorebi.
Sesvenebis Semdeg wakiTxul iqna kidev oTxi moxseneba: roland TofCiSvili − oseTis eT-
nografiuli enciklopedia qarTul-osuri urTierTobis konteqstSi; salome oqruaSvili − ka-
vkasiis xalxTa ojaxis Seswavlis eTnosocialuri aspeqtebi (adiReur-abazuri modgmis xalxTa Se-
darebiTi eTnosocialuri kvlevisaTvis); lavrenti janiaSvili − somxebis gansaxlebisa da dasax-
lebis formebi qvemo qarTlsa da javaxeTSi. irma kvaSilava − wminda SabaTi qarTvel ebraelTa
yofaSi.
konferencia sakmaod datvirTuli gamodga. sami dRis ganmavlobaSi wakiTxul iqna sami aTeulze
meti moxseneba. TiToeuli moxsenebis Semdeg gamoyofili iyo dro momxseneblisaTvis kiTxvebis
dasasmelad da pasuxebis misaRebad. saboloo jamSi konferenciam samecniero TvalsazrisiT sakmaod
nayofierad Caiara.
_ 361 _
daviT merkvilaZe
CONFERENCE AT IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE

OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY
Davit Merkviladze
Within the framework of Scieniic Week in Georgia, Ivane Javakhishvili Insitute of History and Ethnology on
November 25-27 hosted naional conference. Conference was opened by Insitute director – Vazha Kiknadze. The
conference schedule was quite busy. Totally were presented more than thirty papers by historians and ethnologists.
Overal Results of the conference are fruiful for scieniic point of view.
_ 362 _
xsovna
IN MEMORIAM
mamisa berZniSvilis gaxseneba
goneli araxamia
saqarTvelos istoriis TvalsaCino mkvlevari, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori qalbatoni

mamisa berZniSvili didi xani araa, rac am qveynidan wavida. gamoCenil mecniers dafaseba da aRiareba
kolegebisa da mkiTxvelebisagan arasdros daklebia, magram, rogorc xdeba xolme, Rvawlmosili
pirovnebis gardacvaleba aRmoCndeba is mijna, saidanac mTeli sisruliT warmoCndeba misi moRvawe-
obis mniSvneloba. m. berZniSvilis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba (rac ganuyofeli mTlianobaa – is
cxovrobda mecnierebiT am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT), sagangebo da safuZvliani msjelobis
sagani uTuod gaxdeba araerTi avtorisaTvis. Cemi mizani gacilebiT mokrZalebulia – gavixseno
qalbatoni mamisa rogorc Segirdma istoriis institutis im ganyofilebisa, sadac is moRvaweobda
da amdidrebda istoriuli mecnierebis dargs, rasac wyaroTmcodneoba hqvia. ganyofilebaSi dam-
kvidrebuli iyo aseTi wesi: aspiranti Tu maZiebeli, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iyo ganyofilebaSi
misi oficialuri xelmZRvaneli, ganyofilebis yvela ufrosi Taobis mecnieris uSurveli
meurveobiT, rCeva-darigebiTa da konsultaciebiT sargeblobda. axalgazrda specialistebisaTvis
iqmneboda uaRresad sasargeblo da keTilganwyobili garemo. qalbatoni mamisa am tradiciis erT-
erTi damamkvidrebeli da Tanmimdevrulad erTguli damcveli brZandeboda. is yovelTvis didi
gulisyuriT ismenda axalgazrdis mier ganyofilebis sxdomaze wakiTxul moxsenebas Tu wliur
angariSs, arc mowonebis sityvebs daiSurebda da arc naklovanebis gamosasworeblad gzis gagnebaSi
daxmarebas, rom araferi vTqvaT mis mudmiv mzaobaze nebismier dros gaeca saqmiani rCeva.
calke saubris Temaa qalbaton mamisas saseminaro moxsenebebi Tu wliuri angariSebi, rac
ganyofilebis SegirdebisaTvis TvalsaCino nimuSi iyo imisa, Tu raoden did pasuxismgeblobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli mecnieruli kvleva da misi Sedegebis mitana msmenelamde Tu mkiTxvelamde.
saerTodac, misi yoveli naSromi iyo Rrma pativiscemis gamoxatuleba mkiTxvelis mimarT,
romelsac sTavazobda mxolod da mxolod mecnierul siaxles gamovlils umkacres laboratoriul
wrTobaSi.
qalbaton mamisas mravali Rirseba amkobda, maT Soris, maRali profesionalizmi da kompe-
tenturoba. es arcaa gasakviri Tu gavixsenebT, rom is mecnierul wrTobas gamoCenili istorikosis,
profesor maqsime berZniSvilis meTvalyureobiT ojaxSi gadioda, universitetsa da istoriis
institutSi – akademikos niko berZeniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT.
uaRresad saintereso iyo piradi saubrebi qalbaton mamisasTan. is siyvaruliTa da mowiwebiT
ixsenebda Zvirfas maswavlebelTan erTad qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis gamosacemad mom-
_ 365 _
goneli araxamia
zadebaze muSaobis calkeul epizodebs, universitetisa da istoriis institutis warsulis ambebs,

rasac verc erT arqivSi ver ipoviT.
qalbaton mamisas cxovreba mecnierebisaTvis keTilsindisieri msaxurebis TvalsaCino magaliTia,
xolo samecniero memkvidreoba Rirseuli wvlili qarTul istoriografiaSi.
IN MEMORIAM TO MAMISA BERDZNISHVILI

Goneli Arakhamia
Outstanding researcher in Georgian history, honest professional and always ready to help – these are not
only epithets through which Professor Goneli Arakhamia depicts his colleague, Mamisa Berdznishvili. He recalls
researcher’s professionalism and his conversaions with her that were so informaive that hardly to ind in books.
In conclusion Goneli Arakhamia indicates that Mamisa Berdznishvili’s life is an example of scienist and her works
worthy legacy for Georgian historiography.
_ 366 _
Temur Todua: pedagogi, mecnieri da pirovneba
mariam gogalaZe
2014 wlis 22 dekembers, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad Cvengan wavida araCveulebrivi pedagogi,

samecniero xelmZRvaneli, istorikosi da arqeologi profesori Temur Todua. igi mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi kiTxulobda leqciebs saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi da ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. tradiciulad, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakul-
tetze, antikuri qveynebis istoriasa da saleqcio kurss berZnul-romauli qalaqebi, xolo
teqnikur universitetSi − saxelmwifo marTvas.
batoni Temuri iyo sicocxlis moyvaruli adamiani, sxarti, didi iumoris grZnobiT dajil-
dovebuli, qarizmatuli, feTqebadi da marad SemarTuli sakamaTod... man icoda _ samSoblos,
dedis, Svilis, megobris, siyvarulis fasi; iyo keTili, yuradRebiani da megobrobda studentebTan.
misi leqciebi waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebda msmenelze. damswre sazogadoebas amogzaurebda
antikur epoqaSi. mas movlili hqonda praqtikulad yvela istoriuli adgili da didi aRtacebiT
gviyveboda TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb. leqciebis msvlelobis dros paralelebs avlebda, antikur
samyarosa da Tanamedroveobas Soris, aqcentebs akeTebda aqtualur sakiTxebze.
batoni Temuri ara marto kargi istorikosi iyo, aramed is iyo profesionali arqeologic.
gansakuTrebiT uyvarda studentebTan im periodis gaxsendeba, rodesac is muSaobda biWvinTis
eqspediciaSi, romelsac araerTi monografia miuZRvna. afxazeTi yovelTvis misi didi tkivili iyo
da ocnebobda im droze, rodesac iq isev aucileblad dabrundeboda.
komfortuli da mravlismomcemi iyo masTan, rogorc samecniero xelmZRvanelTan, muSaoba,
dauRalavad SeeZlo naSromebis gasworeba, TiToeul abzacs didi gulisyuriT kiTxulobda.
dainteresebuli iyo mecnierebis ganviTarebiTa da Tavis studentebSi yovelTvis eZebda axal
saxeebs, romelTac imedis TvaliT uyurebda.
imisda miuxedavad, rom batoni Temuri kargad erkveoda politikur sakiTxebSi da bevri cnobili
politikosi misi yofili studenti iyo, igi arasodes yofila arc erTi politikuri partiis wevri.
igi Tvlida, rom es sfero misi saqme ar iyo.
batoni Temur Todua − pedagogi, mecnieri da pirovneba didad daaklda mis axloblebs,
kolegebs, studentebs.
_ 367 _
mariam gogalaZe
TEMUR TODUA – TEACHER, SCIENTIST, PERSONALITY

Mariam Gogaladze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University doctoral student Mariam Gogaladze recalls her academic supervisor
Professor Temur Todua as charismaic, full of sense of humour and friendly to students lecturer. All the characters
he had alongside with professionalism and love of his work. Temur Todua was not only a historian, but professional
archaeologist as well. His death is a huge loss for his family members, friends, colleagues and students.
_ 368 _
profesori naTela quTelia
(1928-2014)
2014 wlis 18 aprils qarTul sazogadoebas gamoaklda Rvawlmosili mecnieri da moRvawe,

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis profesori naTela quTelia.
qalbatoni naTela 1928 wlis 18 agvistos daibada q. soCaSi (CerqezeTi). misi mama, samson
quTelia, cnobili mrewveli iyo, Tumca sabWoTa xelisuflebis dadgomis Semdeg sawarmo-qarxnebi
mTavrobam CamoarTva da represiebis TavdaRwevis mizniT ojaxTan erTad gorSi gadasaxlda. misi
deda, sofio cxadaia, samegrelos mTavar dadianTa STamomavali iyo.
1946 wels daamTavra goris me-3 qalTa gimnazia; imave wels gaxda Tbilisi saxelmwifo
universitetis dasavleT evropis fakultetis studenti inglisuri filologiis ganxriT.
1951 wels swavla ganagrZo amave universitetis aspiranturaSi zogadi enaTmecnierebisa da
fonetikis kaTedraze, romelsac akad. giorgi axvlediani xelmZRvanelobda. 1956 wels prof. sergi
JRentis xelmZRvanelobiT daicva sakandidato disertacia harmoniul kompleqsTa ori sistema
qarTul enaSi. misi oponenti akad. giorgi axvlediani brZandeboda, romelmac umaRlesi Sefaseba
misca naSroms. qalbatoni naTela xSirad ixsenebda Tavisi didi maswavleblis warmoTqmul frazas
disertaciis dacvaze, rodesac sityva warmoTqva rogorc oponentma: `man [naTela quTeliam] arc
ki icis, ramxela aRmoCena aqvs: harmoniuli kompleqsis komponentebi saurTierTo palatalizaciis
meSveobiT erwymian erTmaneTs...~, ramac Semdgomi xanis fonetikur mecnierebaSi didi mniSvneloba
SeiZina da dResac ucvlelad inarCunebs Rirebulebas qarTvelur enaTa Tu zogadi fonetikis
TvalsazrisiT.
1972 wels zogadi enaTmecnierebis kaTedram saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis filologi-
is fakultetis studentTaTvis Seadgina saxelmZRvanelo enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi,
romlis saerTo redaqtoric akad. giorgi axvlediani brZandeboda. man fonetikis sakiTxTa momza-
deba dasaxelebuli wignisaTvis TinaTin abzianiZesa da naTela quTelias daavala.
1986 wels qalbatonma naTela quTeliam daicva sadoqtoro disertacia lazuris fonematuri
struqtura/segmenturi fonemebi da fonemaTa jgufebi: paradigmatika da sintagmatika. misi
_ 369 _
oponenti profesori korneli danelia brZandeboda; mas oci SeniSvna hqonia disertantis mimarT,
romelTaganac Teqvsmeti uyoymanod miiRo. am faqts qalbatoni naTela mudam siamovnebiT ixsenebda
da erTgvarad afasebda meoce saukunis bolo wlebis qarTuli enaTmecnierebis maRalxarisxianobas.
2005 wels gamoqveynda prof. naTela quTelias monografia lazuris fonematuri struqtura.
dRemde ar Seqmnila aseTi masStaburi fonetikuri narkvevi arc erT sxva iberiul-kavkasiur
enaSi, garda kolxurisa. naSromSi siRrmiseuladaa aRwerili kolxuri (resp. zanuri) enis lazuri
dialeqtis vokaluri da konsonanturi sistemebi, agebulia paradigmebi, daxasiaTebulia yovelgvari
fonetikuri procesi, rac lazurSi ganxorcielebula diaqroniulad Tu sinqroniulad; Seswavlilia
xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa kompleqsebi, gamoyofilia sintagmaturi kanonikuri da arakanonikuri
jgufebi. dadgenilia yvela is SemTxveva, rodesac moxerxda istoriuli viTarebis SenarCuneba;
agreTve gamovlenilia yvela istoriuli bgeraTcvlileba, romelic fonotaqtikis safuZvelze
ganxorcielda lazurSi da dRes safuZvlad dasdebia mis kilokavur diferenciacias. qalbatoni
naTelas dakvirvebiT, lazurSi SesaZlebelia fonetikuri transformaciis ganxorcieleba erTi
da imave mTqmelis farglebSi: gamovlenilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac rTuli bgeraTkompleqsi
gamartivebisken miiswrafvis da amave dros ukan ganvlos cvlilebis safexurebi da gamartivebulma
kompleqsma aRidginos istoriuli saxe.
qalbatoni naTela gamudmebiT siaxlis ZiebaSi iyo. mas Seswevda Zala sakuTari naSromisaTvis
eWvis TvaliT Seexda, rac maRalmecnieruli motivaciis maCvenebelia. amis erT-erTi maCvenebelia
Tundac Semdegi faqti: sadoqtoro disertaciis momzadebisas, 1986 wels, lazuri enad saxelyo,
rasac SemdegSi mravalgzis uaryofda da 2011 wels baTumis SoTa rusTavelis sax. universitetis
samecniero krebul lingvokulturologiur ZiebanSi (#2) sagangebo gamokvleva miuZRvna saTauriT
megrulisa da lazuris urTierTmimarTebisTvis.
2012 wels gamoqveynda misi wigni qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia yvela is
mniSvnelovani statia-narkvevi, romelic sxvadasxva dros daibeWda samecniero JurnalebSi. aqve
Sesulia avtoris sakandidato disertaciis rusulenovani Targmani Две системы гармонических
согласных в грузинском языке eqsperimentuli monacemebiTa da suraTebiTurT.
pedagogiur moRvaweobas qalbatoni naTela quTelia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi 1954
wlidan sicocxlis bolomde eweoda. igi xSirad ixsenebda, Tu rogor gadasca wasakiTxad kursi akad.
arnold Ciqobavam: èrT dResac batonma arnoldma Sin damibara, surda CemTan gasaubreba zogadi
enaTmecnierebis sauniversiteto kursis Taobaze. Sexvedramde ori dRiT adre gavige es ambavi
da avReldi, saswrafod daviwye masalis momzadeba zogadi enaTmecnierebis sxvadasxva sakiTxze,
yvela avtoris koncefciaTa ZiriTad momentebs vizepirebdi gamalebiT... rom mivedi, Cveni saubari
sxva sakiTxebs Seexo. batonma arnoldma mkiTxa, Tu ra azrisa viyavi martin luTerze, rogor
mesmoda reformacia da kontr-reformacia, evropuli renesansi... mec, gaxarebulma, yvelaferi
sxapasxupiT vuambe da saubris bolos mivxvdi, rom zogadi enaTmecnierebis arc erT sakiTxze ar
gvisaubria. rasakvirvelia, iqve vkiTxe mec, batono arnold, zogadi enaTmecnierebis Sesaxeb ratom
ar mkiTxeT? man ki mipasuxa: `zogadi enaTmecnierebis~ kursis wamkiTxvels siRrmiseulad unda
esmodes evropuli kulturis safuZvlebi, davemSvidobe baton arnolds da saqmes Sevudeqi...~.
prof. naTela quTelias gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba hqonda studentebTan da studentebsac
gansakuTrebiT uyvardaT igi. uamravi studenti hyolia da rodesac quCaSi mimavali SeuniSnavT,
uyuradRebod ar dautoviaT, mudam eferebodnen, gulSi ikravdnen, komplimentebiT avsebdnen,
drois gasvlas ver grZnobdnen da erTad ixsenebdnen im Zvirfas dReebs, romelic maT studentobas
moicavda. me ramdensame epizods gavixseneb: erTxel aRmosavleTmcodneobis ganyofilebis
studentebTan leqcia daamTavra da mexuTe korpusidan gamovida Sin wasasvlelad. gzas vagrZelebT
pirveli korpusisaken da uceb erTi col-qmari Segvxvda: atexes yvirili _ qalbatono naTela,
qalbatono naTela... gavCerdiT da xan coli exveoda da xan _ qmari. ver icno uecrad qalbatonma
naTelam yofili studentebi da vinaoba gamohkiTxa, magram mainc ver gaixsena... col-qmari
madlierebiT orsave xelze mieaxla da ase gaaxsena Tavi: `Cven rom dRes ojaxi gvaqvs, es Tqveni
damsaxurebaa, niSnobis beWdis fuli ar mqonda da Tqven maCuqeT~. am kacs TvalT cremli moeria,
qalbatoni naTela ki myisierad miutrialda da Cveuli qarTluri aqcentiT miugo: qalo, agaSene
Tu dagRupe aba?.. erTxel kidev pirveli korpusidan mervisaken mivdiodiT da vakis leCkombinats
rom mivuaxlovdiT, erTi manqana gaCerda. gadmovidnen Svilebi da SviliSvilebi da moxuci kaci
gadmosves manqanidan. yavarjnebi erT SviliSvils eWira, papam meores sTxova, gaeCerebina qalbatoni
naTela. movida es bavSvi CvenTan da gviTxra, papas TqvenTan saqme aqvso. mivediT manqanasTan da
gvxvdeba sakaceze mwoliare xandazmuli da qalbaton naTelas miesalma da uTxra, Tqveni studenti
_ 370 _
profesori naTela quTelia (1928-2014)
viyavio. qalbatoni naTela saxtad darCa, ra dagemarTao, gamohkiTxa janmrTelobis ambavi da mere
miTxra, es kaci Cemze aTi wliT ufrosia da Cemi studenti yofilao, SevacileT samkurnalo saxlSi...
misi studentebi iyvnen qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili adamianebi: pirveli prezidenti
zviad gamsaxurdia, poetebi: Sermadin qaldani, tariel xarxelauri... literatori Temur
nucubiZe, romelsac mudam didi mwuxarebiT ixsenebda, filologebi: rismag gordeziani, Tengiz
kikaCeiSvili, apolon silagaZe, rusudan canava, nino baramiZe, giorgi ekizaSvili... mwerali diana
anfimiadi, mTargmneli da literatori giorgi lobJaniZe, enaTmecnierTa farTo speqtri: mixeil
qurdiani, Salva gabeskiria, revaz abaSia, merab babuxadia, merab robaqiZe, vaJa Sengelia, Teimuraz
gvancelaZe, fatman anTaZe, xaTuna TumaniSvili, nomadi barTaia... igi aswavlida kavkasiologTa,
aRmosavleTmcodneTa, filolog qarTvelologTa da istorikosTa mraval Taobas, uamravi sxva,
yvelas dasaxeleba, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia...
qalbatoni naTela quTelia pirveli mravalpartiuli uzenaesi sabWos wevri gaxldaT; man xeli
moawera saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqts 1991 wlis 9 aprils. 1992-93 ww.
saxelmwifos gadatrialebis Semdeg gadaitana araerTi represia.
misTvis Zalian Zvirfasi iyo lazeTi da lazebi, ocdaCvidmeti weliwadi miuZRvna lazuris
Seswavlas: sofel sarfSi Cadioda da Tavisi Zvirfasi maswavleblis _ ali-efendi Tandilavas
ojaxSi cxovrobda. igi patronobda lazebs: saswavleblad agzavnida universitetSi da sxvadasxva
profesias auflebda laz axalgazrdobas, raTa yvelas sakuTari saqme hqonoda da gamosdgomoda
sofels. misi SuamdgomlobiT gamoica 2013 wlis dekemberSi ali Tandilavas `lazuri leqsikoni~,
romlis erT-erTi redaqtoric Tavadve brZandeboda. 1982 wels man Seadgina lazuri zRaprebis
wigni lazuri paramiTefe, akad. sergi jiqias daxmarebiT daurTo lazur-megrul-qarTul-Turquli
leqsikoni. agreTve Seadgina satranskrifcio qarTul-Turquli anbani, raTa TurqeTis lazeTis
mosaxleobisaTvis xelmisawvdomi yofiliyo teqstis Sinaarsi da mSobliuri anbani. udrekad
ebrZoda lazebis qarTul fesvebTan mowyvetis saqmes da Zal-Rones ar iSurebda mis CasaxSobad. man
CaSala 2007 wels baTumis universitetSi `lazuri anbanis~ proeqti, romlis mizanic iyo, Seqmniliyo
lazuri anbani laTinuris safuZvelze Turquli rigis dacviT, misi erT-erTi avtori _ volfgang
forStaini ki darbazidan gaaZeva.
calke minda visaubro qalbatoni naTelaze, rogorc pirovnebaze. yvela ebraleboda, yvelas
gaWirvebas iziarebda, anugeSebda. mas hqonda araCveulebrivi unari simarTlis Tqmisa: aucileblad
migiTiTebda Secdomaze da iqve gaswavlida misi gamosworebis gzas. maxsendeba erTi SemTxveva,
rodesac saqarTvelos prezidentis stipendiantTa SesarCevi konkursi gamocxadda 2009 wels,
sadac monawileobis ufleba ar hqonda pirveli kursis studentebs, rameTu warsadgeni iyo
gasuli wlis akademiuri maCveneblebi da maT es ar gaaCndaT fizikurad. im wlis erT-erTi
pirvelkurseli studenti gamoirCeoda niWierebiT: flobda ramdensame evropul enas da Zalian
kargad swavlobda, kargad iTvisebda axsnil saswavlo masalas, amzadebda saseminaro davalebas,
did Sromas debda damoukidebel muSaobaSi da es yovelive qalbaton naTelas mxedvelobidan ar
gamorCenia. rom gamocxadda sastipendio konkursis Sedegebi, am studentis gvari siaSi ar iyo da
universiteti SeZra, pirdapiri gagebiT! Seatyobina es ambavi fakultetis dekans, universitetis
reqtors da sTxova stipendiis daniSvna studentisaTvis. im droisaTvis ver moxerxda, samwuxarod,
sauniversiteto kanonmdeblobisa Tu Sina ganawesis Secvla da ar daeniSna am students stipendia,
rasac Zalian ganicdida Cveni maswavlebeli. mudam studentTa gverdiT idga, yovelTvis zrunavda
maTze. gamorCeul students wigns Cuqnida da ganumeorebel warweras urTavda, romlis wakiTxvac
did xaliss hgvris mkiTxvels. aseTi uamravi mec momepoveba.
me, rogorc Tavisi mowafe, yvelgan davyavdi: samecniero Tu sazogadoebriv RonisZiebebze,
araerT saxelovan mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawisaTvis warvudgenivar mowafis statusiT da
niSnad misi didi pativiscemisa am cnobil da Rvawlmosil pirT didi siTboTi da rCeuli salmiT
mivuRivar. man maziara yvela im didebul tradicias, rasac universitetis damaarsebelni nergavdnen
mecnier-mkvlevarTa momaval TaobaSi; CemTvis qalbatoni naTela aramxolod enaTmecnierebis,
aramed moqalaqeobis maswavlebeli iyo. misi rCeva-darigebani cxovrebiseul kodeqsad maqvs qceuli
da Cems pirovnul aRzrdaSi mSobelTa gverdiT vayeneb! yvela students, romelSic ki mecnierul
niWs aRmoaCenda, awinaurebda da yvelanairad uwyobda xels, rom mecnieruli gzidan ar gadaexvia
da sakadrisi samsaxuri gaewia qveynisaTvis. gardacvalebamde Sin damibara ramdenime dRiT adre
da bevri visaubreT mecnierebis Sesaxeb. kidev erTxel Semaxsena Tanamedrove lingvistikisTvis
fonotaqtikis mniSvneloba da sityvis sami poziciis struqturis sakiTxi axleburad warmoaCina.
amave Sexvedraze saxsovrad damitova asobiT wigni da miTxra: ìcode, levan, Sen gtoveb fonetikis
_ 371 _
imedad!~. piradi biblioTekis didi nawili Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets usaxsovra,

sicocxleSive 2000-ian wlebSi axalcixis universitets mdidari wignadi fondi Seswira. agreTve
araerTi wigni usaxsovra mestiis muzeums.
ukve erTi weli Sesrulda profesor naTela quTelias gardacvalebidan; dRes yvela vgrZnobT
umisobiT gamowveul danakliss rogorc qarTul mecnierebaSi, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. igi
brZandeboda ukanaskneli fonetikosi qarTuli saenaTmecniero skolisa, romelmac esoden mdidari
monapovari uboZa lingvistur mecnierebas monografiebisa Tu narkvev-statiaTa saxiT. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom fonetikis dargSi Tanamedrove qarTuli enaTmecniereba im safuZvels emyareba,
romelic akad. giorgi axvledianma 1918-73 ww. Seqmna, xolo mis gamtkicebaSi udidesi wvlili
Seitanes profesorebma: sergi JRentma da naTela quTeliam.
misma mowafem, ZvelaRmosavluri samarTlisa da Sumeruli enis specialistma, nikoloz aglaZem
literator leqso doreulis TanaavtorobiT gamosca wigni krititaka. es pirveli wignia, romelic
prof. naTela quTelias xsovnas madlierebis niSnad mieZRvna aw ukve aRzrdili mkvlevrisagan.
PROFESSOR NATELA KUTELIA

(1928-2014)
Levan Kochlamazashvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University doctoral student Levan Kochlamazashvili recalls his academic supervisor
Natela Kutelia − Professor in Linguisics as personality and as academic. The memoriam includes professor’s life
from her childhood to her death. He makes focus on some important moments of her life. He expresses his
graitude to her for having various experiences with his teacher.
_ 372 _
saTno saxis keTilad momRimari qalbatoni
liana davlianiZis gaxseneba
giorgi WeiSvili
qalbaton lianaze saubrisas Tvalwin warmomidgeba Suaxnis qalbatoni, saTno saxiTa da

keTilad momRimari. swored aseTad gavicani liana davlianiZe, rodesac i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis (SemdgomSi istoriisa da eTnologiis) institutis
zRurbls gadavabije.
saqarTvelos istoriul geografias veuflebodi da, bunebrivia, didi survili mqonda
dedanSi gavcnobodi aSxaracuicsa Tu sxva somxur geografiul traqtatebs. qvecnobierad, albaT,
qalbaton lianas imedi mqonda: misi meuRle, Zia Tornike (ase veZaxdiT axalgazrdebi baton Tornike
tatiSvils), xom istoriuli geografiis ganyofilebis TanamSromeli iyo; aqeTkenve mibiZgebda
pirovnuli xiblica da profesionalizmic _ institutis mravalricxovan TanamSromelTa Soris
qalbaton lianas gamoarCevda ubraloeba, romlis miRma didi codna imaleboda. profesorebis
leon meliqseT-begisa da ivane SilakaZis Rirseuli moswavle da saqmis gamgrZelebeli, liana
davlianiZe qarTuli armenologiuri skolis erT-erTi saukeTeso warmomadgeneli gaxldaT. mis
mier Targmnili da gamocemuli somxuri saistorio teqstebi yovelTvis maRali akademiurobiT
xasiaTdeboda. zogierTi maTgani ukve istoriis institutSi muSaobis dawyebis droisaTvis mqonda
wakiTxuli.
survili survilad darCa, Tumca wilad mxvda liana davlianiZis ukeT gacnobis bedniereba.
qalbaton lianas davemowafe da manac dauzareblad mihyo xeli Cems `wvrTnas~. SesaniSnavi pedagogi
aRmoCnda _ didi moTminebiTa da mondomebiT cdilobda aexsna grabaris gramatikis safuZvlebi,
eswavlebina Zveli somxuri mwerlobis saukeTeso nimuSebi.
qalbatoni liana uSurvelad gascemda codnasa da gamocdilebas. swored misi wyalobiT
gavecani hakob karnecis Txzulebas zemo somxeTis aRwera, pirvelxarisxovan Zegls gviani Sua
saukuneebis (da aramxolod am xanis) taos istoriuli geografiis Sesaswavlad. es nawarmoebi
qarTveli specialistebisTvis TiTqmis ucnobi iyo. gamouqveynebeli naSromi xelnaweris saxiT
gamacno; xeliT lamazad nawer Zvel somxur teqsts paraleluri qarTuli Targmani miuyveboda,
_ 373 _
giorgi WeiSvili
aqa-iq mravalwertili da kiTxvis niSnebi iyo dasmuli. liana davlianiZis Tavaziani nebarTviT
am nakvleviT uxvad visargeble sadisertacio naSromis werisas; Sesabamisi amonaridebi dResac
fasdaudebel samsaxurs miwevs.
daxmarebas arasdros dagzardebodaT. somxur wyaroebTan dakavSirebiT Tu rame kiTxva
damebadeboda, qalbaton lianas mivmarTavdi; xandaxan gavkadnierdebodi da telefoniTac
Sevawuxebdi xolme. pasuxi yovelTvis mzad hqonda, Tumca dasZenda, `moicade, Sevamowmeb“! _ esec
misi profesiuli Tviseba iyo, daeWveba, ase TvalSisacemi gavrcelebuli Tavdajerebulobisa da
araprofesionalizmis fonze.
saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi leqciebis kiTxva rom daviwye, qalbaton lianas
yuradReba arc maSin momklebia _ rCeva-darigebebs uxvad maZlevda axalbeda leqtors.
2006 wlis reformam da reorganizaciam Zirfesvianad Secvala istoriis institutis cxovreba.
instituts miRma darCa mravali Rvawlmosili mecnieri, maT Soris, liana davlianiZe da misi
megobrebi, vinc TiTqmis naxevari saukune iSroma qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis sakeTildReod.
institutidan wasvla qalbatonma lianam mZimed ganicada.
miuxedavad amisa, cdilobda, institutTan kavSiri ar gaewyvita, Tvali edevna iq mimdinare
movlenebisTvis. samecniero moRvaweobazec ar auRia xeli; TiTqmis bolo wuTamde aqtiurad iyo
Cabmuli istoriis, eTnologiisa da religiis Seswavlisa da propagandis centris saqmianobaSi,
aqveynebda statiebs Jurnal analebSi.
qalbaton lianas uyvarda axalgazrda kolegebTan urTierToba. gamorCeviT afasebda lela
patariZes, Zlier daswyvita guli lelas udrood wasvlam...
drom arc qalbatoni liana daindo. 2012 wlis dekemberSi ojaxis wevrebi, naTesavebi, megobrebi
da kolegebi samudamod gamoeTxovnen liana davlianiZes. misi xelnaweri memkvidreoba Seswavlasa
da gamoqveynebas moiTxovs, Rvawli ki damfasebels elis.
THE LADY WITH KIND FACE EXPRESSION AND SMILE

IN MEMORY OF LIANA DAVLIANIDZE
Giorgi Cheishvili
On December, 2012 ended life of the Georgian historian, main researcher of Ivane Javakhishvili Insitute of
History and Ethnology, Depratment of Georgian Source-Studies Liana Davlianidze. Her younger colleague, doctor in
history, Giorgi Cheishvili recalls her as kind person, excellent professional who always was ready for helping. He
briely characterises her academic achievements and expresses his sorrow because of her death.
_ 374 _
profesor giorgi JuJunaSvilis gamosaTxovari
qarTulma saistorio mecnierebam, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetma mZime danaklisi ganicada. xanmokle avadmyofobis Semdeg ormocdarva wlis asakSi garda-
icvala ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecniere-
baTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori (kavkasiologiis saswavlo-samecniero institutis kav-
kasiis xalxTa istoriis departamenti) giorgi (gogita) JuJunaSvili.
giorgi JuJunaSvilma Tavisi samecniero da pedagogiuri saqmianoba ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi 1995 wlidan daiwyo. igi iyo jer ruseTis istoriis kaTedris
ufrosi maswavlebeli, Semdeg _ docenti. paralelurad, 1999-2003 wlebSi mas igive Tanamdebobebi
ekava Tsu-is axalcixis filialSi, romlis erT-erTi damaarsebelic gaxldaT.
2006 wlidan giorgi JuJunaSvili humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis jer asistent-
profesori da Semdgom ukve asocirebuli profesori iyo.
giorgi JuJunaSvilis samecniero-kvleviTi interesebi exeba saqarTvelos, ruseTis, kavkasiis
istorias, saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebs. misi naSromebi gamoirCeva mudmivi siaxlis Ziebis
unariT, avtori yovelTvis cdilobda gamokvleva maqsimalurad amomwuravi yofiliyo da, SeiZleba
Tamamad iTqvas, rom misi naSromebi Sesabamisi mimarTulebiT dainteresebul pirTaTvis erTgvari
gzamkvlevis rols Seasrulebs da mas gverds verc erTi seriozuli mkvlevari ver auvlis.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi da, vfiqrobT, misabaZi iyo giorgi JuJunaSvilis damokidebuleba
Tavisi maswavleblis, profesor valerian maWaraZisadmi: kolegebsa Tu studentebTan xSirad
saubrobda mis pirovnebaze, sruliad aSkara iyo, rom Tavis profesiul idealad sakuTar
maswavlebels Tvlida da yvelafers akeTebda misi mecnieruli memkvidreobis dasafaseblad, am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom giorgi JuJunaSvilma gamosca valerian maWaraZis
manamde gamouqveynebeli naSromi.
_ 375 _
farTo samecniero sazogadoebisTvis manamde ucnobi naSromebis publikaciis TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSnavia mis mier 2014 wels, meuRlis nana beriZis mier Targmnili cnobili
sazogado moRvawisa da mecnieris mixeil (mixako) wereTlis naSromi kavkasiuri rasisa da kulturis
problemebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos mis mier profesor dimitri SveliZesTan TanaavtorobiT
gamocemuli naSromi ilia WavWavaZis ucnobi werilis gamo, romelic didi qarTveli mamuliSvilis
aqamde praqtikulad ucnobi statiis akademiur doneze Sesrulebul publikacias warmoadgens.
samecniero moRvaweobis paralelurad, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, giorgi JuJunaSvili aqtiur
pedagogiur moRvaweobasac eweoda, rogorc bakalavriatis, aseve magistraturis safexurebze. misi
leqciebi gamoirCeoda masalis miwodebis simartiviT da informaciulobiT, siRrmiT. gansakuTrebiT
gvsurs aRvniSnoT misi damokidebuleba studentebisadmi, misTvis cudi studenti ar arsebobda,
yvela maTganSi cdilobda swavlis survilis gaRvivebas da es warmatebiT gamosdioda.
sruliad gamorCeulia misi adamianuri Tvisebebi, iyo saocrad keTilSobili, kacTmoyvare
patiosani pirovneba, romelic mzad iyo kolegas, students Tu rigiT nacnobs maqsimalurad
daxmareboda.
giorgi JuJunaSvilis gardacvaleba mZime danaklisia misi ojaxisaTvis, megobrebisaTvis,
kolegebisa Tu studentebisaTvis, yvela adamianisaTvis, visac masTan urTierToba hqonia. maT
xsovnaSi giorgi JuJunaSvilis saxels daviwyeba ar uweria.
IN MEMORIAM TO GIORGI (GOGITA) ZHUZHUNASHVILI

Mikheil Kartvelishvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University doctoral student Mikheil Kartvelishvili recalls his lecturer Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Professor Giorgi Zhuzhunashvili and expresses deep sorrow because of his unimely
death. He was only 48 years old. He was full of energy and ideas, professional researcher, honest and friendly person.
His works are devoted to the history of interralions between Georgia and Russia, source criicism. His academic legacy
is very important contribuion for those researchers who are working in relevant ields.
_ 376 _
medea abaSiZis gaxseneba
wignis medea abaSiZe prezentaciaze warmoTqmuli sityva
lia meliqiSvili
ramdenime dRis win Cems biblioTekaSi wigns veZebdi. Taroze evlia Celebis mogzaurobas
wavawydi da, rogorc umravlesobas sCvevia, gadavSale da ukve meramdened kiTxva daviwye.
evlia Celebi Tavis mogzaurobis wignSi wers, rom undoda msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki wminda
adgilebi: meqa, medina da a.S. moevlo. erTxel, rodesac sizmarSi winaswarmetyveli moevlina, man
mfarvelobis nacvlad, rogorc TviT aRniSnavs, Sescoda, da mogzauroba Seevedra.
ara mgonia adamianTa umravlesoba, RvTis winaSe myofi, aseTi surviliT mimarTavdes, ufals,
umetesoba mainc mfarvelobas da dRegrZelobas amjobinebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT wignSi medea
abaSiZe Tavmoyril informacias, medea ufals albaT wminda adgilebSi mogzaurobas SesTxovda,
mxolod ara marto wminda miwaze, aramed im samecniero konferenciebze msoflios sxvadasxva
qveynebSi, rom tardeboda, radganac, misTvis yvelaze didi siwminde xom mecnierebis is dargi iyo,
romelsac sicocxlis manZilze muxlCauxrelad emsaxura. namdvilad mjera, rom medeam uflisagan
Tavis mfarvelobas, mecnierebis mfarveloba amjobina da amitomac datova saaqao ase udrood da
mecnierebas ki didi ganZi dautova. amaze metyvelebs wigni, sadac TvalnaTlad Cans misi moRvaweobis
Sedegebi da niWiereba, romliTac igi uxvad iyo dajildoebuli.
TviT medeas es niWi RvTisaTvis ar uTxovia. is Tavidanve iyo gansazRvruli da mis genetikaSi
dasadgurebuli. efeqturi kreativiT, anu SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiT, unda iyo dajildoebuli
adamiani, rom, Cawvde siRrmeebs da aRmoaCino is, rac medeam SesZlo siZveleTa moZiebaSi da
wyaroTmcodneobaSi.
misi samecniero mogzauroba da samocdaaTamde samecniero forumi, sakmaod seriozuli
moxsenebebiT, monawileoba 1978 wlidan misi sicocxlis bolo 2014 wlamde, sakmaod STambeWdavia.
qalbaton medeas leqciebi da moxsenebebi espaneTis, berklis, haidelbergis, stenfordis, jorj
taunis, hong-kongisa da taivanis universitetebSi gamarTul konferenciebsa Tu diskusiebSi
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Tematikas eZRvneboda.
medeaze xSirad gaigonebdiT `Taviseburi adamiania~.
_ 377 _
lia meliqiSvili
diax, medea iyo aseTi. is ar iyo ordinaluri pirovneba. es sruliad gasagebi xdeba mas Semdeg,
rodesac mis warmoSobas da gvaris istorias gaecnobiT. igi imereTis abaSiZeTa didi sagvareulos,
romelic saTaves XIII-XIV saukuneebSi iRebs, STamomavalia. swored amaSi unda veZioT misi
Taviseburebac, niWic, didbunebovnebac, erTgulebac da sxva mravali dadebiTi Tviseba. medea Tavad
aRniSnavda: `dRes gvariSvilobaze sajaro saubars veridebi, magram Zalze msiamovnebs, rodesac
aRniSnaven − abaSiZis qaliao... pasuxismgeblobas vgrZnob winaparTa winaSe, rac mavaldebulebs Cemi
genis, istoriis siyvarulsa da dafasebas“. medeas Taviseburebac swored genetikidan momdinare
siamayisa, siZlieris da eris winaSe movaleobis gancda iyo. swored am movaleobis grZnobam
mravalmxriv niWieri medea istoriis dargis karibWesTan SeaCera. SesaZlebelia igi yofiliyo kargi
msaxiobi, kargi dizaineri, mocekve da a. S, risi niWic hqonda da bavSvobaSi razec ocnebobda,
magram rogorc aRvniSneT, eris winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobam daZlia da Tavisi bedi istoriis
iseT mimarTulebas daukavSira, romelic yvelaze metad gamoxatavs eris Rirebulebebs.
medeam ucxo enaTa instituti daamTavra da ramdenime enas flobda srulyofilad. swored
aman ganapiroba mis mier seriis qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis inglisuri Targmanebi da 1996
wels, misi redaqtorobiT matiane qarTlisais inglisuri Targmanis gamocema. misi mTargmnelobiTi
saqmianoba mxolod teqstis TargmniT ar izRudeboda. misi profesionalizmi am dargis mimarT aisaxa
missave disertaciaSi qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis rusul enaze Targmnis wyaroTmcodneobiTi
aspeqtebi, romelsac mTargmneli − virtuozi akademikosi Tina yauxCiSvili ase afasebda: `medea
abaSiZem Caatara metad nayofieri da saintereso samuSao qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis...
yuradRebas imsaxurebs avtoris mier SemuSavebuli winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi. Sromas amSvenebs
mexuTe Tavi `Targmanebis SedarebiTi-statistikuri analizi~, romelSic warmodgenilia sxvadasxva
mTargmnelis mier Sesrulebuli `SuSanikis wamebis~ Targmanis maTematikuri analizis Sedegebi~.
aseve uamravi gamoCenili mecnieri, maT Soris, ucxoelic, Targmanis Teoriis da praqtikis saqmes
maRal Sefasebas aZleven da qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis Targmnis Teoriuli mosazrebebis,
principebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaSi mis damsaxurebaze miuTiTeben. sainteresoa isic, rom
medea poeziis Targmnis Taviseburebebis Teoriaze saubrobda, xolo praqtikulad maRal doneze
Targmnida kidec. misi Sen xar venaxis inglisuri Targmani amis mkafio dadasturebaa.
medeas samecniero moRvaweoba imdenad mravalmxrivia, rom gaocebas iwvevs mis mier gamocemuli
naSromebis bibliografia. maRal mecnierul doneze Sesrulebuli 100-mde naSromi da Targmanebi
komentarebiT Zalzed faseulia. medea abaSiZis roli, sxva gamoCenil mecnierebTan erTad qarTlis
cxovrebis (qarTuli, rusuli, inglisuri) gamocemis saqmeSi saTanadod Sefasda.
qarTuli sazogadoeba medea abaSiZis Targmanebis wyalobiT Zalian sayuradRebo masalas gaecno.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mis mier britaneTis muzeumidan da oqsfordis universitetis
saarqivo fondidan Camotanili masalebi; narkvevi da-Zma marjori da oliver uordropebis Sesaxeb;
al-hasan ibn talalis qristianoba arabul samyaroSi; nikolas vistenis, solomon malanis da sxvaTa
cnobebi da sxva.
medea Rirseuli da mravalmxriv saintereso pirovneba iyo. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSic iseTive
aqtiurobiT iyo CarTuli, rogorc mecnierebaSi. ar akldeboda arc operas, Teatrs, gamofenebs.
politikaSic kargad erkveoda. amis dadasturebaa iseT araordinaluri proeqti, rogoricaa 1998 wels
TeTri saxlis patronaJis qveS myofi qenan institutis konkursSi gamarjvebuli leonti mrovelidan
eduard SevardnaZemde. istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT qalbatonma medeam Tvali gaadevna e.w.
`kavkasiuri saxlis~ formirebasa da arsebobas, romelic tolerantobaze iyo dafuZnebuli.
medea namdvili aristokratis cxovrebiT cxovrobda.
medea abaSiZem cxovrebis gza nayofirad ganvlo, radganac misi mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi,
Tu sxva publikaciebi, aSkarad dauzareli Sromis Sedegia. misTvis Sroma Cveuli movlena iyo, man
ar icoda SeCereba, Sesveneba da saqmis samomavlod gadadeba. is ki ara, am Tvisebas Senc gadmogdebda
da mixvdebodi adamiani, rom Seuwyveteli Sroma keTilmsaxurebis magaliTs iZleva. mis am Tvisebas
kargad eTanadeba wminda Teofane dayudebulis sityvebi: `drodadro Sroma Sedegs ar gamoiRebs.
roca wylis dagubeba gsurs da miwis mxolod erT belts CauSveb wylis gasasvlelSi da miatoveb
saqmes, gamdinare wyali am belts daSlis. ase moxdeba yovelTvis Tu drodadro imuSaveb, igive
SeiZleba iTqvas sulier ganwyobilebaze _ gulisTqmebi, rogorc mdinare, ise moedineba gonebidan
da gulidan, Tu SevakavebT mas da uceb gavuSvebT, verafers mivaRwevT~. amitomac medea abaSiZis
gegmazomieri Sromis nayofi namdvilad misi sulieri ganwyobis Sedegia.
„Cveni Tanamedrove istorikosi, qalbatoni medea abaSiZe saqarTvelos mefeebis karze moRvawe
mdivan-mwignobrebis sapatio movaleobis Semsrulebeli abaSiZeebis saqmis gamgrZeleblad unda
_ 378 _
medea abaSiZis gaxseneba wignis medea abaSiZe prezentaciaze warmoTqmuli sityva
CaiTvalos. Tumca igi didgvarovnobisa da gvariSvilobis sxva mraval garegnul Tu Sinagan niSan-
Tvisebasac Rirseulad atarebs. ganswavluloba da profesionalizmi, erTguleba da didbunebovneba,
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba saxelovan winaparTa winaSe, ai, arasruli CamonaTvali qalbaton medeaSi
gansxeulebuli Tavaduri genebisa.~ − vkiTxulobT wignSi Cven saqarTvelos qalebi.
amboben sikvdili maSin modis, rodesac adamianma Tavisi amqveyniuri misia Seasrula da sxva
ganzomilebaSi gadadis.
amis ganmgebelic ufalia.
medeam ise iSroma, ise iRvawa, rom abaSiZeebis didi sagvareulos misias Tavisi wvlili Sehmata.
RECALLING MEDEA ABASHIDZE

Lia Melikishvili
The paper represents the speech by Academician of Georgian Naional Academy of Sciences Lia Melikishvili in
occasion of presentaions the book dedicated to the late colleague Doctor in History Medea Abashidze. The author
recalls her very atracive personality and provides brief overview of her academic contribuion. Special emphasis
is made on English translaion of Georgian sources by Medea Abashides. Her doctoral dissertaion was devoted
to the problems of translaion of Georgian sources to Russian. She published signiicant Georgian hagiographic
monument: Martyrdom of Konstani Kakhi in English. Medea Abashidze established series of English Translaions of
Georgian Sources. She contributed to publish Life of Kartli in Georgian, Russian and English languages.
_ 379 _
gzamkvlevi avtorTaTvis
JurnalSi warmodgenili statia SeiZleba iyos istoriuli, wyaroTmcodneobiTi, istoriografiuli

profilis originaluri gamokvleva. amasTan termini `wyaroTmcodneoba~ gamoyenebulia farTo gagebiT anu
rogorc yvela tipis wyaroTa (da ara mxolod werilobiTi wyaroebis) Semswavleli mecniereba. Sesabamisad,
JurnalSi daibeWdeba arqeologiisa da eTnologiis dargSi Sesrulebuli Sesabamisi kvlevis fokusis mqone
naSromebic. arc regionis, arc qronologiis mixedviT SezRudva ar arsebobs: kvleva SeiZleba Seexebodes
uZvelesi droidan dRemde periodSi nebismieri qveynis istorias da nebismieri xalxis istoriul gamocdilebas.
JurnalSi kvleviTi statiebis garda SesaZlebelia wyaroebis teqstebis gamoqveynebac Sesabamisi istoriul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi komentarebiT; miiReba wyaroTa da samecniero literaturis Targmanebi, recenziebi,
samecniero cxovrebis sxvadasxva faqtis (konferenciis, vorqSofis, wignis prezentaciis da a.S.) amsaxveli
informaciebi, samecniero polemikis masalebi, dargis specialistebis Sesaxeb mogonebebi, nekrologebi.
JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa. ufasod miiReben avtorebi Jurnalis erT beWdur cals.
koreqturuli Secdomebis Semcveli da teqnikurad mouwesrigebeli statiebi Sinaarsobrivi ganxilvis
gareSe daubrundebaT avtorebs SesworebebisaTvis. gadawyvetilebas statiis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb iReben
redaqtorebi samecniero eqspertebis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
statia unda gadaegzavnos Jurnalis redaqtors − profesor mariam CxartiSvils Semdeg eleqtronul
misamarTze: mary.chkharishvili@gmail.com
statiis ena.
JurnalSi statia SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes qarTul an inglisur enebze, gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi,
rusulad. qarTulenovan statias unda axldes reziume inglisurad, inglisurenovan statias − qarTulad,
rusulenovan statias − qarTulad da inglisurad.
statiis struqtura.
kvleviTi statia unda Sedgebodes Semdegi nawilebisagan: saTauri, avtoris saxeli da gvari, ZiriTadi teqsti,
SeniSvnebi (Tuki aris), damowmebani, reziume (reziumeebi). ilustraciebi (fotoebi an tabulebi) SeiZleba
CarTul iyos teqstSi an daerTos teqsts reziumes win.
statiis saTauri.
gamuqebuli (Bold, Жирный), centrSi, fontis zoma 13.
avtoris saxeli da gvari.

gamuqebuli (Bold, Жирный), marjvena kideSi, fontis zoma 11.
ZiriTadi teqsti.
fontis zoma 10, manZili striqonebs Soris 1.15.
SeniSvnebi.
gamuqebuli (Bold, Жирный) fontis zoma 11.
SeniSvnebis teqsti.
fontis zoma 9, manZili striqonebs Soris 1.
SeniSvnebSi numeracia indeqsiT, yoveli SeniSvnis pirveli striqoni abzaciT
damowmebani.
gamuqebuli (Bold, Жирный) fontis zoma 11, damowmebanis teqstis fontis zoma 9, intervali 1. ucxoeli
avtorebis gvarebi unda gadmoRebul iqnes qarTulad da literatura unda dalagdes qarTul anbanur rigze.
fonti.
silfaeni (sylfaen) yvela enisaTvis.
abzaci.
abzaci unda gakeTdes klaviSiT Tab (zog kompiuterze es klaviSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro
isriT, romelic dayenebuli unda iyos erT santimetrze.
_ 381 _
teqstSi miTiTebuli naSromis saTauri.

ZiriTad teqstSi miTiTebuli nebismieri naSromis saTauri ismeba ara brWyalebSi, aramed warmodgenilia
daxrilad (Italic, Курсив). magaliTad: wm. ninos cxovreba aris meoTxe saukunis Txzuleba. seqciaSi damowmebani
literaturis CamonaTvalSi saTaurebisaTvis daxra aRar gamoiyeneba, arc brWyalebi.
citireba.
or striqonze meti moculobis amonaridi ZiriTadi teqstisagan zemodanac da qvemodanac gamoiyofa
9 fontis zomis 1 intervaliT, mTeli teqsti Seiweva abzacis doneze. amonaridis teqstis fontis
zomaa 9. ori an erTi striqonis moculobis amonaridi teqstisagan gamoiyofa ori brWyali: `................~
ori brWyali amis garda gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca unda gamoixatos avtoris mier azris
miuRebloba.
sasveni niSnebi.
aucilebelia tiresa da defisis gansxvaveba. defisi aris patara xazi, romelic unda gamoyenebul iqnes
kompozitebisaTvis. rac Seexeba tires _ esaa didi xazi, romelic unda gamoviyenoT sityvebs Soris. sasveni
niSani iwereba brWalebis Semdgom, xolo SeniSvnis maCvenebeli ricxvi iwereba sasveni niSnis Semdgom.
moculoba.
statiis moculoba SeniSvnebis, damowmebanis, danarTebisa da ilustraciebis, reziumes CaTvliT ar unda
aRematebodes 6000 sityvas. sainformacio werilebis moculoba ar unda aRematebodes 4000 sityvas.
reziume.
reziume ar unda iyos 200 sityvaze naklebi da ar unda aRematebodes 500 sityvas. reziume unda daerTos
nebismier teqsts Jurnalis romeli rubrikisaTvisac ar unda iyos igi gamiznuli. kvleviTi statiis
reziume unda pasuxobdes Semdeg oTx kiTxvas: ra aris sakvlevi problemis arsi; rogoria misi Seswavlis
mdgomareoba; rogoria avtoris daskvna, ra argumentebi mohyavs mas Tavisi Tvalsazrisis dasamtkiceblad.
informaciuli, mimoxilviTi da a.S. statiis reziumesaTvis savaldebulo araa amgvari moTxovnebis mkacri
dacva. am SemTxvevaSi mokled aRniSnuli unda iyos Tu ras Seexeba publikacia.
literaturis miTiTebis wesi.

damowmebuli literaturis odenoba ar unda aRematebodes 40 dasaxelebas. damowmeba unda moxdes
Semdegnairad:
statiis SigniT erTi avtoris naSromi: (CxartiSvili 2009: 5)
statiis boloSi, seqciaSi damowmebani erTi avtoris naSromi:
CxartiSvili 2009: m. CxartiSvili. qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi, Tbilisi, universali.
statiis SigniT ori avtoris naSromi: (CxartiSvili, mania 2011: 5)
statiis boloSi, seqciaSi damowmebani ori avtoris naSromi:
CxartiSvili, mania 2011: m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva
beWdur mediaSi. iveria da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo. t. 1, Tbilisi, universali.
statiis SigniT ramdenime avtoris naSromi: (lefori da sxvebi 2008: 64)
statiis boloSi, seqciaSi damowmebani ramdenime avtoris naSromi:
lefori da sxvebi 2008: J. lefori, n. ikonomidisi, d. papaxrisanTu, elene metrevelis TanaavtorobiT,
ivironis aqtebi, I, daarsebidan XI saukunis Sua wlebamde. frangulidan Targmna cisana bibilaSvilma,
Tbilisi.
erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli erTi da imave avtoris ramdenime naSromi:
CxartiSvili 2009a: M. Chkharishvili. On Georgian idenity and culture (Nine internaional presentaions by
Professor Mariam Chkhrishvili). Tbilisi, Universal.
CxartiSvili 2009b: m. CxartiSvili. qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi, Tbilisi, universali.
naSromi krebulSi an JurnalSi:

kaSia 2005: j. kaSia. calkeuli SeniSvnebi patriotizmis Temaze. kreb. saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa
gasayarze. mT. red.z. kiknaZe, Tbilisi, arete.
CxartiSvili, mania 2010: m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTuli erTobis socialuri `sicocxlis _ ori Tve anu
dakvirveba qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesze 1878 wlis iveriis 10 nomris mixedviT.
qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba. XII. red. g. alasania, m. CxartiSvili. Tbilisi, universali.
_ 382 _
gamoqveynebuli wyaros miTiTebis wesi.

statiis SigniT: (yauxCiSvili1955:2)
statiis boloSi, seqciaSi damowmebani:
yauxCiSvili 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
s. yauxCiSvilis mier. tomi I, Tbilisi.
saarqivo masalis damowmeba statiis SigniT: (fondi 416) an (arqivi)

fondi 416: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saitorio arqivi. fondi 416, aRwera 2, saqme 11.
samecniero Targmanis damowmeba statiis SigniT: (CxartiSvili 2004: 5)

CxartiSvili 2004: e.d. smiTi. nacionalizmi: Teoria, ideologia, istoria (Targmani inglisuridan
m. CxartiSvilisa, qarTuli teqstis red. r. amirejibi-maleni). Tbilisi, qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso
centri.
sainterneto publikaciis damowmeba:
nosenko: Елена Носенко. Еще раз о нации, этносе, этничности тому подобных понятиях, veb-gverdi Эхо. htp://
echo.oranim.ac.il/main.php?p=news&id_news=59&id_personal=18
gamocema avtoris da redaqtoris gareSe, sacnobaro literatura SeiZleba miTiTebuli iyos saTauriT.
statiis SigniT: (leqsikoni 1984:34).
statiis boloSi, seqciaSi damowmebani: leqsikoni 1984: Армяно-русский словарь Ереван. Изд. АН Арм ССР.
AUTHOR’S GUIDELINES
Coverage.
The research paper should be original contribuion focused on history representaion, source criicism, and historiography. The
term source is understood in broadest sense of this word, accordingly journal will accept the papers in archaeology and cultural
anthropology too. There are no restricions regarding the chronology or region: the papers might be devoted to the history
of any country and people, to any period from ancient imes unil today. Alongside with research papers will be welcomed
publicaions of texts of sources with relevant commentaries, translaions of primary and secondary (from other languages
to Georgian) sources, book reviews, informaion about the diferent evens of academic life (presentaions, conferences), also
materials relecing debates, papers devoted to outstanding contribuions of scholars as well as in memoriam of those who
passed away, but their contribuion to the history of profession should be remembered.
Language.
The language of the submited manuscript should be Georgian with the summary in English, or English with summary in
Georgian. As an excepion manuscript might be submited in Russian too with summaries in Georgian and English.
The length.
The length of the papers should not exceed 6000 words; the papers of informaive character should not exceed 4000 words.
References.
For references and citaion authors should use Chicago style: author-date system htp://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_
citaionguide.htmlhtp://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citaionguide.html
Bibliography and notes.

A bibliography must be included at the end of each contribuion with a maximum of 40 itles.
Notes should be inserted as endnotes and placed before the bibliography.
The publicaion in the journal is free. The authors will be granted one hard copy of the journal and access to electronic version .
_ 383 _
C M Y K
qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba
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wyaroTmcodneoba
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C M Y K

saredaqcio kolegia Editorial Board

Jurnalis sruli eleqtronuli versia ganTavsebulia

The full electronic version of the journal is published on the web-site of

gamomcemlis sakontaqto monacemebia:

© teqsti _ avtorebi, 2015/2016

© Text – authors, 2015/2016

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015/2016

ISSN 1987 – 9563

milocva Cveni Jurnalis redaqtors profesor mariam CxartiSvils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

wyaroTa kvleva da istoriuli reprezentacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

sasisxlo sigelTa daTariRebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

„ori qvazed dawerili gujari~ da misi mniSvneloba

rodis iwoda sarmatuli samyaro alaneTad?

eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dros . . . . . . . . 50

osmaleTis agresia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 1918 wels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

1400 wlis agvistoSi Temur-lengis mier sebastiis dapyrobis Sesaxeb

toponimi `bolostike~ Tamaris pirveli istorikosis TxzulebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

nekresisa da rusTavis epigrafikuli Zeglebis daTariReba da qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis xana . . . . . . . 84

qarTuli damwerlobis modeli da axali welTaRricxviT pirveli saukunis

mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqiis krebsiTi sigelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

maRalaZeTa sagvareulos istoriisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

wyaroTa kvleva, Targmani da publikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvilis raWa-samegreloSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi

carizmis politika hereTis mosaxleobis mimarT XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi

stefane burnaSevi da misi naSromi saqarTvelos suraTi anu qarTlisa da

xobis monastris saistorio sabuTebi. XV-XVIII saukuneebi

saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sasamarTlo senati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

saarqivo masala vefxistyaosnis mTargmnelis hugo hupertis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi qarTul istoriografiaSi . . 244

istoriul-eTnografiuli lazeTi: wyaroebi, istoriografia da Seswavlis problemebi . . . . . . . . 250

qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba Sua saukuneebSi:

saerTaSoriso prezentacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

samecniero kvlevebis koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

wignebis mimoxilva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

enciklopedia antikuri kavkasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

saerTaSoriso konferenciis moxsenebebis krebuli

donald reifildi, qarTuli literaturis istoria.

Jurnal qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis XV−XVI gaerTianebuli tomis prezentacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

vilanovas universitetis profesoris viziti saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

saerTaSoriso konferencia: modis istoria: tanisamosi, simboloebi, komunikacia

dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e wlisTavisadmi

dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvilis dabadebidan 200-e wlisTavisadmi

I saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresi _

samecniero konferencia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi . . . 359

mamisa berZniSvilis gaxseneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Temur Todua: pedagogi, mecnieri da pirovneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

profesori naTela quTelia (1928-2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

saTno saxis keTilad momRimari qalbatoni

profesor giorgi JuJunaSvilis gamosaTxovari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

medea abaSiZis gaxseneba

gzamkvlevi avtorTaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

siamovnebiT warmogidgenT qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis morig gamocemas. rogorc wina jerze,

icvlebian gamomcemlobebic. merve tomis CaTvliT qarTul wyaroTmcodneobas gamoscemda

wyaroTmcodneoba, wyaroTmcodneobis istoriografia, saistorio wyaroebis gamocemis meTodika,

Tbilisi, 2016 wlis 29 ianvari

Zvirfaso qalbatono mariam!

miiReT Cveni gulwrfeli milocva dabadebidan me-60 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT.

Congratulations to our Editor

Dear Kalbatono Mariam!

Editorial Board of the Jounal Georgian Source -Studies

maCvenebeli („rai~) ganmartebulia sityvieradac. qronikonis anbanuri maCvenebeli ki Tavdapirvelad

sabuTis daTariRebis sakiTxi ganixila s. kakabaZem. qronikoni 545, cxadia, gaugebrobaa – is