Fundamentals of Modern

Protective Relaying

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Power System Protection

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Why the power system needs
to be protected?

• Reduce Equipment Damage

• Reduce Power Interruptions
• Improve Power Quality
• Improve Safety for all

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Causes for Faults Intermittent Fault:

Lightning
Wind
Ice and SnowStorm
Flying Objects
Contamination of Insulators
Physical Contact by Animals Permanent Fault:

Human Error
Falling Trees
Insulation Aging

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Protective Relaying
What: What are we protecting
Why: Why do we need protection
When: Speed, selectivity, dependability
Where: The equipment used to perform protection
How: Applying protective relaying

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Protective Relaying - What
What are we protecting?

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Protective Relaying
What: What are we protecting
Why: Why do we need protection
When: Speed, selectivity, dependability
Where: The equipment used to perform protection
How: Applying protective relaying

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Protective Relaying - Why
Why do we need protection?

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Protective Relaying - Why
Why do we need protection?

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Protective Relaying - Why
Why do we need protection?

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Protective Relaying - Why
Why do we need protection?

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Protective Relaying - Why
Why do we need protection?

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Protective Relaying - Why
Why do we need protection?

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Protective Relaying - Why
Why do we need protection?

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Protective Relaying
What: What are we protecting
Why: Why do we need protection
When: Speed, selectivity, dependability
Where: The equipment used to perform protection
How: Applying protective relaying

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Protective Relaying - When
Speed, selectivity, dependability

Protection must:
 Detect an abnormal system condition
 React quickly
 Respond properly

Not as easy as it sounds!

 How do we “detect” something happening miles away?
 How do we react quickly enough? Electricity is traveling at (almost) the
speed of light.
 How do we ensure that the response action is correct? An incorrect
response could make the abnormal condition worse.

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Protective Relaying - When
Speed, selectivity, dependability

Protection must:
 Detect an abnormal system condition
 React quickly
 Respond properly

In general:
 “abnormal” means a Fault
 “quickly” means Milliseconds
 “properly” is accomplished by:
• Engineering (relay application, coordination, redundancy and backup)
• Testing, Commissioning, Maintenance, Verification, Event Analysis

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Protective Relaying
What: What are we protecting
Why: Why do we need protection
When: Speed, selectivity, dependability
Where: The equipment used to perform protection
How: Applying protective relaying

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Protective Relaying - Where
The equipment used to perform protection

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Protective Relaying - Where
The equipment used to perform protection

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Protective Relaying - Where
The equipment used to perform protection

Relays are just one component of the “Protection System”

 Relays
 Circuit Breakers (or switches)
 Input Sources (CTs, PTs, Sensors, I/O)
 DC System (battery)
 Interconnection (wiring , controls, integration)

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Protective Relaying
What: What are we protecting
Why: Why do we need protection
When: Speed, selectivity, dependability
Where: The equipment used to perform protection
How: Applying protective relaying

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Protective Relaying - How
Applying protective relaying

1. Engineering
 Applications, zones of protection, fault studies, schematic design
 Relay settings and logic
2. Construction and Commissioning
 Testing the application (not the settings)
 Calibration of E/M relays
 Functional testing
3. Maintenance for Reliability
 Periodic in-service load readings, relay I/O testing, E/M relay calibration, trip
checks, breaker monitoring and maintenance, battery system maintenance
 Event analysis
 Managing changes, managing relay firmware, verifying settings
 Cyber security
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Protective Relaying - How
How NOT to apply protective relaying…

Super Bowl XLVII (2013) 115kV line relay trip equation error
http://entergy-neworleans.com/content/superbowl/130202_Report.pdf http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVXi_0H_ZzM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZtJ6Oxcb0o

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Fundamentals of Protection
Zones of Protection
Coordination
Reliability
Compliance

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Zones of Protection

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G
M
G

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Zones of Protection

G
G
M
G
Feeder Protection

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Zones of Protection

G
G
M
G
Feeder Protection
Motor Protection

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Zones of Protection

G
G
M
G
Feeder Protection
Motor Protection
Line Protection

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Zones of Protection

G
G
M
G
Feeder Protection
Motor Protection
Line Protection
Transformer Protection

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Zones of Protection

G
G
M
G
Feeder Protection
Motor Protection
Line Protection
Transformer Protection
Bus Protection

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Zones of Protection
Overlapping Zones of Protection
No Gaps. Ever. Anywhere. Period.

G
G
M
G
Feeder Protection
Motor Protection
Line Protection
Transformer Protection
Bus Protection
Generator Protection

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Zones of Protection, Backup, and Coordination

G
G
M
G

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Zones of Protection, Backup, and Coordination

G
G
M
G
Zone1 = Instantaneous

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Zones of Protection, Backup, and Coordination

G
G
M
G
Zone1 = Instantaneous
Zone2 = Time Delayed

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Zones of Protection, Backup, and Coordination
Overcurrent and Impedance protection
provides backup by “overreaching” on
both transmission and distribution
systems.
Overreach must be coordinated using
time delay.
G
G
M
G
Zone1 = Instantaneous
Zone2 = Time Delayed
Zone3 = Time Delayed

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Fundamentals of Protection
Zones of Protection
Coordination
Reliability
Compliance

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Coordination
Coordination by Reach & Time

Reach
 Overcurrent: Determined by the pickup setting (tap)
 Impedance: Determined by the electrical distance (mho circle)

Time
 Instantaneous
 Definite Time (fixed time delay)
 Inverse Time (delay depends on the magnitude and a curve)

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Coordination – Time Overcurrent

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Coordination – Time Overcurrent

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Fundamentals of Protection
Zones of Protection
Coordination
Reliability
Compliance

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Reliability
Dependability = Trips every time
Security = Never false trips

Increase Dependability by:

 Increasing sensitivity, increasing number of elements/relays used
 Redundant relays, dual batteries, dual trip coils
 Digital relay self monitoring
 Maintenance, reviewing events
Increase Security by:
 Correct applications and good design engineering
 Minimizing “features”, maintaining simplicity
 Maintaining calibration (e/m and solid-state) and Firmware (digital)

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Reliability?

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