F]8=5 - K@_

@_JO
JOJB
JBJE
JEËH
ËHQ
Q O@
O@B
B H]
H]W@
W@DO
DONS
NSHC
HC@
@ @D @B HP
HPBH
BH

_WHGHCJ AJDV. JWONDHWNH

GHCJ

NDONAH
DONAHANJD
ANJD@Q
@Q E@D@WHB@Q
E@D@WHB@Q

@b trhg
trhghcj
hcj ajds
ajdsnst`
nst` `d `bhg
`bhgjrhr
jrhr ud prjy
prjy`atj
`atj ndt`
ndt`rons
ronsanpb
anpbndhr
ndhr,, utnb
utnbnzhd
nzhdoj
oj `b kîtj
kîtjoj
oj o`
prjy`atjs. @b trhghcj o`g`rè
o`g`rè o`shrrjb
o`shrrjbbhrs`
bhrs` `d erupjs o` 1 j ? `stuo
`stuonhdt`s
nhdt`s..

W`qunsntjs fjrkhb`s

@st` o`g` aukpbnr bjs sneun`dt`s r`qunsntjs fjrkhb`s3

◊ @x
@xt`
t`ds
dsnñ d3 @dtr` 0 h 6 pèendhs (snd ajdthr bhs ndstruaanjd`s, bjs `dudanhojs, bh
nñd3
gngbnjerhfëh dn bjs hd`xjs ‑sn bjs lugn`rh‑).
◊ _n
_npj
pj o` b`trh3 Hrnhb
b`trh3 Hrnhb..
◊ _hk
hkhøj3 88 pudtjs.
høj3 pudtjs.

◊ Ndt`rb
Ndt`rbnd`hoj33 8,0
nd`hoj 8,0..
◊ Hbn
Hbnd`
d`han ñd33 Custnfnahoj
hanñd Custnfnahoj..

@b trhghcj o`g` bb`vhrs` h ahgj `d `st` ojauk`dtj Ujro sneun`doj bhs djrkhs o`
pr`s`dthanñd y `onanñd `d auhdtj h anths y r`f`r`danhs gngbnjerèfnahs s` r`fn`r` (vîhs` bh
Euëh o` @stuonj).

Bh `d`dtr
tr`e
`ehh o`
o`g`
g` lh
lha`
a`rs
rs`
` sn
sneu
eun`
n`do
doj
j bj
bjss pr
prja
ja`o
`onk
nkn`
n`dt
dtjs
js qu`
qu` s` o`sa
o`sarn
rng`
g`d
d `d `b
ojau
ojauk`k`dtdtj
j o` `v
`vhb
hbuh
uhan
anñd
ñd o` bh hs
hsne
nedh
dhtu
turh
rh y `d dndeód ahsj o`
o`g`
g` `dtr`ehrs` h trhv
trhvîs
îs
o`b ajrr`j o`b prjf`sjr/h.

]jr jtrj bhoj, s` r`au`roh qu` `xnst`d udjs arnt`rnjs o` `vhbuhanñd auyj s`eunkn`dtj pjr
phrt`
phrt` o` bjbjss hbu
hbukdj
kdjss s` ajd
ajdsno
sno`rh
`rh suk
sukhk
hk`dt
`dt`` nkp
nkpjrt
jrthd
hdt`.
t`. ]hr
]hrh
h kès ndf
ndfjrk
jrkhan
hanñd,
ñd,
ajdsóbt`s` `b ojauk`dtj o` `vhbuhanñd o` bh hsnedhturh.
hsnedhturh.

_rhghcj
@bhgjr`d ud prjy`atj ndt`ronsanpbndhr phrh trhghchr bh Lnstjrnh o` su phës `d `b óbtnkj høj
o` s`audohrnh. @b prjy`atj o`g` pr`s`dthr jgbnehtjrnhk`dt
jgbnehtjrnhk`dt`` bjs sneun`dt`s `b`k`dtjs3

h) Bh s`b
s`b`aanñd
`aanñd y o`bn
o`bnknthanñd
knthanñd o`b t`
t`kh
kh
g) Bhs bnknthanjd
bnknthanjd`s
`s o`b prjy`atj
a) Bhs fjrthb`zhs o`b prjy`atj

o) @b pbhd o` trhgh
trhghcj
cj ajd bh t`kpj
t`kpjrhbn
rhbnzhan
zhanñd,
ñd, bhs ghs`
ghs`ss t`ñrna
t`ñrnahs,
hs, bhs hatnv
hatnvnoho
noho`s
`s y bjs
r`aursjs p`oheñenajs d`a`shrnjs phrh bb`vhrbj h ahgj.

8
`) Bjs arnt`rnj
arnt`rnjss ` ndstruk
ndstruk`dtjs
`dtjs o` `vhbuhanñd o`b prjy`
prjy`atj.
atj.

_WHGHCJ
Djkgr`s y hp`bbnojs o` bjs hbukdjs3

Khrtlh @bvnrh Ejdzèb`z Ejdzèb`z.

Whyssh Ihrjbndh Khranbbj Ojkëdeu`z.

Knr`bbh V`rñdnah Ghrgjtñ Kjdahoh.

Añonej3

K\F]KK@1<61=71

@AF]KK@1>=0<<=

@AF]KK@1<>7<=>

Erupj3 7=7=-=6

F`alh3 1 o` jatugr` o`b 7=78

7
_Ë_PBJ

1
 Ëdona`

‒Vnhc` hb phshoj3 W`fb`xnjd`kjs sjgr` `b Wjstrj Lukhdj o` bh Ndo`p`do`danh‛

8. O`bnknthanñd o`b t`kh………………………………………………………….…….….

t`kh………………………………………………………….…….….00

7. Bnknthanjd`s o`b prjy`atj…………………………………………………….….……..0

1. Fjrthb`zhs o`b prjy`atj……………………………………………………….….……...0
?. ]bhd o` _rhghcj…………………………………………………………
rhghcj……………………………………………………………….…………..6
…….…………..6

?.8. Djkgr` o`b prjy`atj…………………………………………………….…….…...6

?.7. Ghs`s _`ñrnahs……………………………………………………………………...6

?.1. Jgc`tnvj e`d`rhb……………………………………………………………….…….5

?.?. ]rjouatj fndhb……………………………………………………………..………….5

?.0. Kht`rnhs…………………………………………………………………….………...5

?.6. Heruphkn`dtj……………………………………………………………….….…….5
?.5. Hpr`donzhc`s `sp`rhojs pjr kht`rnh……………………………………....……...5

?.<. Ndt`rhaanñd o` bhs kht`rnhs…………………………………………………...…….5

0. ]rjouatj fndhb………………………………………………………………………..…….<

0.8. @vhbuhanñd pjr kht`rnh……………………………………………………...………>

0.7. @vhbuhanñd o`b prjy`atj……………………………………………………...……8=

6. Gngbnjerhfëh……………………………………………………………………….………87
5. Hd`xjs…………………………………………………………………………….……...8?

?
 ]rjy`atj Ndt`ronsanpbndhr
‒Vnhc` hb phshoj3 W`fb`xnjd`kjs sjgr` `b Wjstrj Lukhdj o` bh Ndo`p`do`danh‛
8. O`b
O`bnk
nknt
ntha
hanñ
nñd
d o`
o`bb t`
t`kh
kh
O`anonkjs nkpb`k`dthr ud prjy`atj o` tnpj hoqunsnanñd o` hpr`donzhc` pu`s s` hohpth h
du`strj jgc`tnvj9 `b`enkjs `b t`kh o` bh Ndo`p`do`danh o` Kîxnaj, pjr bh r`b`vhdanh qu`

tn`d` bh a`b`grhanñ
a`b`grhanñd
d o` su ndnanj, thdtj h dnv`b `sajbh
`sajbhrr ajkj h dnv`b sjanhb
sjanhb99 `s ud t`kh qu`
h p`shr o` qu` bjs hbukdjs yh bj vn`rjd `d su ndstruaanñd, y s` r`vnsh o` du`vj `d
s`audohrnh, lhd khdnf`sthoj t`d`r kualhs ouohs ha`rah o` bhs anraudsthdanhs o` vnoh o`
bhs p`rsjdhs ajkud`s, sus kjtnvhanjd`s, prjgb`kètnahs, hspnrhanjd`s y khd`rhs o` v`r
bh vnoh9 hb hdhbnzhr bjs hpr`donzhc`s `sp`rhojs o` bhs kht`rnhs o` Lnstjrnh, Fjrkhanñd
Aëvnah y Îtnah y @sphøjb, ajrr`spjdo
ajrr`spjdon`dt`s
n`dt`s hb _rnk`
_rnk`str`
str` Pdj, djs onk
onkjs
js au`dth qu` s`
ajrr`bhanjdh
ajrr`bhanjdh o` khd`rh onr`ath, snd `kghrej, lhsth hljrh dj lhgëhkjs
lhgëhkjs hprjv`alho
hprjv`alhoj
j `sh
ajrr`bhanñd phrh ohrb` prjfudonoho h bjs ajdt`dnojs y lha`rbjs kès vnv`danhb`s phrh bjs
hbukdjs. Q` ndvjbuarñ h bjs hbukdjs phrh pr`anshr bhs y ohrb` s`
s`dtnoj
dtnoj h bbjs
js hpr`do
hpr`donzhc`s
nzhc`s
`sp`rhojs h trhvîs o` udh bbuvnh o` no`hs `d pb`dhrnh y o` bh knskh khd`rh s` lnzj `b
gjsqu`cj o`b prjouatj fndhb.
7. Bn
Bnkn
knth
thanj
anjd`
d`ss o`
o`bb pr
prjy
jy`a
`atj
tj
Bhs bnknthanjd`s kès r`b`vhdt`s phrh du`strj prjy`atj sjd3

◊ Fhbth o` `xp`rn`da
`xp`rn`danh
nh pjr phrt` o`b prjf`sjrhoj `d `st` tnpj o` trhghcj.
◊ Bh onfnau
onfnaubtho
btho hb jrehd
jrehdnzhr
nzhr bh nkpb`
nkpb`k`dt
k`dthanñ
hanñd
d o` bh `vhb
`vhbuhan
uhanñd
ñd h prjo
prjouatjs
uatjs
phranhb`s ajrr`bhanjdhojs.
◊ @b oj
ojkn
kndn
dnj
j o` bjs ajd
ajdt`
t`dn
dnoj
ojss o` bhs tr`
tr`ss kh
kht`
t`rn
rnhs
hs j pjr
pjr bj k`d
k`djs
js `b
ajdjankn`dtj kès o`thbbhoj o` bjs knskjs pjr phrt` o`b prjf`sjrhoj.
◊ Fhb
Fhbth
th o` tn`kpj
tn`kpj o`b prj
prjf`s
f`sjrh
jrhoj
oj phr
phrh
h pbh
pbhdnf
dnfnah
nahrr y ohr s`
s`eun
eunkn`
kn`dtj
dtj o`
khd`rh ajbhgjrhtnvh hb prjy`atj.
◊ Jfr`
Jfr`a`
a`rr k`
k`on
onjs
js hb
hbt`
t`rd
rdht
htnv
nvjs
js y `sph
`sphan
anjs
js phrh
phrh `b o`sp
o`spbnbn`e
`eu`
u` o` `sth
`sth
ahphanoho.
◊ @d ahsj o` o`shrrj
o`shrrjbbhr
bbhrs`
s` `d bh sntu
sntuhanñ
hanñd
d hatuh
hatuhbb onfna
onfnaubtho
ubtho p
phrh
hrh ho
hohpth
hpthrr bhs
hatnvnoho`s h bh kjohbnoho h onsthdanh j lëgrnoh.
1. Fj
Fjrt
rthb`
hb`zh
zhss o
o`b
`b prj
prjy`a
y`atj
tj
Ajdsno`rhkjs qu` bhs prndanphb`s fjrthb`zhs sjd3

◊ O`sh
O`shrrjb
rrjbbh
bh bjs ajdt
ajdt`dno
`dnojs
js o` bhs tr`s kht`rnh
kht`rnhss o` kh
khd`rh
d`rh e
ebjgh
bjghbb y ajbh
ajbhgjrh
gjrhtnvh
tnvh
p`rkn
p`rkntn`
tn`doj
doj bh phr
phrtna
tnanp
nphan
hanñd
ñd hat
hatnvh
nvh o` tjo
tjojs
js bjs hbukd
hbukdjs
js y huk`d
huk`dthd
thdoj
oj su
kjtnvhanñd.

0
 ◊ Bh
Bhss hatn
hatnvn
vnoh
oho`
o`ss s` `d
`dfj
fjah
ahd
d h bj
bjss on
onf`
f`r`
r`dt
dt`s
`s `stn
`stnbj
bjss o` hpr`
hpr`do
donz
nzhc
hc`
` o` bjs
bjs
`stuonhdt`s.
◊ Qure` o` khd`rh ajds`dsuho
ajds`dsuhoh
h `dtr` kh`strjs y hbukdjs.
◊ ]`
]`rk
rkntnt`
` bh nk
nkpb
pb`k
`k`d
`dth
than
anñd
ñd o` on
onf`
f`r`
r`dt
dt`s
`s tnpj
tnpjss o` `vhb
`vhbuh
uhan
anñd
ñd (onh
(onhed
edñs
ñstntnah
ah,,
fjrkhtnvh y sukhtnvh9 hutj`vhbuhanñd, aj`vhbuhanñd y l`t`rj`vhbuhan
l`t`rj`vhbuhanñd).
ñd).
◊ ]`rk
]`rknt`
nt` bh nkpb
nkpbnaha
nahanñd
nñd o` bjs hbu
hbukdjs
kdjs `
`d
d su hpr`
hpr`donz
donzhc`
hc` hb r`
r`fb`x
fb`xnjdh
njdhrr sjgr` `
`bb
knskj
◊ Fud
Fudoh
ohk`d
k`dth
th `b hs`
hs`eur
eurhkn
hkn`dt
`dtj
j o` bh ahbno
ahbnoho
ho o` ajk
ajkp`t
p`t`d
`danh
anhss hah
hahoî
oîkna
knahs,
hs,
bhgjrhb`s y prjf`snjdhb`s.
?. ]bhd
]bhd o` trhg
trhghc
hcj
j
?.8 Djkgr` o`b ]rjy`atj
Vnhc` hb phshoj3 W`fb`x
W`fb`xnjd`kj
njd`kjss sjgr` `b Wjstrj Lukhdj o` bh Ndo`p`do`da
Ndo`p`do`danh
nh
?.7 Ghs`s _`ñrnahs

@b hpr`donzhc` pjr prjy`atjs ajdstntuy` udh fjrkh o` trhghcj `d bh qu` bjs hbukdjs
pu
pu`o
`o`d
`d ndvj
ndvjbu
buar
arhr
hrs`
s` on
onr`
r`at
athk
hk`d
`dt`
t` `d `b on
ons`
s`øj
øj,, o`sh
o`shrr
rrjb
jbbj
bj y `vhb
`vhbuh
uhan
anñd
ñd o` sus
sus
hatnvn
hatnvnoh
oho`s
o`s hah
hahoî
oîkna
knahs9
hs9 îst
îsth
h `st
`strht
rht`e
`enh
nh o` `ds
`ds`ø
`øhdz
hdzh
h ajd
ajdstn
stntuy
tuy`
` ud kjo
kjo`bj
`bj o`
ndstruaanñd hutîdtnaj `d `b qu` bjs `stuonhdt`s pbhd`hd, nkpb`k`dth
nkpb`k`dthd
d y `vhbóhd prjy`atjs
qu` tn`d`d hpbnahanñd `d `b kudoj r`hb kès hbbè o`b hubh o` abhs` (Gbhdi 8>>59
8>>59 Onaindsjd,
`t hb, 8>><9 Lhrw`bb, 8>>5 ajkj s` antñ `d `b a`dtrj vnrtuhb o` tîadnahs onoèatnahs o`b
N_@QK 7=8=), pu`s bjs hbukdjs hb t`d`r bh pjsngnbnoho o` ajdstrunr su prjpnj hpr`donzhc`
o` khd`rh ajbhgjrhtnvh y r`fb`xnjdhr ha`rah o`b knskj, bjerhd qu` îst` s`h snednfnahtnvj9
`b prjy`atj p`rknt` qu` bjs hbukdjs hpbnqu`d sus hpr`donzhc`s phrh bh r`sjbuanñd o`
prjgb`khs, phrh ar`hr, o`shrrjbbhr lhgnbnoho`s y hoqunrnr ajkp`t`danhs

@d `b kîtjoj o` prjy`atjs s` r`ajkn`dohd hatnvnoho`s o` `ds`øhdzh ndt`ronsanpbndhrnhs,

o` bhrej pbhzj y a`dtrhohs `d `b `stuonhdt`, `d buehr o` b`aanjd`s ajrths y hnsbhohs
(Alhbb`de` 7=== Kubtnk`onh ]rjc`at, 8>>>, ajkj s` antñ `d `b a`dtrj vnrtuhb o` tîadnahs
onoèatnahs o`b N_@QK 7=8=)9 `s pjr `bbj qu` ajdsno`rhkjs o` erhd nkpjrthdanh `b qu`
thdtj
thdtj kh
kh`st
`strjs
rjs ajk
ajkj
j hbu
hbukdj
kdjss hp
hpr`d
r`doh
ohkjs
kjs h trh
trhgh
ghchr
chr bjs hpr`
hpr`do
donzh
nzhc`
c`ss h trh
trhvîs
vîs o`
prjy`atjs ndt`ronsanpbndhr`s.

@b `stuonj sjgr` `b t`kh ‒Vnhc` hb phshoj3 W`fb`xnjd`kjs sjgr` `b Wjstrj Lukhdj o` bh

Ndo`p`do`danh‛, `s ud t`kh qu` s` vn`d` prjdudanhdoj ajd r`bhtnvh fu`rzh ohoh su
nkpjrthdanh `d r`bhanñd ajd udh erhd ahdtnoho o` t`khs qu` phshd o`so` bh k`cjrh,
o`shrrjbbj y fjrkhanñd hahoîknah, hsë ajkj bjs hsp`atjs kès r`bhtnvjs sjgr` bjs shg`r`s
shg`r`s
y pjsturhs `stuonhdtnb`s phrh hvhdzhr `d `b prja`sj o` hpr`donzhc` qu` `dahg`zhd bjs

6
`stuonhdt`s, s` `vno`danh bh r`b`vhdanh o` ajdsno`rhr bh `kjanñd ajkj ud fhatjr nkpbnahoj
`d bhs `xp`rn`danhs o` hpr`donzhc` y o` ndt`rhaanñd sjanhb `dtr` hbukdhoj y prjf`sjrhoj
`d `st` tnpj o` `dfjqu` djs ajdfnrkhd qu` ajdtrnguy` h bh jpjrtudnoho o` ndt`rhatuhr
`dtr` hbukdjs/hs y prjf`sjr`s/hs o` fjrkh kès shtnsfhatjrnh.

?.1 Jgc`tnvj e`d`rhb

Fjrthb`a`
Fjrthb`a`rr `d bjs `st
`stuo
uonhd
nhdt`s
t`s `b o`
o`shr
shrrjb
rjbbj
bj o` su ahp
ahphan
hanoho
oho arëtnah
arëtnah r`s
r`sp`a
p`atj
tj h bjs
prndanpnjs qu` bh lukhdnoho lh ajdfjrkhoj h bj bhrej o` su lnstjrnh y s`dthr bhs ghs`s
phrh qu` r`ajdjzahd bh nkpjrthdanh o` bh hatuhanñd bngr` y r`spjdshgb` phrh `b o`shrrjbbj
o`shrrjbbj
p`rsjdhb, pjr k`onj o` bh r`fb`xnñd o` bhs kóbtnpb`s nkpbnahanjd`s o` l`aljs lnstñrnajs.

?.? ]rjouatj fndhb

]rjerhkh aubturhb (qu` ndt`er` bjs prjouatjs ndt`ronsanp
ndt`ronsanpbndhr`s
bndhr`s h bj bhrej o`b o`shrrjbbj o`b
prjy`atj)

?.0 Kht`rnhs
◊ Ln
Lnst
stjr
jrnh
nh
◊ @s
@sph
phøj
øjbb
◊ Fjrk
Fjrkhanñ
hanñd
d Aëvn
Aëvnah
ah y Îtna
Îtnah
h

?.6 Erupjs o` trhghcj

Bjs erupjs o` trhghcj s` ajdfjrkhrèd o` khd`rh l`t`rjeîd`h, o` ? h 6 ndt`erhdt`s y
s`rèd bjs knskjs phrh trhghchr tjohs bhs kht`rnhs, phrh hs`eurhr ud gu`d fudanjdhkn`dtj
s` b`s prjpjranjdhrè o` khd`rh p`rtnd`dt` udh rógrnah o` hutj`vhbuhanñd o` trhghcj `d
erupj.

?.5 Hpr`donzhc`s `sp`rhojs pjr kht`rnh

Ajrr`spjdo`d h bjs hpr`donzhc`s h phrtnr o` bh s`eudoh y t`ra`rh s`khdh o`b _rnk`str`
_r`s.

Lnstjrnh @sphøjb Fjrkhanñd Aëvnah y Îtnah

Hdhbnzh bjs prndanphb`s prjy`atjs ` no`hs Q`b

Q`b`aa
`aanjd
njdh
h udj j vhrnjs
vhrnjs Vhb
Vhbjrh
jrh bh neuhboho ajkj ud o`r`alj lukhdj q
qu`
u` ndabuy`
ndo`p`do`dtnsths
ndo`p`do`dtnsths qu` bb`vhrjd hb surenkn`dtj kjvnkn`dt
kjvnkn`dtjs
js pjîtnajs
pjîtnajs phrh `b r`sp`tj h onstndths fjrkhs o` s`r, p`dshr
p`dshr y `xpr`shrs`
o` udh du`vh dhanñd. b``r y ajk`dthr pj`khs. y r`ajdja` su vne`danh `d `b phës y `b kudoj.

W`f
W`fb`x
b`xnjd
njdh
h sjgr`
sjgr` bh ajdsjb
ajdsjbnoh
nohanñ
anñd
d o`b B`` udh djv`bh ajkpb`th o` ]rjku`
]rjku`v`
v` bh neuhbo
neuhboho
ho o` eîd
eîd`rj
`rj `d sus r`bhan
r`bhanjd`
jd`ss
ojkndnj
ojkndnj sjg`
sjg`rhdj
rhdj o`b t`rr
t`rrntjrn
ntjrnj
j dhan
dhanjdhb
jdhb y su `b`aanñd. ajtn
ajtnonhd
onhdhs
hs y bj ndt`erh
ndt`erh ajkj arnt`
arnt`rnj
rnj phrh vhbjrhr
vhbjrhr jtrjs
auèb`s fu`rjd bhs prndanphb`s hk`dhzhs `sphanjs.

?.< Ndt`rhaanñd o` bhs kht`rnhs

5
 Q` ajdt`kpbhd auhtrj s`khdhs phrh `b o`shrrjbbj o` bhs hatnvnoho`s, bhs auhb`s s`rèd
thdtj ajbhgjrhtnvhs ajkj ndonvnouhb`s, o`stndhdoj `sphanjs phrh bh sjanhbnzhanñd o` bhs
knskhs
knskhs99 bjs hbu
hbukdj
kdjss ndt
ndt`e
`erhr
rhrèd
èd ud pjr
pjrthf
thfjbn
jbnj
j o` `vno`
`vno`dan
danhs
hs o` hpr
hpr`do
`donzh
nzhc`
c` y sus
r`sp`atnvhs r`fb`xnjd`s `d kjk`dtjs o`t`rkndhojs.
Ndt`rr`bhanñd
o` hsnedhturhs
W`aursjs
y Jgc`tnvj Q`au`danh onoèatnah @vno`danhs o` hpr`donzhc`
p`oheñenajs
t`kpjrhbnzhanñ
d
Lnstjrnh y Hdhbnzh bhs prndanphb`s Ndv`
Ndv`st
stne
neu`
u` ha ha`r
`rah
ah o` bh bhss LNQ_JWNH3 - Ajkputhoj
Ajkputhojrh rh
@sphøjb no`hs ahushs
ahus hs `xt`rdhs
`xt`rdhs ` ndt`rdhs
ndt`rdhs Ndfj
Ndfjrk`
rk` o` ndv` ndv`stne
stnehanñ
hanñdd pr`s`dth
pr`s`dthanñd
anñd pjr - v`stuhrnj
v`stuhrnj
ndo`
ndo`p`
p`do
do`d
`dtn
tnst
sths
hs y o` bh Eu`rrh o` k`onj o`3 k`sh r`ojdoh, `dtr`vnsth, o`ght`, - `sa`djer
`sa`djerhfëh
hfëh
(Q`khdh3 8 y vhbj
vhbjrh
rh bh ne neuh
uhboboho
ho Ndo`p`do`danh y sus `thphs `stj pjr k`onj o` cu`ejs o` rjb`s
7) ajk
jkj j ud o` o`r`
r`al
aljj o` o`shrrjbbj. (ajbhgjrhtnvh)
lukhdj qu` ndabuy` `b Jrehdnzhojr erèfnaj (ndonvnouhb)
r`sp
r`sp`t
`tj
j h onst onstnd
ndth
thss @Q]HØJB3
fjrkhs o` s`r, p`dshr Ndv`stnehr sjgr` bjs Ndfj
Ndfjrk`
rk` o` ndv` ndv`stneh
stnehanñd
anñd y `xpj
`xpjsnanñ
snanñd
d jrhb - Ljchs gbhd
gbhdahs
ahs
- bè
èp
pna`s o`
y `xpr`shrs` y kjvnkn`dtjs pjîtnajs o` bjs (ajbhgjrhtnvh) ajbjr`s
r`ajdja`
r`aj dja` su vne`danh
vne`danh snebjs \VNN y \N\ Auhorj ajkphrhtnvj (ndonvnouhb)
pjr k ` `o
onj o ` bh FJWKHANÑD AËVNAH ^ Î_NAH3
b`at
b`aturh
urh y ajk`
ajk`dthrn
dthrnjj Ndv`stnehr sjgr` bjs Khph ajda`ptuhb sjgr` bjs o`r`aljs lukhdjs
o` pj`khs. O`
O`r`
r`al
aljs
js Lu
Lukhkhdj
djss o` (ajbhgjrhtnvj)
prnk`rh e`d`rhanñd3 auèdoj, ]rjpu`
]rjpu`sth
sth sjgr`
sjgr` añkj
añkj y qun qunîd`
îd`ss o`g
o`g`d
`d
oñ
oñdo
do`
` y pj pjrr qu
quî
î sure
sure`d
`d,, r`sp`thr
r`sp `thr,, prjkj
prjkjv`r
v`r y prjt`
prjt`e`r
e`r bjs o`r`aljs
o`r`aljs
ajkphr
ajk phrhtn
htnvj
vj ajd bh îpj îpjah
ah lukhdjs (ajbhgjrhtnvj
(ajbhgjrhtnvj))
hatuhb. ]WJOPA_J3 Ahfî Bnt`rhrnj - Hdèbnsns
ajbhgjrhtnvj o`o` pj`khs s`b`aanjdhojs.
s`b`aanjdhojs.
Lnstjrnh Hdhbnzh bjs prndanphb`s Ndv`stneu` sjgr` bj s LNQ_JWNH3 Euëh
/Fjrkhanñd prjy
prjy`a
`atj
tjss ` no`h no`hss prjy`atjs ` no`hs @xpjsnanñd jrhb (ajbhgjrhtnv
(ajbhgjrhtnvh)
h) k`tjojbñenah
Aëvnah y Îtnah ndo`p`do
ndo` p`do`dtn
`dtnsths
sths y bh ndo`p`do`dtnsths Auhorj ajkphrhtnvj (ndonvnouhb)
ndabusnñd y r`b`vhdanh
(Q`khdh3 1) o` bj s o`r`aljs FJWKHANÑD AËVNAH ^ Î_NAH3 k`sh r`ojdoh
lukhdjs `d `bbjs W`ohaa
W`o haanñd
nñd ajbhgj
ajbhgjrht
rhtnvh
nvh ojd
ojdo`
o` hdh
hdhbna
bna`
` y
No`d
No`dtn
tnfn
fnqu
qu`
` bjbjss o`o`r`r`al
aljs
js r`fb`xnjd` sjgr` `b ajdt`dnoj o` bhs prndanphb`
prndanphb`ss
lu
lukh
khd djs o` bng` ng`rtho
rtho y no`hs y prjy`atjs y bh pr`s`danh j hus`danh
hus`danh o` Orhkhtnzhanñd.
r`sp`tj
r`sp`tj `d bjs prjy
prjy`atj
`atjss ` bjs vhbjr`s o` neuhboho y r`sp`tj.
no`hs ndo`p`do`d
ndo`p`do`dtnsths.
tnsths. ]WJOPA_J3
O`ght` / cu`ej o` rjb`s

Lnstjrnh / W`f
W`fb`x
b`xnjd
njd`` sjgr`
sjgr` bh Ndv`
Ndv`st
stne
neu`
u` ha
ha`r
`rah
ah o` bj
bjss LNQ_JWNH3 Khduhb o`
@sphøjb / ajdsjb
ajdsjbnohnohanñ
anñdd o` bh prnk
prnk`r
`rjs
js hø
højs
js o` vnohnoh Ndfjrk` o` ndv`stnehan
ndv`stnehanñdñd ajbhgjrhtnvj vhbjr`s.
Fjrkhanñd ndo`p`do
ndo` p`do`dan
`danh h y sus ndo`p`don`dt`. ]r`s`dthanñd
]r`s`dthanñ d jrhb ajbhgjrhtnvh
Aëvnah y îtnah prndanphb`s hk`dhzhs Khph ajda`ptuhb ndonvnouhb _rëptnajs
pjr k`onj o` bh b`aturh Q`b`aanjd` udh djv`bh ajrth @Q]HØJB3
(Q`khdh3 ?) o` udh djv`bh j au`dtj bhrej o` bjs Hdèbnsns o` djv`bh ajrth j au`dtj bhrej bèpna`s o`
ajkpb`th (Îpjah o` bh prjpu`st
prjpu`stjs
js `d abhs
abhs`,
`, b`h y (`stru
(`struatu
aturh
rh ndt`rd
ndt`rdh,
h, `strua
`struatur
turh
h `xt`rd
`xt`rdh,
h, ajbjr`s
Aj
Ajbjbjddnh)9
nh)9 r`h
r`hbnbnaa` hdhbna`. ajdt`xtj
ajdt `xtj,, p`rs
p`rsjdhc
jdhc`s3
`s3 vhbj
vhbjr`s
r`s ‑ hdtnvhbjr
hdtnvhbjr`s,
`s,
hdèbnsns
hdèb nsns bnt`r
bnt`rhrnj
hrnj qu` r`suk`d, sëdt`sns…) ljchs gbhdahs.
ndabuyh r`fb`xnñd sjgr` Ndv`
Ndv`st
stne
neu`
u` ha
ha`r
`rah
ah o` bh FJWKHANÑD AËVNAH ^ Î_NAH3
bhss ajdo
bh ajdona nanj
njd`
d`ss o` Neuh
Neuhbo
boho
ho o` Eî Eîd`
d`rj
rj,, sus
sus Bëd`h o`b tn`kpj (ajbhgjrhtnvj
(ajbhgjrhtnvj))
vno
vnohh o` bh sjan`o sjan`oho ho prndan
prndanphb
phb`s
`s prjkjt
prjkjtjr`
jr`ss ` Auhorj ajkphrhtnvj (ndonvnouhb) si`tal.
djvjlnsphdh o`b Qnebj no`hss o` khd`r
no`h khd`rh
h onharñdn
onharñdnah
ah ]rjpu`
]rjpu`sthsth phr
phrh
h prjkjv
prjkjv`r `r bh neuhbo
neuhboho
ho o`
\N\, ajd îdfhsns `d `b (@oho K`onh, W`dhankn`dtj, eîd`rj
eîd` rj `d su vnoh ajtn ajtnonhd
onhdhh (`sau`b
(`sau`bh,
h, ahsh,
trhth
rhthkn
kn`d`dtj
tj o` bh Îpjah o` bh Ajbjdnh) aj
ajku
kudndnoh
oho)
o) pr pr`s
`s`d
`dth
than
anñd
ñd h tr trhv
hvîs
îs o`
neuhboho o` eîd`rj kjdñbjej/cu`ej
kjdñbjej/cu`e j o` rjb`s
]WJOPA_J3
Hdèbnsns o` jgrh bnt`rhrnh,
bnt`rhrnh, pr`s`dthanñ
pr`s`dthanñdd h trhvîs
o` cu`ej o` rjb`s.

0. ]rjo
]rjoua
uatj
tj fndh
fndhb3
b3
]r`s`dthanñd o`b prjerhkh aubturhb h bh Ajkudnoho @ouahtnvh3 hbukdjs, prjf`sjrhoj,
phor`s o` fhknbnh, onr`atnvjs, p`rsjdhb hokndnstrhtnvj y khduhb, `xt`d
`xt`don`doj
on`doj bh ndvnth
ndvnthanñd
anñd
h bjs sup`rvnsjr`s o` zjdh, fudanjdhrnjs kudnanphb`s y ajkudnoho `d e`d`rhb.

<
@b prjerhkh aubturhb `sthrè h ahrej o` bjs prjpnjs hbukdjs qun`d`s s` jrehdnzhrjd phrh
pbhdnfnahr ahoh hsp`atj y bjs prjf`sjr`s `dahrehojs hpjyhrèd ajd onalh jrehdnzhanñd3
eunñd, hsnedhanñd o` rjb`s, kusnahbnzhanñd, prjerhkh, ndvnthanjd`s, `sa`djerhfëh, `dtr`
jtrjs.

Bh pbhdnfnahanñd o`b prjerhkh s` bb`vhrè h ahgj o` khd`rh snkubtèd`h ajd `b o`shrrjbbj

o`b prjy`atj, ourhdt` bhs s`khdhs 1 y ?9 bh pr`s`dthanñd s` bb`vhrè h ahgj hb tîrkndj o`

bh s`khdh ?.

Bjs kh`strjs y hbukdjs `d ajds`dsj `b`enrèd bjs prjouatjs phranhb`s o` khyjr ahbnoho
phrh s`r pr`s`dthojs `d `b prjerhkh aubturhb.

0.8 @vhbuhanñd pjr kht`rnh

Bjs prjf`sjr`s `dahrehojs o` ahoh kht`rnh sup`rvnshrèd y `vhbuhrèd bhs thr`hs o` sus
r`sp`atn
r`sp`atnvhs
vhs hsne
hsnedhtu
dhturhs,n
rhs,nkpb`
kpb`k`dt
k`dthdoj
hdoj bh `vhb
`vhbuhan
uhanñd
ñd fjrk
fjrkhtnvh
htnvh qu` ajdtrngu
ajdtrnguyh
yh h bh
hu
hutj
tjrr
rr`e
`eub
ubha
hanñ
nñd
d o`
o`bb hp
hpr`
r`do
donz
nzhc
hc`
` pj
pjrr ph
phrt
rt`
` o` bjs
bjs hbuk
hbukdj
dj99 ho`k
ho`kès
ès bjs
bjs hbuk
hbukdj
djss
o`shrrjbbhrè
o`shrrjbbhrè ud pjrthfjbnj ndonvnouhb phrh prjpnanhr bh r`fb`xnñd sjgr` su prjpnj hpr`donzhc`
hpr`donzhc`
y ajdtrngunr h udh nkpbnahanñd hatnvh `d `b knskj. Hb tîrkndj o` ahoh udj o` bjs jgc`tnvjs
bjs hbukdjs o`shrrjbbhrèd udh thr`h ndt`ronsanpbndhrnh qu` s`rè `vhbuhoh pjr k`onj o`
udh rógrnah pjr phrt` o` pjr bj k`djs ojs o` bjs kh`strjs `dahrehojs9 bh `vhbuhanñd
s`rè ajb`atnvh ` ndonvnouhb.

Lnstjrnh ºXuî s` `vhbóh: Ndstruk`dtj

Qhg`r añkj `stè `b `stuonhdt` hb ndnanj o`b o`shrrjbbj o` ahoh Hpbnahanñd o` pru`gh `sp`
`sp`aëfnah
aëfnah pjr èr`
èr`h.
h.
Onhedñstnah t`kh j ajdt`dnoj, ajdjankn`dtjs hoqunrnojs o`b høj hdt`rnjr.
hdt`rnjr. Ajdv`rshtjrnj.
]n`zhs hdtneuhs y s` lha` udh r`f`r`d
r`f`r`danh
anh ajd
bj hatuhb.

]rja`s
]rja`sjs,
js, qu` dnv`b
dnv`b o` hvhda
hvhda`
` `d `b o`
o`shr
shrrjb
rjbbj
bj o` bhs O`saugrnkjs bjs ajdjankn`dtjs, `stuonhdt`s
Fjrkhtnvh ajkp`t`danhs o`b `stuonhdt` y oja`dt`, `b hutj-hpr`donzhc`, kès hatnvjs y añkj s` o`s`dvu`bv`d.
prja
prja`s
`sjs
js o` `d `ds`
s`øh
øhdz
dzh
h y hp hpr`
r`do
donz
nzhc
hc`,
`, b`at
b`atur
urhs
hs,, _hr`hs o` hpr`donzhc` - `vhbuhanñd
ndv`stne
ndv`stnehanj
hanjd`s,
d`s, `b `stuonhdt
`stuonhdt`
` vh o`saugrn`
o`saugrn`doj
doj su prja`sj
prja`sj
p`rkhd`dt` y snst`kètnaj.

Erhoj o` hpr`donzhc` qu` qu`r`kjs shg`r, bjs r`subthojs o` Qu jgc`tnvj `s jgt`d`r ndfjrkhanñd sjgr` bh
Qukhtnvh ud Xunk`
Xunk`str`
str`,, hvhda`
hvhda` y hbah
hbahda`s
da`s ajd ahoh ajkp`t`d
ajkp`t`danh,
anh, prjer`snñd o`b hpr`donzhc` o` bjs hbukdjs y
hdhbnzhr
hdhb nzhr `b prja
prja`sj
`sj o` `ds`øhdz
`ds`øhdzhh hpr`
hpr`donz
donzhc`,
hc`, ndfjrkha
ndfjrkhanñd
nñd `b dnv`b o` bjerj o` bjs jgc`tnvjs prjpu`stjs.
ajl`r`dt` o`b `stuonhdt` y v`r sn s` aukpbn`rjd bjs jgc`tnvjs Hpbnahanñd o` bj hpr`donoj `d prjy`atjs
fnchojs `d `b prja`sj o` `ds`øhdzh hpr`donzhc`. ajbhgjrhtnvjs.

F.A y @ ºXuî s` `vhbóh: Ndstruk`dtj

Hpr`donzhc` ghshoj
ghshoj `d bh ` `xp`rn`danh
xp`rn`danh o
o`b
`b onhedñstnaj.
onhedñstnaj. Hpbnahanñd o`
o` pru`gh `sp
`sp`aëfnah
`aëfnah pjr èr`h.
èr`h.
Onhedñstnah Ajdv`rshtjrnj phrh bh r`fb`xnñd. Ajdv`rshtjrnj.

>
 Hpbnahanñd o`b
o`b kjo`bj o` r`trjhbnk`dthanñd.
r`trjhbnk`dthanñd. _hr`hs o` hpr`donzhc` - `vhbuhanñd3
Fjrkhtnvh Khduhb o` prja`onkn`dtjs o` `vhbuhanñd fjrkhtnvh. Hpr`donzhc` ghshoj `d `b prjgb`kh
Ajdstruaanñd o` khphs k`dthb`s.

Ajdstr
Ajdstruaa
uaanñd
nñd y vhbnoh
vhbnohanñ
anñd
d o` ud gh
ghdaj
daj o` r`hatn
r`hatnvj
vjs.
s. ]ru`gh
]ru`ghss jgc
jgc`tn
`tnvhs
vhs y auhbnt
auhbnthtn
htnvhs
vhs,, qu` ndabuy
ndabuyhd
hd
Qukhtnvh ku`strhs prjpjranjdhb`s o` bjs jgc` jgc`tnvjs.
tnvjs. Hpbnah
Hpbnahanñd
anñd
o` bjs hpr`donzhc`s `d prjouatjs ajbhgjrhtnvjs

@sphøjb ºXuî s` `vhbóh: Ndstruk`dtj

Ajkp`t`danhs bndeòëstnaj-ajkudnahtnvhs o`b hbukdj Jgs`rvhanñd

Jgs`rvhan ñd onr`ath
onr`ath y snst`
snst`kètna
kètnah h (`sa
(`sahbhs
hbhs,, bnsth
bnsthss o`
Onhedñstnah ajd bh fndhbnoho o` o`t`rkndhr su dnv`b o` ojkndnj. ajdtrjb, r`enstrj hd`aojthrnj, bnsth o` ajt`cj).

W`aje` y hdhbn
W`aje` hdhbnzh
zh bh ndfjrkhanñd
ndfjrkhanñd phrh ajdja`r
ajdja`r y Hdèbnsns o` prjouaanñd
prjouaanñd o` bjs y bhs `stuonhdt`s
`stuonhdt`s (fnalh
(fnalh o`
Fjrkhtnvh vhbjrhr bjs prja`sjs o` hpr`donzhc` y bjs dnv`b`s o` k`thajednanñd
k`thajedn anñd,, r`sók`d`s
r`sók`d`s,, trhg
trhghcjs
hcjs,, auho`rdj
auho`rdjss o`
hvhda` `d `b o`shrrjbbj o` bhs ajkp`t`danhs. abhs`,, r`sj
abhs` r`sjbuanñ
buanñdd o` `c`r
`c`rananj
ananjss y prjg
prjgb`kh
b`khs,
s, pru`
pru`ghs
ghs
jrhb`s, kjtrna`s, pbèstnahs, kusnahb`s, `ta.).

O`
O`t`t`rk
rknd
ndh
h `b erho
erhojj o` ajds ajds`a
`aua
uanñ
nñd
d qu
qu`
` ud Ndt`rahkgnjs jrhb`s ajd bjs y bhs `stuonhdt`s (`dtr`vnsth,
Qukhtnvh `stuonhdt` lh jgt`dnoj `d r`bhanñd ajd bjs jgc`tnvjs onèbjej, pu`s
onèbjej, pu`sth
th `d ajkó
ajkód, d, erhg
erhghanj
hanjd`s,
d`s, jgs`
jgs`rvha
rvhanñd
nñd
fn
fnch
choj
ojss ph
phrh
rh ud
udhh èr`h
èr`h j `t `thp
hph.
h. Q` r`hb
r`hbnz
nzh
h `xt`rdh, au`stnjdhrnj)
au`stnjdhrnj).. Hpbnahanñd o` bjs hpr`donzhc`
hpr`donzhc`ss `d
lhgntuhbk`dt`, pjr bj thdtj hb fndhb o` ud prja`sj o` prjouatjs ajbhgjrhtnvj
ajbhgjrhtnvjs.s.
`ds`øhdzh-hpr`donzhc`,
`ds`øhdzh- hpr`donzhc`, y s` vndaubh h bhs o`ansnjd`s
o` prjkjanñd, ahbnfnahanñd y tntubhanñd.

0.7 @vhbuhanñd o`b prjy`atj.

H trhvîs o` bhs pbhdnbbhs o`

o` vhbjrhanñ
vhbjrhanñd
d o`b prjy`a
prjy`atj
tj o` hbukdj
hbukdjss y kh`strjs, s` `
`vhbuhrè
vhbuhrè bh
p`rtnd`d
p`rtnd`danh
anh o`b knskj phrh o`t`r
o`t`rkndh
kndhrr bjs hcus
hcust`s
t`s phrh futu
futurhs
rhs hpbna
hpbnahanj
hanjd`s
d`s o` îst` j
gn`d phrh tjkhrs` `d au`dth phrh bh pbhdnfnahanñd y pu`sth `d khralh o` jtrjs prjy`atjs.

]hrh bh `vhbuhanñd y ahbnfnahanñd o`b prjy`atj phrh bjs hbukdjs s` tjkhrèd `d au`dth
ahoh udj o` bjs prjo
prjouatj
uatjss ndt`
ndt`rons
ronsanpb
anpbndhr
ndhr`s
`s phra
phranhb`
nhb`ss auyh
auyhss vhbj
vhbjrhan
rhanjd`
jd`ss s`rè
s`rèd
d `d
ajdcudtj `b 0=% o` bh pjdo`rhanñd tjthb o`b prjy`atj9 @b prjouatj fndhb - pr`s`dthanñd o`b
prjerhkh aubturhb t`dorè udh vhbjrhanñd o` 0=%9 s` utnbnzhrèd bjs sneun`dt`s ndstruk`dtjs
ndstruk`dtjs
y arnt`rnjs o` `vhbuhanñd phrh ahoh thr`h3

Jgc`tnvj % _hr`h - Ndstruk`dtj Arnt`rnjs o` @vhbuhanñd

8. Hdhbnzhr bbh hs p prrndanphb`s ]hrtnanphanñd `d Ahfî Bnt`rhrnj

no`hs
no`hs ndo`p`
ndo`p`do`
do`dtn
dtnsth
sthss y vhbjrh
vhbjrhrr bh ]jrthfjbnj3 _`xtj bërnaj
neuhboho ajkj ud o`r`alj lukhdj qu`
ndabuy` `b r`sp`tj h onstndths fjrkhs o` ◊ O`
O`sa
sarn rnpa
panñ
nñd
d
s`r, p`dshr y `xpr`shrs` y r`ajdja`r su 70% Hdèbnsns bnt`rhrnj - Wógrnah ◊ Hdè
dèbnbnssns
vne`
vne`da
danh
nh pjr k`on
k`onjj o` bh b` b`at
atur
urh
h y (Hutj`vhbuhanñd, ◊ Ndt`
Ndt`rp
rpr` r`th
than
anñd
ñd
ajk`dthrnj o` pj`khs. aj`vhbuhanñd, ◊ @v
@vhb
hbuhuhananñd
ñd
l`t`rj`vhbuhanñd).

8=
7. Hdhbnzh bjs p rrnndanphb`s
prjy`atjs ` no`hs ndo`p`do`dtnsths y bh O`ght` / Cu`ej o` rjb`s
]jrthfjbnj3
ndabusnñd y r`b`vhdanh o` bjs o`r`aljs O`ght`3
lukhdjs `d `bbjs ◊ Aj
Ajddt`dn
t`dno
oj
8=% O`ght` y cu`ej
O`ght` cu`ej o` rjb`s
rjb`s - ◊ Ajkpr`
Ajkpr`dsndsnñd
ñd o`
o`bb t`kh
t`kh
Wógrnah
Qjpjrt`s
Qjpj `sthoëstnajs
rt`s t`ñrnajs y `sthoëstnaj
◊ W`ghtnr
(Hutj`vhbuhanñd, ◊ Vja
jahg
hgub
ubhr
hrnj
nj
aj`vhbuhanñd,
l`t`rj`vhbuhanñd). ◊ Ndt`
Ndt`rh
rhaa
aanj
njd`
d`ss
◊ Aj
Ajda
dabu
busn
snjd
jd`s
`s
Cu`ej o` rjb`s3
◊ Aj
Ajd
dt`dn
t`dnooj
◊ Ps
Psj
j o` bh vj vjzz
◊ @xp
@xpr`s
r`snñd
nñd ajrpjr
ajrpjrhbhb
◊ Ps
Psj
j o`
o`bb tn
tn`k
`kpjpj
◊ Ahrhat`rnz
Ahrhat`rnzhanñ
hanñdd (v`s
(v`stuhr
tuhrnj)
nj)
◊ Aj
Ajda
dabu
busn
snjd
jd`s`s

1. W`fb`xnjd` sjgr` bh Hdèbnsns bnt`rhrnj

ajdsjbnohanñd
ajdsjbnohanñ d o` bh ndo`p`do`danh y sus ◊ O`
O`sa
sarn rnpa
panñ
nñd
d
prndanphb`s hk`dhzhs pjr k`onj o` bh ◊ Hdè
dèbnbnssns
b`aturh o` udh djv`bh ajkpb`th (Îpjah ◊ Ndt`
Ndt`rp
rpr` r`th
than
anñd
ñd
o` bh Ajbjdnh)9 r`hbna` hdèbnsns bnt`rhrnj 80% ]jrthfjbnj3 ◊ @v
@vhb
hbuhuhananñd
ñd
qu
qu`` ndab
ndabuy
uyh
h r`fb
r`fb`x
`xnñ
nñd
d sj
sjgr
gr`
` bhsbhs Cu`ej o` rjb`s
ajdona
ajdonanjd
njd`s
`s o` vnovnoh
h o` bh sjan`
sjan`oho
oho Hdèbnsns bnt`rhrnj y cu`ej o` ◊ Aj
Ajddt`dn
t`dno oj
djvjlnsphdh o`b Qnebj rjb`s - Wógrnah ◊ Ps
Psjj o` bh vj vjzz
(hutj`vhbuhanñd, ◊ @xp
@xpr`s
r`snñd nñd ajrpjr
ajrpjrhbhb
aj`vhbuhanñd, ◊ Ps
Psjj o`o`bb tn
tn`k
`kpjpj
l`t`rj`vhbuhanñd). ◊ Ahrhat`rnz
Ahrhat`rnzhanñ hanñdd (v`s
(v`stuhr
tuhrnj)
nj)

?. ]hr
]hrtna
tnanph
nphanñ
anñd
d `d prjerh
prjerhkh
kh ]rjy`atj -
aubturhb 0=% ]jrthfjbnj3 ]rjouatj
◊ Nddj
Nddjvh fndhb
vhan anñd
ñd
◊ Wh
Whan
anjdjdhb hbnz
nzhahanñ nñdd
]bhd
]bhdtn
tnbbbbh
h o` vh
vhbj
bjrh
rhan
anñd
ñd ◊ Ar
Ar`h
`htntnvn
vnohoho o
(hbukdj) - hutj`vhbuhanñ
hutj`vhbuhanñd
d ◊ Fh
Fhat
atng
ngnbnbno
noho
ho
◊ ]r`an
r`anssnñd
nñd
]bhd
]bhdtn
tnbbbbh
h o` vh
vhbj
bjrh
rhan
anñd
ñd ◊ Jro
Jro`d`dhohoj j
(kh`strj) - l`t`rj`vhbuhanñd ]b
]bhd
hdnb
nbbh
bh o` vh vhbj bjrh
rhan
anñd
ñd o`o`bb pr
prjy
jy`a
`atj
tj
ndonvnouhb. (hbukdjs)
◊ Hoqunsna
Hoqunsnanñd nñd o` ajdj ajdjankn`
ankn`dtjs
dtjs du`vjs
du`vjs
◊ ]h
]hrt
rtna
nanp
npha hanñnñdd
]bhdnfnahanñd y pr`s`dthanñd ◊ W`
W`sp
spjd jdsh shgngnbnbnoh
oho o
o` prjprjerhkh
rhkh au aubt
btu
urhb
rhb - ◊ Khd`cj
Khd`cj ajrr` ajrr`atj atj o` ajdfbnatj
ajdfbnatj
Wógrnah
Wógrnah (l`t`rj-
(l`t`rj-`vhb
`vhbuhan
uhanñd
ñd ◊ Nkph
Nkphra ranhnhbnbnoh
ohoo
ajb`atnvh). ◊ Ahbnoho
Ahbnoho o` bhs thr` thr`hs
hs r`hbnzhoh
r`hbnzhohss
]bhdnbbh o` vhbjrhanñd o`b prjy`atj
(kh`strjs)
◊ Hoqunsna
Hoqunsnanñd nñd o` du`v du`vjsjs ajdj
ajdjankn`
ankn`dtjs
dtjs
(hbukdj).
◊ ]hr
]hrtna
tnanph
nphanñanñd d (hbukd
(hbukdj) j)
◊ K`c
K`cjrhk
jrhkn` n`dtdtj j o` ah
ahppha
hano
noh
ho`s
`xpjsntnvhs (hbukdj)
◊ Ajjrondha
Ajjrondhanñd nñd `dtr`
`dtr` bhs kht`rnhs
kht`rnhs
◊ Hkgn`dt` o` ajjp`rhanñd
(prjf`sjrhoj)
◊ Bje
Bjerjrj o` jgc
jgc`tn
`tnvjs
vjs
◊ Ndab
Ndabusnñd
usnñd o` thr`h
thr`hss prèatnahs
prèatnahs
◊ Jr
Jreh
ehdn
dnzh
zhan
anñd
ñd y aj ajl`
l`r`
r`da
danh
nh o` bh
bhss
thr`hs.

88
Gngbnjerhfëh

◊ Gh
Ghal
alnbnbb`
b`rh
rhtj
tj Hd
Hdhy
hyh.
h. (7
(7=85).. J
=85) Jrn
rn`dt
`dtha
hanjd
njd`s
`s phr
phrh
h o`s
o`shr
hrrj
rjbbh
bbhrr ud pr
prjy
jy`a
`atj
tj
ndt`ronsanpbndhr . Erupj Hdhyh.
lttp3//ajd`xnjd`s.oenr`.udh
lttp3//ajd`xnjd`s.oenr`.udhk.kx/wp-ajdt`
k.kx/wp-ajdt`dt/upbjhos/7
dt/upbjhos/7=85/=>/Jrn`d
=85/=>/Jrn`dthanjd`s-ph
thanjd`s-phrh-
rh-
o`shrrjbbhr-ud-prjy`tj-ndt`ronsanpbndhr.pof

◊ Gh
Ghd
daj o` róg
ógrrnahs y jtrjs ojauk`dt
dtj
js | A`o`
o`aa. (7=7
(7=78)
8).. a`o`
a`o`aa ndt`
ndt`f.
f.
lttps3//a`o`a.ndt`f.`s/ghdaj-o`
lttps3//a`o`a.ndt`f.`s/ghdaj-o`-rugrnahs-y-j
-rugrnahs-y-jtrjs-ojauk`
trjs-ojauk`dtjs/
dtjs/

◊ o` bh Ghrr
Ghrr`oh,
`oh, B. (7=8>). Fjrkhanñd Aëvnah y Îtnah 1 (]rnk`rh @onanñd). Ahstnbbj.
(7=8>).

◊ o` bh Wj
Wjsh
sh Qh
Qhdt
dtnh
nhej
ej,, @. (7
(7=88).. K`t
=88) K`tjo
jojbj
jbjeëh
eëhss o` hpr
hpr`d
`donz
onzhc`
hc` `d `b hub
hubh
h.
FPDNG@W.

◊ o` _`r`sh, H., V
Vn`cj,
n`cj, S. (7=8>). @sphøjb 1 (]rnk`rh @onanñd). Ahstnbbj.
(7=8>).

◊ @c
@c`k
`kpb
pbjs
js y Kj
Kjo`
o`bj
bjss o` Wó
Wógr
grna
nahs
hs `d Uj
Ujro
ro | O`
O`sa
sahr
hreh
eh Erht
Erhtns
ns. (7=
(7=78, >
s`ptn`kgr`). Kjo`bjs-o
Kjo`bjs-o`.ajk.
`.ajk. lttps3//kjo`bj
lttps3//kjo`bjs-o`.ajk/rugrn
s-o`.ajk/rugrnah/
ah/

◊ L`rd
L`rdèdo`
èdo`z,
z, A. (7=8
(7=8>,
>, 6 `
`d`rj). Wógrnah phrh pr`s`dthanñd o` cu`ej o` rjb . Qarngo.
d`rj).
lttps3//`s.sarngo.ajk/ojauk`dt/1>6>7>08>/Wugrnah-prh-pr`s`dthanjd-o`-cu`ej-o`-
rjb

◊ Dhv
Dhvhrr
hrr`t,
`t, F
F.,
., Wngñ
Wngñ,, @., Vèzq
Vèzqu`z
u`z,, H., & Bbh
Bbhkh
khs,
s, @. (7=
(7=8>). Lnstjrnh 1 (]rnk`rh
8>).
`onanñd). Ahstnbbj.

◊ Q@
Q@]
]. (7
(7=8
=85a
5a).
). Lnstj
Lnstjrnh.
rnh. @ou
@ouaha
ahanñd
nñd s`a
s`audo
udohrnh
hrnh ]bh
]bhd
d y prj
prjerh
erhkhs
khs o` `st
`stuonj
uonj,,
jrn`dtha
jrn`dthanjd`
njd`ss onoè
onoèatn
atnahs
ahs y sue
sue`r`d
`r`danh
anhss o` `vh
`vhbuha
buhanñd
nñd (]rnk`rh `onanñd). Q@].
lttps3//www.pbhdyprjerhkhso`stuonj.s`p.ejg.kx/o`sahrehgb`s/gngbnjt`ah/s`audoh
rnh/lnstjrnh/8-BpK-s`a-Ln
rnh/lnstjrnh/8-BpK-s`a-Lnstjrnh.pof
stjrnh.pof

◊ Q@]
Q@].. (7=
(7=85g). Fjrkhanñd Aëvnah y Îtnah. @ouahanñd s`audohrnh ]bhd y prjerhkhs
85g).
o` `stu
`stuonj
onj,, jr
jrn`d
n`dth
than
anjd`
jd`ss on
onoèa
oèatna
tnahs
hs y su
sue`
e`r`
r`da
danhs
nhs o` `v
`vhbu
hbuha
hanñd
nñd (]rnk`rh
`onanñd). Q@].
lttps3//www.pbhdyprjerhkhso`stuonj.s`p.ejg.kx/o`sahrehgb`s/gngbnjt`ah/s`audoh
rnh/fay`/V1-FAy@.pof

◊ Q@]
Q@].. (7=
(7=85a
85a).
). B`deuh kht`rdh. @sphøjb. @ouahanñd s`audohrnh ]bhd y prjerhkhs

o` `stu
`stuonj
onj,, jr
jrn`d
n`dth
than
anjd`
jd`ss on
onoèa
oèatna
tnahs
hs y su
sue`
e`r`
r`da
danhs
nhs o` `v
`vhbu
hbuha
hanñd
nñd (]rnk`rh
`onanñd). Q@].

87
 lttps3//www.pbhdyprjerhkhso`stuonj.s`p.ejg.kx/o`sahrehgb`s/gngbnjt`ah/s`audoh
rnh/`sphdjb/8-BpK-Q`audohrnh-@sphdjb.pof

◊ ‒Wóg
‒Wógrnah
rnah phrh `vhb
`vhbuhr
uhr `b ajkp
ajkpjrth
jrthkn`d
kn`dtj
tj `stuo
`stuonhdt
nhdtnbnb pjr phr
phrt`
t` o` bjs phor
phor`s
`s o`
fhknbnh sjgr` `b pjrthfjbnj o`
o`bb `stuonhdt`
`stuonhdt`‛‛ o` bh Pdnoh
Pdnoho
o @ouahtnvh Fn
Fnsahb
sahb "]rjvnd
"]rjvndanh
anh
o` Alnkgjrhzj" `d Euhyhqunb - @auhojr.

◊ Wóg
Wógrn
rnah
ah ph
phrh
rh `v
`vhbu
hbuhr
hr pj
pjrt
rthfj
hfjbnj
bnj (L
(L`r
`rrh
rhkn`
kn`dt
dth
h p`
p`ohe
oheñen
ñenah
ah)) - AD
ADG
G. (7=8
(7=85,
5, 1
s`ptn`kgr`). Aurrëaubj Dhanjdhb Ghs` Euht`khbh.
lttps3//adgeuht`khbh.jre/wnin/W%A1%GHgrnahZphrhZ`vhbuhrZpjrthfjbnjZ(L`rrhkn`
dthZp`ohe%A1%G1enah)
◊ _îadnahs Onoèatnahs (7=8=). Ndv`stnehanñd ` nddjvhanñd `ouahtnvh N_@QK.
lttp3//sntnjs.nt`sk.kx/vh/ono`7/t`adnahsZonohatnahs/hjp/q`s.ltk

81
Hd`xjs
Hd`xj 8 Wógrnah phrh `vhbuhr hdèbnsns bnt`rhrnj

8?
Hd`xj 7 Wógrnah phrh `vhbuhr o`ght`

Hohpthoj o`3
o`3
lttps3//kjo`bjs-o`.ajk/rugrnah/

80
Hd`xj 1 Wógrnah phrh `vhbuhr Cu`ej o` Wjb`s

lttps3//`s.sarngo.ajk/ojauk`dt/1>6>7>08>/Wugrnah-prh-pr`s`dthanjd-o`-cu`ej-o`-rj

86
Hd`xj ? Wógrnah phrh `vhbuhr `b ajkpjrthkn`dtj `stuonhdtnb pjr phrt` o` bjs phor`s o`
fhknbnh sjgr` `b pjrthfjbnj o`b `stuonhdt`.

85
Hd`xj 0 ]bhdtnbbh o` vhbjrhanñd o`b prjy`atj - hbukdjs

Hohpthoj o`3
o`3

lttp3//ajd`xnjd`s.oenr`.udhk.kx/wp-ajd
lttp3//ajd`xnjd`s.oenr`.udh k.kx/wp-ajdt`dt/upbjhos/7
t`dt/upbjhos/7=85/=>/Jrn`d
=85/=>/Jrn`dthanjd`s-ph
thanjd`s-phrh-o`shrrj
rh-o`shrrj
bbhr-ud-prjy`tj-ndt`ronsanpbndhr.pof

8<
Hd`xj 6 ]bhdtnbbh o` vhbjrhanñd o`b prjy`atj - kh`strjs

Hohpthoj o`3
o`3

lttp3//ajd`xnjd`s.oenr`.udhk.kx/wp-ajd
lttp3//ajd`xnjd`s.oenr`.udh k.kx/wp-ajdt`dt/upbjhos/7
t`dt/upbjhos/7=85/=>/Jrn`d
=85/=>/Jrn`dthanjd`s-ph
thanjd`s-phrh-o`shrrj
rh-o`shrrj
bbhr-ud-prjy`tj-ndt`ronsanpbndhr.pof

8>
Hd`xj 53
53 Wógrnah phrh `vhbuhr s`au`danh onoèatnah

7=
Hd`xj <3
<3 Wógrnah phrh `vhbuhr pjrthfjbnj

lttps3//adgeuht`khbh.jre/wnin/W%A1%GHgrnahZphrhZ`vhbuhrZpjrthfjbnjZ(L`rrhkn`dthZp`
ohe%A1%G1enah)

78