Test Bank For Answering Questions With Statistics Paperback by Robert F.

Szafran

Test Bank For Answering Questions With Statistics

Paperback by Robert F. Szafran

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Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association

Multiple Choice

1. If a measure of association is asymmetric,

a. it matters which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable
b. the statistic can take on only positive values
c. the statistic can take on only negative values
d. the statistic can be used to measure the association between variables that have different levels
of measurement

2. Which of the following gamma values indicates the strongest relationship?

a. −.50
b. .00
c. .10
d. .85

3. Which of the following gamma values indicates the weakest relationship?

a. −.90
b. −.45
c. .05
d. .55

4. If two variables are positively related, cases that have low scores on one variable will tend to
have _____ scores on the other variable.
a. high
b. low
c. missing

5. If two variables are inversely related, cases that have low scores on one variable will tend to
have _____ scores on the other variable.
a. high
b. low
c. missing
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

6. Which measures of association indicate the strength of a relationship?

a. nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio measures of association
b. only ordinal and interval/ratio measures of association
c. only interval/ratio measures of association
d. no measures of association indicate the strength of a relationship

7. Which measures of association indicate the direction of a relationship?

a. nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio measures of association
b. only ordinal and interval/ratio measures of association
c. only interval/ratio measures of association
d. no measures of association indicate the strength of a relationship

8. Which of the following is most appropriate for measuring the relationship between an ordinal
variable and an ordinal variable?
a. Cramer’s V
b. Kendall’s tau-b
c. lambda
d. phi

9. Which of the following is a nominal measure of association?

a. coefficient of contingency
b. Kendall’s tau-b
c. Kendall’s tau-c
d. Somers’ d

10. Which of the following measures of association indicates the direction of a relationship?
a. Cramer’s V
b. lambda
c. uncertainty coefficient
d. Kendall’s tau-c

11. Which of the following measures of association comes in an asymmetric form?

a. Cramer’s V
b. gamma
c. lambda
d. Kendall’s tau-c
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

12. Which of the following measures of association does NOT indicate the direction of a
relationship?
a. Cramer’s V
b. Pearson’s r
c. Somers’ d
d. tau-b

13. Which of the following values for a statistic is clearly incorrect because it is outside the
statistic’s range?
a. Cramer’s V = .00
b. gamma = .40
c. Kendall’s tau-b = .80
d. lambda = 1.20

14.The value of Cramer’s V is .65. This indicates what type of relationship?

a. strong and positive
b. strong
c. very strong and positive
d. very strong

15. Which statistic is modeled after Pearson’s r but transforms the scores on both variables to
ranks before calculating the measure of association?
a. Cramer's V
b. gamma
c. Somers’ d
d. Spearman's correlation

16. If Jim and Mary form a concordant pair on the variables height and weight, then
a. one of them is both taller and heavier than the other
b. one of them is taller but the other is heavier
c. they are both the same height and both the same weight

17. Your hypothesis is that the taller a person is, the more self-confident he or she is. Height is an
interval/ratio variable measured in inches; self-confidence is a five category ordinal variable with
higher scores indicating greater self-confidence. The value of Somers’ d is −.68. Does this
measure of association
a. support the hypothesis
b. contradict the hypothesis
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

18. The number of years a person has been married and their level of happiness with their
marriage have a Kendall’s tau-b value of .75. Which of the following is true?
a. Persons married fewer years tend to be happier with their marriage.
b. Persons married fewer years tend to be just as happy with their marriage as persons married
more years.
c. Persons married more years tend to be happier with their marriage.
d. Persons married more years tend to be less happy with their marriage.

19. You want to see what percent of persons in each region say they are very happy with their
life. Which type of analysis should you do?
a. create a crosstab with appropriate percents
b. create a frequency table for each variable
c. compute a measure of association
d. compute the median for each variable

Multiple Choice Questions from Online Student Quizzes

1. Which of the following tau-b coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?

a. −.90
b. −.55
c. .00
d. .45

2. The height of a child and the age of a child are

a. inversely related
b. negatively related
c. positively related

3. If two variables are negatively related, cases that have high scores on one variable will tend to
have _____ scores on the other variable.
a. high
b. low
c. missing
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

4. Which of the following is an ordinal measure of association?

a. Cramer's V
b. Kendall’s tau-b
c. lambda
d. uncertainty coefficient

5. Which of the following is most appropriate for measuring the relationship between a nominal
and an ordinal variable?
a. Cramer’s V
b. Kendall’s tau-b
c. gamma
d. Spearman’s correlation

6. Which of the following values for a statistic is clearly incorrect because it is outside the
statistic’s range?
a. Cramer’s V = −.45
b. lambda = .00
c. Kendall’s tau-b = .50
d. Somers’ d = −.88

7. If you know nothing about a person, the best guess to make about his or her religion is
whatever the most common religion is. Always guessing the most common religion, you will
make quite a few incorrect guesses. Assume the value of lambda for the relationship between
race and religious affiliation is .65. By what proportion could you reduce your number of errors
if, before you guess their religious affiliation, you are told their race?
a. .00
b. .35
c. .65
d. 1.00

8. Which of the following is a proportional reduction in error (PRE) measure of association?

a. Cramer's V
b. gamma
c. lambda
d. tau-b
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

9. If Betty and Ann form a discordant pair on the variables 1st exam grade and 2nd exam grade,
then
a. one of them got the better grade on both exams
b. one of them got the better grade on the 1st exam but the other got the better grade on the 2nd
exam
c. they both got the same grade on one of the exams
d. one of them got the same grade on both exams

10. You want to see if there is a positive relationship between social class and number of friends.
Which type of analysis should you do?
a. create a frequency table for each variable
b. compute the mean for each variable
c. compute a measure of association
d. compute the variance for each variable

Short Answer Questions

(Note: * indicates Concept Check question from text)

1. What kinds of questions can you answer using a measure of association?

2. For describing a relationship between two variables, what information does a measure of
association provide that an examination of percents, medians, or modes in a crosstab does not?

3.Explain the difference between a positive association between two variables and a negative
relationship between two variables.

4. Why would it not make sense for a nominal measure of association to indicate direction of the
relationship?

*5. What is the difference between a symmetric and an asymmetric measure of association?
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

*6. What are the names of two nominal measures of association?

*7. What are the names of two ordinal measures of association?

*8. What is the difference between a concordant pair of cases and a discordant pair of cases?

*9. How do you decide for a pair of variables whether you need a nominal, ordinal, or
interval/ratio measure of association?

Fill-In-The-Blank and Computational Questions

1. What is the typical range (minimum and maximum possible values) of

a. nominal measures of association? _____ to _____

b. ordinal measures of association? _____ to _____

c. interval/ratio measures of association? _____ to _____

2. The following data set consists of just three cases. Both variable A and variable B are ordinal
variables.
case variable A variable B
#1 6 6
#2 4 3
#3 6 2

For each of the following pairs of cases, indicate if the pair is a concordant pair, a discordant
pair, or a tied pair.

a. case #1 and case #2 ____________________

b. case #1 and case #3 ____________________

c. case #2 and case #3 ____________________

Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

3. The following data set consists of just three cases. Both variable A and variable B are ordinal
variables.

case variable A variable B

#1 4 3
#2 6 3
#3 6 2

For each of the following pairs of cases, indicate if the pair is a concordant pair, a discordant
pair, or a tied pair.

a. case #1 and case #2 ____________________

b. case #1 and case #3 ____________________

c. case #2 and case #3 ____________________

Output Interpretation Questions

1. Name an appropriate measure of association for the pair of variables in this crosstab:
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

2. Name an appropriate measure of association for the pair of variables in this crosstab:

RELIG5 Religious Affiliation in Five Categories (1997) * RACE Crosstabulation

RACE
2 Black, not 3 White, not 4 Other, not
1 Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic Total
RELIG5 Religious 0 none Count 18 21 143 6 188
Affiliation in Five % within RACE 8.7% 9.4% 14.6% 9.4% 12.8%
Categories (1997) 1 Protes tant Count 54 191 539 28 812
% within RACE 26.2% 85.7% 54.9% 43.8% 55.1%
2 Catholic Count 129 8 244 19 400
% within RACE 62.6% 3.6% 24.9% 29.7% 27.1%
3 Jewish Count 1 0 16 0 17
% within RACE .5% .0% 1.6% .0% 1.2%
4 other Count 4 3 39 11 57
% within RACE 1.9% 1.3% 4.0% 17.2% 3.9%
Total Count 206 223 981 64 1474
% within RACE 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

Answer Key

Multiple Choice

1. a
2. d
3. c
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. b
9. a
10. d
11. c
12. a
13. d
14. d
15. d
16. a
17. b
18. c
19. a

Multiple Choice Questions from Online Student Quizzes

1. a
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. c
8. c
9. b
10. c

Short Answer Questions

1. Is there an association between these two variables? How strong is the association? Is the
association positive or negative?

2. A measure of association more completely summarizes the relationship between two variables.
Percents, medians, and modes typically focus on just select aspects of the relationship resulting
sometimes in contradictory conclusions.
Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

3. When two variables are positively related, cases with high scores on one variable tend to have
high scores on the other. Cases with low scores on one variable tend to have low scores on the
other. When two variables are negatively related, however, cases with high scores on one
variable tend to have low scores on the other. Cases with low scores on one variable tend to have
high scores on the other.

4. The attributes of nominal variables lack rank order. If attributes of a variable cannot be
characterized as high or low, then the idea of the relationship between two variables having a
direction (e.g., high attributes go with high attributes or high attributes go with low attributes)
makes no sense.

5. Symmetric measures of association have the same statistical value regardless of which
variable is the independent or dependent variable. Asymmetric measures often have different
values depending on which variable is which.

6. Answers will vary: contingency coefficient, Cramer’s V, lambda, phi, uncertainty coefficient

7. Answers will vary: gamma, Kendall’s tau-b, Kendall’s tau-c, Somers’ d, Spearman’s
correlation

8. If a pair of cases is concordant for a pair of variables, then the same case has a higher score on
both variables. If a pair of cases is discordant for a pair of variables, then one case has a higher
score on the first variable but the other case has a higher score on the second variable.

9. The variable with the lowest level of measurement determines the measure of association. If
one or both of the variables is nominal, you need a nominal measure of association. If neither is
nominal, but one or both is ordinal, you need an ordinal measure of association. If both are
interval/ratio, you need an interval/ratio level of measurement.

Fill-In-The-Blank and Computational Questions

1. a. 0.00 and 1.00

b. −1.00 and 1.00
c. −1.00 and 1.00

2. a. concordant
b. tied
c. discordant

3. a. tied
b. discordant
c. tied

Output Interpretation Questions

Test Bank For Answering Questions With Statistics Paperback by Robert F. Szafran

Szafran, Answering Questions with Statistics Instructor Resources: Test Bank

1. Answers will vary: gamma, Kendall’s tau-b, Kendall’s tau-c, Somers’ d, Spearman’s
correlation

2. Answers will vary: contingency coefficient, Cramer’s V, lambda, phi, uncertainty coefficient

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