PARTS OF SPEECH (BAHAGI NG PANANALITA)

I. PANGNILALAMAN

NOUN (PANGALAN)
Proper Noun (Pantangi) – Malaking Titik e.g Names, Name titles, Places, Brand names, Calendar days, books
Common Noun (Pambalana) – Pangkalahatang Diwa Ng Pangalan

Concrete Noun / Tahas – Tangible (Senses)

Non- Concrete Or Abstract/ Basal – Non-Tangible E.G Courage, Bravery

CLASSIFICATIONS

PRO-NOUN – PANGHALIP
 Panghalili sa pangalan

1. Personal/ Panao – panghalili sa tao

Palagyu “Ang” – ako, ikaw, ka, siya
Paukol “Ng” – mo, ka, niya
Paaril “Sa” – akin, ka, niya, iyo

2. Demontrative/ Panghalip na Pamatlig – magturo o matukoy ng lokasyon

3. Indifinite/ Panaklaw- kaisahan ng dami
e.g Anuman, Sinuman
4. Interrogative/ Panaklong o Pananong
Type Pronouns in this category Filipino

 I brought all the snacks.

Personal/ Panao I/me, they/them, he/him, she/her, it, we/us, you
 We weren’t planning on staying over.

 My car, which is twenty years old, doesn’t connect to

Relative That, what, which, who, whom Bluetooth.
 The professor who ran the meeting ended it promptly

 You’ve seen clear quartz and smoky quartz, but have

Demonstrative/
That, this, these, those you seen these stones?
Pamatlig
 I ordered Hawaiian pizza. I like that a lot.

 We need cashiers up front. Anybody who’s available,

Indefinite/ One, other, some, none, everybody, anybody, no
please report to the front end.
Panaklaw one, nobody, both
 “Why can’t we fix this?” I asked nobody in particular.

Myself, yourself/yourselves,
 The car began to swerve, then corrected itself.
Reflexive themself/themselves, herself, himself, oneself,
 He made himself a sandwich.
itself, ourselves

Myself, yourself/yourselves,
 You did all of this yourself?
Intensive themself/themselves, herself, himself, oneself,
 She did the entire group project by herself.
itself, ourselves

 We’re lounging out by our pool.

Possessive My, your, his, her, their, our, its, whose
 His car is green.
  Whose bike is this?
Interrogative Who, what, which, whose
 What is the answer?

 We ran into each other on the subway.

Reciprocal Each other, one another
 They’ve been fighting with one another for decades.

 Peanut butter or chocolate? I’m good with either.

Distributive Either, each, neither, any, none
 There were four cats, and none had long hair.

VERB / PANDIWA
 Perfect is completed (“past”).
 Imperfect is currently happening (“present”).
 Contemplative is consideration of something that is to happen (“future”).

Subject / simuno – paksa

Predicate/ panag-uri – kaganapan

Kaganapan ng Pandiwa Kahulugan Pananda

Tagaganap o Aktor Gumaganap sa kilos Nino? Ng, mga, si, sina
Layon Tinutukoy ng pandiwa Ano?
Tagatanggap Nakikinabang sa kilos Para kanino?
Gamit Instrument na ginagamit upang Anong bagay o instrumento?
maisagawa ang kilos
Ganapan Lugar Saan?
Sanhi Dahilan o Sanhi Bakit?
Direksyon Direksyon Tungo saan? Kanino?

ADJECTIVE / PANG- URI

 describe or modify (place before the noun or pro-noun they modify)
 Positive/ Lantay- kasidhian ng panag-uri
 Katamtamang Antas
 Masidhi
 Panukdulan
 Pamilang:
Ordinal - sequence
Kardinal - bilang

ADVERB/ PANG-ABAY
 describe or modify (pandiwa, pang-uri, kapwa pang-abay)
URI ng Pang-abay
 Pang-abay na Kataga/ Ingklitik – katagang sumusunod sa unang salita
 Pang-abay na Salita o Parirala:
1. Pamanahon – kung kalian
e.g. noon, kapag, tuwing, buhat, mula
2. Panlunan – Lugar saan?
Sa, kay, kina tumutukoy sa lugar
 3. Pamamaraan – Paano?
Nang, ng, na
4. Pang-agam – di sigurado
Marahil, siguro, tila, baka
5. Kondisyunal
Kung, kapag, pag, pagka
6. Panang-ayon – e.g. Oo, Opo, tunay, talaga, totoo
7. Pananggi
8. Panggano/ Pampanukat- timbang, sukat

II. PANGKAYARIAN

CONJUNCTION/ PANGATNIG
 Nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita, parirala at sugnay

LINKER/ PANGAWING
 Ayos ng pangungusap.
 “ay” palatandaan

LIGATURE/ PANG-ANGKOP
 Nag-uugnay sa panag-uri at salitang tinuturingan
Na – Katinig (consonant)
Ng – patinig (vowel)
g- n
PREPOSITION/ PANG-UKOL
 matukoy kung para kanino o para saan ang isang kilos.
 Connect noun to the sentence
e.g. Ukol sa, Tungkol sa, Hingil sa

Dates:
In
On
At

Location:
In
On
At

DETERMINER/ ARTICCLE/ PANTUKOY

 ginagamit sa pagtukoy sa tao, bagay, lunan o pangyayari

URI NG PANTUKOY:
 Pantukoy na Pambalana - ang, ang mga, mga, ng, ng mga
 Pantukoy na Pantangi - tumutukoy sa mga pangngalang pantangi (si, sina, ni, nina, kay, kina)

“Ng”- sino? “nang”- paano at gaano?

-inuulit ang kilos
-pamalit sa upang at parang
- ginagamit sa unahan

May – sinusundan ng pangngalan at a+pandiwa Mayroon

Raw, rin – patinig at mala patinig Daw, din - Katinig

Kung – di sigurado Kapag- tiyak
Bukod sa – aside from (positive) Liban sa- except from (negative)

FIGURE OF SPEECH TAYUTAY

 kadalasang ginagamit upang maipahayag ang isang emosyon sa paraang hindi karaniwan upang makabuo ng
mas malalim na kahulugan. Ito ay hindi literalkundi isang patalinghaga na minsa'y ginagamit bilang simbolo.

MGA URI NG TAYUTAY

.1) ALITERASYON (Alliteration) - Pag-uulit ng mga tunog-katinig sa inisyal na bahagi ng salita.
Makikita sa mga mata ni Maria ang mga masasayang nangyari sa kaniya kasama si Marco. (makikita, mga, mata, Maria,
masasayang, Marco)

2) KONSONANS - Pag-uulit ng mga tunog-katinig sa final na bahagi ng salita.

a. Ang aking pagmamahal para kay Rosal ay lalong tumatatag habang tumatagal. (pagmamahal, Rosal, tumatagal)

3) ASONANS - Pag-uulit ng mga tunog-patinig sa alinmang bahagi ng salita.

a. Ang aking alagang aso ay agad kong pinaliguan pagdating ko sa amin.

4) ANAPORA - Pag-uulit sa unang bahagi ng pahayag o taludtod.

Ikaw ang aking pangarap.
Ikaw ang bigay ng maykapal.
Ikaw ang lahat sa akin.

5) EPIPORA - Pag-uulit sa huling bahagi ng pahayag o taludtod.

Ang Konstitusyon ay para sa mamamayan,
Gawa ng mamamayan,
At mula sa mamamayan
.
6) ANADIPLOSIS - Pag-uulit sa una at huling bahagi ng pahayag o talutod.
Ang mahal ko ay tanging ikaw,
Ikaw na nagbigay ng ilaw,
Ilaw sa gabi na kay dilim,
Dilim man o liwanag, ikaw ay mahal pa rin.

7) PAGTUTULAD (Simile) - Isang di-tuwirang paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang bagay gamit ang pariralang
tulad ng, kawangis ng, para ng, gaya ng, makasing, at magkasim.
a. Parang hari si Tonio kung mag-utos.

8) PAGWAWANGIS (Metaphor) - Isang tuwirang paghahambing ng magkaibang bagay at hindi gumagamit ng mga
pariralang nabanggit sa itaas.
a. Ang kanyang buhay ay isang bukas na aklat.

9) PAGHAHALINTULAD (Analogy) - Ito ay paghahambing na nagpapakita ng ugnayan ng kaisipan sa kapwa kaisipan.

a. Ang mga dalaga ay bulaklak at ang mga binata naman ay bubuyog.

10) PAGBIBIGAY - KATAUHAN (Personification)

a. Ang mga bituin sa langit ay kumikindat sa akin.

11) PAGMAMALABIS (Hyperbole) - Lagpas sa katotohanan o eksaherado ang mga pahayag kung pagkasusuriin.
a. Narinig ng buong mundo ang iyong sigaw.
b. Huminto ang pagtibok ng aking puso nang makita kong may kasama siyang iba.

12) PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG (Metonymy) - Ito ang pagpapalit ng katawagan o pangalan sa bagay na tinutukoy.
Halimbawa:
a. Ang palasyo ay nag-anunsyo na walang pasok bukas. (palasyo - Presidente ng Pilipinas)
13) PAGPAPALIT-SAKLAW (Synecdoche) - Ito ay ang pagbabanggit ng bahagi bilang pagtukoy sa kabuuan.
Halimbawa:
a. Apat na mata ang patuloy na tumititig sa kanya.
14) PAGLUMANAY (Euphemism) - Ito ay paggamit ng mga piling salita upang pagandahin ang isang dikagandahang
pahayag.
Halimbawa:
a. Sumakabilang buhay kagabi ang ama ni Nena. (sumakabilang buhay - namatay)

15) PANAWAGAN (Apostrophe) - Ito ay isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang tao.
Halimbawa:
a. O tukso! Layuan mo ako!
b. Buhos na ulan, aking mundo’y lunuring tuluyan.
c. Kamatayan nasaan ka na? Wakasan mo na ang aking kapighatian.

16) PAGHIHIMIG (Onomatopeia) - Sa pamamagitan ng tunog o himig ng salita ay nagagawang maihatid ang kahulugan
nito.
a. Dumagundong ang malakas na kulog na sinundan ng pagguhit ng matatalim na kidlat.
b. Ang tik-tak ng relo ay nangibabaw.
 17) PAG-UYAM (Irony) - Isang pagpapahayag na may layuning mangutya ngunit itinatago sa paraang waring
nagbibigay-puri.
Halimbawa:
a.Siya ay may magandang mukha na kung saan tanging ina niya lang ang humahanga.

18) PAGTATAMBIS (Oxymoron) - Ito ay ang paglalahad ng mga bagay na magkasalungat upang higit na mapatingkad
ang bisa ng pagpapahayag.
Halimbawa:
a. Kailan nagiging tama ang mali?

19) PAGLILIPAT-WIKA (Transferred Epithet) - Katulad ng pagbibigay-katauhan na pinagsasabay ang mga katangiang
pantao na ginagamit ang pang-uri.
Halimbawa:
a. Madilim ang kinabukasan para sa kaniya at kaniyang pamilya mula nang iwanan sila ng kanilang ama.

20) TANONG RETORIKAL (Rhetorical Question) - Ito ay isang tanong na walang inaasahan sagot na ang layunin ay
maikintal sa isipan ng nakikinig ang mensahe.

a. Natutulog ba ang Diyos?

b. Bakit napakalupit ng kapalaran?

ENGLISH LITERATURE

Chinese Literature – one of the major cultural heritage of the world

Confucius or Kung Fu-tze – first sage of China who wanted to make education available to all men.
SHIH CHING – first anthology of Chinese poetry

Five Books
1. Yiking (Book of Changes) divination
2. Liking (Book of Ceremonies) etiquette
3. Shuking (Book of Historical Documents) political ideas & fundamentals of good government
4. Shiking (Book of Poetry) best poems
5. Chun Chiu (Spring & Autumn) history of Confucius native province

Arabia
A Thousand & One Nights – a collection of stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic.
Ex.: Aladdin, Ali Baba and Forty Thieves and Sinbad the Sailor
Kahlil Gibran – great poet

Indian Literature – oldest scared literature is found in four VEDAS (knowledge)

a. Rigveda – oldest – Veda of Praise
b. Brahmanas – rituals and prayers
c. Upanishads – discourses between teachers and pupils
d. Puranas – history of the Aryan race
Mahabharata(Hindu epic)- longest poem in the world about the bitter quarrel of two brothers – Pandu & Kuru
Ramayana (Hindu epic) - depicts the duties of relationship portraying ideal characters like the ideal servant, ideal brother, ideal
wife and ideal king.
Kalidasa – poet known for Sakuntala/greatest Sanskrit playwright and poets
Rabindranath Tagore – best known of all recent writers in India;Gitanjali-masterpiece

Hebrew Literature
Bible – book of all books, 39 books Old Testament/ 27 books New Testament
Psalm of David –greatest lyric poem in the literature of the world

Persian Literature (Iran)

Rubaiyat – Omar Khayyam (tent-maker) poem of high divine and spiritual meaning.

Egyptian Literature
Pharaoh, pyramids, mummies, papyrus Book of the Dead, Hymns to the Sun-God, Rosetta Stone – reveals the antiquity of Egypt
Hieroglyphics – Egyptian writing

Japanese Literature
1. NOH DRAMA – dramatic dance with lyrical poetic texts and masked actors
2. HAIKU- 7 syllable poetic form usually about nature
3. WAKA/TANKA – 31 syllable classical poetry
4. KABUKI – Japanese dance drama
5. KOJIKI (Record of Ancient Matters) –earliest surviving work in Japan

English/American Literature
 Jutes, Angles, Saxons
 Anglo Saxon – language
 Angleland – stone age people
 BEOWULF (England) – epic of more than 3,000 lines
 CHAUCER – Canterbury Tales, greatest English writer of the middle ages
St. Thomas a Becket
Through Harry Bailly – innkeeper – Tabard Inn
King Arthur & the Knights of the Round Table
 -rise and decline of the Round Table, quest for the Holy Grail & establishment of the first printing press in
English by William Caxton
 William Shakespeare – greatest writer of all times
Venus & Adonis/ Romeo and Juliet/ Hamlet/ Macbeth/Sonnets
 Thomas Campion – My Sweetest Lesbia – “Let us live & love”
 Francis Bacon – Father of English Essay
 Of Studies – Studies serve for delight, for ornament & for ability
 Ben Johnson – Song to Celia “Drink to me only with thine eyes and I will pledge with mine or leave a kiss but
in the cup and I’ll not look for mine.”
 John Milton- Paradise Lost, On His Blindness
 Thomas Gray – Elegy Written in Country Churchyard
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner
 Percy Blysshe Shelley – Ode to the West Wind
 Alfred Lord Tennyson- Break, Break, Break
 Robert Browning- Last Duchess
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning – How Do I Love Thee?
 Matthew Arnold – Dover Beach
 Rudyard Kipling – Mandalay/Recessional
 John Masefield- Sea Fever
 David Herbert Lawrence- Lady Chatterly’s Lover

American Literature
 Captain John Smith (Pocahontas), Virginia
 Thomas Jefferson- Declaration of Independence of the 13th United Sates of America
 Patrick Henry – Give me liberty or give me death
 Washington Irving – Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Rip Van Winkle
Ichabod Crane
Rose of Alhambra
 Edgar Allan Poe- Annabel Lee, Tell-Tale Heart
 Father of Horror Stories
 Ralph Waldo Emerson- Self-Reliance
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- A Psalm of Life
Tell me not in mournful numbers”/“Life is but an empty dream”
 Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) – Adventures of Tom Sawyer
 Henry James – Tree of Knowledge
 Stephen Crane-Blades of Grass
 Ernest Hemingway – Old Man & the Sea
 Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken
 William Ernest Henley – Invictus
 Walt Whitman – O Captain, My Captain
 Charles Dickens – Christmas Carol

Greek Literature
1. Pre Homeric and Homeric Age
2. Athenian period – Alexander the Great
3. Period of Decline
Homer – blind poet of Greece/great epics – Iliad & Odyssey
theme- Man’s fate is the result of his actions

Mythological background of Iliad:

Achilles – greatest Greek warrior
Thetis and Peleus (parents)
 Eris – goddess of mischief
Golden Apple – to the fairest of the goddess
-Hera, Athena, Aphrodite claimed
Alexandros or Paris – Prince of Troy
Hera- promised power
Athena-wisdom
Aphrodite – most beautiful woman in the world
Helen- married to Menelaus
-Alexandros abducted Helen and brought her to Troy
Trojan War – 10-year war
Iliad – violent quarrel between Agamemnon & Achilles
Odyssey- return of Odysseus or Ulysses from the Trojan war

Dramatist s of the Athenian Age

1. Aeschylus – Father of Tragedy
-theological poet
-soldier playwright
-Battle of Marathon/Salamy
2. Sophocles
- Oedipus Rex/Oedipus the King

3. Euripides – modern playwright

4. Aristophanes - master of Greek comedy

Rome – Virgil – greatest writer that Rome produced
Aeneid- Aeneas (Trojan hero)
-great destiny was to be the founder of Rome
Nibelungenlied – Siegfred/epic of Germany
Song of Roland – epic of France
El Cid – epic of Spain
Divine Comedy- Dante – Father of Italian Literature
-greatest literary production of the middle ages

 Greek Gods and Goddesses

 Zeus – father of gods and men
 Hades-god of the dead and the king of the underworld
 Thetis – sea goddess, mother of Achilles
 Poseidon- fierce god of the sea and of earthquakes
 Hermes- Son of Zeus and Maia; messenger of the gods
 Hera- wife and sister of Zeus; patroness of female life in general and of marriage in particular
 Hephaestus- god of fire; divine smith and patron of craftsmen
 Athena (Pallas) – patron goddess of Athens, and personified wisdom; Minerva in Roman mythology
 Artemis- primitive earth-goddess; a virgin huntress and patroness of chastity
 Aphrodite- goddess of beauty and love; Venus in Roman mythology
 Apollo- archer god, main protector of the Trojans
 Ceres- Roman goddess of corn; identified with the Greek Demeter
 Ares – represented the distasteful aspects of brutal warfare and slaughter
 Achilles – greatest and bravest warrior among the Greeks
 Agamemnon- legendary king of Mycenae; commander-in-chief of the Greek expedition against Troy
 Neptune, Neptunus – Roman god of water; later elevated to god of the sea after his identification with the Greek
Poseidon
 Vulcan – Roman god of fire and in particular of furnaces; identified with the Greek Hephaestus