-1Night Sky Viewing Topics: Polaris: Stars go around it. Northern most star.

Circumpolar Stars: Dont rise/set Constellations: images placed in the sky. Rough guide to where youre looking in the sky. Direction 88 Officially. Celestial Sphere: Imaginary sphere whose center is the earth. Used to map celestial objects. Right Ascension: Longitude Declination: Latitude Altitude (Alt.): How high up you go Azimith (Az.): N/S/E/West (Direction) Zenith: Apex/best/highes/straight up. (Point directly overhead) Nadir: straight down Horizon: reference poles Zodiac: 12 constellations along ecliptic. Ecliptic: plane defined by Earths orbit around the sun. Solstice: Days when sun reaches farthest N/S declinations Summer Solstice: June 21st Winter Solstice: December 21st Equinox: Days in which daylight of equal duration sun crosses celestial equator Vernal Equinox: March 21st Autumnal Equinox: September 21st Phases of the moon: Eclipses: When moon blocks sun or earths shadow falls on the moon Total: Moon entirely blocks sun/earth shadow totally blocks view of the moon (only during new moon) Partial: moon partially blocks the sun/earths shadow partially blocks our view of the moon Annular: (Type solar eclipse) Sun looks like ring. Moon doesnt entirely cover sun. Sun: perihelion (L) Moon: apogee (S) Solar: moon moves between earth/sun & blocks light. Shadow of moon falls upon earth. Lunar: moon moves into shadow of earth. Moon passes behind earth, earth blocks suns rays from striking moon. Why dont eclipses happen every month? 5* tilt of moons orbit. Retrograde motion: Projected position of a planet on background stars as earth overtakes it. Optical illusion. Ex: pass slower moving truck on highway.

Ptolemy: almagest. Standard astronomy textbook for 1400 years. Ability to calculate position of planets Geocentric model of the universe: Circular orbits at constant speed. Kepler Laws of Planetary motion: 1st: Shape of orbit for a planet going around the sun is not circle but an ellipse. Planetary orbits are ellipses with the sun at one focus Ex: Slicing ice cream cone at angle forming ellipse. (Law of Orbits) 2nd: A line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times (Law of areas) 3rd: The Square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its obit (Law of pf periods) Quiz Questions: 1.Introduces the heliocentric model in more modern times: Copernicus 2. First claimed that planets moved in Elliptical orbits around the sun: Tycho brache/Copernicus/kepler/Galileo/newton 3.Last astronomer without a telescope: Brache/kepler/Copernicus/Galileo/newton 4.Observed the moons of Jupiter for the first time in history: Galileo 5.Accurately calculated the size of the Earth: Eratosthenes 6. Copernicus could more accurately determine the position of the planets as seen from Earth that the Ancient Greeks using the Almagest: FALSE