TOUR AND TRAVEL MANAGEMENT

(PRELIM)
PRIVATE SECTOR

In the private sector, the six (6) principal industries

involved in tourism are:
THE PHILIPPINE TOURISM INDUSTRY
WEEK 2 1. The Transportation Industry (air, sea, land)
2. The Hospitality Industry or Lodging Industry
(hotels, resorts, inns, motels, pension houses,
The tourism industry is a composite of industries and
apartment hotels)
entities, both public and private, involved in the
3. Food and Beverage Industry (restaurants, disco,
planning, development, marketing, sales, operation,
travel food service and institutional food
and evaluation of destinations, products and services
service)
that cater to the needs of the travelers, both foreign
4. The Activities and Attractions Industry or the
and domestic
Entertainment and Recreation Industry
(museums, theaters, theme parks, adventure
clubs, dive shops)
COMPONENTS OF PHILIPPINE TOURISM 5. The Travel Trade industry (travel agencies, tour
THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR operators, and tour guides)
Department of Tourism Transportation Companies 6. Other Private Sector Entities
Tourism Promotions Board Lodging Industry
(TPB)
Tourism Infrastructure and Food and Beverage Industry
Enterprise Zone Authority
PHILIPPINE TOURISM AND GEOGRAPHY
(TIEZA)
Philippine Basic Facts
Local Government Units Attractions and Activities
Industry
Land Area: 300, 000 sq.kms (116,610 sq. miles)
Other National The Travel Trade Population: 117,337,368 (Mid 2023)
Government Units Tourist Arrivals: 2.6-3M (July 2023
Financial Institutions Other Private Sector
Entities
Education and Training Top Ten Foreign Visitor Top Ten Tourist
Institutions Market of the Philippines Destination in the
(2023) Philippines (2023)
1. South Korea – 741, 1. Boracay
GOVERNMENT SECTOR 659 (25%)
2. China 2. Siargao
The Government Sector of the tourism industry is 3. USA 3. Cebu
responsible for the formulation of tourism policies. It 4. Japan 4. Baguio
provides for the development of destinations, and 5. Australia 5. Manila
regulates the industry, in collaboration with other 6. Canada 6. Batangas
7. Taiwan 7. Cordilleras
government entities.
8. UK 8. Batanes
9. Singapore 9. Bohol
10. Malaysia 10. Palawan
GOVERNMENT SECTOR KEY PERSON

Ma. Esperanza Christina Codilla Frasco

DOT Secretary
 THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE EARTH
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
WEEK 3

GEOGRAPHY

The study of the physical world, its inhabitants, the

interaction between the two, and the patterns and the
systems involved.

The study of human inter-acting their environment

including the physical environment, the built
environment and socially constructed spaces, and a
spatial perspective of all human and physical
phenomena.
THE CONTINENTS
Literary means “writing about the earth”.
Continent is the major land masses of the
earth.
Continent is a part of the earth’s surface that
IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHY
forms one of the great dry-land masses of the
The knowledge of geography is important for
world. It usually has extensive plains and
us to be able to know the exact location of
plateaus and one or more mountain ranges,
each country, their cultures and traditions,
and is surrounded or nearly surrounded by
physical features and many other information.
water.
Using maps and other printed sources is useful
Most people speak of the seven (7) continents
and helpful. However, you also need a basic
on the planet, however geologically there are
working knowledge of place-name geography
six large distinct land masses on the earth so
on order to plan trips and service your future
many geographers and scientists refer to six (6).
clients in a professional manner (Mancini,
2009). The seven (7) Continents of the World according to their
size :
1. Asia 44,004,000 sq. km
2. Africa 30,190,000 sq. km
ERATOSTHENES 3. North America 24,210,000 sq. km
He was the first to use the word geography and 4. South America 17,833,000 sq. km
5. Antartica 14,000,000 sq. km
was able to determine the circumference of the
6. Europre 10,493,000 sq. km
earth. 7. Australia 7,713,000 sq. km
Was born around 276 BCE at Greek colony in
Cyrene, Libya.
He was appointed to run the Great Library at TYPES OF MAPS
Alexandria in 240 BCE. 1. Flat Maps –Standard flat maps are those we’re
He is the father of geography most familiar with.
2. Route Maps - Each airline often distributes a
map that shows all the routes that it flies.
3. Globes - They’re the most accurate maps
around.
4. Locator Maps - Indicate places through a grid of
numbers and letters rather than with the
degrees of conventional map.
 5. Mental Maps - represents the way you picture PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND BASIC TERMS
geography in your mind.
1. CARDINAL POINTS – the four cardinal points in
a compass - North, East, South and West.
2. DEGREE – Is the unit that measures distances
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE between Latitudes and Longitudes.
3. ZONE – Is the areas between two longitudes. A
Latitude (shown as a horizontal line)
time zone is the area between 0 degrees and
is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and
+15 degrees and so forth until +180 degrees.
seconds of a point north or south of the
And 0 degrees and -15 degrees and so forth.
Equator. Lines of latitude are often referred to
4. PRIME MERIDIAN – Is the first meridian or the
as parallels
first Longitude (0 degrees). It is also referred to
Longitude (shown as a vertical line)
as Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT).
is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and
5. INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE – is the last
seconds, of a point east or west of the Prime
meridian or where the +180 degrees and the -
(Greenwich) Meridian. Lines of longitude are
180 degrees meet.
often referred to as meridians.
6. EQUATOR – Is the imaginary line that encircles
A line of longitude is also called a meridian, derived the middle (waist) of the earth.
from the latin, from meri, a variation of “medius” 7. TEMPERATE ZONES – the areas between the
which denotes “middle”, and diem, meaning “day” North Pole and the Tropic of Cancer and the
areas between the Tropic of Capricorn and the
South Poles.
8. TROPICAL ZONES – areas between the Tropic of
Cancer and the Equator in the North and
between the Equator and the Tropic of
Capricorn in the South.
9. LONGITUDES – are maginary lines that
stretching from the North Pole to the South
Pole.
10. LATITUDES – are imaginary lines stretching
from the Prime Meridian East up to the
International Date Line: the East and from the
Prime Meridian West up to the International
PERMANENT DIRECTIONS OF THE WORLD Date Line.
1. The four (4) directions are arranged as follows
using the acronym “NEWS”
2. To determine the actual North, we need to use
a Directional Compass and follow the arrow that
points to the north.
3. Using MAP, you need to place it in a flat area
and follow the arrow of the compass that
corresponds to the arrow that can be found in a
MAP which is usually with the letter “N”
4. The NORTH is not pointing to the SKY and
SOUTH pointing DOWNWARDS.
5. One way of determining the direction is to face
the sun in the morning, that is the EAST, and
facing the sunset, that is WEST.
 AREA 1
IATA AREAS OF THE WORLD
WEEK 4

WORLD TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

In order to facilitate the adjustment of fares,

International Air Transport Association (IATA)
has divided the world into three (3) main
AREAS: Area 1, Area 2, and Area 3. They are
regularly used in the interpretation of tariff
rates and in the calculation of international
airfares. Airlines sometimes refer to these areas
as TC1 (for area 1), TC2 (for area 2), and TC3 In general, TC1 is composed of the whole of the
(for area 3). Western Hemisphere. However, its composition may
Under each area, there are smaller “sub-areas” vary depending on the rule being interpreted.
or “sub-regions” which, in the IATA context,
may have a different meaning from what is The first classification according to sub-areas:
generally implied by the geographical term. For
1. North America
example, IATA Europe in Area 2 comprises not
Canada (CA), Mexico (MX), St. Pierre & Miquelon
only geographical Europe but also the following
(PM), United States of America including Puerto
countries and islands:
Rico and US Virgin Islands (US)
Three North African countries i.e. Morocco,
2. Central America
Algeria, and Tunisia
Belize (BZ), Costa Rica (CR), El Salvador (SV),
The Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands
Guatemala (GT), Honduras (HN), Nicaragua (NI)
The part of Turkey situated on the Asian
3. Caribbean Sub-Area
continent
Bahamas (BS), Bermuda (BM), Guyana (GY), French
Thus, cities like Ankara, Algiers, Rabat, Tunis,
Guyana (GF), Suriname (SR), Caribbean Islands
and Las Palmas are all located in IATA Europe.
Caribbean Islands include:
Anguilla (AI), Antigua and Barbuda (AG), Aruba
Sub-areas may in turn be sub-divided into sub-
(AW), Barbados (BB), Cayman Islands (KY), Cuba
regions or groups of countries. For instance,
(CU), Dominica (DM), Dominican Republic (DO),
Africa may be sub0divided further into Eastern
Grenada (GD), Guadeloupe (GP), Haiti (HT), Jamaica
Africa, Western Africa, Southern Africa, etc.
(JM), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS),
Moreover, Europe has subdivisions such as
Netherlands Antilles (AN), St. Kitts and Nevis (KN),
Scandinavia, European Economic Monetary
St. Lucia (LC), St. Vincent and Grenadines (VC),
Union and the ECAA (European Common
Trinidad and Tobago (TT), Turks and Caicos (TC),
Aviation Area) member states.
British Virgin Islands (VG)
4. South America
Argentina (AR), Bolivia (BO), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL),
Colombia (CO) Ecuador (EC), French Guyana (GF)*,
Guyana (GY)*, Panama (PA), Paraguay (PY), Peru
(PE), Suriname (SR)*, Uruguay (UY), Venezuela (VE)
For travel wholly within the South American area

TC1 may also be subdivided into Atlantic sub-areas

namely:
North Atlantic (NATL) sub-area
Mid Atlantic (MATL) sub-area
 South Atlantic (SATL) sub-area
AREA 2
TC 2 Area include:
1. EUROPE
Albania (AL), Algeria (DZ), Andorra (AD),
Armenia (AM), Austria (AT), Azerbaijan (AZ),
Belarus (BY), Belgium (BE), Bosnia (BA), Bulgaria
(BG), Croatia (HR), Cyprus (CY), Czech Republic
(CZ), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Faroe Islands
(FO), Finland (FI), France (FR), Georgia (GE),
Germany (DE), Gibraltar (GI), Greece (GR),
Hungary (HU), Iceland (IS), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT),
Latvia (LV), Liechtenstein (LI), Lithuania (LT),
Luxembourg (LU), Macedonia (MK), Malta (MT),
Moldova (MD), Monaco (MC), Morocco (MA),
Netherlands (NL), Norway (NO), Poland (PL),
Portugal (PL), Romania (RO), Russia (RU), San
Marino (SM), Serbia (CS), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia
(SI), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), Switzerland (CH),
Tunisia (TN), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), United
Kingdom (GB)
Sub-groups:
European Common Aviation Area (ECAA): 31
countries in bold above
European Economic and Monetary Union
(EMU): Austria, Belgium, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Cyprus
and Malta - Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway,
Sweden
2. AFRICA
Angola (AO), Benin (BJ), Botswana (BW),
Burkina Faso (BF), Burundi (BI), Cameroon (CM),
Cape Verde (CV), Central African Republic (CF),
Chad (TD), Comoros (KM), Congo (Brazzaville
(CG), Congo (Kinshasa) (CD), Cote d’Ivoire (CI),
Djibouti (DJ), Equatorial Guinea (GQ), Eritrea
(ER), Ethiopia (ET), Gabon (GA), Gambia (GM),
Ghana (GH), Guinea (GN), Guinea-Bissau (GW),
Kenya (KE), Lesotho (LS), Liberia (LR), Libya (LY),
Madagascar (MG), Malawi (MW), Mali (ML),
Mauritania (MR), Mauritius (MU), Mayotte (YT),
Mozambique (MZ), Namibia (NA), Niger (NE),
Nigeria (NG), Reunion (RE), Rwanda (RW), Sao
Tome and Principe (ST), Senegal (SN), Seychelles
(SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), South
Africa (SA), Swaziland (SZ), Tanzania (TZ), Togo
(TG), Uganda (UG), Zambia (ZM), Zimbabwe
(ZW)
Sub-groups:
Central Africa: Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Eastern Africa: Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania,
Uganda
Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho,
Mozambique, South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland
- Libya
Indian Ocean Islands: Comoros, Madagascar,
Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, Seychelles
Western Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo
(Kinshasa), Cote d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea,
Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao
Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
3. MIDDLE EAST
Bahrain (BH), Egypt (EG)*, Iran (IR), Iraq (IQ),
Israel (IL), Jordan (JO), Kuwait (KW), Lebanon
(LB), Oman (OM), Qatar (QA), Saudi Arabia (SA),
Sudan (SD)*, Syria (SY), United Arab Emirates
(AE), Yemen (YE)
Although geographically Egypt and Sudan are
situated on the African continent, they are
included in IATA’s version of the Middle East
area.
AREA 3
IATA AREAS OF THE WORLD AND SELECTED
TC3 is composed of the whole of Asia and the
INTERNATIONAL CODES
neighboring islands (with the exception of the past
WEEK 5
included in TC2), Australia, New Zealand, and
neighboring islands and also the Pacific Islands
WHAT IS IATA AND ICAO CODES?
(except those included in TC1).
ICAO (INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
1. SOUTHEAST ASIA ORGANIZATION) has a system of four-character codes
Brunei Darussalam (BN), Cambodia (KH), China for destinations that's used for flight plans, air traffic
(excluding Hong Kong and Macau) (CN), Chinese management, and weather reporting purposes. IATA
Taipei (TW), Christmas Island (CX), Cocos Islands has an entirely separate system of three-character
(CC), Guam (GU), Hong Kong (HK), Indonesia codes for the same airports for use in ticketing and
(ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Laos (LA), baggage routing.
Macau( MO), Malaysia (MY), Marshall Islands
(MH), Micronesia (FM), Mongolia (MN),
Myanmar (BU), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), TOP TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN THE WORLD (TOP
Palau (PW), Philippines (PH), Russia in Asia (XU), TOURIST RECEIPTS EARNERS OF THE WORLD)
Singapore (SG), Tajikistan (TJ), Thailand (TH),
Timor Leste (TL), Turkmenistan (TM),
Uzbekistan (UZ), Vietnam (VN)

Sub-regions:
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN):
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and
Vietnam
Micronesia: (includes Caroline islands except
Palau Islands Group), Kwajalein, Majuro,
Ponape, Rota, Saipan, Tinian, Truk, Yap
2. South Asian / Indian Sub-continent (SASC)
Afghanistan (AF), Bangladesh (BD), Bhutan (BT),
India (IN), Nepal (NP), Pakistan (PK), Sri Lanka
(LK), Maldives (MV)
3. Japan/Korea (JAPKOR)
Japan (JP), North Korea (KP), South Korea (KR)
4. North/Central Pacific Area 3 other South
Pacific SELECTED CITY/AIRPORT CODES
5. 5Southwest Pacific
American Samoa (AS), Australia (AU), Cook
Islands (CK), Fiji (FJ), French Polynesia (PF),
Kiribati (KI), Nauru (NR), New Caledonia (NC),
New Zealand (NZ), Niule (NU), Norfolk Islands
(NF), Papua New
Guinea (PG), Samoa (WS), Solomon Islands (SB),
Tonga (TO), Tuvalu (TV), Vanuatu (VU), Wallis
and Futuna Islands (WF)
PHILIPPINE (MAJOR) CITY/AIRPORT CODES

SELECTED INTERNATIONAL CITY/AIRPORT CODES

SELECTED CITY/AIRPORT CODES