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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

STUDENT ID

STUDENT NAME

BATCH(DEPARTMENT)

SEMESTER

STREAM

YEAR
Lab Safety Do’s & Don’tsDO’SThe Chemistry laboratory must be a safe place in which to work
and learn aboutChemistry.

Most of these involve just using common sense

✓ Do keep your lab and office space clean and free of clutter.
✓ Do place one copy of your approved form in the plastic document holder on the door of the lab you are
working in.
✓ If you are working in a number of labs, put a note in the plastic document holder on the door of each
lab you are working in stating where your experimental registration form is located
✓ Do wear appropriate safety attire when in the lab - safety goggles, lab coat, etc.
✓ Do not wear open-toed shoes (sandals) in the lab.
✓ Do use the buddy system when working in the lab alone.
✓ Do not eat or drink in the lab Even if your desk is in the lab!
✓ Do avoid triphazardsKeep wires and/or tubing off the floor
✓ Do maintain good lab cleanliness - it’s for your own safety and as well as for others!
✓ Don’tEat or drink in the laboratory.
✓ Don't chew on the end of a pen which was lying on the lab bench.
✓ Don’t Directly touch any chemical with your hands.
✓ Never taste materials in the laboratory.Never Waste the reagents.
✓ When entering the lab/classroom, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials without
being instructed to do so. Perform only those experiments authorized by the instructor.
✓ When weighing never place chemicals directly on the balance pan.
✓ Never weigh a hot object.
✓ Don’t Smell anything in the laboratory unless your teacher tells you it is safe.
✓ Do not smell a substance by putting your nose directly over the container andinhaling.
✓ Instead, waft the vapor toward your nose by gently fanning the vapors towardyourself.
✓ Absolutely no running, practical jokes, or horseplay is allowed in thelaboratory.Allow the reagent
bottles to accumulate on the bench
 ✓ CHEMISTRY LAB EQUIPMENTS:

BALANCE: Used for measuringmass.

BEAKER: Used to hold , mix and heatliquids.

BEAKER TONGS : Used to Pick upbeaker.

BUNSEN BURNER : Frequently used as a heat source in the absenceof flammablematerials.

BURETTE : Used for dispensing an accurate volume of aliquid.

CLAY TRIANGLE : Used to support a crucible duringheating.

CRUCIBLE: Used for holding chemicals during heating to very hightemperatures.

CRUCIBLE TONGS: Used to holdCrucible.

ERLENMEYER FLASK : Used to hold and mix chemicals. The small neck is to facilitate mixingwithoutspilling.
EVAPORATING DISH : Used to heat liquids for evaporation.

FORCEPS : Used to pick up or hold smallobjects.

FUNNEL : Used to transfer liquids or fine-grained materials into containers with small openings. Also used

forfiltration.

GRADUATED CYLINDER: Used to measure a precise volume of aliquid.

MORTAR AND PESTLE: Used to crush and grindmaterials

AIM:Standardization of H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) with NaOH (SodiumHydroxide)

APPARATUS:

Electronic weighing balance, 250 ml conical flask, Measuring cylinder, funnel, glass rods,

Pipettes, Burettes and 100mlbeaker

PRINCIPLE

The principle behind this experiment is an acid-base titration. It is also known as neutralization reaction. This
experiment is a neutralization reaction of a base (NaOH) with acid (H2SO4). An acid solution neutralizes an
alkali solution in equal volumes provided their normal strength is equal. This means that 1 gm equivalent
weight of an acid will completely neutralise 1 gm equivalent weight of a base.In this experiment neutralization
of sodium hydroxide with H2SO4 takes place as:

2NaOH(aq)+H2SO4(aq) = Na2SO4 (aq)+ 2H2O(l)

The indicator used in this experiment is methyl orange. Methyl orange is an acidicindicator and is a weak
base. It ionizes in solution to give Me+ and OH- ions respectively.

MeOH(yellow) ->Me+ (red orpink) + OH-

In presence of alkali (base), the concentration of OH- ions increases in the solution and the equilibrium shifts
to left hand side (due to common ion effect), i.e. the ionization of MeOH is practically negligible. Thus on
addition of methyl orange in the alkali solution the colour remains yellow, which slowly turns to red or light
pink in colour with addition of acid in the medium resulting in the formation of sufficient amount of Me+ ions in
the solution.

PREPARATION OF CHEMICALS

Preparation of 250ml (x N) NaOHSolution___ gm of sodium hydroxide pellets are dissolved in 1000 ml of

water. The solution is mixed properly to achieve a homogenous solution. The strength of the resulting
solution is __N.The solutions are freshly prepared.

DIAGRAM OF TITRATION
 PROCEDURE:

• Clean the given burettes with tap water, followed by distilled water, and rinse the same
with given acidsolution.
• Clean all the required glass wares with tap water, followed by distilledwater.
• Fill the burette with the given acid solution up to the 50ml mark.
• Check the marking with lower meniscus touching thelevel.
• Remove any air bubbles present if, by flowing the solution for a period of time till the
bubbles are clearedoff.
• Refill theburetteTake 10 ml of the freshly prepared sodium hydroxide solution in a clean
250 mlconicalflask.
• Add 1 drop of methyl orange to the solution using glass rod or glasspipettes.
• The colour of the solution turns to faint yellow.
• More than 1 drop of the indicator is not recommended to avoid erroneousresult.
• Titrate the base with acid by drop by drop addition of acid from the burette till a faint pink
colour appears.
• Stop the titration once the pink colour isdeveloped.
• Record the burette reading taken as the end point of the titration.
• Repeat the same(thrice) to achieve an average titre value.

OBSERVATIONTABLE

Sr.N Volume Of NaOH Initial Burette Final Burette Titre Reading Average (ml)
o. Solution(ml) Reading(ml)
reading (ml) (Final – Initial) (ml)

1. 10

2. 10

3. 10

4. 10

CALCULATION:

The strength of the acid solution is calculated according to the given formulae:
V1 S1 = V2 S2
Where,
V1 = Volume of the H2SO4 consumed
S1 = Strength of the acid solution (H2SO4)
V2 = Volume of the base (NaOH) (10 ml)
S2 = Strength of the base, NaOH (x N)

RESULT & CONCLUSION:

The strength of the given H2SO4 (Hydro Sulphuric acid solution) was foundtobe------------N.
Normality – Normality (N) is defined as the number of mole equivalents per litre of solution, i.e.

normality (N) = (Number of mole equivalents / Volume of solution inlitres).

Molality – Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute per kg of solvent,

i.e. Molality (m) = (Moles of Solute / Weight of solvent inkg)

.Molarity – Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles per litre of solution, i.e.

Molarity (M) = (Moles of solute / Volume of solution inlitres).

Formality – Formality (F) of a solution is the number of gram formula weight of the ionic
solution dissolved per litre of the solution, i.e.

Formality (F) = (Weight of solute in gram per litre of solution / Formulaweight).

1-Normal solution – 1(N) solution means that the solution contains exactly 1 mole equivalents
of the solute per litre of thesolution.

1-Molal solution – 1(m) solution means that the solution contains exactly 1 mole of solute per
kg of the solvent.

1-Molar solution – 1(M) solution means that the solution contains exactly 1 mole of solute per
litre of the solution.

1-Formal solution – 1(F) solution means that the solution contains 1 gram (in terms of formula
weight) of an ionic solute dissolved per litre of thesolution.

Standard solution – A standard solution is a solution containing a precisely known

concentration of an element or a substance. Its concentration remains constant all thetime.

Primary-standard solution – A primary standard solution is a reagent that is very pure,

representative of the number of moles the substance contains, and easily weighed. These are
used in titration to determine an unknownconcentration.

Secondary-standard solution – A secondary-standard solution is a chemical term that refers

to a solution that has its concentration measured by titration with a primary
standardsolution.
pH – It is the figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on
which 7 is neutral, lower values more acidic and higher values more alkaline.

The pH is equal to -log 10 c, where c is the H+ ion concentration in moles perlitre.

pOH – It is a measure of OH- ion concentration. It is used to express the alkalinity of a solution.
Higher the value on a pOH scale, more acidic the solution is, lower values are more alkaline and
7 isneutral.

pKa - pKa is the negative base-10 logarithm of the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of a solution,
i.e.

pKa= -log 10 Ka. It is used to determine the strength of an acid or acidic solution.

pKb – pKb is the negative base-10 logarithm of the base dissociation constant (Ka) of a
solution, i.e. pKb = -log 10 Kb.
It is used to determine the strength of a base or alkalinesolution.

pKw - pKw is the product of the concentration of H+ and OH- ions in water, i.e.

pKw = -log 10 Kw = [H+][OH-]. pKw of water at 25◦C is14.

What do you mean by titration?

Ans) Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the
concentration of an identified analyte. A reagent, termed as titrant is prepared as a standard
solution of known concentration and volume. The titrant reacts with a solution of analyte to
determine its concentration.Name six indicators and colours in acidic and basic medium.

INDICATOR ACIDIC MEDIUM BASIC MEDIUM

Thymol Blue Red Yellow

Methyl red yellow red

Methyl Orange Red yellow

Chlorophenol Red Yellow Red

Azolitmin Red Blue

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink

Model questions for viva-voce

➢ What do you understand by strength and normality of solution?

➢ What is primary standard solution? Give example.
➢ What is secondary standard solution ? give example.
➢ Define pH.
➢ What is pH of pure water?
➢ What is the colour of methyl orange indicator in acidic medium?
➢ What is the colour of phenolphthalein indicator in basic medium?
➢ What is the equivalent weight of oxalic acid?
➢ Prepare 500 ml 2(N) NaOH solution.
➢ Give examples of two strong acids and two weak acids.
➢ Give examples of two weak acids and two weak bases.
➢ What are the uses of burette and pipette?
➢ How can you measure the accurate strength of a secondary standard solution?