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Diamagnetism,Ferromagnetism,and
Paramagnetism
Physics Diamagnetism,Ferroma...

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Origin of Magnetism

The origin of magnetism is explained by

taking into consideration the circular
motion of electrons. The electrons present
inside the atoms move in circular orbits
around the nucleus; this is similar to a
circular coil carrying current. The
electron's orbital motion gives rise to the
orbital magnetic moment.

The electrons tend to spin around in their

own axis, thus creating a spin magnetic
moment. The magnetic moment of an
atom is the result of the vector sum of the
orbital and spin magnetic moment. Based
upon the magnetic properties, the
magnetic substances are classi!ed into
three groups, namely diamagnetic,
ferromagnetic, and paramagnetic.

Short Brief on Diamagnetic

Substances
Diamagnetic De!nition
Diamagnetic substances are magnetized
weakly when placed in an external
magnetic !eld in a direction that is
opposite to the applied !eld. The type of
magnetism that is exhibited by these
substances is known as diamagnetism.
Examples of diamagnetic substances are
copper, gold, antimony, bismuth, silver,
lead, silicon, mercury, etc.

The electron's orbital motion gives rise to

an orbital magnetic moment. In addition
to this, the electrons tend to spin around
their own axis, creating a spin magnetic
moment. Electrons in an atom can have a
clockwise or anticlockwise spin. In a
similar way, the electrons can revolve
around the nucleus in a clockwise or
anticlockwise direction.

In the case of diamagnetic substances, the

magnetic moments of atoms and the
orbital magnetic moments have been
oriented in such a manner that the vector
sum of an atom’s magnetic moment
becomes zero.

Characteristics
In a diamagnetic substance, the
magnetic moment of every atom is
calculated to be zero.

An external magnetic !eld can repel

them weakly.

If diamagnetic substances are

placed in a non-uniform magnetic
!eld, then the substances move
towards the weaker side of the !eld
from the stronger side.

When these substances are placed

in an external magnetic !eld, they
get weakly magnetized in the
direction that is opposite to the
direction of the !eld.

Magnetic susceptibility turns out to

be negative in diamagnetic
substances.

Ferromagnetic Substance
Substances that get magnetized strongly
in an external magnetic !eld in a direction
which is the same as the direction of the
externally applied !eld are known as
ferromagnetic substances. These types of
substances retain their magnetic moment
even after the removal of the magnetic
!eld. Ferromagnetic substances tend to
move from weaker to stronger parts of
the external !eld. Some examples of
ferromagnetic substances are iron, cobalt,
and nickel.

In the ferromagnetic substances spin,

magnetic moments have a large
contribution. These substances consist of
a large number of small units that are
known as domains. These domains
experience torque when a ferromagnetic
substance is exposed to an external
magnetic !eld. Due to this, the domains
rotate and remain parallel to the direction
of the !eld.

Characteristics
A large number of small domains
make ferromagnetic substances.

These substances do not lose their

magnetism when the external
magnetic !eld is removed.

These substances become

paramagnetic when they are heated
above the curie point.

The external magnetic !eld strongly

attracts ferromagnetic substances.

These ferromagnetic materials tend

to move from the weaker to the
stronger part of the !eld when the
magnetic !eld is non-uniform.

If a rod of ferromagnetic substance

is placed in a uniform magnetic !eld,
the rod comes to rest with its length
being parallel to the direction of the
!eld.

Paramagnetic Substances
Substances that get magnetized weakly
when placed in an external magnetic !eld
in the same direction as the direction of
the externally applied !eld are known as
paramagnetic substances. These
substances are di#erent from
ferromagnetic and diamagnetic
substances. They have a tendency to
move from the weaker to the stronger
part of the magnetic !eld. Some examples
of paramagnetic substances are calcium,
lithium, tungsten, aluminum, platinum,
etc.

In a paramagnetic substance, each atom

has a permanent magnetic dipole moment
because of the way they spin, the
magnetic moments are oriented.
However, the direction of magnetic
moments can have random orientations
when there is thermal motion. Due to
which the net magnetic moment of this
substance is zero.

Characteristics
Every atom in this substance is
considered as a magnetic dipole that
has a resultant magnetic moment.

The external magnetic !eld creates

a weak attraction to these
substances.

They move from weaker to the

stronger part of the !eld when
placed in a non-uniform !eld.

These substances lose their

magnetism when the external
magnetic !eld is removed.

Types of Magnets
The 3 types of magnets are-

Permanent Magnet- Permanent

Magnets are magnets that never
lose their magnetic property once
they're magnetized.

Temporary Magnet- Temporary

Magnets are magnets that lose their
complete magnetic property when
the magnetic !eld is removed.

Electromagnets- Electromagnets are

material that behaves like a magnet
when electricity is passed through
them.

Cause of Magnetic Field on Earth

The $ow of liquid iron at the center of the
Earth generates an electric current that
produces magnetic !elds. Earth’s
magnetic !eld is produced very deep
down in the core of the planet.

The cycle continues because the Charged

metals passing through these !elds
produce their electric currents. This type
of self-sustaining loop is called the
geodynamo. The collective e#ect of
magnetic !elds produces 1 vast magnetic
!eld going to the planet. This is the reason
behind the magnetic !elds on Earth.

Properties of a Magnet

Magnetic poles always occur in

pairs.

The like poles of any magnet will

repel each other while the unlike
poles will always attract each other.

The smaller the distance between 2

magnets, the greater magnetic force
there exists between the 2 magnets.

Whenever a magnet is left

suspended freely in the air, it always
eventually rests in a north-south
direction.

The pole that points towards the

geographic north is called the North
Pole of the magnet. The pole that
points towards the geographic
South is called the South Pole of the
magnet.

Magnets always attract

ferromagnetic substances.

It is noticeable that, when any

magnet is submerged in some iron
!lings, the iron !lings stick only to
the end of that magnet. This
happens because the magnetic
attraction is maximum at the ends
of any magnet. These ends are also
called the magnet poles.

Conclusion
This article presents you with a clear
picture of Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism
and Paramagnetism. You can check out
Vedantu for more information.

Last updated date: 17th Sep 2023 • Total views: 312.6k • View

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FAQs on
Diamagnetism,Ferromagnetism,and
Paramagnetism

1. Di#erentiate Between Paramagnetic

and Diamagnetic Substances.

Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic Substances
Substances

The term
paramagnetic refers The term diamagnetic
to the attraction of refers to the repulsion of
material to an material from an external
external magnetic magnetic !eld.
!eld.

These substances
These substances have no
have at least one
unpaired electrons.
unpaired electron.

Magnetic !eld
Magnetic !eld direction is
direction is the
opposite to the direction
same as that of the
of the external magnetic
external magnetic
!eld.
!eld.

They exhibit weaker

They exhibit magnetic behavior and
stronger magnetic easily get surpassed in the
behavior. presence of stronger
magnetic properties.

2. Di#erentiate Between Diamagnetic

and Ferromagnetic Substances.

3. What is a Magnetic Field?

4. How is the magnetic !eld created by

current conducting conductors?

5. What is the Right-Hand Thumb Rule?

6. What is Magnetic Field Intensity?

7. Why are magnetic $ux lines

important?

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