Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 123

Choice (A) is incorrect because a preposition is needed before the adjective clause.
Choice (C) is incorrect because the relative pronoun comes before the preposition.
Choice (D) is incorrect because the relative pronoun has been omitted.
There are six types of flamingos, all ____ have long legs, long necks,
and beaks that curve sharply downward.
(A) of them
(B) that
(C) of which
(D) they

Choices (A) and (D) do not contain connecting words needed to join clauses. Choice
(B) does not follow the correct pattern of relative clauses after a quantity word (all).
The correct pattern needed to complete this sentence is quantity word + of + marker.
Only (C) follows this pattern. ...

Exercise 18

Focus: Answering structure problems involving incomplete adjective clauses. (Note: One or two
items in this exercise do not focus on adjective clauses; these items are marked in the answer key
with asterisks.)
Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentence,
and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.
1. Most folk songs are ballads ______ have simple words and tell simple stories.
_ _ (A) what
_ _ (B) although
_ _ (C)when
~ (D) that

2. After its introduction in 1969, the float process ______ the world's principal method of
manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
___ (A) by which it became
_ _ _ (B) it became
_ _ (C) became
___ (D) which became
3. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, _ _ _ _ __
___ (A) engineers were educated there
_ _ _ (B) where engineers were educated
_ _ _ (C) in which were engineers educated
___ (D) where were engineers educated
4. Many of Louise Nevelson's sculptures consisted of a number of large wooden structures
______ in complex patterns.
___ (A) which she arranged
_ _ _ (B) she arranged them
___ (C) which arranged
___ (D) arranged them
124 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

5. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E. White was a writer ______ the struggle for
survival on the American frontier.
___ (A) whose novels describe
_ _ _ (B) he describes in his novels
_ _ (C) his novels describe
___ (D) who, describing in his novels
6. Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes, ______ the throats of extinct
volcanoes.
_ _ (A) in which they resemble
_ _ (B) which resemble
___ (C) there is a resemblance to
_ _ (D) they resemble
7. William SamuelJohnson, helped write the Constitution, became the flrst
president of Columbia College in 1787.
_ _ (A) whom he had
_ _ (B) and he had
_ _ (C) who had
_ _ (D)had
8. Seals appear clumsy on the land, are able to move short distances faster than
most people can run.
_ _ (A) but they
_ _ (B) which they
_ _ (C) they
_ _ (D)which
9. The instrument panel of a light airplane has at least a dozen instruments _ _ _ _ __
___ (A) the pilot must watch
_ _ (B) what the pilot must watch
_ _ (C) which the pilot must watch them
___ (D) such that the pilot must watch them
10. A keystone species is a species of plants or animals ______ absence has a major effect on
an ecological system.
_ _ (A) that its
_ _ (B) its
_ _ (C)whose
_ _ (D) with its
11. The size and shape of a nail depend primarily on the function ______ intended.
___ (A) which it is
_ _ _ (B) for which it is
___ (C) which it is for
_ _ (D) for which is
12. In geometry, a tangent is a straight line _ _ _ _ __ a curve at only one pOint.
_ _ (A) it touches
_ _ (B) whose touching
_ _ (C) its touching
_ _ (D) that touches
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 125

I:). It was the ragtime pianist Scott Joplin _ _ _ _ _ _ the "Maple Leaf Rag, " perhaps the best
known of all ragtime tunes.
(A) wrote
___ (B) the writer of
___ (C) who wrote
___ (D) writing
14. There are oyer 2.000 varieties of snakes. _ _ _ _ _ _ are harmless to humans.
___ (A) mostly they
___ (B) most of them
___ (C) most of which
___ (D) which most
I,). Smokejumpers are descend into remote areas by parachute to fight forest fires.
_ _ (A) firefighters
___ (D) when firefighters
_ _. (C) who, as firefighters
___ (D) firefighters who
16. Charlotte Gilman's best known book _ _ _ _ _ _ she urges women to become financially
independent.
_ _ (A) is U;r)11zell and Economics. in which
___ (ll) m'nnell and Economics. in which
___ (C) is W'i"mwn and Economics, which
___ (D) U;omen and Economics, which