Science

Periodic table
Atom
Atom is the smallest particle of an element that can
exist

-Atoms our so tiny that you can’t even see it through a

common microscope
-Atoms is made of subatomic particle=
Protons, electron and neutron
Orbit and orbital

Orbit
An orbit is a fixed path on which electrons revolve around
the nucleus.
Orbital
An orbital is the probable area of finding the maximum
density of electrons in an atom.
Simplified: Atomic orbitals are the places surrounding the
nucleus of an atom where the electrons are most likely to
be at any given time
Molecules
Molecules are two or more atoms which are held
together strongly by a chemical bond

-such an attractive force holding the atom together is

called a chemical bond

Elements
Elements are pure substances that are made of only one
type of atom.
An element is a substance whose atoms all
have the same number of protons: another way
of saying this is that all of a particular
element's atoms have the same atomic
number.
-Hydrogen is the lightest element

-Although an element’s atoms must

all have the same number of protons, they
can have different numbers of neutrons and
hence different masses. When atoms of the
same element have different numbers of
neutrons, they are called isotopes.

Elements are chemically the simplest

substances and hence cannot be broken down
using chemical reactions. Elements can only
be changed into other elements using nuclear
methods.

-Carbohydrates are biological molecules made of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Chemical formula Cx(H2O)y
-Name of the chemical bond in
carbohydrate
Glycosidic bond

Compound
A compound is substance made up of different elements
joined together by a chemical bond.

Isotopes
Isotopes are members of a family of an element that all
have the same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons

Four most common elements

in the solar system
Nuclide A Mass fraction in parts per million

Hydrogen-1 1 705,700

Helium-4 4 275,200

Oxygen-16 16 9,592

Carbon-12 12 3,032

Periodic table
-Periodic table blocks:
Understanding the periodic
table
1- Alkali metals
alkali metal, any of the six chemical elements that make
up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table—namely, lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs),
and francium (Fr). The alkali metals are so called because
reaction with water forms alkalies (i.e., strong bases
capable of neutralizing acids).
-They are also found on the s-block
-Also alkali metals react to water
-Meanings:
Neutralizing acids and bases
A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react
to form water and a salt
Base
In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that donates
electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide

2- Alkaline earth metal

The alkaline earth metals are six chemical
elements in s-block of the periodic table.
Theyare beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg),
calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba),
and radium (Ra).
-The elements have very similar properties:
they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat
reactive metals at standard temperature
and pressure
- All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature

3- Lanthanide (prononunce
lan·thuh·nide)
-All the lanthanide name are: Lanthanum (La) Cerium (Ce)
Praseodymium (Pr) Neodymium (Nd) Promethium (Pm)
Samarium (Sm) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Terbium (Tb)
Dysprosium (Dy) Holmium (Ho) Erbium (Er) Thulium (Tm)
Ytterbium (Yb) Lutetium (Lu)

-Lanthanide are found in the f-block

-The lanthanides are a group of 15 chemical elements, with

atomic numbers 57 through 71.

-All of these elements have one valence electron in the 5d shell.

-The elements share properties in common with the first

element in the group -- lanthanum.

-The lanthanides are reactive, silver-colored metals.

-The most stable oxidation state for lanthanide atoms is +3, but
the +2 and +4 oxidation states are also common.

-Although the lanthanides are sometimes called the rare earths,

the elements are not particularly rare. However, they are
difficult to separate from one another.

4-Actinide (pronounce ak·tuh·nide)

-actinides are thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium
(U), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), americium (Am),
curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium
(Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (No),
and lawrencium (Lr)
-Actinide are d-block and the f-block elements

-All are radioactive. These elements have no stable isotopes.

-Actinides are highly electropositive.
-The metals tarnish readily in air. These elements are
pyrophoric (spontaneously ignite in the air), particularly as
finely divided powders.
-Actinides are very dense metals with distinctive structures. -
Numerous allotropes can be formed—plutonium has at least six
allotropes. The exception is actinium, which has fewer
crystalline phases.
-hey react with boiling water or dilute acid to release hydrogen
gas.
Actinide metals tend to be fairly soft. Some can be cut with a
knife.
These elements are malleable and ductile.
All the actinides are paramagnetic.
All these elements are silver-colored metals that are solid at
room temperature and pressure.
Actinides combine directly with most nonmetals.
The actinides successively fill the 5f sublevel. Many actinide
metals have properties of both d block and f block elements.
Actinides display several valence states, typically more than the
lanthanides. Most are prone to hybridization.
The actinides (An) may be prepared by reduction of AnF3 or
AnF4 with vapors of Li, Mg, Ca, or Ba at 1100-1400 C.
5-Noble gases
The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He),
neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the
radioactive radon (Rn). ... For the first six periods of the
periodic table, the noble gases are exactly the members of
group 18.

-Electronegativity
Is a measure of atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to it
self

Air resistance
 Air resistance is drag which opposes the
relative motion of an object through air. Air
resistance is the result of collisions of the object's
leading surface with air molecules

-forces and motion

Q-What is force?

Ans.

What can force do?

Ans. 1-set in motion

2-change velocity

3-Stop the motion

4-Change the direction

 5-Change the shape of an object

Types of forces=
Non-contact forces: force which
acts on an object without coming
physically in contact with it

Contact forces: Forces that

result from the interaction of
two objects in contact with
each other

Examples:
Contact force=Applied Force,
Frictional Force, Air resistance
and normal force
Non-contact force=
Gravitational force, Electrical
force, Magnetic force