20239 – ESC101 – Engineering Science Praxis I – Lecture 05

Finishing
Requirements
and Making
Connections
Profs. Roger Carrick, Rob Irish, Morgan Hooper, and Jenny Lofgreen
… and, of course, that leads us to Aristotle
 binary thinking, hyper-rationalism
three types of appeal Making an argument
using an appropriate authority
logos enhances your ethos
reasonable pure reason
compassion trustworthy
reasoning

Which of these What will give me

dominates balanced authority in engineering?
argument
requirements?
engineering?
pathos ethos
emotional trust in
connection persona
manipulation celebrity
emotionalism popularity cult

personal empathy
Textbook pp. 31-37
 binary thinking, hyper-rationalism
three types of appeal typical
Note that
engineering this says
logos arguments typical
reasonable pure reason
compassion trustworthy
reasoning

Why or when
balanced
do we still need argument
to consider pathos?
pathos ethos
emotional trust in
connection persona
manipulation celebrity
emotionalism popularity cult

personal empathy
Textbook pp. 31-37
 Toulmin’s Structure of Argument
Ground

Claim This is a great pen

Justi cation

Quali er

Evidence
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 This is a useful starting place for
nding existing designs for things
fi
It took a few tries to nd the right words
… I narrowed by previous attempts

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 Toulmin’s Structure of Argument
Ground

Claim This is a great pen

Justi cation

Quali er

Evidence
Testing not
example
based on a
standard
fi
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…but the University doesn’t have
Japanese Standards 😢

and I don’t speak Japanese

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14145-1

Third edition
2017-12

Roller ball pens and refills —

Part 1:
General use
 ISO 14145-1:2017(E)

Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 Tip classification .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Shapes and dimensions of refills ............................................................................................................................................. 2
4.3 Performance .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.3.1 Writing performance.................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.2 Strike through..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.3 Drying time ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.4 Reproducibility .................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.3.5 Water resistance............................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.6 Light resistance ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.3.7 Cap-off time .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.8 Shelf life ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Test equipment and accessories .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
 4.3.7 Cap-off time .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.8 Shelf life ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Test equipment and accessories .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 Write test machine............................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Performance testing paper ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.3 Eraser .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
5.4 Reproducibility apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
5.5 Light test apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5
6 Testing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
6.1 Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2 Climatic conditions for testing .................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.1 Writing performance test ......................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.2 Strike through test .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.3 Drying time test ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.3.4 Reproducibility test ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.5 Water resistance test .................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.6 Light resistance test ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.7 Cap-off time test ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.3.8 Shelf life test......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7 Designation and marking ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7.1 Designation ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7.2 Marking ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
8 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
 Toulmin’s Structure of Argument

This pen surpasses

the ISO standard for
Ground Claim
rollerball pens Acceptance

which show solid lines

Justi cation test
Evidence
results
without blobbing

within strict
based Quali
on test er
conditions
an adapted
rollerball test run at home
Counterclaim

See textbook chapter 2

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 Model
World As It Is World As
{I,We} Perceive It

World {I,We} World As

Create {I,We} Dream It

Build
Reality Theory
(Technology) (Science, Math, Humanities)
 Toulmin’s Structure of Argument

Ground Claim Acceptance

Justi cation Evidence

Quali er

Counterclaim

See textbook chapter 2

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For the First Year EngSci Backpack Recommendation

An objective defines something a design is (should be) or does

(should do)
An objective captures an intention of the design

1 What are some possible intentions of the design?

2 How could you articulate those intentions as

something the design should “be” or “do”?

Lecture 04
“Driving” Objective “I want a backpack that’s big
enough to carry my school stuff”
More a “stakeholder statement”

Why is this insufficient in the backpack for school stuff context?

Volume Litres
Characteristic Unit
Based on metrics

(Measurement) Process
Check the vendor’s website

Lecture 04
 Increasing specificity enables metric selection

Each of these intentions is a separate objective. You want to

make sure that you can understand how a design meets each
objective independently.
 Potential Objectives Potential Metrics

Hold devices safely during transport Impulse (Ns)

Durable against wear from everyday use ???

Prevents contents from becoming wet Waterproof (mm)

Characteristics have multiple possible units
 How do these

+
alternatives compare?
Informed by
criteria
Utility

Unfortunately the design (and decision making)

literature is very vague on what this means.
Think “goodness” or “desirability” or “preference”
or similar.

Characteristic (in a unit from a metric)

+
 +

+
Utility

Utility
Characteristic (in a unit from a metric) Characteristic (in a unit from a metric)

+
+

+
Utility

Utility
Characteristic (in a unit from a metric) Characteristic (in a unit from a metric)

+
+

+
Utility

Utility
Characteristic (in a unit from a metric) Characteristic (in a unit from a metric)
+

+
This is not an exhaustive enumeration
 Is this alternative
+ viable?
Informed by
constraints
No Yes
Utility

Isn’t a cut-off effectively a constraint?

Should — cut-off with tolerance

Must — hard cut-off

“Should”Characteristic (in a unit from a metric)

allows the possibility of doing something different if

+
there is an accepted supporting argument. Must does not.
Which
What dobackpack
I want in Frame Diverge
do I want 🤔
a backpack? Understand the situation Come up with lots of ideas

Represent
• Sketch • Model • Prototype
• Report • Argue • Build
• Photograph • Present •…

Converge
Throw some ideas away

The
Perspective Taking The World
World
as we see it
as it is
Set of Requirements
Objectives
Metrics
Criteria and/or Constraints
Which backpack Frame Diverge
do I want 🤔 Understand the situation Come up with lots of ideas

Represent
• Sketch • Model • Prototype
• Report • Argue • Build
• Photograph • Present •…

Converge
Throw some ideas away
 Frame Diverge
Understand the situation Come up with lots of ideas

Represent
• Sketch • Model • Prototype
• Report • Argue • Build
• Photograph • Present •…

Is this alternative Converge How do these

viable? Throw some ideas away alternatives compare?
Informed by How does this alternative measure? Informed by
constraints criteria
Based on metrics
 +
Objective:

Utility
Prevents contents from becoming wet
Characteristic (in a unit from a metric)

+
Metric: Waterproof (mm) Criteria:
More is better
 +
Objective:

Utility
Prevents contents from becoming wet
Characteristic (in a unit from a metric)

+
Metric: Waterproof (mm) Criteria:
Constraint:
Must be at least 10mm More is better
1
Frame Diverge
… with associated
2 Understand the situation measurement
Come processes
up with lots of ideas

3 Represent
• Sketch • Model • Prototype
• Report • Argue • Build
In what order must you answer these questions? Why?
• Photograph • Present •…

(A) Is this alternative

viable?
Converge (C) How do these
alternatives compare?
Throw some ideas away
Informed by (B) How does this alternative measure? Informed by
constraints criteria
Based on metrics
 In design the relationships among requirements are
almost never 1:1:1 because reality is complicated
Objective ζ Objective ψ

Objective π Objective ω Objective φ

Metric ᐈ Metric ᒅ Metric ᔜ

Constraint Ж Constraint Й Criteria Д

Criteria Я Criteria Ю Criteria Щ

Take two minutes at your table: just based on these relationships what are
some of the potential errors this designer made? How would you fix them?
The Role of Research
How did we get to these terms?

How do we need to be able to do

research for design (and university)?

Why do I need to do research?

What is “research”?

Lecture 03
 What is “research”?

1 Finding sources for proof, information,

processes, ‘reference designs’, and Secondary
related concepts
2 Testing through experimentation,
modelling, surveying or prototyping
Primary
3 Discovering something new

“Three months in the lab can save you three

hours in the library” Prof. Jane Philips (CHE)
 What is “research”?
Secondary
• Find an article or book that
explains a concept
• Find existing designs similar
to our concept(s) or with
similar components to our
concept(s)
• Find processes, codes, or
standards to guide design
fi
Primary
• Interact with stakeholders,
clients, or experts
• Do eld observations or tests
• Test some aspect of design
using model (simulated or
built)
• Test the underlying principle
for design work
• Discover a new phenomenon
 Analytical Interpretive Speculative Crazy
Ground Idea
Claim Claim Claim

Lecture 03
IsThemy claim
further Analytical
a claim is from the ground,
the more evidence and justification
or Interpretive?
it requires to be acceptable.
Lecture 02
Is my claim Analytical
or Interpretive?
As I add evidence, I
reduce the burden for
interpretation
Why is a “standard” useful? Lecture 03
Last week a number of teams had ideas about the value
of walking t for brain productivity in finding food. Find an
article that could help explain the value.

Hint start in Google Scholar or the Library

Be ready to explain your search

(especially the terms used)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14145-1

Third edition
2017-12

Roller ball pens and refills —

Part 1:
General use
Lecture 03
Stylos rollers et recharges —
 4.3.6 Light resistance ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.3.7 Cap-off time .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.8 Shelf life ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Test equipment and accessories .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 Write test machine............................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Performance testing paper ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.3 Eraser .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
5.4 Reproducibility apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
5.5 Light test apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5
6 Testing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
6.1 Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2 Climatic conditions for testing .................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.1 Writing performance test ......................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.2 Strike through test .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.3 Drying time test ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.3.4 Reproducibility test ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.5 Water resistance test .................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.6 Light resistance test ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.7 Cap-off time test ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.3.8 Shelf life test......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7 Designation and marking ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7.1 Designation ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7.2 Marking ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
8 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

Lecture 03
1 Start with a useful database 2 Use ndings to learn

3 Use re ned terms 4 Use the library!!!

fi
fi
For Studio this week:
If possible, bring devices that will
allow you to easily search and
read the results — tablet, laptop,
etc.
6.3 Procedure

6.3.1 Writing performance test

Take a quantity of at least 10 roller ball pens and/or refills at random. Generate a continuous 400 m
line on the testing paper specified in 5.2 by the write test machine specified in 5.1 under the climatic
conditions specified in 6.2.
At the start and finish of the writing distance, examine for conformity with 4.3.1.
Use this machine-written test sheet for the following tests, except for 6.3.3 (drying time test), 6.3.7
(cap-off time test) and 6.3.8 (shelf life test).

6.3.2 Strike through test

Prepare a machine-written test piece approximately 5 cm long, without the beginning and end of a
written line, from the test sheet provided in 6.3.1 and keep it under the climatic conditions specified in
6.2 for 24 h.
Examine the back of the test paper for conformity with 4.3.2.

6.3.3 Drying time test

Draw a straight line in accordance with 5.1 a), b) and c) on the testing paper specified in 5.2. After 20 s,
rub once perpendicularly across the written line with the eraser specified in 5.3.
Examine the line for conformity with 4.3.3.
 oduction or distribution is permitted.
rial licensed to University of Toronto by Techstreet LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2021-09-
5.2 Performance testing paper
The performance testing paper shall conform to the specifications given in either Table 3 or Table 4.

Table 3 — Testing paper A

Reference
Specification International
Standard
Grammage 80 g/m2 ± 5 g/m2 ISO 536
Smoothness 3 µm ± 0,25 µm ISO 8791-4
Residue after incineration (11 ± 1) % residue (ash) at 900 °C ISO 2144
Cobb value 18 g/m2 ± 2 g/m2 (45”) (≙Cobb60 = 20 g/m2 ± 3 g/m2) ISO 535
Thickness 80 µm ± 5 µm ISO 534
Colour White —
Composition 100 % wood cellulose fibre, bleached —
NOTE This paper was previously designated for ball point pens.

Table 4 — Testing paper B

Reference
Specifications
International Standard
2 2
5 Test equipment and accessories

5.1 Write test machine

The write test machine (see ISO 12756) shall be set to each of the following conditions when performing
the machine writing test:
0
a) point load: 1 N;
−0 , 3
+5° 0
b) writing angle: test write a sample at 60° and 70° , determine at which angle the trace is
0 −5°
most consistent and select this angle;
c) writing speed: 4,5 m/min ± 0,5 m/min;
d) writing pattern: continuous spiral line (100 mm circumference) with a pitch between 2 mm
and 5 mm.

What would you do if you do not have this machine?

4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Take 3 minutes as a table to develop a
plan to “proxy” this test machine