English for Analytical/Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2nd Semester Teacher: Ms.

MOUFFOK

Course 04: Acid Base Titration

I. Introduction

 Titration is pronounced:/ taɪˈtreɪʃən/

 Titration is also known as titrimetric analysis / tahy-truh-me-trik/ and volumetric analysis.
 Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative and chemical analysis.
 It is used so as to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed).
 There are a number of ways that you could carry out a titration in Chemistry.

I. Definition of Titration:
1- Titration is a practical technique used to determine the amount or concentration of a substance in a
sample. It is an example of quantitative analysis. An acid-alkali titration can be used to find out what volume
of acid (or alkali) of known concentration exactly neutralises a known volume of alkali (or acid) of unknown
concentration. This concentration can then be calculated.
2- A titration is defined as ‘the process of determining the quantity of a substance A by adding measured
increments=addition of substance B, the titrant, with which it reacts until exact chemical equivalence is
achieved= (the equivalence point)’.

II. Definition of Key Terms

1- Analyte:/anlayte/ The solution of unknown concentration but known volume put in conical flask.

2- Titrant: / taɪˈtrent/ The solution of known concentration put in burette.

3- Equivalent Point: It is a theoretical point where the amount of two reactants are just equivalent.

4- End point: It is a practical point at which the reaction is observed to be complete, this point is usually

observe with the help of indicator.

5- Indicator: An conducive material used to identify the outcome of the titration processes. They change

color/colour in a pH range.

I. Types of Titrations:
1- Acid-base titrations.

2- Redox titrations

3- Precipitation titrations
English for Analytical/Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2nd Semester Teacher: Ms. MOUFFOK

4- Complexometric titrations

Standard Procedures:

1. Use a pipette(same pronon) and pipette filler to add 25 cm3 of alkali solution to a clean conical flask.
2. Add a few drops of a suitable indicator and put the conical flask on a white tile.
3. Fill the burette with dilute acid. Flush the tap through to remove any air bubbles. Ensure the burette is
vertical.
4. Slowly add the acid from the burette to the conical flask, swirling to mix. (The mixture may at first
change colour, and then back again when swirled.)
5. Stop adding the acid when the end-point is reached (when the colour first permanently changes). Note
the final volume reading.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 until three results are repeatable (in close agreement). Ideally these should lie
within 0.10 cm3 of each other.

II. Acid-base titration

titrations depend on the neutralization(nyoutralazashion) between an acid and a base when mixed in
solution. The acid-base indicator indicates the endpoint of the titration by changed color.
((In this experiment we well find the normality of NaOH by using HCl as a titrant agent)). Hydrochloric acid
reacted with sodium hydroxide according to the following equation: (ekwayjen)
HCL+NaOH NaCl+H2O

III. Safety Precaution:

Hazard Possible harm Possible precaution

Dilute sodium hydroxide Causes skin and serious Wear gloves and eye protection,
solution eye irritation and use a pipette filler

Spilling hydrochloric acid while Fill the burette slowly below eye
Causes eye irritation
filling the burette level, using a funnel

Materials Needed:

Glassware:
Burette – Stand – Conical flask – Funnel – Beaker – Pipette – Graduated Cylinder – Dropper – Washing
bottle.
English for Analytical/Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2nd Semester Teacher: Ms. MOUFFOK

Materials:
HCl solution (standard) known normality. 2- NaOH solution of unknown normality. 3- Phenol naphthalene
indicator.

Procedures:

1- Transfer by a pipette 5 ml of unknown NaOH solution to a conical flask.

2- Add to the conical flask two drops of phenol naphthalene indicator.
3- Fill the burette with HCl solution to zero mark.
4- Titrate NaOH against HCl until the color of solution changes from colorless to pink.
5- Repeat the experiment three times and record your results. Calculations: The unknown concentration
calculated by using the law:

N1V1 = N2V2

I Pronounce Correctly

1- Final /s/: 1 Plural / present simple tense

/s/ /z/ /iz/

Reacts Titrantions Processes

Letter before s/es : does not Letter before s/es: vibrate (lungs) x, s,ss,c,z,j,dj,ch,sh
vibrate (mouth) P,t,k,f,th
B,d,g,m,n,r,l,v,vowels

2- Final /ed/: Past simple tense

/t/ /d/ /id/

English for Analytical/Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2nd Semester Teacher: Ms. MOUFFOK

Letter before ‘ed’ does not Letter before ‘ed’ vibrate (lungs) Letter before ‘ed’ T/d
vibrate (mouth)