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Bhartiya Loktantra Chunautiyaon evam Sambhavnein (in Hindi)

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 ISSN: 0024-595X

yksdrU= leh{kk
_________________________________________________________________________________

[k.M 46 vad 3–4 tqykbZ & fnlEcj 2014

 Lkkafo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku
ubZ fnYyh

v/;{k
Jherh lqfe=k egktu] yksdlHkk v/;{k

ofj"B mik/;{k
Jh ,l- ,l- vgywokfy;k] lkaln] yksd lHkk

voSrfud dks"kk/;{k
Jh dqaoj vkuUn flag] vf/koDrk

dk;Zdkfj.kh lnL;
fuokZfpr ukfer

Jh txnso Jh jaxklk;h jkekd`".kk

vf/koDrk lkaln] jkT; lHkk

Jh Mh- ,l- ekFkqj Jh ’kqe’ksj ds- ’ksfjQ

vf/koDrk egklfpo] jkT; lHkk

MkW lqjsUnz flag jk.kk Jh vuwi feJk

,lksfl,V izksQSlj] fnYyh fo’ofo|ky; egklfpo] yksd lHkk

Jh ftrsUnz ikjk’kj] lh-vks-,-] Jherh Hkkjrh ,l- flgkx

lh-vkj-vkj-vkbZ-] fnYyh ,Q-,-] fof/k ,oa dkuwu eU=ky;

Jh lqjs’k pUnz
la;qDr lfpo ,oa fof/k lykgdj
 yksdra= leh{kk
[k.M 46 vad 3‐4 tqykbZ & fnlEcj 2014

lEiknd e.My

v/;{k
Jh ,l- ,l- vgywokfy;k
lkaln] yksd lHkk

Lkgk;d lEiknd
MkW- jfoUnz flag

lkafo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku

ubZ fnYyh
 lkafo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku
18‐21, foV~ByHkkbZ iVsy gkml] jQh ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh ‐ 110 001
Website: icpsindia.org
E‐mail: icps.newdelhi@gmail.com

© 2014 lkafo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku

ISSN: 0024‐595X

if=dk esa lgh tkudkjh miyC/k djokus rFkk =qfV;k¡ nwj djus dk gj laHko iz;kl
fd;k x;k gSA rFkkfi laHko gS fd if=dk esa Hkwyo'k dqN v'kqf);k¡ jg xbZ gksaA ,slh
fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr ds fy, ys[kd] lEiknd o laLFkku fdlh Hkh :i ls mÙkjnk;h
ugha gksxkA
 foÔ; lwph

[k.M 46 vad 3–4 tqykbZ & fnlEcj 2014

Yks[k
1. Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡
jfoUnz flag 107

2. fof/kd lsok ds fofHkUu igyq] lq’kklu dh fn’kk esa Bksl dne %

jktLFkku ds lUnHkZ esa ,d vuqHkoewyd v/;;u
vfuy dqekj ikjhd 127

3. U;k; dh cnyrh vo/kkj.kk dk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ij izHkko

vt; HkwisUnz tk;loky 141

4. fgUnw fof/k esa L=h ds lkEifÙkd vf/kdkj % vrhr ls orZeku rd ¼,d

fo’ysÔ.k½
vkse izdk’k flag
ftrsUnz feJ 154

5. Hkkjr esa dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k % dkj.k] izHkko vkSj lek/kku

lquhy egkoj 166

6. Lkkekftd U;k; dh LFkkiuk esa MkW- vEcsMdj dk ;ksxnku

v:.k dqekj mik/;k; 179

7. /keZ] fgalk vkSj jktuhfr

dkeuk tSu 192

8. varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj pkVZj vkSj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku %

U;kf;d fuoZpu ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k
iadt xqIrk 199

9. Hkkjrh; laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk ds ifjisz{; esa i=dkfjrk %

,d v/;;u
lqjsUnz flag 211

10. Hkkjrh; yksdrU= vkSj pquko lq/kkj dh vko';drk

iwue nsoh 222
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=%
pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡

jfoUnz flag

twu 1947 esa fczfV'k laln esa is'k fd, x, Hkkjrh; LorU=rk fo/ks;d ij cgl esa
fgLlk ysrs gq, folaVu pfpZy tks fd f}fr; fo'o ;q) ds nkSjku fczVsu ds iz/kku ea=h
jgs Fks] us Hkkjr dks LorU=rk iznku djus dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj Hkkjr ds Hkfo"; vkSj
ns'k ds ml le; ds jktuSfrd usrR` o ij xEHkhj iz'ufpõ yxk,A pfpZy ds Hkk"k.k dk
lkj ;g Fkk fd ;fn Hkkjr dks LorU=rk iznku dh xbZ rks og yEcs le; rd laxfBr
yksdrU= ugha jg ik;sxk vkSj fo[kf.Mr gks tk;sxkA ijUrq bu lHkh Hkfo";okf.k;ksa vkSj
'kadkvksa dks >qBykrs gq, Hkkjr vkt fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdrU= gS vkSj lu~ 1947
esa LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr ls orZeku rd fdruh gh pqukSfr;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd
lkeuk djrs gq, lrr :i ls ,d lqn<` +] l{ke ,oa lcy jk"Vª cudj mHkj jgk gSA
viuh vusd yksdrkfU=d miyfC/k;ksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ds dkj.k vkTk Hkkjr fo'oiVy ij
,d egRoiw.kZ fodkl'khy ns'k gS vkSj fu%lUnsg orZeku esa dksbZ Hkh ns'k ;k vUrZjk"Vªh;
laLFkk vius uhfr fuekZ.k esa bls ut+jvUnkt ugha dj ldrkA Hkkjr dh ,d yksdrU=
ds :i esa miyfC/k bl rF; ds ifjizs{; esa vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gS fd f}fr;
fo'o ;q) ds i'pkr~ LorU=rk izkIr djus okys rFkk vius ;gk¡ yksdrkfU=d O;oLFkk
LFkkfir djus okys ns'kksa esa ls vf/kdrj jkT; xSj&yksdrkfU=d 'kfDr;ksa ds nckoksa dks
yEcs le; rd ugha >sy lds vkSj tYn gh ogk¡ rkuk'kkgh O;oLFkk,¡ LFkkfir gks xbZA
Hkkjr ds lHkh iM+kSlh jkT;ksa us fdlh u fdlh le; bl na'k dks >syk gSA
,f'k;k] vÝhdk vkSj ySfVu vesfjdk egk}hiksa ds bu vuqHkoksa ds foifjr] twu 1975
ls ekpZ 1977 dh yxHkx nks o"kZ dh y?kq vof/k ds vfrfjDr] Hkkjr lrr~:i ls ,d
yksdrkfU=d ns'k jgk gSA yksdlHkk ,oa jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa ds pquko fuf'pr
le;kof/k ij gq, gSa rFkk pquko vk;ksx }kjk bu pqukoksa dks fu"i{krk ,oa dkQh gn

’kks/k vf/kdkjh] lkafo/kkfud ,oa lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
108 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

rd 'kkfUriwoZd djokus ds dkj.k pquko vk;ksx dh fo'oluh;rk ns'k ds vUnj gh ugha

cfYd fons'kksa esa Hkh cuh gSA lÙkk la?k"kZ 'kkfUriwoZd ,oa e;kZfnr jgs gSa(jktuhfrd nyksa
us lnk gh tuer dks Lohdkj fd;k gS ,oa lHkh lÙkk ifjorZu laoS/kkfud@oS/kkfud
izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i gq, gSaA ukSdj'kkgh us pquh gqbZ ljdkj dh loksZPprk dks Lohdkj
fd;k gS vkSj lÙkk:<+ ny dh uhfr;ksa dks iwjh izfrc)rk ds lkFk ykxw fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; lsukvksa ds }kjk Hkh ljdkj }kjk fy, tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dk
dHkh dksbZ izR;{k ;k ijks{k iz;kl ugha fd;kA lsukvksa us jktuSfrd lÙkk gfFk;kus dk
dHkh dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k vkSj os Hkh pquh gqbZ ljdkj ds izfr fu"Bkoku jgh gSaA
lHkh i{kksa us lafo/kku dh loksZPprk dks Lohdkjk gS rFkk fof/k }kjk LFkkfir dkuwu dk
'kklu lnk gh loksZifj jgk gS vkSj ml ij dHkh dksbZ iz'ufpõ ugha yxk gSA ns'k esa
dsoy ,d gh dkuwu ykxw gS tks fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ds fcuk lHkh ij leku
:i ls Ykkxw gksrk gSA U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=rk dks lnk gh Lohdkjk x;k gS rFkk mldh
fu"i{krk ,oa fo'oluh;rk ij dHkh dksbZ iz'ufpõ ugha yxk;k x;k gSA U;k;ikfydk dh
LorU=rk dks u rks dHkh pqukSrh nh xbZ gS vkSj u gh ml ij dksbZ ikcUnh yxkus dh
dksf'k'k dh xbZ gS vkSj ;g ckr yksdrU= ds pkSFks LrEHk ehfM;k ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gS
ftlds mÿij ljdkj }kjk xSj&U;k;laxr fua;=.k yxkus dk dksbZ iz;kl ugha gqvk gSA
ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa fo/kkuikfydk] dk;Zikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydk us lafo/kku iznÙk
lhekvksa ds vUnj dk;Z fd;k gS rFkk 'kfDrvksa ds i`FkDdhdj.k ds fl)kUr dk lnSo gh
lEeku fd;k gSA ljdkj us lafo/kku esa mYysf[kr fl)kUrksa ds vuq:i dk;Z fd;k gS
rFkk iaFkfujis{krk ds fl)kUr dk fu"Bk ds lkFk vuqlj.k djrs gq, fdlh Hkh /keZ ds
vuq;kf;vksa ls dHkh dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k x;k gSA dk;Zikfydk us lafo/kku }kjk
ukxfjdksa dks iznÙk vf/kdkjksa dks mUgsa iznku djokus dk ;FkklaHko iz;kl fd;k gS rFkk
mUkdslekurk vkSj LorU=rklfgr fdlh Hkh vf/kdkjdk guu djus dh fdlh Hkh dksf'k'k
dks foQy djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
Hkkjr tSlk fo'kkyrk ,oa fofo/krkvksa rFkk lkekftd&lkaLd`frd cgqyrkvksa okyk ,slk
ns'k tks fd nks lfn;ksa ds fczfV'k mifuos'kokn dh fouk'kdkjh 'kks"kd uhfr;ksa ds
ifj.kkeLo:i xEHkhj vkfFkZd&'kS{kf.kd fiNM+is u ls xzLr jgk gks] ds fy, fu%lUnsg
mijksDr lHkh dksbZ NksVh miyfC/k;k¡ ugha gSaA ijUrq gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd ;s
lHkh fdlh Hkh ns'k esa yksdrU= dh lQyrk ds fy, vko';d 'krsZa gSa u fd ,d thoar
,oa izxfr'khy yksdrU= dh fo'ks"krk,¡A
izLrqr ys[k dk mn~ns'; Hkkjrh; yksdrU= ds le{k izeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dk mYys[k djuk
rFkk mu pqukSfr;ksa ds ewy esa tks dkj.k gSa mudh igpku dj muds muds lek/kku gsrq
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 109

dqN lq>ko nsuk gSA izLrqr ys[k iqLrdky;h 'kks/k ¼Library Research½ dk ifj.kke gSA
bl ys[k esa f}fr;d vk¡dM+ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS tks fd eq[;r% izkFkfed óksrksa
¼Primary Sources½ ls fy, x, gSaA

Hkkjrh; yksdrU= dh pqukSfr;k¡

Hkkjrh; yksdrU=ds le{k vusd pqukSfr;k¡ fo|eku gSa tks fd blds ,d lQy yksdrU=
cuus ds jkLrs esa xEHkhj :dkoV gSaA buesa ls dqN izeq[k pqukSfr;kssa dk o.kZu uhps fd;k
x;k gS%

lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh U;wu fLFkfr

ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ¼Human Development Index½1 fofHkUu ns'kksa ds rqyukRed
lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ,oa izkekf.kd ladsrd gSA la;qDr jk"Vª
fodkl dk;ZØe (United Nations Development Programme ‐ UNDP) }kjk
izfro"kZ ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds ifjdyu dsvk/kkj ij ekuo fodkl fjiksZV dk
izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA bl fjiksZV esa ekuo fodkl lEcU/kh lkekftd&vkfFkZd igywvksa
ls lEcfU/kr vusd ?kVdksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mu ?kVdksa ds la;qDr
rqyukRed v/;;u ds i'pkr~ fofHkUu ns'kksa ds ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dk ifjdyu
fd;k tkrk gSA
fczDl ¼BRICS ‐ Brzil, Russia, India, China, South Africa½ ns'kksa rFkk Hkkjr ds
iM+kSlh ns'kksa ds lEcU/k esa ekuo fodkl fjiksZV] 2014 esa lfEefyr dqN izeq[k ?kVdksa 2
dk fooj.k uhps nks rkfydkvksa esa fn;k x;k gS%
mijksDr rkfydkvksa ls Li"V gS fd lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds mijksDr yxHkx lHkh
?kVdksa ds lUnHkZ esa fczDl ns'kksa dh Js.kh esa Hkkjr dh miyfC/k U;wure gSA iM+kSlh
vYifodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkh Hkkjr dh fLFkfr fo'ks"k vPNh ugha dgh tk ldrhA

1 ekuo fodkl lwpdkad fofHkUu ns'kksa esa fodkl ds rqyukRed v/;;u dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku
ekuk tkrk gSA 1990 esa iz[;kr ikfdLrkuh vFkZ'kkL=h egcwc my gd+ rFkk fodkl
vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds ,d lewg ftlesa ve`R; lsu Hkh lfEefyr Fks] }kjk fodkl ds vFkZ'kkL= dk
Qksdl jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkvksa ds LFkku ij tu&dsfUnzr uhfr;ksa dh vksj izLFkkfir djus ds
mn~ns'; ls lq>k;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1990 ls la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe(United Nations
Development Programme ‐ UNDP) }kjk izdkf'kr ekuo fodkl lwpdkad thou
laHkkO;rk] f'k{kk rFkk vk; lEca/kh vk¡dM+ksa dk la;qDr lwpd gSA
2 United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report
2014,pp. 159‐181
110 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

mnkgj.kkFkZ LokLF; ij dqy [kpZ ds vfrfjDr vU; lHkh ?kVdksa ds lUnHkZ esa Jhyadk
dh fLFkfr Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa vf/kd lqn`<+ gSA rkfydk&1 ls ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS
Hkkjr dk fyax fo"kerk lwpdkad ikfdLrku ds leku gS rFkk mijksDr lHkh ns'kksa esa
U;wure gSA vr% ekuo fodkl fjiksZV ds mijksDr ?kVdksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS
fd ns'k dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gSA
rkfydk&1
ns'k ekuo fodkl fyax fo"kerk izfr O;fDr vk;*
lwpdkad lwpdkad ¼MkWyj esa½
Øe eku Øe eku
fczDl ns'k
:l 57 0.778 52 0.314 22617
czkthy 79 0.744 85 0.441 14275
phu 91 0.719 37 0.202 11477
nf{k.k vÝhdk 118 0.658 94 0.461 11788
Hkkjr 135 0.586 127 0.563 5150
iM+kSlh ns'k
Jhyadk 73 0.750 75 0.383 9250
HkwVku 136 0.584 102 0.495 6775
caXykns'k 142 0.558 115 0.529 2713
usiky 145 0.540 98 0.479 2194
ikfdLrku 146 0.537 127 0.563 4652
* o"kZ 2011 esa Ø; 'kfDr lekurk (Purchasing Power Parity) ds vk/kkj ij
rkfydk&2
ns'k tUe ds le; xjhch js[kk ls LokLF; ij dqy vkSlr f'k{k.k
vk;q ¼o"kksZa esa½ uhps izfr'kr [kpZ ¼ldy o"kZ
laHkkO;rk tula[;k# ?kjsyw mRikn dk
¼o"kZ 2013 esa½ izfr'kr½
fczDl ns'k
:l 68 ‐‐ 6.2 11.7
czkthy 73.9 6.14 8.9 7.2
phu 75.3 11.8 5.2 7.5
nf{k.k vÝhdk 56.9 13.77 8.5 9.9
Hkkjr 66.4 32.68 3.9 4.4
iM+kSlh ns'k
Jhyadk 74.3 ‐‐ 3.4 10.8
HkwVku 68.3 1.66 4.1 2.3
caXykns'k 70.7 43.25 3.7 5.1
usiky 68.4 24.82 5.4 3.2
ikfdLrku 66.6 21.04 2.5 4.7
# o"kZ 2002‐2012 ds nkSjku 1.25 $ izfr fnuØ; 'kfDr lekurk (Purchasing Power
Parity) ds vk/kkj ij
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 111

xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh

Hkkjr esa xjhch eq[;r% fczfV'k 'kklu dh mUuhloha o chloha lnh esa ywV dh uhfr dk
ifj.kke gSA3 1850 ls 1947 dh vof/k esa Hkkjrh; vFkO;oLFkk esa dksbZ o`f) nt+Z ugha
dh xbZ D;ksafd bl vof/k esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f) nj Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh
o`f) nj ¼1 izfr'kr½ ds leku jghA 4 vius fufgr LokFkksaZ dh iwfrZ ds fy, Hkkjr esa
fczfV'k ljdkj us ;gk¡ ds ijEijkxr m|ksxksa dks u"V dj fn;kA jkstxkj ds oSdfYid
voljksa dh miyC/krk ds vHkko ds dkj.k d`f"k ij ncko c<+k ijUrq nwljh rjQ d`f"k
ds fodkl dh vksj Hkh dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA 5 bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd
LorU=rk ds le; ns'k esa xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh vR;Ur xEHkhj leL;k,¡ FkhA
orZeku esa Hkkjr esa xjhch js[kk dk vuqeku ¼Estimation½ rsUnqydj lfefr ¼2009½
}kjk vuq'kaflr i)fr ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA 6 rsUnqydj lfefr us xjhch js[kk
fu/kkZj.k ds fy, [kkus] jgus] iguus] f'k{kk] LokLF; ,oa euksjatu vkfn ij gksus okys
[kPkZ dks lfEefyr djus dh flQkfj'k dh vkSj lfefr us blh vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa o"kZ
2004‐05 esa xjhch dk vkdyu fd;kA7 mlds ckn ds o"kksZa esa xjhch dk vkdyu mlh
i)fr ds vuqlkj eqnzkLQhfr ds dkj.k ewY;o`f) dks lek;ksftr djus ds mijkUr fd;k

3 jk;] Vh-] ßXykscsykbts'ku] QSDVj izkblst ,.M ikoVhZ bu dksyksfu;y bfUM;kÞ] vkWLVªsfy;u
bdkWuksfed fgLVªh fjO;w] [k.M 47] vad 1] ekpZ 2007] i`- 73‐94
4 VkWefyUlu] ch- vkj ¼1993½]nh bdkWukseh vkWQ ekWMuZ bf.M;k 1860‐1970] dSfEczt
;wfuoflZVh izSl] i`- 5
5 fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku d`f"k ijEijkxr i)fr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr jgh ftlesa uohu midj.kksa
rFkk izfof/k;ksa ds mi;ksx dh vksj dksbZ c<+kok ugha fn;k x;k u gh mUgsa [ksrh ds fy,
vk/kqfud midj.k [kjhnus ds fy, _.k miyC/k djokus dk dksbZ iz;kl fd;k x;kA lkFk gh
fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk flapkbZ ds fy, ugjksa ds fuekZ.k dh vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;k]
fdlkuksa dks flapkbZ ds fy, ckfj'k ij gh fuHkZj jguk iM+rk FkkA ljdkj dk lkjk /;ku
dsoy fdlkuksa ls yxku olwyh ij Fkk ftls fdUgha Hkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa de ;k ekQ ugha fd;k
tkrk FkkA
6 blls iwoZ xjhch js[kk dk vkdyu dSyksjh miHkksx ¼callorie intake½ dh vko';drk ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k tk jgk FkkA bl vkdyu ds vUrZxr f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; dks jkT; dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro ekurs gq, ukxfjdksa }kjk bu nksuksa enksa ij fd, tkus okys O;; dks xjhch js[kk
ds vkdyu esa lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA
7 Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty,
Planning Commission, Government of India, Nov 2009
112 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

tkrk gSA fuEu rkfyd }kjk Hkkjr esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgus okys yksxksa ds lEcU/k esa
vuqekuks8a dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS%
rkfydk&3
xjhch js[kk ls uhps izfr'kr tula[;k lEcU/kh vuqeku
o"kZ xzkeh.k 'kgjh dqy
1993‐94 50.1 31.8 45.3
2004‐05 41.8 25.7 37.2
2009‐10 33.8 20.9 29.8
2011‐12 25.7 13.7 21.9

mijksDr vuqekuksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ns'k esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps jguh okyh izfr'kr
tula[;k esa fujUrj fxjkoV vafdr dh tk jgh gSA ijUrq xjhch js[kk lEcU/kh mijksDr
vuqekuksa dh vdknfed ,oa uhfr nksuksa gh leqnk;ksa }kjk bl vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh
xbZ fd ;g vuqeku ns'k esa xjhch dh n'kk dh okLrfod fLFkfr dks inf'kZr ugha djrh
gSaA bl pkSrjQk vkykspuk dh izfrfØ;k Lo:i xjhch dk vuqeku yxkus dh oSdfYid
i)fr dk lq>ko nsus ds iz;kstukFkZ dsUnzh; ljdkj us izfl) vFkZ'kkL=h lh- jaxjktu
dh v/;{krk esa o"kZ 2012 esa ,d vU; lfefr dk xBu fd;kA jaxjktu lfefr }kjk
twu 2014 esa izLrqr viuh fjiksVZ esa vuqeku yxk;k fd Hkkjr esa xjhcksa dh la[;k
36.30 djksM+ ¼dqy tula[;k dk 29.6 izfr'kr½ gS tks fd rsUnqydj lfefr }kjk
vuq'kaflr i)fr ds vk/kkj ij yxk, x, vuqeku ls yxHkx 10 djksM+ vf/kd gSA9
xjhch ls ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+h ,d vU; leL;k gS csjkstxkjhA okLro esa csjkstxkjh
xjhch dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k gSA ;|fi Hkkjr esa xjhch dk lgh vuqeku yxkuk dkQh
dfBu gS 10 rFkkfi Hkkjr ljdkj ds Je ,oa jkstxkj ea=ky; ds Je ¼Labour½ C;wjks
}kjk ns'k esa 2010esa jkstxkj lEcU/kh ,d losZ{k.k }kjk ns'k esa jkstxkj fLFkfr dk
vuqeku yxkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA 1 vizSy 2010 ls 15 vxLr 2010 dh vof/k esa
fd;k x;k ;g iz;kl ns'k esa viuh rjg dk igyk losZ{k.k FkkA losZ{k.k esa 28 jkT;ksa@

8 Press Note On Poverty Estimates, 2011‐12, Government of India, Planning

Commission, July 2013
9 Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Measurement of Poverty,
Planning Commission, Government of India, June 2014, p. i (Preface)
10 ,slk izeq[kr% d`f"k {ks=esa fNih csjkstxkjh ¼Disguised Unemployment½ ds dkj.k ftlls
bl {ks= esa csjkstxkjh dk lgh vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk vkSj fo'kky vlaxfBr {ks=
¼Unorganised Sector½ ftlls lEcfU/kr izkekf.kd rF;@ tkudkjh miyC/k u gksus ds
dkj.k bl {ks= esa jkstxkj dh miyC/krk dk okLrfod vuqeku yxkuk dfBu gS] ds dkj.k
gksrk gSA
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 113

dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa ds 300 ftyksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA los{Z k.k esa dqy 45859
ikfjokfjd bdkb;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k ftuesa ls 24653 xzkeh.k o 21206 'kgjh
ikfjokfjd bdkbZ;k¡ FkhA losZ{k.k fjiksZV ds vuqlkj ns'k dh Je 'kfDr esa izR;sd 1000
esa ls 94 O;fDr csjkstxkj gSa vFkkZr ns'k dh Je 'kfDr dk 9.4 Hkkx csjkstxkj gSA 11
;g dkQh fodV ifjfLFkfr gS tks fd Hkkjr ds ,d lQy yksdrU= gksus ds nkos ij
xEHkhj iz'ufpà yxkrh gSA
LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ xjhch nwj djus vkSj jkstxkj ds lk/ku miyC/k djokus ds fy,
ns'k esa vusd iz;kl fd, x,A fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds vUrZxr bu nksuksa
leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, iz;kl fd, x, vkSj blds fy, vusd dk;ZØe Hkh
pyk, x, ftuesa fiNys n'kd esa ykxw fd, x, egkRek xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj
xkjaVh vf/kfu;e ¼eujsxk½] 2005 vkSj jk"Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk vf/kfu;e] 2013 izeq[k gSaA
ijUrq [ksn dk fo"k; gS fd bu lHkh iz;klksa ds ckn Hkh ns'k esa xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh dh
leL;k vHkh Hkh dkQh tfVy gSA

viz;qDr tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k (Untapped Demographic Dividend)

o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx 35 izfr'kr

Hkkx 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q oxZ dk gS rFkk lu~ 2020 rd Hkkjr nqfu;k dk lcls
vf/kd dk;Z'khy tula[;k ¼Productive Population½ okyk ns'k gksxkA vf/kd
tula[;k ds dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh vusdksa leL;kvksa ds e/; tukafddh ykHkka'k
¼Demographic Dividend½ 12 dh ;g fLFkfr vkus okys dqN o"kksaZ esa ns'k ds fy,
ojnku fl) gksxhA ijUrq tukafddh ykHkka'k ds b"Vre nksgu ds fy, vko';d gS fd
dk;Z'khy tula[;k dh mRiknd {kerk dk iw.kZ ykHk mBk;k tk, vFkkZr ¼v½ dk;Z ds
bPNqd O;fDr ds fy, dk;Z miyC/k gksuk pkfg, rFkk ¼c½ og O;fDr dk;Z djus esa
l{ke gksuk pkfg,A vU;Fkk tukafddh ykHkka'k dh fLFkfr ns'k ds fy, ojnku u gksdj
cks>cu tkrh gSA
mÿij ns'k esa jkstxkj dh miyC/krk dh fLFkfr ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd fofHkUu
ljdkjksa }kjk jkstxkj ds volj miyC/k djokus ds ckn Hkh ns'k esa csjkstxkjh dh

11 Report on Employment and Unemployment Survey (2009‐10), Labour Bureau,

Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India, October 2010, pp.
i‐vi
12 Gates, Bill, ʺIndiaʹs Health is Its Wealthʺ in The Times of India, New Delhi, Aug
15, 2014, p. 26
114 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

leL;k fujUrj c<+rh xbZ gSA orZeku esa dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk ßesd bu bf.M;kÞ
dk;ZØe ds }kjk Hkkjr esa fons'kh fuos'k dks fn, tk jgs izksRlkgu ls ;g vk'kk dh tk
ldrh gS fd jkstxkj ds i;kZIr volj miyC/k gksaxs vkSj tukafddh ykHkka'k ds mi;qDr
nksgu ds fy, ;g vko';d 'krZ iwjh gksxhA ;|fi Hkkjrh; iz'kklu ds ijEijkxr
ifjos'k ,oa udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ds dkj.k bl dk;ZØe dh lQyrk Hkh lansgkLin gSA
ijUrq tukafddh ykHkka'k ds mi;qDr nksgu ds fy, nwljh vko';d 'krZ vFkkZr l{kerk
vf/kd xEHkhj gSA l{kerk nks ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS% 'kkjhfjd :i ls dk;Z djus esa
l{ke ¼vFkkZr LoLFk½ gksuk rFkk dk;Z djus esa n{k ;k dq'ky ¼Skilled½ gksukA vkadM+s
nksuksa gh ds lanHkZ esa mRlkgtud n`'; izLrqr ugha djrs gSaA

LokLF;
csgrj LokLF; fdlh Hkh ns'k esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu ykus gsrq ewy rRo gSA iz[;kr
vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds ,d oSf'od vk;ksx ¼GlobalCommission½ us ik;k fd LokLF; rFkk
jk"Vªh; le`f) ds e/; ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA vk;ksx dh fjiksZV ds vuqlkj fuEu rFkk
e/;e vk; oxZ okys ns'kksa esa fiNyh ih<+h ds nkSjku yxHkx 11 izfr'kr vkfFkZd fodkl
dsoy O;Ld e`R;q nj esa fxjkoV dk ifj.kke FkhA13
,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k O;fDrxr Lrj ij mRikndrk esa 10 izfr'kr
dh deh vkrh gS tcfd dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 3 ls 4 izfr'kr dh
fxjkoV vkrh gSA14 ;|fi lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa ds ?kks"k.kki=ksa esa lkoZHkkSe LokLF; lsok,¡
¼Universal Healthcare½ miyC/k djokus dk ladYi gksrk gS ijUrq okLro esa LokLF;
lsok,¡ fdlh Hkh ljdkj dh izkFkfedrk ugha jgh gSaA 15 LokLF; lsokvksa dks ljdkj dh
xkS.k izkFkfedrk dk izek.k bl rF; ls feyrk gS fd jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losZ{k.k&3]
tks fd o"kZ 2005‐06 esa djok;k x;k Fkk vkSj tks fd iwjs ns'k ds LokLF; lEcU/kh
vkadM+s iznku djus okyk ,dek= izkekf.kd óksr ekuk tkrk gS] ds i'pkr~ jk"Vªh;
ifjokj LokLF; losZ{k.k&4 djokus esa dksbZ :fp ugha fn[kk jgh FkhA 16 ;g bl rF; ls
Hkh fl) gks tkrk gS fd fiNys dkQh le; ls ns'k esa LokLF; lsokvksa ij ljdkjh [kpZ

13 Rai, Usha, ʺUndernourishment, A Silent Emergency ʺ in The Tribune, New

Delhi, June 25, 2014, p. 9
14 Ibid
15 Gupta, Dipankar, ʺGet Well First, Get Wealthy Nextʺ in The Times of India,
New Delhi, May 26, 2014, p. 18
16 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National‐health‐survey‐not‐
nixed/articleshow/15266014.cms
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 115

viz;kZIr gSA Hkkjr esa LokLF; lsokvksa ij ljdkjh [kpZ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 1.1
izfr'kr gS tcfd phu esa ;g 2.4 izfr'kr rFkk czkthy esa 4.9 izfr'kr gSA17 okLro esa
Hkkjr LokLF; lsokvksa ij U;wure ljdkjh [kpZ djus okys ns'kksa dh Js.kh esa lfEefyr
gSA LokLF; lsokvksa ij ljdkjh [kpZ mu o"kksZa esa Hkh dkQh de jgk tcfd ns'k esa
vkfFkZd o`f) nj 9 izfr'kr jghA ns'k esa LokLF; lsokvksa ij yxHkx 80 izfr'kr [kpZ
fuft {ks= }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA18 vr% yksxksa dks LokLF; lsokvksa ij fuft rkSj ij [kpZ
djuk iM+rk gS ftls ogu djus esa ns'k dh xjhc turk v{ke gS vkSj blh dkj.k ns'k
esa yxHkx 30 izfr'kr xzkeh.k chekjh dh voLFkk esa viuk mipkj ugha djok ikrs gSa
tcfd yxHkx 47 izfr'kr 'kgjokfl;ksa dks vius mipkj ds fy, _.k ysuk iM+rk gSA19
la;qDr jk"Vª ds d`f"k ,oa [kk| laxBu ¼Food and Agriculture Organisation½ ds
vuqlkj lu~ 2012 esa Hkkjr dh 18 izfr'kr tula[;k dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkj FkhA 20 ns'k
dh 'kgjksa esa fuokl djus okyh 25 izfr'kr ls vf/kd tula[;k LoPNrk fofgu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgrh gS tcfd 24 izfr'kr ,slh tula[;k dks uy ds ikuh dh vkiwfrZ
miyC/k ugha gSA 21 jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k laxBu ¼National Sample Survey
Organisation½ dh ,d fjiksZV ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jgus okyh yxHkx 80
izfr'kr rFkk 'kgjksa esa jgus okyh yxHkx 70 izfr'kr tula[;k dks fu/kkZfjr vko';d
2400 fdyks dSyksjh ¼Kcal½ izfr fnu miyC/k ugha gks ikrh gSA 22 LokLF; lsokvksa ds
vHkko rFkk dqiks"k.k dk yksxksa ds LokLF; ij xEHkhj izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gS ftldk
lcls vf/kd na'k xjhc efgykvksa o cPpksa dks >syuk iM+rk gSA ik¡p o"kZ ls de vk;q
ds yxHkx 20 yk[k cPpksa dh izfr o"kZ e`R;q gks tkrh gS tcfd 5.5 djksM+ cPps
dqiks"k.k ds f'kdkj gSaA ;wfulsQ ¼UNICEF½ dh ,d fjiksZV ds vuqlkj fo'o ds dqy
,d&frgkbZ dqiks"k.k ds f'kdkj cPps Hkkjr esa jgrs gSa tcfd rhu o"kZ ls de vk;q ds
47 izfr'kr cPps lkekU; ls de otu ¼Underweight½ ds gSaA 23 ;|fi ns'k esa
2004‐2006 dh o"kkZof/k dh rqyuk esa 2010‐2012 dh o"kkZof/k esa izlo ds le;

17 Gates, Bill, op. cit.

18 Chaudhuri, Mohuya, ʺAiling Social Sector and Political Apathyʺ in The
Tribune, New Delhi, March 27, 2014, p. 11
19 Gupta, Dipankar, op. cit.
20 Virmani, Arvind and Charan Singh, ʺMalnutrition Among Childrenʺ in The
Tribune, New Delhi, Jan 4, 2014, p. 20
21 Luna, R.K., ʺHow India Can Reap Demographic Dividendʺ in The Tribune,
New Delhi, April 15, 2011, p. 11
22 The Times of India, New Delhi, Dec 27, 2014, p. 20
23 Virmani, Arvind and Charan Singh, op. cit.
116 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

efgyk e`R;q nj ¼Maternal Mortality Rate½ 254 izfr 100000 thfor tUeksa ls
?kVdj 178 izfr 100000 thfor tUe vafdr dh xbZ ijUrq ge vHkh Hkh 109 izfr
100000 thfor tUeksa ds izlo ds le; efgyk e`R;q nj ds lgókCnh fodkl y{;
¼Millennium Development Goal½ ls cgqr nwj gSaA24

n{krk ¼Skill½
f'k{kk ekuo dks n{k ,oa dq'ky cukdj mldh mi;ksfxrk o`f) djds O;fDrxr Lrj ij
ykHkdkjh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk O;fDr dks ns'k ds fodkl esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa
l{ke cukrh gSA O;fDrxr ,oa jk"Vªh; fodkl esa f'k{kk ds egRo dks le>rs gq, ljdkj
us LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa ns'k esa f'k{kk ds izpkj
izlkj gsrq vusd iz;kl fd,A blesa lUnsg ugha fd ljdkj ds fujarj iz;klksa ls vkt
ns'k esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa egRoiw.kZ ek=kRed ¼Quantitative½ o`f) gqbZ gS ijUrq [ksn
dk fo"k; ;g gS fd bu laLFkkvksa] fo'ks"k rkSj ij ljdkjh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh] xq.koÙkk
ij ,d cM+k iz'ufpõ gSA xSj ljdkjh laLFkk ^izFke ,tqds'ku QkmUMs'ku* 25 }kjk
izdkf'kr f'k{kk ij okf"kZd voLFkk fjiksZV26 ¼Annual Status of Education Report½
2013 ds vuqlkj%

 ik¡poha d{kk esa i<+us okys dsoy 47 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh nwljh d{kk dh ikB~;
iqLrdsa i<+us esa l{ke Fks tcfd ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys ,sls fo|kFkhZ ek=
41.1 izfr'kr FksA [ksn dk fo"k; ;g gS fd ,sls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vuqikr lu~ 2009
ls lr~r :i ls de gks jgk gSA
 rhljh d{kk esa ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys dsoy 33.2 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ vkSj fuft
Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys 47.8 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh xf.kr ds ?kVk ds iz'u gy djus esa
l{ke FksA

24 Rai, Usha, op. cit.

25 ^izFke* Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,d iz[;kr xSj ljdkjh laLFkk ¼Non‐Government
Organisation½ gS tks fd fiNys dqN o"kksZa ls izR;sd o"kZ Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vius
losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kk ij okf"kZd voLFkk fjiksZV ¼Annual Status of Education
Report½ izdkf'kr djrh gSA bl losZ{k.k dk mn~ns'; xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Ldwyh cPpksa ds iBu o
xf.kr ds ekSfyd ;k vk/kkjHkwr Kku ds Lrj dk fo'oluh; vk¡dyu djuk gSA
26 Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013, Pratham Education
Foundation, New Delhi, p. 66
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 117

 ik¡poha d{kk esa ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys dsoy 20.8 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ rFkk fuft
Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys 38.9 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh xf.kr esa rhu vadksa dh la[;k dk
,d vad dh la[;k ls foHkktu lEcU/kh iz'uksa dks gy dj ikus esa l{ke FksA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa viuh d{kk@vk;q ds vuq:i Kku ds vHkko dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k fu/kZurk
gSA xjhch ds dkj.k ekrk&firk ds fy, jksth&jksVh dekuk izkFkfed ojh;rk jgrk gS
rFkk cPpksa dh f'k{kk xkS.k gks tkrh gSA cPps ;k rks izR;{k :i ls Je djrs gSa vFkok
vizR;{k :i ls jksth&jksVh dekus esa ;Fkk ?kj esa dke djuk ;k NksVs HkkbZ&cguksa dh
ns[kHkky djuk] ;ksxnku djrs gSaA vusd ckj ekrk&fiRkk dk dk;ZLFky ?kj ls nwj gksus
ds dkj.k mUgsa cPpksa dks vius lkFk ys tkuk iM+rk gSA Qyr% cPpksa ds fo|ky;ksa esa
tkus rFkk KkuktZu dh fujUrjrk ugha cuh jg ikrh vkSj os fiNM+ tkrs gSaA27
xq.koÙkk dh leL;k mPprj f'k{kk esa Hkh dkQh xEHkhj gSA fo'o esa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa
ds pkjksa okf"kZd losZ{k.kksa28 esa ns'k dk dksbZ Hkh mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku fo'o ds izFke 200
laLFkkuksa esa LFkku izkIr ugha dj ikrkA Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku] caxykSj ¼Indian
Institute of Science, Banglore½ la?kkbZ ;wfuoflZVh }kjk fd, x, 500 mPp f'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa ds losZ{k.k dh lwfp esa 300 ls Hkh mÿij jSad izkIr dj ik;k tcfd FkkWelu
jkW;Vj }kjk fd, x, 500 laLFkkuksa ds losZ{k.k esa [kM+xiqj] cEcbZ rFkk :M+dh esa
LFkkfir Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku ¼Indian Institute of Technology½ 226 ls mÿij
gh jSad izkIr dj ik,ADokdjSyh lk;ekWUM }kjk fd, x, 800 fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds losZ{k.k
esa dsoy 11 Hkkjrh; laLFkku gh LFkku izkIr dj ik,A dsoy nks Hkkjrh; laLFkku &
Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] cEcbZ] rFkk Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] fnYyh & ,f'k;k ds
50 'kh"kZ mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa LFkku izkIr dj ik,( cEcbZ fo'fo|ky; dks ,f'k;k esa
140ok¡ LFkku izkIr gqvktcfd ikfdLrku ds nks fo'fo|ky;ksa dks blls vPNk jSad izkIr
gqvkA29
o"kZ 2007 ds ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa izfr o"kZ yxHkx 3 yk[k bfUtfu;fjax
Lukrd rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa ls yxHkx 20 yk[k vU; Lukrd mrhZ.k gksrs gSa ijUrq buesa
ls 10‐15 izfr'kr gh fons'kh vkbZ-Vh- o ch-ih-vks- dEifu;ksa esa fu;kstuh;

27 Rao, Urmila, ʹRight to Education and the Marginalisedʹ in The Tribune, New
Delhi, July 11, 2014, p. 11
28 Conducted by the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), the Centre for World
University Ranking, Shanghai University, and Thosom Reuters
29 Ghuman, B.S., ʹTime for a Quality Check: India Losing Out in Race for
Quality Educationʹ in The Tribune, New Delhi, Sept 24, 2013, p. 8
118 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

¼Employable½ gksrs gSaA 30 [ksn dk fo"k; ;g gS fd o"kZ 2007 ds ckn bl fn'kk esa
dksbZ ldkjkRed ifjorZu ugha gqvk gS vkSj fLFkfr ogh gSA o"kZ 2011 esa fQDdh&vULZV
,oa ;ax ¼FICCI‐Ernst & Young½ }kjk fd, x, ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa
miyC/k yxHkx 80 izfr'kr Je 'kfDr ds ikl fdlh Hkh izdkj dh n{krk ;k dq'kyrk
¼Skill½ dk loZFkk vHkko gSA31 ,lik;fjax ekbUM~l ¼Aspiring Minds½ }kjk izdkf'kr
2013 dh fjiksZV ds vuqlkj vaxzsth Hk"kk ds Kku rFkk laKkukRed dkS'ky ¼Cognitive
Skill½ ds vHkko ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa yxHkx 47 izfr'kr Lukrd fdlh Hkh izdkj ls
fu;kstuh; ¼Employable½ ugha gSaA32
orZeku esa Hkkjr esa f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk ^vukFk* gks xbZ gS ftls f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk dksbZ Hkh
lk>snkj ¼Stakeholder½ & fo|kFkhZ] v/;kid] vfHkHkkod] jkT;] lekt & viukus dh
bPNk j[krk izrhr ugha gksrkA okLro esa 'kS{kf.kd xq.koÙkk esa fuos'k ds ifj.kke ;k ykHk
feyuk vkjEHk gksus dh vof/k ¼gestation period½ dkQh yEch gS tcfd orZeku esa
ge lHkh dh izof` r dkQh vYidkfyd gks xbZ gS ftlds dkj.k ge 'kS{kf.kd xq.koÙkk ds
egRo dks le> ikus esa vleFkZ gSa vFkok le>uk ugha pkgrs gSaA
mijksDr foe"kZ ls Li"V gS fd ns'k esa tukafddh ykHkka'k ds mi;qDr nksgu ds fy, nwljh
vko';d 'krZ vFkkZr l{kerk ds nksuksa ?kVdksa &LokLF; rFkk n{krk & ds lEcU/k esa
fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gSA ns'k dh tula[;k ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dks okafNr LokLF; lsok,a
miyC/k ugha gSa rFkk dkQh la[;k esa cPps o efgyk,a dqiks"k.k ds f'kdkj gSa tcfd f'k{kk
ds ekSfyd vkSj mPprj nksuksa gh Lrjksa ij xq.koÙkk dk vHkko gSA

Hkz"Vkpkj
Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkt ,d cgqr cM+h leL;k cu pqdk gSA ;|fi lHkh jktuSfrd ny
vkSj lHkh ljdkjsa bls lekIr djus ds izfr viuk ladYi le;&le; ij nksgjkrs jgrs
gSaA ijUrq lR; ;g gS fd ns'k esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh tM+sa cgqr xgjh gks pqdh gSa vkSj bls
lekIr djuk dfBu gksrk tk jgk gSA ;|fi ns'k esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj dk vuqeku yxkuk
dkQh dfBu gS ijUrq dqN laLFkkvksa ,oa fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fn, x, oDrO;ksa }kjk blds
foLrkj dk vk¡dyu fdafpr ljy gks tkrk gSA
30 Pawar, Rajendra S., ʹEducate the Massesʹ in The Times of India, New Delhi, Oct
09, 2007, p. 20
31 http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report‐india‐has‐the‐most‐unemployable‐
population‐report‐1587604
32 National Employability Report Graduates 2013, Aspiring Minds Assessment Pvt
Ltd., Gurgaon (India), p. 5
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 119

Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy uked laLFkk }kjk o"kZ 2013 esa vk;ksftr Hkz"Vkpkj vuqHkwfr
lwpdkad ¼Corruption Perceptions Index½ losZ{k.k esa 177 ns'kksa dh lwfp esa Hkkjr
dk LFkku 94ok¡ FkkA Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy fofHkUu ns'kksa ds losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij 0 ls
100 ds chp vad iznku djrk gSA MsuekdZ 91 vad izkIr djds lcls de Hkz"V ns'k gS
tcfd Hkkjr vkSj phu 36 vkSj 40 vad izkIr djds Øe'k% 94osa vkSj 80osa LFkku ij
gSaA33 blh laLFkk }kjk o"kZ 2005 esa Hkkjr esa fd, x, ,d v/;;u esa ;g ik;k fd 62
izfr'kr ls vf/kd Hkkjrh;ksa dks ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa viuk dke djokus ds fy, fj'or
;k flQkfj'k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa vdsys Vªd pkydksa
}kjk gj o"kZ 4.5 fcfy;u MkWyj dh fj'or nh tkrh gSA34
Hkz"Vkpkjjks/kh ,oa ifjlEifÙk olwyh ¼Anti Corruption and Asset Recovery½ ij
izFke baVjiksy Xykscy dk;ZØe ds mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa cksyrs gq, rRdkyhu lh-ch-vkbZ-
funs'kd Jh ,-ds- flga us dgk fd vuqekur% Hkkjr dk yxHkx 500 fcfy;u Mkyj
¼yxHkx 24.5 yk[k djksM+ :i,½ dkys /ku ds :i esa fons'kksa esa tek gSA 35 fofÙk;
vklwpuk ;wfuV ¼Financial Intelligence Unit½36 us o"kZ 2013‐14 esa ns'k dh lhekvksa
ds vUnj vkSj ns'k ds ckgj 7800 djksM+ :i, dh voS/k /kujkf'k dk irk yxk;kA37
fiNys yxHkx rhu n'kdksa esa mtkxj gq, Hkz"Vkpkj ds dqN izeq[k izdj.kksa ;Fkk cksQkslZ
?kksVkyk] ;wfj;k ?kksVkyk] pkjk ?kksVkyk] 'ks;j cktkj ?kksVkyk] LVkEi isij ?kksVkyk] vkn'kZ
gkmÿflax lkslk;Vh ?kksVkyk] dkWeuoSYFk xsEl ?kksVkyk] 2&th LiSDVªe ?kksVkyk] dks;yk
[knku vkoaVu ?kksVkyk vkfn ls Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd mPp inksa ij vklhu vusd
O;fDr Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIr gSa ijUrq buesa ls vf/kdrj vius in dk nq:i;ksx djds vkSj
dkuwuksa ds yphysiu dk ykHk mBkdj nks"kh fl) gksus ls cp tkrs gSaA Hkz"Vkpkj ds
brus cM+s ekeyksa esa Hkh U;k;ky;ksa esa yEcs le; rd dk;Zokgh pyrs jgus vkSj
vfHk;qDrksa ds nks"kh fl) u gks ikus ds dkj.k ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k dh
33 Adhikari, Gautam, ʺFor A Resurgent India: In Order to Fight Corruption, Try
Some Serious Businessʺ in The Times of India, New Delhi, March 17, 2014, p. 12
34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India
35 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Black‐money‐Indians‐have‐stashed‐
over‐500bn‐in‐banks‐abroad‐says‐CBI/articleshow/11871624.cms
36 bl bdkbZ dk xBu Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk uoEcj 2004 esa fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g foÙk
eU=ky; ds vUrZxr ,d jk"Vªh; dsUnzh; bdkbZ gS tks fd lafnX/k fofÙk; ysu&nsu lEcU/kh
lwpukvksa dks ,df=r djus] mudk izØe.k ¼Processing½ rFkk fo'ys"k.k djus ,oa mUgS
izlkfjr ¼Disseminate½ djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA
37 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fiu‐detects‐over‐rs‐7800‐cr‐black‐
money‐gets‐record‐strs/article7143308.ece
120 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

turk ij Hkh bldk udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gS ftldk fo'okl ns'k dh U;kf;d
O;oLFkk ij ls /khjs&/khjs mB jgk gS vkSj lkFk gh blls fons'kksa esa Hkkjr dh lk[k dk
Hkh âkl gks jgk gSA

nks"kiw.kZ U;kf;d O;oLFkk

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrZxr ukxfjdksa dks U;k; iznku djokus ds fy, rFkk mudh
f'kdk;rksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, LorU= ,oa fu"i{k U;kf;d O;oLFkk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k
gS ftlds vUrZxr la?kh;] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
LorU= ,oa i{kikr&jfgr dk;Z djus ds dkj.k gh Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk ukxfjdksa dk
fo'okl thrus esa l{ke jgh gS vkSj fu%lUnsg ;g Hkkjrh; yksdrU= dh ,d cM+h
miyfC/k gSA ijUrq nwljh vksj ;g Hkh lR; gS fd vf/kd [kphZyh rFkk foyEcdkjh gksus
ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk iw.kZ izHkkodkjh fl) ugha gks ikbZ gSA vf/kd [kphZyh
gksus ds dkj.k ;g ,d vke /kkj.kk cu xbZ gS fd bl ns'k esa U;k; dsoy vehjksa dks
gh fey ldrk gSA lkFk gh] o"kksZa rd vfHk;ksxksa ;k eqdn~neksa dk U;k;ky;ksa esa yfEcr
iM+s jguk Hkh gekjh U;kf;d O;oLFkk dh ,d cM+h deh gS D;ksafd nsjh ls U;k; feyuk
U;k; u feyus ds leku ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds fof/k vk;ksx ¼Law Commission
of India½ us viuk 245ok¡ izfrosnu blh fo"k;38 ij izLrqr fd;kAvk;ksx ds vuqlkj
o"kZ 2012 esa fofHkUu vPp U;k;ky;ksa esa 1984405 ekeys yfEcr Fks tcfd uhpys
U;k;ky;ksa esa yfEcr ekeyksa dh dqy la[;k 10544695 FkhA39
fnukad 30 twu 2014 dks mPpre U;k;ky; ds le{k dqy 69570 ekeys fopkjk/khu Fks
ftuesa ls 15409 ekeys ,d o"kZ dh vof/k ls de le; ls yfEcr Fks tcfd 'ks"k
50561 ,d o"kZ ls vf/kd le;kof/k ls yfEcr FksA dqy fopkjk/khu ekeyksa esa ls
53560 nhokuh ekeys Fks tcfd 'ks"k 12410 n.M ;k QkStnkjh ekeys FksA40 fnukad 31
ekpZ 2014 dks Hkkjr ds 24 mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k dqy 4479023 ekeys fopkjk/khu
Fks ftuesa ls 3445397 nhokuh ekeys Fks tcfd 'ks"k 1033626 n.M ;k QkStnkjh ekeys
FksA 41 blh izdkj ftyk ,oa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k fnukad 31 ekpZ 2014 dks

38 Arrears and Backlog: Creating Additional Judicial (wo)manpower, Report No. 245,
Law Commission of India, Government of India, July 2014
39 Conducted by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), the Centre for World University
Ranking, Shanghai University, and Thomson Reuters
40 Court News (A Quarterly Newsletter of Supreme Court of India), Vol IX, Issue
No. 2, April‐June, 2014, p. 6
41 ogh] i`- 7
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 121

27360814 ekeys fopkjk/khu Fks ftuesa ls 8362110 nhokuh ekeys Fks tcfd 'ks"k
18998704 n.M ;k QkStnkjh ekeys FksA42
yfEcr ekeyksa dh vf/kdrk ds lkFk gh Hkkjrh; U;kf;d O;oLFkk dh ,d vU; leL;k
U;k;ky;ksa esa nks"k fl) gksus dh vYi nj ¼Low Conviction Rate½ Hkh gSA jk"Vªh;
vijk/k fjdkWMZ O;wjks ¼National Crime Records Bureau½ ds vuqlkj fiNys pkj
n'kdksa esa Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ¼Indian Penal Code½ ds vUrZxr iathd`r vijk/kksa esa
U;k;ky;ksa esa nks"k fl) gksus dh nj esa cgqr vf/kd fxjkoV vkbZ gS( nks"k fl) gksus dh
nj o"kZ 2012 esa ek= 38.5 izfr'kr Fkh tks fd lu~ 1972 esa 62.7 izfr'kr FkhA [ksn
dk fo"k; ;g gS fd xEHkhj izdf` r ds vijk/kksa tSls fd gR;k] cykRdkj] rFkk pksjh@
MdSrh ds ekeyksa esa nks"k fl) gksus dh nj Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds vUrZxr iathd`r
dqy vijk/kksa esa nks"k fl) gksus dh nj ls dkQh de gSA gR;k] cykRdkj] rFkk pksjh@
MdSrh ds ekeyksa esa nks"k fl) gksus dh nj Øe'k% 35.6 izfr'kr] 24.2 izfr'kr rFkk
28.6 izfr'kr gSA43

fu%lUnsg U;k;ky;ksa esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ij brus vf/kd ekeyksa dk yfEcr gksuk vkSj nks"k
fl)] fo'ks"kdj xEHkhj ekeyksa esa] gksus dh vYi nj gekjs ns'k dh U;k; iz.kkyh ij ,d
iz'ufpõ [kM+k djrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; yksdrU= ds fy, ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh cu x;k gSA

xSj&lekos'kh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl

ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; lektds prqZo.kZ vk/kkfjr oxhZdj.k ds fl)kUr ds fod`r :i44 dk
na'k lekt ds lcls fupys o.kZ 'kqnkz ]as ftUgsa fd lafo/kku esa vuqlfw pr tkfr dh laKk nh
xbZ gS]45 dks >syuk iM+k gSA bl oxZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk u dsoy i{kikr fd;k tkrk Fkk
vfirq vusdksa ckj muds lkFk vekuoh; O;ogkj Hkh fd;k tkrk Fkk( ;gk¡ rd fd mUgsa

42 ogh] i`- 8
43 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Conviction‐rate‐dips‐to‐almost‐half‐
in‐40‐years/articleshow/28767806.cms
44 vkjEHk esa prqZo.kZ ds fl)kUr ij oxhZd`r lekt esa oxhZdj.k Je foHkktu vk/kfjr Fkk
vFkkZr fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh vfHk:fp vkSj izoh.krk ds vk/kkj ij mldh tkfr fu/kkZfjr gksrh
FkhA ijUrq dkykUrj esa bl O;oLFkk esa fod`fr vk xbZ vkSj tkfr dk fu/kkZj.k vfHk:fp vkSj
izoh.krk ds LFkku ij tUe ds vk/kkj ij gksus yxkA
45 okLro esa ^vuqlwfpr tkfr* 'kCn dk iz;ksx Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e ¼The Government of
India Act½]1935 ds vUrZxr fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr½ vkns'k
¼The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order] 1936 ds }kjk bloxZ esa
lfEefyr lHkh tkfr;ksa dh ,d lwfp tkjh dh xbZA
122 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

vNwr le>k tkrk FkkA nwljh vksj dchykbZ vkSj oU; {ks=ksa esa jgus okys yksx ,d
fo'ks"k lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ifjos'k] tks fd ns'k ds ckfd Hkkx ls fHkUu gS] esa jgus ds
dkj.k lekt dh eq[; /kkjk ls vyx ;k fiNM+s gq, gSAa lafo/kku ds vUrZxr bl lewg
dks vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh laKk nh xbZ gSAHkkjrh; lafo/kku esa lekt ds bu oxksZa ds
mRFkku ds fy, vusd izko/kku fd, x,A 46 ijUrq okLrfodrk ;g gS fd vkTk Hkh bu
oxksaZ dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa fo'ks"k ifjorZu ugha vk;k gSAblds vfrfjDr lekt ds ,d
vU; egRoiw.kZ oxZ efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr Hkh ns'k esadkQh n;uh; gS( mUgsa ?kj
vkSj lekt nksuksa esa gh nks;e ntsZ dk ukxfjd le>kk x;k gS vkSj muds lkFk fofHkUu
izdkj lsHksnHkko fd;k tkrk jgk gSA lafo/kku fuekZrk ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh dh fLFkfr
ls ifjfpr FksA blhfy, izfr"Bk ,oe~ volj dh lekurk iznku dj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
us iq:"k ,oe~ L=h ds chp Hksn&Hkko dk Li"V fu"ks/k fd;k gS rFkk lafo/kku lfgr
vusdksa vf/kfu;eksa ds }kjk fL=;ksa dks vusd vU; vf/kdkj iznku dj mudh fLFkfr esa
lq/kkj ykus ds iz;kl fd, x, gSaA47 ;|fi ;g lHkh ljkguh; dne gSa tksfd efgykvksa
dh lkekftd fLFkfr lq/kkjus esa lgk;d jgs gSa rFkkfi os vHkh Hkh ’kksfÔr] mRihfM+r]
misf{kr rFkk HksnHkko vkSj vU;k; dh f’kdkj gSa ftlds fy, ’kkldh; ,oa v’kkldh;
nksuksa gh Lrjksa ij vusd iz;klksa dh vko';drk gSA
1990 ds n'kd ds izkjEHk ls Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tks mnkjhdj.k] fuftdj.k rFkk
oS'ohdj.k dh uhfr viukbZ xbZ gS fu%lUnsg mlds gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk lqn<` + gqbZ gS rFkk
vkfFkZd ladV dks ihNs NksM+rs gq, ns'k vkfFkZd l'kfDrdj.k dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk gSA

46 vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, dfri; laoS/kkfud izko/kku fuEu gSa%
Lkafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 15 ds vuqlkj jkT; fdlh ukxfjd ds fo:) /keZ] ewyoa’k] tkfr] fyax]
tUEkLFkku ;k blesa ls fdlh ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ foHksn ugha djsxkA vuqPNsn 16(4) ds vuqlkj
jkT; fiNMs+ gq, ukxfjdksa ds fdlh oxZ fo'ks"k ds fy, ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkj{k.k ds fy, mica/k
dj ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr vuqPNsn 17 ds vUrxZr vLi`’;rk ls mRiUu fdlh fu;ksZX;rk dks
ykxw djuk vijk/k gksxk tks fof/k ds vuqlkj n.Muh; gksxkA vuqPNsn 29(2) ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh
uhfr jkT; dks lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+s oxksZa ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa dh
mUufr gsrq ds fy, dksbZ fo’ks"k mica/k djus ls fuokfjr ugha djsxhA vuqPNsn 330 yksdlHkk esa
vkSj vuqPNsn 332 jkT;ksa dh fo/kku lHkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa
dk vkj{k.k dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 338 o 338A ds vUrZxr Øe'k% vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa rFkk tutkfr;ksa ds fy, nks jk"Vªh; vk;ksxksads xBu dk Hkh izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
47 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izLrkouk] vuqPNsn14ls18, 39, 42, 51&,¼bZ½( leku ikfjJfed vf/kfu;e]
1976; 73osa o 74osa lafo/kku ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1992 ftlds }kjk efgykvksa dks LFkkuh;
'kklu laLFkkvksa esa vkj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gS( efgyk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 2005 ftldk mn~ns';
efgykvksa dks ikfjokfjd fgalk ls laj{k.k iznku djuk gS] vkfn mYys[kuh; gSaA
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 123

ijUrq blesa Hkh dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd vkfFkZd izxfr dh bl nkSM+ esa lekt ds dqN oxZ
ihNs NwV x;s gSa ftl dkj.k ns'k esa vkfFkZd fodkl xSj&lekos'kh gSA ijEijkxr
xSj&lekos'kh lkekftd fodkl ds lkFk xSj&lekos'kh vkfFkZd fodkl ns'k ds le{k ,d
ubZ leL;k gS ftls gy djuk ,d vR;Ur pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gSA ;|fi ljdkj dks bl
rF; dh vuqHkwfr gS rFkk bl vksj dqN iz;kl Hkh fd, x, gSa( lrr~ :i ls nks
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ¼X;kjgoha ,oa ckjgoha½ dk eq[; y{; vkfFkZd lekos'k gksuk bldk
mnkgj.k gSA ijUrq ;s iz;kl viz;kIr gSa rFkk lekos'kh vkfFkZd fodkl ds y{; dks izkIr
djus ds fy, vHkh vusd iz;kl fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA

mxzokn
Hkkjrh; yksdrU= n'kdksa ls ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa mxzokn dh leL;k ls >sy jgk gSA
ns'k esa fofHkUu vlarq"V oxZ ;k xqV gSa ftUgsa ns'k ds lafo/kku esa vkSj viuh leL;kvksa
ds fof/k ds 'kklu ds vUrZxr gy [kkstus esa fo'okl ugha gS rFkk viuh ek¡xksa dks
mBkus vFkok mUgsa euokus ds fy, fgalk dk jkLrk viukrs gSaA buesa tEew o d'ehj]
vle lfgr ns'k ds mÙkj&iwohZ jkT; rFkk if'pe caxky] mM+hlk] vkU/kz izns'k] NÙkhlx<+
lfgr ns'k ds nl jkT;ksa ds yxHkx 180 ftyksa esa QSys uDyokn dk fo'ks"k :i ls
mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu rRoksa dks fgalk dk jkLrk NksM+dj ns'k ds lafo/kku vkSj
dkuwu ds nk;js esa viuh ek¡xsa mBkus rFkk mudk gy [kkstus ds fy, izsfjr djuk
okLro esa Hkkjrh; yksdrU= ds lkeus ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrk cu pqdk gSA fu%lUnsg]
TkSlk fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk le;&le; ij jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrZjk"Vªh; eUpksa ij mYys[k
fd;k tkrk gS] bu rRoksa dks fons'kh rkdrksa }kjk enn nh tk jgh gS ijUrq blesa Hkh
lUnsg ugha fd ns'k esa mxzoknh izo`fr;ksa ds mHkjus vkSj iuius esa Hkkjrh; yksdrU= }kjk
viukbZ tk jgh nks"kiw.kZ uhfr;k¡ ,oa iz'kklfud laosnu'khyrk dk vHkko Hkh leku :i
ls mÙkjnk;h gSA

ekuokf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku
ekuokf/kdkjksa ds lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk&i= ¼Universal Declaration of Human
Rights½] 1948 ds gLrk{kjh gksus ds dkj.k ns'k esa ukxfjdksa ds ekuokf/kdkjksa ds
laj{k.k ds izfr izfrc) gksuk Hkkjrh; yksdrU= ds fy, furkUr vko';d gks tkrk gSA
;|fi Hkkjr ljdkj us lu~ 1993 esa jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds xBu lfgr bl
fn'kk esa vusd dne Hkh mBk, gSa ijUrq blds ckn Hkh ns'k esa ekuokf/kdjksa ds mYya?ku
dh vusd ?kVuk,¡ lkeus vkrh jgrh gSaA [ksn dk fo"k; ;g gS fd vusd ekeyksa esa
le;&le; ij ns'k ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa iqfyl] tks fd ukxfjdksa ds ekuokf/kdkjksa dh
laj{kd gS] ds fo:) gh ekuokf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku ds vkjksi yxrs jgrs gSaA
124 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu ,d LoLFk vkSj lQy yksdrU= dh igpku ugha gks ldrs vkSj
ns'k esa ekuokf/kdkjksa ds guu dh ?kVuk,¡ 'keZukd gksus ds lkFk&lkFk gekjs ,d lQy
yksdrU= gksus ds nkos dks /kwfey djrh gSaA

Hkkjrh; yksdrU= ij iz'ufpõ

mÿij Hkkjrh; yksdyU= ds le{k dqN izeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dk o.kZu djus dk iz;kl fd;k
x;k gS ijUrq fu%lUnsg ;g iz;kl okLrfod leL;k dk ek=kRed ,oa xq.kkRed nksuksa gh
:iksa esa mi;qDr o.kZu djus esa furkUr viz;kIr gSA vkSj bldk dkj.k gS gekjs
yksdrU= ds lEeq[k bu pqukSfr;ksa dh tfVyrkA okLro esa Hkjrh; yksdrU= dh pqukSfr;ksa
,oa muds lek/kku ij vf/kdrj foe'kZ pqukSfr;ksa dh vusdrk] xgurk] tfVyrk] rFkk
mudh ikjLifjd lac)rk ¼Inter‐dependence½ ds dkj.k fn'kk Hkzfer gksdj fu"d"kZ
fofgu gksdj jg tkrs gSaA leL;kvksa dk u dsoy T;ksa dk R;ksa cus jguk vfirq muesa
ls vusdksa dk chrrs le; ds lkFk vf/kd fodjky :i /kkj.k djrs tkuk vkSj mUgsa
gy dj ikus esa mÙkjksÙkj ljdkjksa dh foQyrk Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vusdksa ckj gekjh
O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa ds dkj.k dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djus okys yksx nf.Mr ugha gks ikrs gSa
vkSj bruk gh ugha dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,sls yksx nf.Mr gksus dh vis{kk ykHkkfUor gksrs
gSa 48 vkSj gekjh O;oLFkk rFkk ns'k ds dkuwuksa dk vknj djus okys yksx ,slh ?kVukvksa
dks ewdn'kZd cudj ns[krs jgus dks foo'k gSaA dbZ voljksa ij rks U;k;ky; Hkh bl
O;oLFkk esa ykpkj vkSj cscl utj vkrs gSaA49
,slh ?kVukvksa ls lkekU;r% ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkrk gS fd gekjs ns'k esa dkuwu dk
mYya?ku djus okys yksxksa dks vf/kewY; ¼Dividend½ vFkok ykHkka'k ¼Premium½
feyrk gS vkSj orZeku voLFkk esa ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkuk LokHkkfod gSA yksxksa dk
fo'okl dkuwu ds 'kklu ij ls mBus yxk gS vkSj dkuwu ds izfr vknj esa Hkh âkl
gqvk gSA ijUrq ;g lc nq%[kn ,oa nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k esa [krjukd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks tUe ns jgk gSA bl ds dkj.k vusd ckj gekjs ns'k ds ^yksdrkfU=d
'kklu O;oLFkk* ds vuq:i gksus ij iz'ufpõ yxk, tkrs gSaA vusd ckj ;g fLFkfr

48 mnkgjr% gfj;k.kk esa o"kZ 2005 esa rRdkyhu jkT; ljdkj us fiNys vusd o"kksZa ls izns'k esa
fctyh ds fcyksa dh vnk;xh u djus okys miHkksDrkvksa ds fctyh ds 1600 djksM+ :i,
cdk;k jkf'k ds fcy ekQ dj fn, FksA ljdkj ds bl fu.kZ; ls fctyh ds fcyksa dh le;
ij vnk;xh djus okys yksx grksRlkfgr gq, FksA
49 izdk'k flga ,.M vn'kZ ¼(2006) 8 SCC 1½ okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds iqfyl iz.kkyh esa
lq/kkj gsrq dsUnz o lHkh jkT; ljdkjksa dks Li"V funsZ'kksa ds ckn Hkh vkt Hkh] dsoy dqN
jkT;ksa dk NksM+dj] gekjh iqfyl O;oLFkk T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh gqbZ gSA
 Hkkjrh; yksdrU=% pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡ 125

^yksdrkfU=d 'kklu O;oLFkk* ls gh eksgHkax ds :i esa Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrh gS vkSj yksx
ns'k esa rkuk'kkgh ;k fujadq'k 'kklu ykxw fd, tkus dk leFkZu djrs gSaA ,slk blfy,
gks jgh gS D;ksafd mUgsa ns'k dh orZeku O;oLFkk esa gekjs lEeq[k [kM+h pqukSfr;ksa dk
lek/kku djus dh {kerk fn[kkbZ ugha iM+ jgh gSA ijUrq ns'k esa fo|eku leL;kvksa ds
lek/kku ds fy, fujadq'k 'kklu O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus dh ek¡x djuk fdlh Hkh voLFkk
esa cqf)erkiw.kZ dk;Z ugha gSA
[ksn dk fo"k; ;g gS fd gekjs yksdrU= dk lkekftd igyw Hkh dksbZ larks"ktud
ifjn`'; izLrqr ugha djrk gSA Jo.k] vkRe&ijh{k.k] rdZlaxr laokn] nwljs i{k dh
fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh Lohdk;Zrk vkfn yksdrkfU=d xq.k tks ,d lH; lekt ds
vk/kkj LrEHk gSa] dk fujUrj iru gks jgk gSA jpukRed fopkj&foe'kZ ¼Constructive
Debate½ dh ifjikVh tks fd iqjkru dky ls Hkkjr dh egRoiw.kZ /kjksgj jgh gS] rFkk
ftls LorU=rk laxzke vkSj LorU=rk ds ckn igyh ih<+h ds usrkvksa us iwjs mÙkjnkf;Ro
ds lkFk fuHkk;k] rFkk tks ekuo fodkl dk izeq[k vk/kkj gS] dk orZeku dky esa vHkko
izrhr gks jgk gSA 50 oLrqr% LorU=rk ds lk<+s N% n'kd ckn Hkh ge viuh ekufldrk
dks cny dj yksdrkfU=d eqY;ksa dks vius thou esa ugha viuk lds gSaA ge laHkzkrrk
¼Elitism½ esa fo'okl djrs gS u fd lekurk ¼Equality½ esa( ge Lo;a dks nwljksa ls
vYkx] fof'k"V ,oa laHkzkr iznf'kZr djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj blesa xkSjkfUor vuqHko djrs gSaA
ge ;g pkgrs gSa fd gekjs lkFk fof'k"V O;ogkj gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn gekjs lkFk
lekurk ij vk/kkfjr O;ogkj gksrk gS rks ge vkgr vuqHko djrs gSaA iafDrc) gksdj
viuk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z djokuk gesa Lohdk;Z ugha gksrk( ge pkgrs gSa fd gekjk dk;Z
izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij vU; O;fDr tks iafDrc) gSa muls igys gksuk pkfg,A ojh;rk
;k izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij iafDrc) yksxksa ls igys dk;Z djokus dk iz;kl lkekU;r%
gj Hkkjroklh djrk gS vkSj fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd ,slk djokus ds ihNs gekjk
mn~ns'; vf/kdrj n'kkvksa esa vius vge dh rq"Vh djuk gksrk gS u fd dksbZ
ifjfLFkfrtU; foo'krkA ;fn ge vius izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djokus ds iz;kl
esa lQy gks tkrs gSa rks vU; iafDrc) yksxksa ds le{k vius O;ogkj ds }kjk viuh
fof'k"Vrk dk vkSj mUgsa mudh lkekU;rk dk vglkl djokus dk Hkn~nk izn'kZu djus ls
Hkh ugha pwdrsA ijUrq nwljh vksj ;fn ge vius bl iz;kl esa vlQy gks tk;sa vkSj
dksbZ vU; O;fDr tc vius fof'k"V O;ogkj izkIr djus ds iz;kl esa lQy gks tk;s rks
ge dkuwu gh nqgkbZ nsdj O;oLFkkghurk ¼Systemlessness½ dk jksuk jkus ls Hkh ihNs

50 Varma, Pavan K., ʹDisagreeing to Disagreeʹ in The Times of India, New Delhi,
Oct 25, 2014, p. 20
126 Yk¨dra= leh{kk

ugha gVrsA ;g mPNa[k`y O;ogkj yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa ds loZFkk foifjr gSA gekjh ;qok
ih<+h ls Hkh gesa vk'kk dh dksbZ fo'ks"k fdj.k ut+j ugha vk jgh gS D;ksafd os Hkh
dekscs'k blh izdkj dk vkpj.k dj bl O;oLFkk dk iks"k.k djrs fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA

fu"d"kZ
yksdrU= dsoy ,d 'kklu&i)fr ugha gS] blds lkFk&lkFk] vkSj 'kk;n blls dgha
vf/kd] thou i)fr gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k esa yksdrkfU=d 'kklu i)fr rc rd lQy
ugha gks ldrh tc rd fd ogk¡ ds yksx yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa dks vius thou esa ugha
viukrs gSaA bu nksuksa esa izR;{k lekuqikfrd ¼Directly Proportional½ lEcU/k gS
vFkkZr yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa dks ftl ns'k ds yksx ftruk vf/kd vius thou esa viuk
ysrs gSa yksdrU= ,d 'kklu O;oLFkk ds :i esa ml ns'k esa mruk gh vf/kd lQy gksrk
gSA gekjs ns'k esa yksdrU= dh dsoy vkaf'kd lQyrk dk Hkh ;gh dkj.k gSA ge Hkkjr
ds ukxfjdksa us yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa ;Fkk lekurk] LorU=rk] cU/kqRo vkfn dks vius
thou dk Hkkx ugha cuk;k gS rFkk U;k;ksfpr O;ogkj ugha djrs gSa vkSj u gh nwljksa ds
vf/kdkjksa rFkk fopkkjksa ds izfr laosnu'khy ugha gSaA ;fn ge vius ns'k esa yksdrkfU=d
'kklu O;oLFkk dks lQy cukuk pkgrs gSa rks ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa dks
viuh thou 'kSyh dk Hkkx cukus ds fy, izsfjr djuk gksxkA
fu%lUnsg ;qokvksa dks Hkkjrh; yksdrU= ds mÙkjnk;h ukxfjd cukus esa 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa
dks cM+h egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg, Fkh ijUrq ;g ugha gks ik;kA ;g gekjh f'k{kk
O;oLFkk dh ,d cM+h vlQyrk gSA fu%LkUnsg blds fy, dqN dkj.k jgs gksaxsA ;|fi
bu dkj.kksa ij fopkj djuk vizklafxd ugha gS ijUrq izLrqr ys[k dh ifjlhek ls ijs
gSA ijUrq ;gk¡ bl ckr dk mYys[k djuk vko';d gS fd gesa viuh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh
foQyrkvksa ds okLrfod dkj.kksa dk irk yxkdj mUgsa nwj djuk vR;Ur vfuok;Z gS
rkfd gekjh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk,¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa ls vksr&izksr ftEesnkj
ukxfjd cukus ds vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fuogZu dj ldsaA
bl lEcU/k esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k dh dqN vU; laLFkkvksa tSls fd
lafo/kkfud ,oa lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku TkSlh fof'k"V laLFkkvksa dk Hkh mruk gh] vkSj
laHkor% mlls dgha vf/kd] mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA bu laLFkkvksa dks ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
tkdj ;qokvksa dks yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa dk egRo le>kdj mUgsa bu ewY;ksa dks vius
thou dk Hkkx cukus ds fy, izsfjr djuk gksxkA bl izdkj ds lrr~ iz;klksa ds
ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k ds ukxfjd tc yksdrkfU=d thou 'kSyh dks viuk;saxs rHkh ns'k esa
yksdrkfU=d 'kklu i)fr lQy ik;ssxhA
 QkeZ & 4
^yksdra= leh{kk* ds LokfeRo lEcU/kh vkSj vU; fooj.k
1. izdk'ku LFkku fnYyh
2- izdk'ku vof/k =Sekfld
3- eqnzd dk uke lEiknd
4- D;k Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS \ gk¡
irk lkafo/kfud rFkk lalnh; vè;;u laLFkku
18‐21] foV~By HkkbZ iVsy gkml] jQh ekxZ
ubZ fnYyh‐110 001
5- izdk'kd dk uke lEiknd
irk lkafo/kfud rFkk lalnh; vè;;u laLFkku
18‐21] foV~By HkkbZ iVsy gkml] jQh ekxZ
ubZ fnYyh‐110 001
6- lEiknd dk uke lEiknd
D;k Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS\ gk¡
irk lkafo/kfud rFkk lalnh; vè;;u laLFkku
18‐21] foV~By HkkbZ iVsy gkml] jQh ekxZ
ubZ fnYyh‐110 001
7- mu O;fDr;ksa ds uke o irs lkafo/kfud rFkk lalnh; vè;;u laLFkku
Tks lekpkj i= ds Lokeh gksa 18‐21, foV~By HkkbZ iVsy gkml] jQh ekxZ
rFkk tks leLr iwath ds ,d ubZ fnYyh‐110 001
izfr'kr ls vf/kd lk>hnkj gksaA
,rr }kjk ?kksf"kr djrk gw¡ fd esjh vf/kdre tkudkjh ,oa fo'okl ds vuqlkj
Åij fn, x, fooj.k lR; gSaA

gLrk{kfjr
fnukad% 30 vizSy 2015
lEiknd
 Lkkafo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku
lkafo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku laoS/kkfud fof/k rFkk lalnh; v/;;u gsrq
,d ek= laLFkku gSA Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr ,oa laLFkku ds izFke laj{kd
LoxhZ; MkW- loZiYyh jk/kkd`".ku us 10 fnlEcj l~u 1965 dks laLFkku dk mn~?kkVu
fd;kA yksdlHkk v/;{k laLFkku ds insu v/;{k gSaA
Xkfrfof/k;k¡
o laLFkku laoS/kkfud fof/k rFkk lalnh; v/;;u ds {ks= esa le;&le; ij ’kks/k
djrk gS rFkk laxksf"B;ksa ,oa O;k[;kuksa vkfn dk vk;kstu djrk gSA
o laLFkku nks =Sekfld if=dk,a izdkf’kr djrk gS%
& tuZy vkWQ dkWULVhV~;w’kuy ,.M ikfyZ;keSUVjh LV~Mht vaxzsth esa rFkk
& yksdrU= leh{kk fgUnh esa
o laLFkku rhu dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djrk gS &
& lalnh; v/;srk dk;ZØe
& laoS/kkfud fof/k esa fMiyksek rFkk
& lalnh; laLFkkvksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa esa fMiyksek
{ks=h; ’kk[kk,a
orZeku esa laLFkku dh ,d {ks=h; ’kk[kk y[kumÿ esa gSA vU; {ks=h; ’kk[kk,a [kksyus
gsrq laLFkku esa lEidZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
laLFkku dh lnL;rk
laLFkku dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds bPNqd O;fDr laLFkku ds lnL; cu ldrs
gSaA lnL;rk ’kqYd fuEu izdkj gSa%
i) vkthou lnL;rk ’kqYd `2,500/‐
ii) fuxfer lnL;rk ’kqYd
(v) laLFkku ,oa egkfo|ky; `1,000/‐ (okfÔZd)
(c) jkT; fo/kkf;dk,a ,oa fo’ofo|ky; `5,000/‐ (okfÔZd)

laLFkku dh lnL;rk iznÙk djus lEcU/kh fu.kZ; laLFkku dh dk;Zdkfj.kh ifjÔn }kjk
fy;k tkrk gSaA lnL;rk QkeZ laLFkku dh oSclkbV www.icpsindia.org ls fy;k
tk ldrk gSA
 17575/69
lekpkj i= ds iathdkj ds v/khu iathd`r la[;k vkj- ,u-
________________________________________________________________

yksdrU= leh{kk

ßyksdrU= leh{kkÞ lakfo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku dk =Sekfld eq[ki=

gSA i= esa izdkf’kr jpukvksa esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa ds O;fDrxr fopkj gSaA ;s u
rks fdlh izdkj ls laLFkku ds fopkj gSa vkSj u gh laLFkku buds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA
ys[kksa] jpukvksa] leh{kkvksa vkfn ds lEcU/k esa lkjk i=&O;ogkj funs’kd ls fd;k
tkuk pkfg,] fdlh O;fDr ds uke ls ughaA
izdk’kukFkZ jpuk A4 vkdkj ds dkxt ij pkjksa vksj ls 1.25 ik’oZ (gkf’k,)
lfgr dEi;wVj Vafdr gksuh pkfg,A dEi;wVj Vad.k esa 14 vkdkj ds ßpk¡nuhÞ
QksUV dk iz;ksx gksuk pkfg,A iwjh jpuk esa m)j.k (footnotes) dh ,dleku
i)fr iz;qDr gksuh pkfg,A jpuk laiknd] yksdrU= leh{kk dks izsfÔr dh tkuh
pkfg, rFkk jpuk dh dEI;wVj QkbZy CD esa ;k e‐mail }kjk
icps.newdelhi@gmail.com ij Hksth tkuh vfuok;Z gSA iwoZ izdkf’kr rFkk
izdk’kukFkZ vU;= Hksth xbZ jpukvksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
if=dk dk okfÔZd pUnk 300 :i, gS rFkk Mkd [kpZ 60 :i, gSA if=dk dk okfÔZd
xzkgd cuus ,oa foKkiu rFkk O;kolkf;d i{k ds fy, laLFkku ds funs’kd ls lEidZ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa laLFkku dh e‐mail
icps.newdelhi@gmail.com }kjk Hkh lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Lkkafo/kkfud rFkk lalnh; v/;;u laLFkku

18‐21, foB~By HkkbZ iVsy gkml] jQh ekxZ
ubZ fnYyh‐110 001
Website: www.icpsindia.org

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