EXPERIMENT No.

5
ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF THERMAL POWER SYSTEM WITH
TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES
PURPOSE:
To learn
1. Formulation of economic dispatch problem with transmission losses.
2. To construct and implement an algorithm to solve dispatch problem with
transmission line losses using iterative approach.

SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB

INTRODUCTION:
Economic Dispatch Problem (EDP)is the process of calculating the generation allocation
to the machines at minimum cost while satisfying the constraints. It is a generation allocation
problem. The economic dispatch problem mathematically may be defined as:
𝑁

𝐎𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑇𝑜 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐹𝑇 = ∑ 𝐹𝑖 (𝑃𝑖 )

𝑖=1

Subjected to:

Equality Constraint: 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿 − ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 = 0

In-equality Constraint: 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 0

𝑃𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 0
Where 𝑖 = 1,2, … . . 𝑁. and 𝑃𝐿 is transmission line losses.

One common practice for including the effect of transmission line losses is to express the total
transmission line losses as a quadratic function of the generator power outputs. The simplest
quadratic form is:
𝑁 𝑁

𝑃𝐿 = ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝐵𝑖𝑗 𝑃𝑗
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

A more general formula containing a linear term and a constant term, referred to Kron’s Loss
formula is:
 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁

𝑃𝐿 = ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝐵𝑖𝑗 𝑃𝑗 + ∑ 𝐵0𝑖 𝑃𝑖 + 𝐵𝑜𝑜

𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1

The coefficient 𝐵𝑖𝑗 are called loss coefficients or B-coefficients. B-coefficients are assumed
constant and reasonable accuracy is expected providing the actual operating conditions are close
to the base case where the B-constants are computed.
The Langrange function for this problem is:

𝐿 = 𝐹𝑇 + 𝜆𝜑
𝑁

𝐿 = 𝐹𝑇 + 𝜆 [𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿 − ∑ 𝑃𝑖 ]
𝑖=1
The necessary conditions for constrained local minima of L are the following:
𝜕𝐿
=0
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕𝐿
=0
𝜕𝜆
Condition 1:

First condition gives:

𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐹𝑇 𝜕𝑃𝐿
= + 𝜆 (0 + − 1) = 0
𝜕𝑃𝑖 𝜕𝑃𝑖 𝜕𝑃𝑖
And therefore the condition for economic dispatch is:
𝜕𝐹𝑇 𝜕𝑃𝐿
+𝜆( )=𝜆
𝜕𝑃𝑖 𝜕𝑃𝑖
Or
1 𝑑𝐶𝑖
=𝜆
𝜕𝑃
(1 − 𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑃𝑖
𝜕𝑃𝑖
And
𝑛
𝜕𝑃𝐿
= 2 ∑ 𝐵𝑖𝑗 𝑃𝐽 + 𝐵𝑜𝑖
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝑖=1
𝜕𝐹𝑇
= 𝑏𝑖 + 2𝑐𝑖 𝑃𝑖
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕𝑃𝐿 𝜕𝐹𝑇
Substitute the value of and in optimality equation for condition 1and solve it for 𝑃𝑖 :
𝜕𝑃𝑖 𝜕𝑃𝑖

(𝑘) 𝜆(𝑘) (1 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ) − 𝑏𝑖 − 2𝜆(𝑘) ∑𝑗≠𝑖 𝐵𝑖𝑗 𝑃𝑗

𝑃𝑖 =
2(𝑐𝑖 + 𝜆(𝑘) 𝐵𝑖𝑖 )
If following simplified loss equation is used for transmission line losses calculation then the
value of 𝑃𝑖 .
𝜆 − 𝑏𝑖
𝑃𝑖 =
2(𝑐𝑖 + 𝜆𝐵𝑖𝑖 )

Condition 2:
Second condition results in:
𝑁

𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿 = ∑ 𝑃𝑖
𝑖=1

PROCEDURE:
The procedure to solve economic dispatch problem with transmission line losses for a given
system is given below:

Note:
The problem must be solved by hand and the obtained results must be verified
using MATLAB

1. Identify cost coefficients (ai, bi, ci), power demand (Pd) and its constraints from the
given problem.

2. Assume an initial value of lambda a little higher than bi coefficients of fuel cost
equations.

3. Calculation generation of individual generators by substituting that assumed value of

lambda into the following equation:
𝜆 − 𝑏𝑖
𝑃𝑖 =
2(𝑐𝑖 + 𝜆𝐵𝑖𝑖 )
4. Check whether the calculated value of 𝑃𝑖 in above step is within the prescribed limits. If
the P calculated violates the minimum limit put P equal to Pmin and if P violates upper
limit put it equal to Pmax.
5. Calculate Power loss by using Kron’s Loss formula by substituting the values of
calculated powers in the following formula:

6. Calculate ∆P by using following equation:

 n
P  PD  PL   Pi
i 1

7. Next ∆λ can be calculated as:

𝑁 𝑛
𝜕𝑃𝑖 𝑐𝑖 + 𝐵𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑖
∑( ) = ∑
𝜕𝜆 2(𝑐𝑖 + 𝜆𝐵𝑖𝑖 )2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

8. New value of λ is calculated as:

 K 1   K   K
9. Repeat above steps (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) until a certain level of accuracy is achieved such as
(∆λ<0.0001).
10. Calculate the individual cost of each generator by substituting the value of final power in
the respective fuel cost equations.
11. Calculate total cost of generation nby addingnup the individual costs as:
FTotal   Fi   (ai  bi Pi  ci Pi 2 )
i 1 i 1

12. Now open MATLAB and create a new M-file.

13. Type the following code:
MATLAB CODE:

Do it by your-self and ask if any Query!

14. Write down the MATLAB result in Table-1.

15. Compare both the results to verify that the calculated results are in accordance with
MATLAB.
EXERCISE: F1  200  7.0 P1  0.008P12
The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by:
F2  180  6.3P2  0.009 P22

F3  140  6.8P3  0.007 P32

With following generation limits

 10  P1  85

10  P2  80

10  P3  70

The transmission loss is given by the following expression:

PL  0.000218P12  0.000228P22  0.000179 P32

Where P1, P2 and P3 are in MW. The Total load PD is 150 MW, considering generation limits
and line losses, find the optimal dispatch and the total cost $/h using Lambda Iteration
Method.
Matlab Code:

tic
clc
close all
clear all
% Main Code
Data=[200 7.0 0.008
180 6.3 0.009
140 6.8 0.007];
Power_min=[10 10 10];
Power_max=[85 80 70];
P_L=[0.000218 0.000228 0.000179];
P_D=150;
Missing_the_first_iteration=0;
% Assume Lamda of highest Beta
lamda=8;

for i=1:20
a=length(Data);
for n=1:a
q=lamda-Data(n,2);
e=2.*(Data(n,3)+lamda.*P_L(1,n));
P(n)=q/e;
end

%Clamping Code
Third_Colum=Data(:,3);
P_L_New=P_L;
if Missing_the_first_iteration > 0
for n=1:3
if P(n)>Power_max(1,n)
P(n)= Power_max(1,n);
Third_Colum(n,1)=0;
P_L_New(1,n)=0;
elseif P(n)<Power_min(1,n)
P(n)= Power_min(1,n);
Third_Colum(n,1)=0;
P_L_New(1,n)=0;
end
end
end
% Calculate the Transmission Losses Using
P1,P2 & P3
tic
clc
close all
clear all
% Main Code
Data=[200 7.0 0.008
180 6.3 0.009
140 6.8 0.007];
Power_min=[10 10 10];
Power_max=[85 80 70];
P_L=[0.000218 0.000228 0.000179];
P_D=150;
Missing_the_first_iteration=0;
% Assume Lamda of highest Beta
lamda=8;

for i=1:20
a=length(Data);
for n=1:a
q=lamda-Data(n,2);
e=2.*(Data(n,3)+lamda.*P_L(1,n));
P(n)=q/e;
end

%Clamping Code
Third_Colum=Data(:,3);
P_L_New=P_L;
if Missing_the_first_iteration > 0
for n=1:3
if P(n)>Power_max(1,n)
P(n)= Power_max(1,n);
Third_Colum(n,1)=0;
P_L_New(1,n)=0;
elseif P(n)<Power_min(1,n)
P(n)= Power_min(1,n);
Third_Colum(n,1)=0;
P_L_New(1,n)=0;
end
end
end
% Calculate the Transmission Losses Using P1,P2 & P3
for n=1:a
T_L(n)=P_L(1,n).*(P(n))^2;
end
Sum_T_L=sum(T_L);
%Calculate ?P by using following equation:
Change_P=P_D+Sum_T_L-sum(P);
%Next ?? can be calculated as:
for n=1:a

Denominator(n)=(Third_Colum(n,1)+(P_L_New(1,n)*Data(n,2)))/
(2*(Third_Colum(n,1)+(lamda*P_L_New(1,n)))^2);
if Denominator(n)== Inf
Denominator(n)=0;
else
end
end
Sum_Denominator= sum(Denominator)
Change_lamda=Change_P/Sum_Denominator;
%New value of ? is calculated as:
lamda=lamda+(Change_lamda);
Sum_Denominator= sum(Denominator)
Change_lamda=Change_P/Sum_Denominator;
%New value of ? is calculated as:
lamda=lamda+(Change_lamda);

%For first Iteration

Missing_the_first_iteration=Missing_the_first_ite
ration+1;
end
% Totall Fuel Cost
for n=1:a
Each_Generater_fuel_cost(n)=Data(n,1)+(P(n)*Data(
n,2))+(P(n)*P(n)*Data(n,3));
end
Totall_fuel_cost=sum(Each_Generater_fuel_cost);

%Table for Result

t=table(lamda,P,Each_Generater_fuel_cost,Totall_f
uel_cost)

toc
RESULTS:
After compiling the MATLAB Program, write down the obtainedq result in following table and
compare it with the manual calculations:

Table-5.1
Lambda(λ) P1 P2 P3 F1 F2 F3 Total
Cost($/hr)
($/MWhr) (MW) (MW) (MW) ($/hr) ($/hr) ($/hr)

Calculated 7.6789 35.091 64.132 52.477 455.49 621.05 516.12 1592.6

Values

MATLAB 7.6789 35.091 64.132 52.477 455.49 621.05 516.12 1592.6

results

CONCLUSION:
Lambda iteration method is an effective method to solve EDProblem. In this experiment
we have also included generation limits and transmission losses and we came to know that it
takes large number of iterations to solve the problem than the iterations required in case of
simple ED problem (i.e. in case of neglecting the limits & losses or only including the generation
limits).

TASK:
After going through the questions and answers related to the experiment, submit a separate report
which should include the analysis of the results of the experiment.

Teacher / Supervisor’s Signature: ______________________________________________