 TISSUES

 TYPES OF TISSUES
 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscular
 Nervous

 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands.

 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 protects and supports the body and its organs.

 MUSCULAR TISSUES
 composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force.

 NERVOUS TISSUES
 detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve
action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

 ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS IN LAYERS:

 Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.
 Stratified epithelium (stratum layer) consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there
is considerable wear and tear.
 Pseudostratified epithelium (pseudo- false) appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels
and not all cells reach the apical surface; it is actually a simple epithelium because all its cells rest on the basement membrane.

 CELL SHAPES
 Squamous cells (flat) are thin, which allows for the rapid passage of substances through them.
 Cuboidal cells are as tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons.
 Columnar cells are much taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissues.
 Transitional cells change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch (distend) to
a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size.
 SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

 SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

 Single layer of flattened cells
 Simple squamous lines the lung alveoli, the parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule in the
kidneys
 Cheek cells

 SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

 similar height and width with round, centrally located nuclei
 certain ducts of the major salivary glands and the pancreas, collecting tubules of the kidney,
some follicles of the thyroid gland and the surface of the ovary

 SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

 simple columnar epithelium is consist if single layer of tall cells
 the nuclei of the cells forms a single row
 simple columnar epithelium lines the stomach, intestines, and large ducts of some exocrine
glands

 CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

 in some organs, the cells that comprise the simple columnar epithelium are provided with cilia
 these ciliated simple columnar epithelium typically lines the uterus and oviducts

 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

  Single layer of tall or columnar cells
  various-shaped cells
  nuclei: found in various levels
  membranous and spongy parts of the male urethra

 STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

 STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (KERATINIZED)

 The outermost layer is composed of tightly packed dead cells filled with the protein keratin.
 The layer of keratin-filled cells acts as water-proofing.

 STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (NON KERATINIZED)

 The cells in the most superficial layer are flattened but nucleated
 non-keratinized squamous epithelium lines the moist internal cavities such as the oral
cavity(mouth) and esophagus

 STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

 two or more layers of cuboidal cells
  often lines the larger ducts of some glands such as the major salivary glands and sweat glands
 STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
 consist of columnar cells on the superficial layer and cuboidal cells on the deep layer
 stratified columnar epithelium is found in the large ducts of some glands such as the
parotid glands
 it is also seen in the conjunctiva of the eyes
 they function for both protective and mucus secretion

 TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
 type of stratified epithelium which are unique to mammals
 they manifest features that are in between stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal epithelia
 it is also known as urothelium
 it lines the urinary passages

 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Dense Collagenous
 Dense Elastic
 Loose Collagenous

 DENSE COLLAGENOUS

 DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 DENSE IRREGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 collagen fibers has no definite orientation
 found in areas where resistance to forces from different directions is
needed
 dermis of the skin
 capsule of some organs
 sheath of large nerves

 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers
 elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil
  vocal cords
 elastic connective tissue of blood vessel walls

 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Fine network of fibers
 Loose packing, support and nourishment
 Packing between glands, muscles and nerves, attaches the skin to underlying
tissues

 ADIPOSE TISSUE
 Also known as fat cells
 Full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell
 Packing material; thermal insulator; energy storage around kidneys, surface of
the colonl mammary glands

 RETICULAR TISSUE
 Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged
 Superstructure for lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues
 Lymph nodes, spleen, Bone marrow

 SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 HYALINE CARTILAGE
 Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix
 Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the
trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose
 Growing long bones; Cartilage rings of the respiratory system

 FIBROCARTILAGE
 Collagen fibers similar to hyaline cartilage
 Fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages
 Arranged in thick bundles
 Flexible; capable of wothstanding considerable pressure
 Intervertebral disks; Knees; Temporomandibular joints

 ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 has chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic
fibers within extracellular matrix; perichondrium
present
 Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external
ear (auricle)
 COMPACT BONE
 Hard, bony matrix
 Many osteocytes (Not seen)
 Matrix is organized into layers called lamellae
 Provides great strength and support
 All bones

 CANCELLOUS BONE
 Also known as spongy bone
 Less dense than the compact bone

 FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 BLOOD
 Blood cells and a fluid matrix
 Transports O2, CO2 and other substances
 Protects the body from infection
 Involved in temperature regulation
 Clotting factors
 Within the vessels; interstitial spaces

 MUSCLE TISSUE

 SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Cells/fibers appear striated (banded)
 Cells are large, long and cylindrical with many nuclei
  Movement (Voluntary)
 Attached to the bones/ other connective tissues

 CARDIAC MUSCLE
 Cylindrical and striated; single nucleus
 Branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks
 Pumps blood
 Involuntary (Unconscious)
 Heart

 SMOOTH MUSCLE
 Tapered at each end
 Not striated
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary (unconscious)
 Hollow organs (stomach, intestines)

 NERVOUS TISSUE