Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

CE362
Water Resources Engineering

Onur AKAY, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Gebze Technical University
41400 Kocaeli/TURKEY
Tel: +90-262-605-3327
E-mail: onurakay@gtu.edu.tr

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 1

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Course Schedule (subject to change):

Week 1 : Introduction- Hydrologic cycle, Hydrologic System Model

Week 2 : Precipitation Part I- Precipitation Formation & Measurement, Temporal and Areal Distribution, Mass Curve
Week 3 : Precipitation Part II- IDF Curves, Design Rainfall, Extreme Rainfall
Week 4 : Evaporation- Evaporation from Water/Soil/Snow Surfaces, Interception, Evapotranspiration
Week 5 : Infiltration Part I- Infiltration Capacity & Rate, Standard Infiltration Curve, Horton Model, Infiltration Index
Week 6 : Infiltration Part II- NRCS Curve-Number Model
Week 7 : Surface Runoff Part I- Watershed, Characteristics of a River Basin, Baseflow Separation from Runoff
Week 8 : Surface Runoff Part II- Time of Concentration
Week 9 : Surface Runoff Part III- Peak-Runoff Models: The Rational Method, NRCS-TR55 Method
Week 10: Surface Runoff Part IV- Continuous-Runoff Models: Unit-Hydrograph
Week 11: Surface Runoff Part V- Hydrograph Routing: Reservoir Routing, Streamflow/Channel Routing
Week 12: Stormwater Collection Systems Part I- Street gutters and inlets
Week 13: Stormwater Collection Systems Part II- Storm sewers
Week 14: Water Distribution Systems- Pipelines, Pumps, Valves, Meters, Fire Hydrants, Water-Storage Reservoirs

Gradation: Quizzes* (8 x 5%) + Final Exam (60%)

* The
total number of quizzes will be 10 (only the top 8 will be qualified for gradation). The quizzes will be conducted during class hours;
however, the day will be unannounced. The maximum duration of the quizzes will be 15 min.

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 2

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Water Resources Engineering is an area of professional practice that includes the design of systems to control the
quantity, quality, timing, and distribution of water to meet the needs of human habitation and the environment.

The technical and scientific bases for most water-resources applications are in the areas of hydraulics and hydrology.

legal,
Successful operation of an engineered
economic,
system usually depends as much on These viewpoints must generally be
financial,
non-engineering analyses: considered in the development process.
political, and
social.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvQUHp5f6Lc

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 3

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrology deals with occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of water on Earth and other planets.

A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the fields of:

- earth or environmental science,
- physical geography, geology or
- civil and environmental engineering.

Hydrology is the science of the occurrence, distribution and movement of waters of the earth.

Water covers 70% of the Earth's surface. The ocean stores over 97% of the terrestrial water.

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 4

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 5

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The U.S. National Research Council (1991) presented the following definition of hydrology:

Hydrology is the science that focusing on the waters of the Earth:

- occurrence,
- circulation,
- distribution,
- chemical and physical properties, and
- reaction with the environment
- relation to living things.

Hydrology was defined more simply by Penman* (1961) as the science that attempts to answer the question,
“What happens to rain?”.

Surface water hydrology Water above the surface of the earth

Groundwater hydrology Water below the surface of the earth

* Howard Latimer Penman focused on the physics of evaporation. Numerous variations of the Penman equation are used to estimate
evaporation from water, and land.

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 6

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrology is a multidisciplinary science that is in close relation with sciences such as:

- Hydromechanics: The science that studies the motion of water.

- Hydraulics: Application of science developed by hydromechanics in technology and practical civil

engineering problems.

- Meteorology: The science that studies water in the atmosphere.

- Oceanography: The science that studies water in the oceans.

- Hydrogeology and soil physics: The science that studies water deep in the earth.

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 7

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Water Resources Development includes engineering studies related to the control and use of water:

- Use of water: Water supply, irrigation, hydropower, river navigation.

We need to plan, design, construct
and operate structures to serve
- Control of water quantity: Flood control, drainage, sewerage.
these purposes!!!
- Control of water quality: Prevention of water pollution.

It is required to provide answers to certain questions about the quantity and quality of the water:

- Estimate the largest flood to be observed in a certain period of time (Design of a reservoir)
- Estimate the discharge present in a stream for a certain number of days in a year (Power of HPP)
- Estimate the stream flows in dry periods (Capacity of a water supply reservoir)

The answers must be of adequate accuracy.

Safety factors as large as those of other engineering designs will not be economically feasible!!!

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 8

Introduction
Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology
Design of Water-Resource Systems:
The uncertainty and natural variability of hydrologic processes require that most water resource systems be designed
with some degree of risk (of failure).
Frequency-based design
The exceedance probability of the
design event is selected a priori and
the water-resource system is
designed to accommodate all lesser
events up to and including an event
with the selected exceedance
probability.
Urban storm-drainage systems are
typically designed for precipitation
events with return periods of 10
years or less, where the return
period of an event is defined as the
reciprocal of the (annual)
exceedance probability of the event.
Onur Akay, Ph.D.
Risk-based design Critical-event design
Systems are designed such that the In some extreme cases, where
sum of the capital cost and the cost the consequences of failure are
of failure is minimized. Capital costs truly catastrophic, water resource
tend to increase and the cost of systems are designed for the
failure tends to decrease with largest possible magnitude of a
increasing system capacity. hydrologic event.
Because any threats to human life
are generally assigned extremely
high failure costs, structures such as
large dams are usually designed for
rare hydrologic events with long
return periods and commensurate
small failure risks.
CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 9
Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrologic studies may include:

- Measurements collection of relevant natural data from field to initiate hydrological study
+ Hydrologic events cannot be simulated in the laboratory
+ Measurement network of “adequate” density should be installed (variability in space)
+ Instruments of adequate precision
+ Recordings should be read with great care (variability in time)

- Data processing usage of databases for storage

+ Enormous quantity of data requires electronic storage

- Model development setting up models in cases where measurements are not available
+ Measuring all the hydrological variables is neither economical nor possible
+ Abstracted simulations of natural hydrologic phenomena
+ Estimating the changes of hydrologic variables that are caused by human intervention in nature

- Probabilistic and statistical methods hydrologic phenomena are of a random character

+ Deterministic analysis is often not possible
+ Estimation of 100-year flood
+ Should be applied in combination with a physical understanding of the hydrologic phenomena

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 10

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrologic cycle is Earth’s water circulatory system. The sun and gravitation provide the
energy required for this circulation!
Residence time for atmospheric
water is on the order of a week.

Interception

(soil + vegetation)

tens of thousands
of years
Percolation

weeks to months

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Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 12

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Components of Hydrologic cycle:

- Precipitation: The fall of moisture from the atmosphere to the earth surface in any form.

- Interception: The segment of the gross precipitation which wets and adheres to aboveground objects until it is
returned to the atmosphere through evaporation.

- Infiltration: Water seeps into the soil by gravitation, capillary and molecular forces.

- Percolation: Infiltrated water increases soil moisture, excess water continues deeper underground.

- Groundwater Flow: Due to percolation, the soil gets saturated and water flows into streams.

- Surface Runoff/ Overland Flow: After an initial filling of interception and providing that the rate of precipitation
exceeds that of infiltration overland flow begins.

- Evaporation: The process by which water is transferred from the land and water masses of the earth to the
atmosphere.

- Transpiration: The process by which soil moisture taken up by vegetation is evaporated as it exits at plant pores.

- Evapotranspiration (ET): Evaporation from land (soil) + Transpiration

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Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The System Concept:

- Hydrologic phenomena are extremely complex.

- In the absence of perfect knowledge, they may be represented in a simplified way by means of the systems concept.
A system is a set of connected parts that form a whole.

Water transports sediment from the earth’s

surface to the oceans and lakes, and gradually
changes the form of the surface of the land.

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 14

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The System Concept:

- A hydrologic system is defined as a structure or volume in space, surrounded by a boundary, that accepts water and
other inputs, operates on them internally, and produces them as outputs.

A watershed or, drainage basin, or catchment is the

area of land draining into a stream at a given location.

Watershed
divide

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Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The System Concept:

25 watersheds

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 16

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The System Concept:

25 watersheds

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 17

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The System Concept:

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 18

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The System Concept:

The relations of a system with its environment are characterized by the input and output vectors.

S = Amount of water stored in the system

S
= f(x(t))

Conservation of Mass states that water in any part of the hydrologic cycle neither appears nor disappears:

Consider the atmosphere. Global precipitation in any year equals the global evaporation!!!
Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 19
Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

The System Concept:

Conservation of Mass:

For any time interval Δt:

X1: Precipitation Y1: Evaporation + ET ΔS1: Interception Vary rapidly

in time. (Δt: hour or day)
X2: Surface runoff Y2: Surface runoff ΔS2: Surface storage
X3: Groundwater Y3: Groundwater flow ΔS3: Groundwater storage
flow ΔS4: Snow cover Vary slowly
(Δt: month or year)
in time.
ΔS5: Soil moisture

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Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrologic System Model:

- The objective of hydrologic system analysis is to study the system operation and predict its output.
- A hydrologic system model is an approximation of the actual system.
- The inputs and outputs are measurable hydrologic variables.

For example, a linear reservoir has its storage S related to its outflow Q by:

where k is a constant having the dimensions of time. By continuity, the time rate of change of storage dS/dt is equal
to the difference between the input and the output:

differential
operator
Eliminating S between the two equations and rearranging:

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Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrologic Model Classification:

Given input always Input variables are defined

produces the same output by probability distributions
(forecast) (prediction)

Functions of the
Spatially averaged space dimensions

All are variable in time.

A sequence of A sequence in which

hydrologic events the next event is
that do not influence partially influenced
each other. by the current one.

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Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrologic Model Classification:

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 23

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Hydrologic Model Classification:

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 24

Introduction

Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering, Hydrologic Cycle, Fundamental Equations of Hydrology

Example: 495.5 million m3 of water is stored in the reservoir of Demirköprü dam in the beginning of June 1971. In this
month Gediz River transmits an average discharge of 15.8 m3/s. Monthly evaporation from the lake is 8.5 million m3,
no precipitation has occurred. 50.5 million m3 of water is extracted from the reservoir for energy production. Storage
is 476.4 million m3 at the end of June. How much water has infiltrated from the lake in this month?

Writing the continuity equation for the reservoir in June: 𝑋 − 𝑌 = ∆𝑆

Change of stored volume in the reservoir: ∆𝑆 = 476.4x10 m − 495.5x10 m = −19.1x10 m

Volume of water entering the reservoir: 86400s

𝑋 = 30 days x x 15.8 m ⁄s = 41x10 m
day

Volume of water that exits: 𝑌 = 8.5x10 m + 50.5x10 m + 𝐹

F, volume of water that infiltrates, is found by substituting

the above values into the equation of continuity:

41 − 8.5 − 50.5 x10 m − 𝐹 = −19.1x10 m

𝐹 = 1.1x10 m

Onur Akay, Ph.D. CE362 Water Resources Engineering | GTU 25