STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Natural calamities are sweeping through communities at an alarming rate. Though the severity
varies by area, China and Japan have been impacted the hardest. The number of casualties has
been enormous over the years. It is consequently critical to mitigate the negative consequences
of such natural disasters, to manage further occurrences, and to increase our understanding of the
techniques and challenges that disaster risk managers face. It is critical that we understand the
places most commonly affected by these disasters, as well as the efforts made by the
governments of these two great nations to avoid future occurrences and support individuals who
live and invest there. This research will allow us to determine the impact of the wreck calamity
on the country's economy, social, and political ties with the rest of the world.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Objectives of this study can be simplified as follows –

 Environmental change as a parameter of disaster risk in the countries

 Environmental causes and the associated consequences
 Approaches to disaster risk management
 Role of community in total disaster risk management
 Importance of disaster risk management
 Recommendations for short- and long-term disaster risk management

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research work intends to answer the following –

 What effect these disasters have on the development of these nations??

 What measures is the International community taking to assist these nations??
 What are the challenges the disaster risk management have on citizens of affected
areas??
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
For the purposes of this study, I will concentrate on natural disaster management in China and
Japan, rather than the entire Asian continent. China and Japan are complex and dynamic
societies with significant and escalating catastrophe risk in vulnerable urban populations in and
around their rapidly expanding metropolises. Natural disasters of many types that the area is
prone to. The impact of these incidents on the people and businesses of these two countries, as
well as the government's efforts to mitigate the disasters' consequences on the victims. The
complexity of vulnerability and resilience in catastrophe risk management will be examined in
this study.

HYPOTHESIS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
There are a variety of research methodologies that can be used to address the research questions.
Secondary data was gathered from books on disaster risk management and reduction, articles
from newspapers and television stations, journals of past researchers, government corporate
reports on disaster management strategies, internet sources, and international and national
conference proceedings on disasters, particularly those in these two countries.
 INTRODUCTION

From ancient times to the present, disaster has always been a common occurrence in the world.
Natural disasters, such as floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic
phenomena, can result in large unfavorable events. Natural catastrophes have caused huge loss
of life and property in recent years, and they have become a common challenge for all countries.
China and Japan are two of the world's most disaster-prone countries.

Disaster Risk Management is a systematic approach to reducing the effects of hazards that
includes risk identification, mitigation, and transfer, as well as disaster preparedness, emergency
response, and rehabilitation or reconstruction [1].

The different disasters in these two countries, as well as their effects on their populations, are
discussed in this long essay, as are the tactics these governments have used to lessen the rate of
disasters. The research looked on the various disaster risk management techniques that these
countries have used over time.

It focused on the country's main practices in natural disaster risk management from the
perspectives of plan development, legal system construction, risk investigation, monitoring, and
early warning, disaster reduction projects, risk assessment, disaster insurance, community-based
disaster reduction, and international cooperation.

The paper identified their future natural disaster risk management priorities, emphasized the
significance of better inter-linkages between disaster risk management, recovery, and long-term
development planning, and called for more integrated and comprehensive disaster risk
management methods. This essay looked at how disaster risk management affects everyone,
from citizens who need to be empowered to make risk-reducing decisions to political leaders,
government institutions, the commercial sector, civil society organizations, professional bodies,
and scientific and technical institutions.

1
(Magunda, M.K. (PhD), August 2010, Study on Disaster Risk Management and Environment for the Karamoja
Subregion.)
 DEFINTITONS OF TERMS
Some basic definitions terms used in Disaster risk management –

 A disaster is a major interruption of a community's or society's functioning that results in

widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses that surpass the afflicted
community's or society's ability to manage using its own resources.
 Risk: The likelihood of negative outcomes, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,
livelihoods, economic disruption, or environmental damage) as a result of interactions
between natural or human-caused hazards and sensitive situations.
 Risk management is the act of safeguarding a company's assets, earnings, debt, and
human resources while minimizing expenditures.
 Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is a systematic approach to reducing the effects of
hazards that includes risk identification, mitigation, and transfer, as well as disaster
planning, emergency response, and rehabilitation or reconstruction.
 Mitigation refers to the structural and non-structural methods made to reduce the
negative effects of natural disasters, environmental deterioration, and technology dangers
 • Vulnerability refers to the amount of damage caused by a potentially harmful event.
The terms listed below are essential for comprehending slow-onset disasters and their
effects on populations.
 Population – frequently connected with crisis-induced mass migration, in which vast
numbers of people are forced to flee their homes in search of a better life Conflict, severe
food shortages, or the breakdown of economic support systems are common causes of
mass movements.
 Complex emergencies - A type of man-made disaster in which the source of the disaster,
as well as the response to the victims, are constrained by high-level political calculations.
Normally, this type of emergency is related with the problems of displaced individuals
during times of civil unrest or with persons in need trapped in conflict zones.
 Hazard - "A process, phenomena, or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury,
or other health effects, property damage, social and economic disruption, or
environmental degradation," according to the definition. In terms of origin and effects,
 hazards might be single, sequential, or compounded. "Location, intensity or magnitude,
frequency, and probability" are used to describe each hazard.

DISASTER RISK
Disaster risk is defined by the UNDRR as "the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or
damaged assets that could occur to a system, society, or community in a specific period of time,
as determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity in a
specific period of time." It is described in a technical sense by combining three terms: danger,
exposure, and vulnerability.

When a settlement is built on the banks of a river, for example, hydrologists can use a hydraulic
analysis to identify and characterize flood hazard. A hazard is defined by its "location, intensity
or degree, frequency, and likelihood," according to the UNDRR. Such danger areas are defined
in certain nations as the geographic reach of floods with a 100-year return time. Floods have the
ability to cause damage to people, assets, infrastructure, and ecosystems within the area. The
degree of probable harm is then determined by the vulnerability of the location. For example, the
physical structure of a building, as well as the social and economic elements of a system, can be
used to characterize this. Furthermore, hazard vulnerability can be defined as a society's ability
to deal with a crisis.

It is critical to understand the social and economic conditions in which disaster risks occur, as
well as the reality that people's perceptions of risk and underlying risk variables are not always
the same.

Acceptable risk, also known as tolerable risk, is a crucial sub term; the degree to which a disaster
risk is regarded acceptable or tolerable is determined by current social, economic, political,
cultural, technical, and environmental variables. Acceptable risk is also used in engineering to
assess and specify the structural and non-structural measures required to prevent potential harm
to people, property, services, and systems to a tolerated level, according to codes or "established
practice" that are based on known risks and other variables.
 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

China is one of the most disaster-prone countries on the planet. Pre-disaster decentralized
management with various fields and departments, in-disaster integrated emergency management,
and post-disaster different-level collaboration between the central government and local
governments are all part of China's disaster risk reduction efforts. As a result, it is reasonable to
conclude that the Chinese disaster risk management system is mostly reliant on central
management, with reciprocal cooperation between the central and local governments.

The Chinese integrated disaster risk management strategy emphasizes the management
mechanism of "combining the bars (professional technology departments) and the blocks (local
governments), and relying primarily on the blocks"; the integrated disaster reduction strategy's
final goal is to "realize the horizontal harmonization to the margin without dead angle and the
vertical harmonization to the end without blank"; the Chinese disaster risk management strategy
adheres to the print Natural disaster risk management is mostly handled by China's civil affairs
departments and insurance regulatory agencies. Agriculture insurance and large-scale
catastrophe insurance are currently being researched and tested as essential guaranteeing
measures for national sustainable development. Agriculture natural catastrophe insurance has
been implemented in some Chinese regions.

China is one of the most disaster-prone countries on the planet. Since 1949, the Chinese
government has placed a high priority on disaster reduction work, and much structural and non-
structural construction has been completed to improve China's natural disaster resistant ability,
primarily in the fields of flood and drought mitigation, earthquake mitigation, tide protection,
and other areas that protect people's lives and property while also promoting socio-economic
development.

China, on the other hand, is in the midst of an economic and social transition. The economy is
growing rapidly, yet the level of productivity development in society is imbalanced. The
foundation of the public security assurance system is shaky, and major incidents and occurrences
occur on a regular basis.
The State Council's Emergency Management Office has been established at the national level,
and public emergency planning has been issued and implemented. A succession of laws,
regulations, and judgments have also been implemented based on several key public security
concerns. At the moment, China's integrated disaster risk management is still in its early stages
of growth, with some issues that need to be addressed. On the basis of existing work, it is
expected to promote and complete disaster risk management, as well as develop a scientific and
efficient integrated disaster risk management system. Meanwhile, it is critical to integrate global
advanced catastrophe risk management expertise and technology, as well as strengthen
international collaboration in this area, in order to make the entire world safer.