Adult Development and Aging Cavanaugh 7th Edition Test Bank

Adult Development and Aging Cavanaugh 7th Edition Test Bank
Adult Development and Aging Cavanaugh 7th Edition

Test Bank
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1. Which of the following is not an assumption of the information-processing approach?
a. People are active participants in the process.
b. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of performance can be examined.
c. Information is handled in the system in an untransformed manner.
d. Information is processed through a series of processes.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Overview of Information Processing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.01 - What are the primary aspects of the information processing
model?
KEYWORDS: Factual
2. A computer analogy is used to explain

a. the information processing approach.
b. the origins of source memories.
c. how prospective memory works.
d. age-related declines in speed of processing.
ANSWER: a
model?
KEYWORDS: Conceptual
3. The earliest step in information processing is

a. attention. b. working memory.
c. primary memory. d. sensory memory.
ANSWER: d
model?
KEYWORDS: Factual
4. What part of the information processing system has an unlimited capacity, takes in information rapidly, and is almost
an identical representation of the stimuli as it exists in the observable environment?
a. attention b. sensory memory
c. working memory d. tertiary memory
ANSWER: b
model?
5. Most of us cannot accurately draw either side of common coins we see everyday, such as pennies. This is most
likely because
a. our memories cannot store that much detailed information at one time.
b. our processing speed is not strong enough to process all the details on the coin.
c. our retrieval skills only provide us with some of the details of the coin.
d. we have failed to pay attention to the details of the coin.
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.02 - What are the basic components of attention?
6. Attentional control is linked to the speed of processing in the

a. parieto-frontal lobes. b. medulla oblongata.
c. occipital lobes. d. temporal lobe.
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.02 - What are the basic components of attention?
KEYWORDS: Factual
7. Neuroimaging studies indicate that age-related changes in speed of processing

a. are inevitable.
b. are dependent upon what adults are being asked to do.
c. are uniform across different types of tasks and situations.
d. vary by sex, with women showing greater declines over time than men.
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.03 - How does speed of processing relate to cognitive aging?
8. Research evidence indicates that the oldest adults have more irrelevant thoughts during processing tasks and have
more trouble keeping these irrelevant thoughts out of mind. This is evidence of
a. a decrease in intelligence. b. inhibitory loss.
c. a decrease in overall memory space. d. a decrease in sensory memory.
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.04 - What types of processing resources relate to attention and
memory?
9. Taking notes while listening to a lecture requires
a. divided attention. b. effortful processing.
c. external aids. d. memory self-efficacy.
ANSWER: a
memory?
KEYWORDS: Applied
10. Trying to complete two tasks at one time requires which type of attention?
a. selective attention b. sustained attention
c. divided attention d. attentional capacity
ANSWER: c
memory?
KEYWORDS: Applied
11. John has driven the same short route to work everyday for the last seven years. Today he arrived at work and
realized he really didn’t remember any of his drive. This is an example of
a. automatic processing. b. effortful processing.
c. divided attention. d. attentional capacity.
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.05 - What is automatic and effortful processing?
KEYWORDS: Applied
12. Which of the following places minimal demands on attentional capacity and gets information into the system largely
without us being aware of it?
a. divided attention b. sustained attention
c. inhibitory loss d. automatic processing
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Factual
13. When first learning to drive a manual transmission car, we are often aware of our processing and it seems to take
all of our attention to coordinate our actions. This is an example of
a. automatic processing. b. effortful processing.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
14. Under which conditions do older and younger adults show similar patterns of attention allocation?
a. never
b. when the goal is to have familiarity with the material
c. when the task requires effortful and deliberate processing
d. when the information is presented quickly
ANSWER: b
15. The amount of information that can be processed at any given time is called the
a. cognitive reserve. b. vigilance.
ANSWER: d
16. Research findings that indicate differences between older and younger adults with issues such as memory,
attentional capacity, and processing speed must be interpreted carefully. Why?
a. Memory tests are biased against younger adults.
b. A test that measures memory in a younger adult will not be valid for testing an older adult.
c. Age differences are sensitive to the conditions under which they are measured.
d. Any differences observed between the two groups are due to declining vision and hearing in older adults, not
due to decreases in memory or attention per se.
ANSWER: c
KEYWORDS: Applied
17. What variable affects whether age differences will be obtained on divided attention tasks?
a. task complexity b. speed of responding
c. spatial cueing d. presentation modality
ANSWER: a
18. Age differences on divided attention tasks
a. can be reduced by increasing older adults’ practice with the tasks.
b. can be reduced by decreasing younger adults’ practice with the tasks.
c. can be reduced by increasing task complexity.
d. cannot be reduced.
ANSWER: a
19. A smallcapacity store that deals with the items currently “in use” is
a. sensory memory. b. working memory.
c. secondary memory. d. remote memory.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Memory Processes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.06 - What is working memory? What age differences have been
found in working memory?
KEYWORDS: Factual
20. Michael is trying to remember an address. He repeats it in his mind until he gets to his car and enters it into his
navigation system. Michael is using his
c. secondary memory. d. remote memory.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
21. Most evidence indicates

a. significant age-related decline in working memory.
b. loss of the ability to hold items in working memory may limit older adults' overall cognitive functioning.
c. age-related declines in working memory may vary across different tasks.
d. all of the above.
ANSWER: d
22. Age-related decline in ________ working memory tends to be greater than the decline in _________ working
memory.
a. verbal; spatial b. verbal; mathematical
c. spatial; verbal d. mathematical; verbal
ANSWER: c
23. Recent research into what causes working memory deficits in older adults has found that
a. older adults have more trouble accessing multiple pieces of information.
b. older adults have more trouble juggling all of the information at once.
c. verbal working memory is much more affected than spatial working memory.
d. testing at night improves older adults' performance.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Factual
24. Implicit memory is also referred to as

a. declarative memory. b. procedural memory.
c. intentional memory. d. subjective memory.
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.07 - How do implicit and explicit memory differ across age?
KEYWORDS: Factual
25. Improvements in your memory as the result of being previously exposed to the information without actively trying to
remember it is known as
a. implicit memory. b. recognition memory.
c. remote memory. d. explicit memory.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Factual
26. Memory for implicit material reveals that, in general, age differences are
a. greater for explicit memory relative to implicit memory.
b. smaller for explicit memory relative to implicit memory.
c. are similar to that for explicit memory.
d. only found on perceptual tasks.
ANSWER: a
27. The ability to remember extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades is known
as
c. long-term memory. d. remote memory.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Memeory Processes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.08 - Within long-term memory, how does episodic and semantic
memory differ across age?
KEYWORDS: Factual
28. The memories of what you did last summer and the speech you gave last semester in your public speaking class are
stored in
c. long-term memory. d. remote memory.
ANSWER: c
KEYWORDS: Applied
29. Which type of memory is concerned with learning and remembering the meanings of words and concepts that are
not tied to specific occurrences of events in time?
a. sensory memory b. working memory
c. episodic memory d. semantic memory
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Factual
30. If 47yearold Matt can remember the poem he memorized in Mrs. Smith’s 2nd grade class, Matt is using what
type of memory for this task?
a. sensory memory b. episodic memory
c. semantic memory d. remote memory
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
31. This type of memory stays fairly stable until 55-60 years of age and then shows a precipitous decline after age 65.
a. sensory memory b. episodic memory
c. semantic memory d. remote memory
ANSWER: b
32. Semantic memory can be described as involving which type of ability?

a. being able to recall a stimuli viewed for a few seconds
b. remembering to do something in the future
c. remembering where something was heard or seen
d. recalling the definition of a word or a historical fact
ANSWER: d
33. Which best describes normative age-related changes in semantic memory?

a. It increases across the life span.
b. It increases until age 55-60 and then shows a precipitous decline after age 65.
c. It increases from 35-55 years of age, levels off, and then declines after age 65.
d. It shows stability until age 65, after which it increases.
ANSWER: c
34. Evidence suggests there are no age-related deficits in memory processes such as language comprehension, the
structure of language, and the activation of general knowledge. This is because _______ is relatively spared in
normal aging.
a. long-term memory b. working memory
c. episodic memory d. semantic memory
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Applied
35. A TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experience is

a. a simple momentary retrieval failure for information that is otherwise accessible.
b. a sign of decline in episodic memory.
c. more common in younger than in older adults.
d. evidence of a failing long-term memory.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Factual
36. When a friend asks you to tell them everything about your weekend, this is an example of what type of memory
task?
a. recall b. recognition
c. cued recall d. probed recognition
ANSWER: a
37. Identifying the correct information from a larger list of information is an example of
a. recall memory. b. recognition memory.
c. inference. d. semantic memory.
ANSWER: b
38. Answering a multiple choice question on an exam like this one is an example of
a. recall memory. b. recognition memory.
c. cued recall memory. d. semantic memory.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
39. Answering short-answer or essay questions on your final exam requires the use of
a. inference. b. recall.
c. recognition. d. recapitulation.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
40. Overall, older adults do less well than younger adults on __________, but on __________ this difference
between the age groups is reduced.
a. recognition tests; recall tests
b. recall tests; recognition tests
c. tests of semantic memory; test of episodic memory
d. tests of short-term memory; tests of long-term memory
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
41. Older adults perform better on episodic memory tests when instructed to use
a. automatic processing.
b. divided attention.
c. internal study strategies such as rehearsal.
d. metamemory.
ANSWER: c
42. You are at a cocktail party when you see a friend from college, but you can’t seem to recall her name. You know it
begins with an S. This is an example of
a. recapitulation.
b. familiar information being remembered more poorly.
c. a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
d. compensatory failure.
ANSWER: c
KEYWORDS: Applied
43. The use of _____________ makes tasks easier and increases the efficiency of encoding and retrieval.
a. strategies b. metamemory
c. the information processing model d. memory monitoring
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.09 - What age differences have been found in encoding versus
retrieval?
44. Neuroscience research shows that during encoding, the prefrontal cortex in older adults shows
a. no activity. b. lower activity.
c. overactivity. d. pathological functioning.
ANSWER: c
retrieval?
45. The process of prospective memory begins with the intention to remember something in the future and depends on
monitoring
a. event and time cues.
b. encoding and retrieval.
c. automatic and effortful processing.
d. implicit and explicit memory.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Memory in Context
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.10 - What age differences are there in prospective memory?
KEYWORDS: Factual
46. Remembering to call your friend on her birthday requires you to use
a. retrospective memory. b. correlative memory.
c. anterograde memory. d. prospective memory.
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Applied
47. Autobiographical memory is primarily a form of

a. sensory memory. b. recognition memory.
c. semantic memory. d. episodic memory.
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.11 - How does autobiographical memory change across
adulthood?
48. Research on memories concerning personal health conducted by Coleman and colleagues, based on the Harvard
Longitudinal Studies, showed that
a. memories improved between ages 40-50.
b. people at all ages performed poorly.
c. memories about eating were more accurate.
d. specific episodes were remembered best.
ANSWER: a
adulthood?
KEYWORDS: Factual
49. When asked to remember life events, vivid memories from which age range are most likely to be reported?
a. 0-10 years of age
b. 10-30 years of age
c. 30-50 years of age
d. vivid memories are recalled from all time periods of life in equal numbers
ANSWER: b
adulthood?
50. Remembering where you were when 9/11 occurred is an example of
a. explicit memory. b. semantic memory.
c. an implicit memory. d. a flashbulb memory.
ANSWER: d
adulthood?
KEYWORDS: Applied
51. Flashbulb memories feel very real, and people think they can remember them down to the smallest detail. Research
on the accuracy of flashbulb memories indicates that
a. this is true. Flashbulb memories are highly accurate and are not likely to be forgotten over time.
b. this is false. Due to the highly emotional nature of flashbulb memories, they are usually forgotten quickly.
c. this is false. When comparing people's memories with independent records of actual events, people's
memories are often wrong.
d. this is true for younger adults but not for older adults.
ANSWER: c
adulthood?
KEYWORDS: Factual
52. Making connections between new information and already known information is called
a. encoding. b. imagery.
c. elaborative rehearsal. d. recognition.
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.12 - How does source memory and processing of
misinformation change across adulthood?
KEYWORDS: Factual
53. In a large cross-sectional study of source memory, adults between the ages of 21 and 80 years of age showed
a. an increase over time.
b. a gradual increase until age 60, a decrease between age 60 and 65, and then a leveling off.
c. a linear decrease over time.
d. a precipitous drop after age 75.
ANSWER: c
KEYWORDS: Factual
54. Benjamin (2010) proposed that older adults have a(n) ________ that causes problems in source memory and the
inability to exclude irrelevant information.
a. global deficit
b. specific deficit
c. occipital deficit
d. hormonal deficit
ANSWER: a
55. Older adults are likely to have difficulties with _____, which involves remembering where a piece of information
was acquired.
a. false memory b. source memory
c. flashbulb memory d. implicit memory
ANSWER: b
56. Melena is having trouble remembering whether she took her medication or if she just thinks she did. This is an
example of a(n)
a. false memory. b. source memory.
c. flashbulb memory. d. implicit memory.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
57. Claiming that one had performed an activity that one had actually only observed is more common among
a. younger adults. b. older adults.
c. children. d. adolescents.
ANSWER: b
58. Remembering something that did not really occur is known as
a. false memory. b. source memory.
c. flashbulb memory. d. implicit memory.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Factual
59. Older adults are more susceptible to scams and con artists because they are more susceptible to
a. false memories. b. source memories.
c. flashbulb memories. d. implicit memories.
ANSWER: a
60. Older adults have more difficulty correctly identifying information as false because they have trouble linking content
information to
a. its context. b. its outcome.
c. other information in long-term memory. d. sensory memory.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Factual
61. Physical fitness training improves cognitive performance in older adults regardless of
a. the training method. b. the intensity of the training.
c. the length of the training. d. the initial fitness level of the adult.
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.13 - What are some factors to help preserve memory as we
grow older?
KEYWORDS: Factual
62. Neuroscience research clearly demonstrates that ___________ has a wide range of effects on the brain, including
increased neural plasticity, and can be an intervention alternative for diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
a. a diet high in Omega-3 fatty acids
b. reading
c. exercise
d. working past retirement age
ANSWER: c
grow older?
63. Older adults from 75 to 95 years of age who spoke _______ languages or more showed the best cognitive state.
a. 2 b. 3
c. 4 d. number of languages was not related to cognitive functioning
ANSWER: c
grow older?
64. Which of the following was found to be a protective factor for maintaining one's cognitive state over time?
a. having relatives who lived to very old age
b. having parents with high IQs
c. having a large number of friends to socialize with
d. speaking multiple languages
ANSWER: d
grow older?
65. Because it remains relatively unimpaired, _________ may have an enhancement effect on ________ for older
adults.
a. implicit; explicit b. semantic memory; episodic memory
c. sensory memory; working memory d. encoding; retrieval
ANSWER: b
grow older?
KEYWORDS: Factual
66. Negative stereotypes about aging _____________ the memory performance of older adults.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. are unrelated to
d. confuse
ANSWER: b
grow older?
67. Metamemory refers to what one knows about

a. the memory system and how it works. b. the accuracy of the knowledge base.
c. current ongoing memory processes. d. one's own past experiences.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Self Evaluations of Memory Abilities
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.14 - What are the major types of memory self-evaluations?
KEYWORDS: Factual
68. You realize that you have an exam coming up for your biology course. Half of it is multiple choice and half of it is
essay. You realize the essay section will be harder than the multiple-choice part of the exam. This is an example of
a. metamemory. b. memory monitoring.
c. on-line awareness. d. memory awareness.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Applied
69. The awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now is known as
c. online awareness. d. memory awareness.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Factual
70. You have an hour break between classes, and you decide to go to the library and study. Your awareness of the
time while studying is an example of
c. online awareness. d. memory awareness.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
71. Which of the following beliefs about memory is not characteristic of older adults?
a. Memory is not stable.
b. Memory will decline with age.
c. I have little control over my memory.
d. I know a great deal about how memory works.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Self Evaluations of Memory Ability
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.15 - What age differences have been found in metamemory and
memory monitoring?
72. What feature of memory reflects an individual’s confidence in being able to complete a task?
a. metamemory b. memory self-efficacy
c. online awareness d. source awareness
ANSWER: b
memory monitoring?
KEYWORDS: Factual
73. Research has shown that when older adults are asked to predict how well they will perform on a memory task, they
are more accurate when
a. the task is novel.
b. they are told how other people have performed.
c. they have direct experience with the task.
d. they have no experience with the task.
ANSWER: c
memory monitoring?
74. Memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars, are known as
a. external aids. b. implicit aids.
c. internal aids. d. mnemonics.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Memory Training
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.16 - What are the major ways that memory skills are trained?
How effective are these methods?
KEYWORDS: Factual
75. Which of the following is an external memory aid?
a. imagery b. rehearsal
c. memory drugs d. a shopping list
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Applied
76. An example of an internal memory strategy is

a. rehearsal. b. a list.
c. an address book. d. a calendar.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Applied
77. Research suggests that all of the following external memory cues are most effective except those that
a. require a pen or pencil. b. are active rather than passive.
c. are given close to the time action is required. d. are specific to a particular action.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Factual
78. Most memory improvement courses train people to become proficient at using
a. internal strategies. b. external strategies.
c. exterior strategies. d. interior strategies.
ANSWER: a
79. One implicit internal memory aide has proven quite powerful, and those with Alzheimer's can learn new things using
it. What is it?
a. EIEIO method b. spaced retrieval
c. memory monitoring d. memory drugs
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Applied
80. The two groups of drugs that work to enhance memory, cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, work through
a. neurotransmitters. b. changing the structure of the brain.
c. reducing neural tangles. d. their effect on the corpus callosum.
ANSWER: a
81. The ____________________ to cognition examines how people take in stimuli material from their environment
and transform that information into memories.
ANSWER: information-processing approach
model?
KEYWORDS: Factual
82. _______________ is how quickly and efficiently the early steps in information processing are completed.
ANSWER: Speed of processing
model?
KEYWORDS: Factual
83. Most of the tasks involving deliberate memory, such as learning words on a list, require ______________.
ANSWER: effortful processing
KEYWORDS: Factual
84. ______________ is the active processes and structures involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously
using that information to solve a problem or make a decision.
ANSWER: Working memory
KEYWORDS: Factual
85. Brushing your teeth is not something you tend to think consciously about. Remembering how to do it is an example
of ____________ memory.
ANSWER: implicit
KEYWORDS: Applied
86. Researchers have generally concluded that most of the reason memory performance declines with age has to do
with _____________ problems.
ANSWER: retrieval
retrieval?
KEYWORDS: Factual
87. Remembering that you have a dentist appointment next Friday at noon requires ____________.
ANSWER: prospective memory
KEYWORDS: Applied
88. Older adults show __________ levels of brain activity in the parietal and frontal regions of the brain involved in the
retrieval of information.
ANSWER: higher
retrieval?
KEYWORDS: Factual
89. _______________ involves remembering items or events that did not occur.
ANSWER: False memory
KEYWORDS: Factual
90. Mentally retracing your steps in all the places you've been in order to find your missing car keys is an example of
a(n) ________________ strategy.
ANSWER: internal
KEYWORDS: Applied
91. One way to distinguish normal from abnormal memory changes is to ask whether the changes disrupt a person's
ability to _________________.
ANSWER: perform daily living tasks.
REFERENCES: Clinical Issues and Memory Testing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.17 - What is the difference between normal and abnormal
memory aging?
KEYWORDS: Factual
92. __________________, which often accompanies long-term alcoholism, involves major loss of recent memory and
sometimes a total inability to form new memories.
ANSWER: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.17 - What is the difference between normal and abnormal
memory aging?
KEYWORDS: Factual
93. Occasionally, people temporarily experience a complete loss of memory and are disoriented in time, a condition
known as ________________.
ANSWER: temporary global amnesia (TGA)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ADaA.CAVA.15.06.18 - What are the connections between memory and physical
and mental health?
KEYWORDS: Factual
94. TBI stands for _________________.

ANSWER: traumatic brain injury
and mental health?
KEYWORDS: Factual
95. A brain autopsy following the suicide of former NFL player Dave Duerson revealed he suffered from chronic
traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) caused by repeated ___________.
ANSWER: head trauma
and mental health?
KEYWORDS: Factual
96. What is sensory memory? Describe its importance in information processing and identify age-related differences.
ANSWER: All memories begin as sensory memory. Sensory memory is where new incoming
information is first registered.We only have to experience things for a small fraction
of a second to process the information. Sensory memory takes in large amounts of
information rapidly. However, unless we pay attention to the sensory information, its
representation is lost quickly. Age differences are not typically found in sensory
memory.
model?
97. Summarize the findings concerning age-related changes in divided attention.
ANSWER: Divided attention is concerned with how well people can perform more than one task
at the same time. It is widely believed that older adults have more trouble than
younger adults with divided attention. However, it appears that the age differences
are due to older adult's difficulties with individual tasks, not dividing their attention
across the tasks per se. Observational studies reveal that older workers are just as
able to multitask, but they perform each task slightly slower than younger workers.
There is one caveat. When the tasks become complex, older adults do have more
trouble dividing their attention and, as a result, their performance suffers.
memory?
98. Describe normative age-related differences in working memory. What are the implications for daily functioning?
ANSWER: Working memory involves holding information in mind and simultaneously using that
information, sometimes in conjunction with incoming information to solve a problem or
make a decision. Working memory plays an active and critical role in encoding,
storage, and retrieval. Compared with sensory memory, working memory has a
relatively small capacity. Most research indicates a significant age-related decline in
working memory. The loss of the ability to hold items in working memory may limit
older adults' overall cognitive functioning.
99. What is autobiographical memory? What distinguishes events that are memorable from those that are not?
ANSWER: One of the main functions of memory is to give one a sense of identity.
Autobiographical memory involves remembering information and events from our
own lives. This type of memory is primarily episodic, although it can involve semantic
memory as well. Autobiographical memories change over time for all adults. The
number of autobiographical memories increases the fastest between the ages of 18
and 25. Details for autobiographical events change over time. While it would seem
that highly traumatic or unexpected events would remain unchanged in memory, this is
not always the case. When comparing people's accounts of flashbulb memories with
objective accounts of events, people's memories are often wrong. The errors in
autobiographical memory help explain why eyewitness testimony is often unreliable.

adulthood?
100. Describe false memories. Why might older adults be more susceptible to false memories?
ANSWER: False memories are based on items or events that did not occur. Sometimes we are
told stories by friends and relatives that we could not possibly have experienced. Yet,
if we hear these stories enough, we may come to believe they are part of our past and
incorporate them into our autobiographical memories. People can falsely recall
memories and feel confident about them. Older adults tend to be more susceptible to
this than younger adults. One explanation is that older adults have more difficulty
correctly identifying information as false because they have trouble linking content
information to its context. Also, older adults have more trouble separating misleading
context from context that is relevant. This may help explain why older adults are more
susceptible to misleading information in general.
101. What are factors that preserve memory?

ANSWER: One factor is exercise. A major meta-analysis found that physical training improved
the cognitive performance of older adults regardless of the physical training method or
the characteristics of the older adult. Neuroscience has found that regular exercise
has a wide range of effects on the brain, including increasing neural plasticity.
Another factor is multilingualism. Speaking multiple languages might be a protective
factor against cognitive decline as we age. In one study, older adults ages 75 to 95
who spoke more than four languages showed the best cognitive states.
grow older?
102. Do negative stereotypes about aging have any impact on older adults' memory performance?
ANSWER: There is a stereotype that aging negatively affects memory. When confronted, or
threatened, by this stereotype, older adults do not perform as well on memory tests. It
appears that negative or threatening stereotypes suppress older adults' controlled or
conscious use of memory, and they are more likely to use an automatic response
instead.
grow older?
Adult Development and Aging Cavanaugh 7th Edition Test Bank
103. What impact does memory self-efficacy have on older adults' memory performance?
ANSWER: Self-efficacy is a belief that one can accomplish things. Memory self-efficacy is an
important type of memory belief that is distinct from things such as general knowledge
of memory. For example, one may know a great deal about how memory works but
still believe that one's ability to perform in a specific situation is poor. Not surprisingly,
older adults with low levels of self-efficacy do not perform as well on memory tasks,
bringing to mind the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy. However, older adults with
lower levels of memory self-efficacy compensate for poor memory performance by
using people for assistance and compensatory strategies to aid in their performance.

memory monitoring?
104. Identify and provide an example of an external memory aid.

ANSWER: External memory aids rely on environmental resources. These are things such as
notebooks, diaries, calendars, computers, and smartphones. These support memory in
everyday situations, such as taking notes on a computer while listening to a lecture. In
general, external and explicit interventions, such as smartphones, are the most
frequently used. This may be because they are easy to use, widely available, and
work well with adults affected by a variety of mental and physical disorders. Many
apps on smartphones relieve memory burden (maps, calendars). These explicit and
external interventions have potential value for improving older adults' cognitive
performance in real-world settings.
105. Identify and provide an example of an internal memory aid.

ANSWER: Internal aids are memory aids that rely on mental processes, such as imagery.
Examples of internal memory aids are using rote rehearsal (repeating facts or
information) and imagery (remembering the location of your car parked in a parking
lot). Classic examples of formal internal strategies include the method of loci, mentally
retracing, turning letters into numbers, and forming acronyms out of first letters of
words (such as NASA). Most memory improvement courses train people to become
proficient at one of these internal strategies.
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2. A computer analogy is used to explain

3. The earliest step in information processing is

6. Attentional control is linked to the speed of processing in the

7. Neuroimaging studies indicate that age-related changes in speed of processing

21. Most evidence indicates

24. Implicit memory is also referred to as

32. Semantic memory can be described as involving which type of ability?

33. Which best describes normative age-related changes in semantic memory?

35. A TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experience is

47. Autobiographical memory is primarily a form of

67. Metamemory refers to what one knows about

76. An example of an internal memory strategy is

94. TBI stands for _________________.

REFERENCES: Memory in Context

101. What are factors that preserve memory?

REFERENCES: Self Evaluations of Memory Abilities

104. Identify and provide an example of an external memory aid.

105. Identify and provide an example of an internal memory aid.

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