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Received 23 October 2003; received in revised form 17 August 2004; accepted 23 August 2004
Available online 28 October 2004
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the crude hydroalcoholic extract (PE) of Pfaffia glomerata roots was assessed in the
carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at the doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, using different animal models. An anti-inflammatory dose effect
response correlation of r = 0.997 and Y = 11.67x + 0.02 was found. At the same doses, the extract-inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing in
mice, but no dose response correlation was found. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg of PE and 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethazone inhibited by
29 and 61%, the granulomatous tissue formation (p > 0.05), respectively. These results indicate the potential of this plant extract to treat
chronic inflammation. At the assayed doses no significant activity was found in the hot plate test, as well as in the cell migration-induced by
carrageenan.
© 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
0378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.035
88 A.G. Neto et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96 (2005) 87–91
2. Material and methods by recording the rat paw volume before the drug injection
and then at 1 h intervals for 5 h.
2.1. Plant material and crude extract preparation Acute carrageenan-induced inflammatory reaction in the
peritoneal cavity of rats. Four groups of five animals each re-
Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen (Amaranthaceae) ceived PE at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg by gavage. The standard
was cultivated in Sı́tio Nova Esperança, Ribeirão Corrente, drug dexamethazone (0.5 mg/kg) was used as a positive con-
São Paulo, Brazil, from branches collected in São Gonçalo, trol. The negative control group received 5% Tween in saline
Rio de Janeiro and identified by Dr. João C. Siqueira in the solution. One hour later, a volume of 3 mL of carrageenan at
Botanical Institute of the University of Campinas, São Paulo, 100 g/mL in a 0.9% saline sterile solution was injected into
Brazil. Voucher specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of the rat’s peritoneal cavity. Cell migration was quantified 4 h
that Institute under the reference number 24200. after the injection of carrageenan, according to the method
The roots and rhizomes were harvested from 4 years old described by Souza and Ferreira (1985).
individuals and sliced into small pieces, dried in a circulat-
ing air stove and grounded (1600 g). The powder was extract 2.5. Granulomatous tissue assay
with aqueous ethanol (7:3, v/v) solution by maceration for 3
weeks at room temperature. Ethanol was removed by distil- The assay was performed using groups of five animals
lation under reduced pressure and the remaining solution was each under aseptic condition and anesthesia using diethyl
lyophilized and stored under light protection, yielding 19% ether, and a ventral longitudinal scission was made in each
(360 g) of crude hydroalcoholic lyophilized extract (PE). For animal. Then, four rolls of hydrofoils white cotton (Johnson
the pharmacological tests, the lyophilized extract was dis- & Johnson), measuring 5 mm of length and weighting 40 mg
solved in saline solution prior to its use. each, were implanted through the diffusion of the subcuta-
neous tissue at four equidistant sites of the incision. The cot-
2.2. Animals ton rolls were previously autoclaved and treated with 0.4 mL
of 5% ampicilin (Ariston) aqueous solution, following the
Male Swiss albino mice weighting 20–25 g were used for method of Meier et al. (1950) and Niemegeers et al. (1975).
the writhing test assay. Male Wistar rats weighting 160–170 g The groups were orally treated with 4 mL/kg of a 5% Tween
were used for the hot plate, paw edema, cell migration and the solution, 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethazone and 100 mg/kg of PE,
inhibition of granulomatous tissue assays. The animals were 2 h after cotton “pellets” implantation until the 6th day. At
housed in standard cages at room temperature (25 ± 4 ◦ C) the 7th day, the animals were sacrificed using diethyl ether
with food and water ad libitum. Twenty-four hours before and the granulomatous tissue was removed by dissection and
the experiments they were transferred to the laboratory and dried at 60 ◦ C. The weight of the granulomatous tissue was
were maintained only with water ad libitum. calculated by the difference between the initial and the final
Animals used in this study were housed and cared for in dry weight of the cotton pellets.
accordance with the College of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of
the University of São Paulo. The experiments were authorized 2.6. Antinociceptive activity
by the Ethical Committee for Animal Care of the University
of São Paulo (Protocol number 02.1.597.53.1), in accordance The writhing test in mice was carried out using the method
with the Federal Government Legislation on Animal Care. of Koster et al. (1959). The writhes were induced by intraperi-
toneal injection of 0.6% acetic acid (v/v) (80 mg/kg). Three
2.3. Drugs different doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) of PE were admin-
istered orally to groups of five animals each, 30 min before
Morphine sulfate (Innovatec, Brazil), indomethacin chemical stimulus. The number of muscular contractions was
(Prodome, Brazil), kappa carrageenan type III (Iota-Fluka- counted over a period of 20 min after acetic acid injection.
Biochemika Co., St. Louis, USA) and dexamethazone (Sigma The data represent the total number of writhes observed dur-
Co.), sodium chloride and acetic acid (Merck Co.) were used ing 20 min and are expressed as writhing numbers.
in the biological assays. The hot plate test in rats was performed by the method of
Woolfe and McDonald (1944), which was adapted for rats.
2.4. Anti-inflammatory activity The evaluated parameters were the latency time for paw lick-
ing and jumping responses on exposure to the hot plate sur-
The rat paw edema was induced by carrageenan face, kept at 55 ± 1 ◦ C. The animal was kept on the hot plate
(100 g/paw), which was injected into the right hind paw until it lifted one of its hind paws. Three different doses (100,
plantar surface to groups of five animals each (Winter et al., 200 and 300 mg/kg) of Pfaffia glomerata extract were ad-
1962). Saline solution (0.9%, 0.1 mL) was injected into the ministered orally to groups of five animals, 30 min before
left paw as the control reference for the tested paw. The mea- the thermal stimulus and the response was determined every
surement of foot volumes was carried out following the plesti- 30 min, during 120 min. The data represent the mean reac-
mographic method described by Ferreira (1979). It was done tion time for the animals. Latency time was recorded and the
A.G. Neto et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96 (2005) 87–91 89
results are expressed as hot plate analgesic index (Yaksh et induced by carrageenan (Di Rosa et al., 1971). In addition,
al., 1976). the classification of antinociceptive drugs is usually based
on their mechanism of action either on the central nervous
2.7. Statistical analysis system or on the peripheral nervous system (Planas et al.,
2000).
Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance Moreover, the cell migration within the injured tissue is
(ANOVA) with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Crit- an important step of the inflammatory process. Thus, us-
ical differences between means were evaluated by Dunnett’s ing carrageenan as stimulus it was possible to produce an
multiple comparison test and Student’s t-test set at p < 0.05 acute inflammatory response inside of the peritoneal cavity
(Sokal and Rohlf, 1995). of rats 4 h later, with a large number of polimorphonuclear
cells in the exudate. Nevertheless, the administration of PE
(100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) did not inhibit the cell migration,
3. Results and discussion once the obtained result was similar to the one obtained for the
negative control group (0.9% saline solution). On the other
PE at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg administered 30 min before hand, dexamethazone inhibited 80% of cell migration. Ac-
the injection of carrageenan inhibited the formation of edema cordingly to Larsen and Henson (1983), the direct participa-
by 46.3, 56.8 and 63.2%, respectively, 3 h after injection of tion of prostaglandins in the chimiotatic response is uncom-
the inflammatory stimulus (Fig. 1). This result is quite sim- mon to occur. However, leucotrien B4 is a potent chimiotatic
ilar to the one observed for indomethacin at 5 mg/kg, which compound for the polimorphonuclear leukocytes and lipoxy-
inhibited the edema by 71.1%. Both results were statistically genasis, an enzyme for the leucotriene synthesis, which is
significant (Fig. 1, p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a dose re- very sensible to steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as
sponse correlation for the tested concentrations for the paw dexamethazone (Blackwell et al., 1980).
edema test, with r = 0.997 and Y = 11.67x + 0.02. It is known Likewise, the granulomatous tissue formation is related to
that the third phase of the edema-induced by carrageenan, the chronic inflammatory process, which is characterized by
in which the edema reaches its highest volume, is character- several phases (Swingle and Shideman, 1972). In this regard,
ized by the presence of prostaglandins (PGI2 ) and other com- the oral treatment with 100 mg/kg of the PE and 0.5 mg/kg
pounds of slow reaction (Spector, 1960). Ueno et al. (2000) of dexamethazone lead to 29 and 61% reduction of the gran-
found that the injection of carrageenan into the rat paw in- ulomatous tissue formation, respectively (p < 0.05).
duces the liberation of bradykinin, which later induces the With respect to the writhing test, the research group
biosynthesis of prostaglandin and other autacoids, which are of Deraedt et al. (1980) described the quantification of
responsible for the formation of the inflammatory exudate. prostaglandins by radioimmunoassay in the peritoneal exu-
Besides, in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, dates of rats, obtained after intraperitoneal injection of acetic
the production of prostanoids has been through the serum ex- acid. They found high levels of prostaglandins PGE2␣ and
pression of COX-2 by a positive feedback mechanism (Nantel PGF2␣ during the first 30 min after acetic acid injection.
et al., 1999). Therefore, it is suggested that the mechanism Nevertheless, it was found that the intraperitoneal admin-
of action of CHAE may be related to prostaglandin synthesis istration of acetic acid induces the liberation not only of
inhibition, as described for the anti-inflammatory mechanism prostaglandins, but also of the sympathetic nervous system
of indomethacin in the inhibition of the inflammatory process mediators (Hokanson, 1978; Duarte et al., 1988). Thus, the
results obtained for the writhing test using acetic acid are
similar to those obtained for the edematogenic test using car-
rageenan, since Pfaffia glomerata crude hydroalcoholic ex-
tract (PE at 100, 200, 300 mg/kg was effective in inhibiting
the writhings in mice by 69.1, 66.4 and 74.1%, respectively,
in comparison to both the negative control group and the pos-
itive control group-treated with indomethacin, which inhibit
the writhings by 94.1% (Fig. 2). Therefore, anti-inflammatory
substances may also be involved in the peripheral analgesic
activity.
It is known that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
usually do not increase the pain threshold in normal tissues,
whereas local anesthetics and narcotics do (Ferreira et al.,
1978). However, the hot plate test was undertaken to verify if
Fig. 1. Effects of the oral administration of Pfaffia glomerata extract (PE) on
PE would have any central analgesic effect. The results for the
the rat paw edema-induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan (n = 5)
at 3rd hour. (1) Saline, (2) indomethacin (5 mg/kg), (3) PE at 100 mg/kg, (4) group-treated with PE did not differ significantly from those
200 mg/kg and (5) 300 mg/kg. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. of obtained for the negative control group. On the other hand,
paw edema volume. Significance relative to control values * p < 0.05. the group-treated with morphine (4 mg/kg, subcutaneously)
90 A.G. Neto et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96 (2005) 87–91
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Winter, C.A., Risley, E.A., Nuss, G.W., 1962. Carrageenan-induced Yaksh, T.L., Yeung, J.C., Rudy, T.A., 1976. Systematic examination in the
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