WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

B.E. CIVIL ENGINEERING

LECTURE SLIDES

CHAPTER VII

RESERVOIR AND DISTRIBUTION STSTEM

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 SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY
Water may be supplied to the consumers by the following two systems:
 Continuous system
 Intermittent system

Continuous system:
• water is supplied to the consumers for all 24 hours of a day
• It is the best system

Merit
• No need of private storage tank.
• No stagnant hence fresh water is always available.
• Adequate quantity of water
• Smaller pipe sizes
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 CONTD....

Demerit
 More wastage of water
 If leakage in the system, large volume of water is
wasted because of long duration of flow.
 supply may be interrupted during supply hours.

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 INTERMITTENT SYSTEM
 The supply of water is divided into various zones and
supplied for fixed hours or by turn.
 Adopted when either sufficient quantity of water is not
available or sufficient pressure is not available.
 It is the most common system adopted in Nepal.

Advantages:
•Appropriate for non sufficient pressure or quantity of water to meet the
demand.
• Water can be supplied by turn.
• Repairing work can be done in non-supply hours.
• Less waste of water because of small duration of flow. 4
 Disadvantages
 Consumers have to remain alert to collect the water supply.
 Due to Insufficient storage, may cause in-sanitary condition.

 No water is available for fire fighting in non-supply hours

 Requires bigger size pipes.

 May leads severe contamination and pollution.

 Extra staff may be required.

 It increases the wastage of water because most of people keep

their taps open unknowingly.

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 RESERVOIRS

A tank to store water is called reservoir.

 The storage may be public storage (clear water
reservoirs, service reservoirs, balancing reservoir) and
private storage (roof tank, underground tanks).
 Reservoirs may be constructed of masonry ,concrete
or steel.
 Reservoirs are always closed to prevent contamination
and growth of algae.

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 Types of storage reservoirs
According to use
•Clear water reservoir
•Service reservoir or distribution reservoir

According to location or position

• Surface/ground/non-elevated reservoir.
• Elevated reservoir.
According to materials used
•Earthen reservoir
•RCC reservoir
•Masonry reservoir
•Steel reservoir etc

According to the shape

•Circular reservoir
•Rectangular reservoir
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•Egg shape reservoir
•Spherical reservoir
 Clear water reservoir
 Are used for storage of the filtered water until it is
pumped or conveyed into the service reservoirs for
distribution.
 Clear water reservoir must have minimum capacity to
store filtered water corresponding to 14 – 16 hours
average daily flow for storage .
 The reservoir should have divided into two or more
compartment to enable for repair and cleaning.
 Generally built underground or half below ground level
and constructed with masonry and RCC.

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 Service reservoir or distribution reservoir
 Used to store the filtered water to meet the widely
fluctuating demands from clear water reservoir and is
constructed before distribution system.
 Elevated types are also popular.
 Service reservoirs should be designed for balancing,
breakdown storage and fire storage.
purposes-
 Balance the fluctuation in demand.
 Maintain uniform pressure in distribution system.
 Enable convenient pumping hours.
 Meet emergency demand like fire.
 Improve quality due to storage.
 Distribution system becomes economical.
 Operation of distribution system becomes very easy. 9
Underground reservoir 10
ELEVATED TANKS

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12
 CAPACITY CALCULATION OF BALANCING RESERVOIR
Breakdown storage/reserve:
 Storage for emergencies like-the failure of pumps, electricity, or any other
equipments and time for repairs
 Generally 25% of the total capacity of the reservoir or about 1.5 to 2 times the
average hourly supply may be considered
 Normally in Nepal this storage is not considered.
Fire storage:
Fire storage is calculated by
R= [F-P] T,
Where, R = fire reserve (litres), F= Fire demand from various formulas
(litre/min), P=reserve fire pumping capacity in litre/minute and
T = duration of fire in minutes.
Balancing or equalizing storage:
 Balancing reserve is that quantity of water to be stored in the reservoir for
equalizing or balancing the fluctuations in the demand against the rate of
the supply from treatment plant and the service reservoir
 It is conventionally calculated by means of mass curve or hydrograph
indicating hourly rate of consumption.
 Two commonly methods to calculate Balancing storage.
Mass curve Method
Analytical Method 13
MASS CURVE METHOD

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 ANALYTICAL METHOD

 Calculate the cumulative hourly demand (outflow) and

cumulative hourly supply (inflow) for 24 hrs in tabular
form.
 Find the hourly excess of outflow (deficit), excess of
inflow (surplus), total outflow (TO) and total inflow (TI).
 Then note the maximum calculative surplus (MCS) and
maximum calculative deficit (MCD).
 Then the capacity of balancing reservoir (CBR) is given
by:
 If TI> TO, CBR=MCD-TI+ TO and

 If TITO, CBR=MCS+MCD
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 SYSTEM OF SUPPLY
Depending upon the system of inflow to the reservoir and the
system of inflow from the reservoir, the design of reservoir
capacity is divided into four cases as

Case Inflow to the reservoir Outflow from reservoir

A Continuous Continuous

B Continuous Intermittent

C Intermittent Continuous

D Intermittent Intermittent
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 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
 The main objective of the distribution system is
To supply the water to the every house, industrial plant,
public places with sufficient quantity at the desired
pressure.

 Water distribution involves the use of pipe lines of various

sizes for carrying the water, valves for controlling the
flow, hydrants to supply water during fire, service
reservoirs for storing water, meters for measuring
discharges, pumps for lifting and forcing the water into
the distribution pipes.
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 LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Depending upon local condition and orientation of roads four principal

methods of laying out distribution system

1. Dead end or tree system

2. Grid – Iron or reticulation system

3. Ring or circular system

4. Radial system

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 LAYOUT .......
Dead end or tree system
This type of layout has to be adopted for older towns which have
developed in a haphazard manner, without properly planned roads.

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 ADVANTAGE

 Design calculations,layingof pipes are simple and easy.

 Relatively cheap.

 It reduces the length of pipe

DIS- ADVANTAGE
stagnation of water and accumulation of sediment at dead
ends .
Difficult during repair & maintenance.
Insufficient pressure in the remote parts.
supply can’t be increased by diverting the supplies from
other pipes.
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GRID – IRON OR RETICULATION SYSTEM

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 ADVANTAGE

 water is available from some other direction, if

breakdown.
 There is free circulation of water, due to which it doesn’t
become contaminated.
 Friction losses and size of pipes are reduced.

 Plenty of water is available for fire fighting.

DIS- ADV
Exact calculation of sizes of pipes (discharge & pressure) is
difficult due to provision of valve or all branches.
More length of pipes .
The systems costly. 22
 RING OR CIRCULAR SYSTEM

• Follows the grid iron system, With the flow pattern similar in
character to that of dead end system.
• Very suitable for cities having well planned roads.
• All the sub mains and branches are taken off from the boundary23
mains & are inter connected.
RADIAL SYSTEM

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 DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Design Criteria
 Discharge: designed for maximum flow. The peak factor is
taken as 3 to 4.
 Pressure: The residual head should not be greater than 25
m and for public tap-stand minimum is 5m.
 Minimum size of pipe: The minimum size of distribution
pipe is 10 cm.
 Velocity: Velocity should taken as 0.6 to 3 m/sec in
pumping and 0.6 to 1.5 m/sec for gravity supply.
 Gradient: should be enough laid below the HGL 25
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PIPE

 Two basic equations namely-Continuity equation

and Bernoulli’s equation is used.

Head loss or energy loss in pipes

 Major loss
 Minor loss.
The major head loss caused by friction can be
determined by using either of the following
formulae-
Darcy Weisbach formula
Manning’s formula
Hazen Williams formula
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DARCY WEISBACH FORMULA

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MANNING’S FORMULA

𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝐐𝟐
𝐡𝐟 = 𝟏𝟔ൗ
𝐝 𝟑

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HAZEN WILLIAM’S FORMULA

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 DESIGN OF PIPE NETWORKS

 Branched System
 Looped system
 Equivalent pipe method.
 Hardy cross method.

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