680 POLYMER LETTERS EDITION

Principles of Polymer Systems, 2nd ed., Ferdinand Rodriguez.

- . Hem-
isphere Publishing COT,, Washington, D.C., 1982,575 pp. Price:
$29.95.

This book is the second edition of the Professor Rodriguez’s book which, dur-
ing the past ten years, has widely been adopted as a textbook in polymers for
senior chemical engineering students in the U.S. The book contains a consider-
able amount of material covering the structure of polymers, the physical states
and transitions in polymers, the synthesis of polymers and polymerization proc-
esses, the flow of polymers in the liquid state, the physical/mechanicai proper-
ties of polymers in the state of polymers, and fabrication processes of polymeric
materials.
While reading through the book, one will appreciate the amount of effort put
into its preparation. This is evident in the well-thoughtout problems and exten-
sive references given at the end of each chapter. I am certain that this book will
continue to be used as a major textbook for chemical engineering students.

C. D. Han

Department of Chemical Engineering

Polytechnic Institute of New York
333 Jay St.
Brooklyn, New York 1 1201

Encyclopedia of Emulsion Techna-agy, rolume Basic Theory,

Paul Becher, Ed.,Marcel Dekker, New York, 1983,725 pp. Price:
$95 .OO.

Previous treatments of emulsion science, such as “Emulsions: Theory and

Practice” edited by Paul Becher or “Emulsions and Emulsion Technology” ed-
ited by Kenneth Lissant, presented the subject mainly from an empirical point
of view. In contrast, “Emulsion Science” edited by Philip Sherman was the first
attempt t o use a more fundamental approach t o discuss emulsification. Since
the study of emulsions has become deeper and more basic, the need existed for
a comprehensive treatment of the subject without losing touch with the many-
fold applications, practical and theoretical. This need has now partly been filled
by the present volume, “Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Volume 1,
Basic Theory” edited by Paul Becher. It is an in-depth treatment by outstanding
experts in their fields.
This first volume, with more than I500 literature references, presents the
background to surface chemical theory and physical behavior of emulsions. Fur-
ther volumes of this encyclopedia, according to the editor, will be devoted to
POLYMER LETTERS EDITION 68 1

major applications of emulsions in industry and life sciences, and as a research

tool.
Chapter 1, “Liquid/Liquid Interfaces” by Tadros and Vincent, presents the
necessary background for understanding interfacial phenomena by discussing
factors determining interfacial tension of pure liquids and adsorption in multi-
component fluids. The authors briefly review some of the progress that has been
made in understanding the way in which thermodynamic properties such as den-
sity, pressure, chemical potential, and temperature behave in the region of an
interface. Reference is made t o computer simulation techniques such as the
Monte Carlo and molecular dynamic methods, t o interfacial thermodynamics
based on Gibbs and Guggenheim conventions, and t o experimental techniques
for interfacial tension measurements. Of particular interest t o the polymer
chemist is the section on adsorption of macromolecules at a liquid/liquid inter-
face, or, in other words, how the segments partition themselves between the two
liquid phases. Chapter 2 , “Formation of Emulsions” by Walstra, covers the
mechanical requirements of producing interfaces of large interfacial area by
describing methods of producing and evaluating emulsions. Several process steps
such as droplet formation, droplet disruption, role of surfactants including poly-
mers, which are adsorbed irreversibly, and rate of formation. Factors determin-
ing polymer adsorption are discussed.
Chapter 3 , “Emulsion Stability” by Tadros and Vincent, applies the findings
o f Chapters 1 and 2 in explaining emulsion stability or instability, respectively.
It covers classification of emulsion types and emulsion breakdown processes,
forces in emulsion systems, sedimentation and creaming, flocculation, coales-
cence, phase inversion, the HLB concept, stabilization by solid particles, and, o f
particular interest t o the polymer chemist, stabilization by macromolecules. The
authors differentiate between three basic mechanisms of emulsion stabilization:
charge stabilization, steric stabilization with polymers or nonionic surfactants,
and stabilization by solid particles. The highlight of this chapter is a detailed,
and original with respect t o the liquid/liquid interface, discussion of steric stabil-
ization. It covers steric interactions under equilibrium adsorption conditions
and constant adsorption conditions, modification of the electrical double-layer
interactions, modification of the van der Waals attraction, total interaction free
energy, and flocculation of sterically stabilized emulsions. Chapter 4, “Micro-
emulsions” by Friberg and Venable, is devoted t o microemulsions, a subject of
intense research activity in the last two decades. These systems form spontane-
ously at contact between the components, i.e., oil, water, surfactant, and cosur-
factant, and are usually transparent, have low viscosity, and are thermodynami-
cally stable. These properties differ from those of macroemulsions covered in
the other eight chapters. The chapter is divided into two parts, microemulsion
structure and stability and applications of microemulsions. It gives a clear ac-
count of this rapidly growing field of research.
Chapter 5, “Phase Properties of Emulsion: PIT and HLB” by Shinoda and
Kuneida, discusses primarily the phase behavior o f emulsion systems as affected
by the type of disperse phase and surfactant, and relatcs it t o the HLB (hydro-
68 2 POLYMER LETTERS EDITION

phillipophil balance). This method takes into account temperature effects on

the HLB. Up-todate HLB numbers for surfactants and oils are included, which
are useful to the emulsion formulator. Chapter 6 , “Emulsion Droplet Size
Data” by Orr, covers the presentation and manipulation of sizing data to yield
maximum useful information so that once such information is attained it can be
used in correlation with production, stability, rheology, chemical reactivity,
physiological efficiency, and soon. Various types of distribution functions are
discussed.
Chapter 7, “Rheological Properties of Emulsions” by Sherman, covers one of
the most important aspects of emulsification. A much wider range of flow char-
acteristics and consistencies can be achieved with an emulsion than with the oil
itself. Recognized types of flow and corresponding theories are presented. This
is followed by discussions of the rheological properties of dilute, concentrated,
and flocculated emulsions, viscoelastic properties of emulsions with a structure,
continuous phase, microemulsion, and multiphase emulsions.
The final two chapters comprise a discussion of the interaction of electromag-
netic radiation or currents with emulsions. Chapter 8, “Optical Properties” by
Farinato and Rowell, covers the determination of emulsion particle size distribu-
tions by optical microscopy, transmission, scattering, reflectance, and spectro-
scopic techniques. The authors present some guidelines for choosing the opti-
mum optical techniques for investigating emulsions. The greatest advantage of
photometric over microscopic techniques is the rapidity of data analysis, given
the currently available instrumentation. Tubidimatric, scattering, and reflec-
tance measurements enable one to perform a real-time analysis of kinetic sys-
tems, which are rapidly changing. Chapter 9, “Dielectric Properties of Emul-
sions and Related Systems” by Clause, is an indepth treatment of dielectric
properties of emulsions accounting for developments in the last 20 years. The
author concludes that by following the composite material approach, the dielec-
tric properties of emulsions can be given reliable theoretical descriptions on the
basis of the general laws of electromagnetism and of general methods established
to study the physical properties of heterogeneous materials.
Since applications of emulsions have penetrated polymer science, such as
emulsion polymerization or the use of macromolecules to sterically stabilize
emulsions, this volume may be very useful to polymer scientists. In conclusion,
the editor and the contributors to this volume on basic theory are commended
for having produced an excellent and comprehensive reference work. We shall
look forward to further volumes of such quality appearing in this encyclopedic
series.

M. J. Schick

Consultant
New York, New York