IB STUDY GUIDES \ (a0) ais eee ROn Le 5 esta, 2014 edition i. A OXFORD .Mass and gaseous volume relationships SOLIDS Normally measured by weighing ta obtain he mass, [L900 kg = 1000 When weighing ¢ subst should be resorded to sherr the securacy Ihe balance, For example, exactly Lael & substance wl be recorded as 16.00 ponabaince weighing 20 + 0 01 gbuzas 16000 y on a belance veighing 10+ or 0.001 6 iguips Pure Ligue may be wel recanted, Te erst usually expressed in g em tar the yalame MEASUREMENT OF MOLAR QUANTITIES: nthe Hsborstarytneles can sapvenientiy be measired sng ether sna o¢ volume depending on the substances tnvalved GASES ‘Masso wohume may be used for gros, ‘SOLUTIONS: ‘olume fe usally se foe sation 1.000 ture = 1.000 dm! = 1000 em CCancenteaton the amaun a saro solved substance) an a known anime nt solution ohits plus solvent). Wis expresses eee ig dn 04 are usa md Foe very due solutions also sometimes expres pans per allan ppm & ‘af knewn cookensatin i known as standard solution To prepare a 1.00 mol de solution af sagan byron dccalve 40.00 g of slid tn byaroxide in distilled water and total volume up w L000: tos emake Comcenteation tcalten represented by square Brackets, [ma0Iti9q)| = 1.00 met den 1825.0 em! sample of thi asta scans on 100 38 = 2.50% 1a? moto CHANGING THE VARIABLES FOR A FIXED MASS OF GAS. Fach lor PY = coosant ‘At constant temperature: as the volume demeases the anion. the particles Increases, resting in mare callistons w ‘walls This Inerase nv presre Isinversely properonal 10 = constant) Pa Plas ‘At constant volume: insrcasing the temperature ncrenesthe average Ikneeicenengy soahe farce with which te pares oli wi the walls increases, increases and saci proportsnal ur, Le to the absolve temper Vex Por = consam) At constant pressur atures the paricles have a greater average velocity so individual particles will collie with the container walls with prea face. Fe eep the press must be fewer collins perank area 55 the vole ee ding the prea ale he robane : ahuake lempcrature doble the volume IDEAL GAS EQUATION x “The dilerent variables s i oes eee z B PU kr 3 presen Pa (M Tr (aim = 013 10" sbssveemperaure aK 3 7 oR o ‘volume in. a3, a joo" i Wem= b> 1o* my sempereure E = puro oles Extrapolaing the sap ao azo yoke gies re pscomam=a.3te se! mtt | | the value fr abocdee Tvehane UNITS: REAL GASES: The pasconstant canbe expressed inctieret unts butts || Aiea ga exacay obeye se pases Rea gases dete ‘easier tise SI vis, _ Nats mats K Nan mot K attrastive Tonces betweue the parts and the po themselves do oecupy sone ave 6 they 40 no exact the laws, I they cles obey ls A gas behaves rose lke on eal as. at high temperatures anu 4“ STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPScomposed of the same somes are commporurs that a isomerism elements im te same proportions but differ is properties besa of differenses inthe aprangernent of atwmns, Stn reshare the same molecular formula but have dificrent th sinactral tori, That ways Sten ler spatial arrangement. S o to chases eanforitionalimers, wich bby rotation about a+ band, ai coniguratienal eames that — | ereonren only by breaking an reforming atond, Fhe Lt syllabus on aterevisomessam ix concerned wit songorational isomers which can be barber sab-ivided in cis trans and 12. | wether sed to he known by the mewrabsclete tial femers) and terme ge (C1S-TRANS ISOMERISM oth cte-trans and £/-écomeriem aecur whet ration abe 4 bond te restictd o proveated. The cleat cesmmples of ts-tane Isometisn vseur with aeymunctricnan-eysle alr af Whe type BK, C—CR\R,. Asien is one im Which the subst fom the same side ofthe double bead, Ina trans isomer the substiuentsare ow onpenite sidex ofthe double bor. Pores comer cs-but2-cn ad trams but-2 ete Hoc CH AL c= HOH Hye” cis trans When there i single bond between torn carton aman free rat allem i mae up al 9 0 at tw tr. Ts tors. These twp oes must be i the rtaion is possible, vot the bond is pocabe, Homever the dtl bom in a tan formed fot the combination of two p oritals,one from eaeh of tbe carom me plane ( evebine, Relating we Bond vould eause she + bona break s0 10 Cis-eans semi wil aways occur in allees Wh ‘i o gious ata Y attache te sash ofthe ts coro atonss ate suibond prevents 0% (aoh eur trons: (Cl transteomerary can alsa occur an desubattuted cycoatkames, The rorsian ring system, Examples inehude 1.2-dhloroeyclepropane and. ,4-tichoroxyctab 4 4 r ja a a rictebeeauce the C-C:sigie bs 4 # 4 a a k i 4 os cs. vans. 1. 2edichloeacy, 1 Jiéchiorocyclobutane 94 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY&® Stereoisomerism (2) 1 E/Z ISOMERISH + clears ome ‘Sa rustrcied form of £2 somerism CH fhasa higher pesrty has Hon the Hela side ae ont seit only oceurs when thetwe subsitvens K, andi, right-hand sie (or Xan ¥) occur on theese othe carton cohen Adobe bow. £2 omer covers every case where free ration around a C=C double hon ienct pond, ie. for thE s8Te side 50 7 fsomer, Oppasite where (k, 2 KB, # &,) apd where [Both highest preeties ie on Highest parties ie on 80 Fisomer, ' et toe a 1 a 4 ' Siowiad) Se | exrecminategy quite easy ta appt aindsepends on cmc cme | what ave know asthe Cah-ingikt-Pretog CIP) rues gos ae ‘ 4 # 4 o | for determining the peorey of the atoms errs | fitached te the two carbon atoms-of the doable bond, isd, 2dichleroethene trang-t, 2dichieroethene {Bach of these tun carbo ats on either side the (214, 2eichloroethene (E14. 2eichleroethene + double hind is conssdered separately le sine terms 4 the higher the stamie numberof the attated ators 1 ta each easton atoms th Canin (€H,~ hac higher priority than H on ee fett-hand sie and 1 Bas | 2iehiomethene. Chosine hos a higher atomic number igher prouy than CH, on the right-hand side {han tage so has nib poy etn at i | rouse on the same side the mer is Zand if they ie BT Ighest proves le on Hugneet preeniestie oe, | on apsite sides they are, In thi simple case 2 is Ure eis- THESE side saZ isomer. opposite side so tsar, 4 fonrm ana & the rons fom 1 owevet Z does ne alway equate W ak Uf you saber Aye 0 Hye * achlovabut-2-ce thea the carbon aio ofthe msthsl Na Ncmc® {grown bas presity ever the hytrogen toe one sie ge gp {the dete bond fut eeause chlorine hata higher atomic " ms " ® 5 umber than carbon the chore at has peeity ue -wans-2-chirabutZ-ene tis-2-chloroiu-2-ene the mth! geo en the ether side of the dw ad (2}-2chlorobur2-ene [e}-2chlorabur-2-2n2 [Now the <-isomer i the F isamer and te Z ise, (Clas egler priority th Ales Be ote hha om the Telt-hamd side aed | as a higher prioety Band wot s-tans ras be use a upsell ferent, Comsce 2-b8 wine 1 tee 2sekrene Wet is Weigh pi on Highem patieslicon | ne she al lage Priop rules the Bana z THE SSTPSIGH SO roa, opposite site se isomer, Be eae ee | and ws oe am Grom nr ny oe | eis kom cane ageic} ad e cme ome 1 trac eugegn opposite. Ome easy way 0 ut Nee iw remesnber she correc application 4 that & coll Wand lor enemy, ad ot [E}-2bromos-chloro:2iodoethene: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF E/Z AND CIS—TRANS (SOMERS | The eh ical poaperte of Ban dtr omens eal tb dar butter ysl proper 0 if ii Hy ae ‘ cf cael “ow one! ee o=ce Noid tierce in bos chemi abd paola properties Thi oF He | tends to oxeur whem thee is some sort of chesnical interaction pe | betwen the substituents. ci-but-2-ene-1,4.dinic acl acts hydrogen banding with decoampecton 3t 130-131 “€, However, rane-bur= roa * ene, | lie acid doer not melt und 286°C. In the ce the two carbaxyle ach groups are closer together si oleculae hyo Badin: possle Bet | mem. tw the tans: isamer they are too far apart atiract acne form eye aid jerso there are stronger intermolecular forees wf sannydrde when heated atiractioa between dilerent malecses, resulting ita + mcking pice. {The cis-inpaner reacts when heated to lose water and form a ae bsiestedalc atte 4 equ acid anlbdide. Theron mcr cannot arlerp this eatin cis-butZ-ene-1,4-tioicacit a +19 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 95@® Stereoisomerism (3) ‘OPTICAL ISOMERISM pti! iste fe shown tal compounds thot sumitotleast ome asymmetric or cinal ron atom wit Hat, one that contains four different atoms oF groups boned tof, sl kriowm as a stereocente sisomersare knowns lermalectle, Sly oo t — oo : Nar) wo" f chy : k a : niin eieiroa i {¢ asyrmeviccarean chiral caron/stereaceire) : ‘fhe wo differ tomers ans apically ace with plane pti Iiht Nosmal ight coms of leiemagtic radon which; al plnce. Wh lane. polarize. he pase tomy a polarising ight ‘The tw enantioences ua grate the plane of planeepolarve light. One of she enansioners tates ita the left and the ether eaates ety the same amount se the right. Apam tom thelr behasiows towards plane-polaraes lh enan tomers have fenskal physical Properties. Ther chensical proper are Kenic aw excep when they Anterat With other cpekadyaeive substances Tk he case inthe hay where the different enantiomers 3m have completely iferent phystolagia! effects. For example one sfuaiionersot the amine asid asparagine H,NCHICH,CONELICOOH nites MIE Wesas the athe cnaitonier tases Shee Jt a LO stersocyntns the Several eer steersomes are posse, They are known. a ebanslomers i ‘hey ate mio images anes clastereomrs fthey ane nt irr mages cach ssh. Base tsomersm ogcets whe Ts a ete stervibaimers i aac baw diferent eveigurations at ee ot more our nat all) of the ewlvalemsreoxentes. This paricuarly ‘wavecnly wibate an one plane and the ight eae sabe Ha mo Important with many sugars and some sins adds Dlaseeccencrs have difercat physeal properties and ferent Cieaal reacts, ea diferent conliguratan om Hoe et threose erythrase samecanfiguration diastereomers of, 3,4:1ihyglroxybutanal POLARIMETRY ipsa activity of enanblomers sam be detested and be opnicaly inactive, Such 2 misture ttm a 2 racemic rmesvured by an instrument salle a polarimeter. Ui consisis of mitre or ragemate. a light source. vo polarizing lenses. and belnreen te lenses tbe to ld he sample of the enantiomer iaclved in 0 suitable avers Wher ligt passes through the fest polarizing bens (polarizer besoimes plane-polarned Thats. i x wibrating in a sng plane th no samme ps bwerver willace the maximum polarizr intensity of ght wher the send paring les amar) light source ‘enantiomer rotates plane of plane-palarizad ght Petagrees analyeer rotated isan ty same plane, Rea analyser by 90* wl. oat tube by Waogreesto all the fight. When Ue a sllbeimeen the Femses ive maximum Uhe analyser must be rotated By W degrees, ether clackwive Iphtimensity (destraotatoryh or amidekinne (aewortatery) to give fight rum inte. Te wo enantiomers raat the plane ananyser of plane-polarized fight yy the same amount bat in posite ® observer 96 9 ORGANIC CHEMISTRYMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS — ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Which of the fllowizng ewe cormponmnds Bes Belong tothe 3, samc hornets series? 4, CH.COOH and Hoe, © CH, and 6H, 6 BCH.ORand C08 1B, GH.el and €,11,61 2. How many different isomers of €,H,, exis? Al Ba ® ay D4 oH 3. Applying IUPAC rues whats the name of H3E—E—EH39 Che 6 i thy A. 2anethy-2-ethylpropane 1. hexane ©. 22-dimethylunine D, 2omethy perme en Is comteet about the reztton Detien chlorine? ‘A. Involves heterobye lsson and Cl: kons % 1 1 involves helerlye fission and CP radicals ‘© W involves Lomolytiefston a 1, (involves tesmalytc ston aad CF rails ons, Which cormpona isan exer? A. €1,coon ©. 6i,cHO 1B, CHOC K, 1, HCAOCH, ‘When ethanol is panialy cided by an acatied salution of| pasha elchron by dielad {Vn the preshis that as sna a is ome be obtained A. ethanal ©. ethanol acd 2B. ethene ‘Whikh formals tha ofa secondary balossnoalkans? A. CHLCH,CH,CHLBE ©. (CH) ,CHCH, Br , HLCHCHCH, B. ACH) CBr The reaction between Memmi ad ete Mabe rk an example of A tree radical utzon 1B, ethane-L2-diol esterification ©. ucleoplallevabstizuson 1 asaiion ‘Whi olosol canna ecastum aichromareyvn? A (CH).coR ated by ae acted solution ©. (0) ,CHCH,Om 1, Which statements) fare ue about te eaettons a 5 Uonogrslhanes vic warm lite sade byes seuon? 1. GH, reas faster than CHP (CHL) OBE reacts faster than CHB 1 (CH) C8E and (CH),CEL both react by SE mechanisms, 16, A. (and tt ony (CW and BL oy 1B Lana a onty D. Ltt ana 11 The product fran the reaaion of eine monocot, 1, swath pent-deene i A. CH.CH,CHICHCICH, ©. en,cH,cH,cneicn 5 CHLCHLCH.CHCI,C ——. cH,cHcriclcaa, 12, metonesare reduced by sodium borohydride, Nast, to pve A. a primary sleobol (a tertiary alcoho! Ba secondary alceol D.acarborybicaid 17. During tse eanversion of nitcberscene wo phenylamive sarilie) by tin ad concenieaced hydeorhlarle acl the ‘biganic intermediate be A. the phenylarumonianyton Chena! 1B. dinkrobensene D. chlarcbennene Which can exist arenantlomers anu dlastereamers? H,N— CH — CoH Hc — cH — on Ho ch— cH, — HH, ‘8 0H cH. cIOMNCH, cHYomcHO A. Land only © Mand thanky 8 fand tM only Dt Mandi MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS — ORGANIC CHEMISTRY How many four-memered sing kh iotseyobuiane, CH, wersane there a “Hye. tty Wey Ml cae cme! Hu? Nar a Nar ® Br c “ar ‘An organic compen is prepared frm ethane by a four-siep synthesis. Fach step gives a yield of 20%, What will he the eld of she erganic compound based on the initial amine of thaa? A245 B28 ous D, 705 oFSHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ~ ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Alksncsare irapneson staring matcral fora varity of 1 Beplain. using equat prada and terminate ‘a the reaction of metianc the iniiaton, propagation the freeradical mecaniems th chlorine 9 28) Slateand explain ihe tend of the bling points of the First five memirs of he alkene omoogius serie. GB] 2, The following sa theve-dimeisinal coemputergereraced by Deseret Features af 3 hoonalogsas sexi, [2] epresenatio of aspirin. Hach carbon, expen ana Inyrger ata gs een yen a wre maser Below sa schematic dlagrarn represcastng same reactions of ethene. The Ieters AD represen the lnganie compounds formed frown the reactants and catalysts chaten 4 8 H,0MH,s0) 7) . c Dede the sructural formulas compounds AB 2) Idemity oe carton som thst por C ond D and-tate the TUPAC name ofeoripeané [5] 1) fb phony! fonctions grog 48) Desai a chemical ext that could be use te {iy the carbonic acl pou, desinguisk hetnecn pentene and peotane Br Tees if +) State and explain whether the falling molecules are Wy Bats iy the edd etinsr ena a Lk primary. secondary or entry balegensalkanes, [4] 1 the bond between Cand 0, Bm E RoR HH ‘Compare dhe length of tse bond besweea ¢ wot Sad 6 wit the bond beeen ¢, ad #) il 4) Explain how a prenary ales a he coveted int aH (i a cartwaylic acid i ti) anesien "1 K 3. Comid akencs with the mabe formula CA,86 5. bomoprupane uodeegoes 3 substi ‘Give structural formals for ome teomer wt idesalin 2) servcivomenion u CH.CH 1) optic ta acter Ei ni aa 1) opmeal uame-and Fiver a 46) opnsca, se az tsomerts, ul ©) tans and Zbamertun bat noaprical samedi [1] fh isc and # isomerism but no optics ul 4. State the equotions fr each step aru any necsary m1 nl coraiine I propanmate by a two-step BI ol asthe ooly organ ‘4 Explain the mechanism ofthe reason using ely eager 1 arto ta epreseo the movement of seciun by The preparacoe of prepanenc by a three-step eles hig fis bee Ca site gee tbe aly snare. oxi ew aig lean «) The preparation of propanal bya four-step cyruhecss {Seer edad ie Using propene 26 the only onganic reagent Bi 6. Benzene can be trated tee strobe svarening wih a miaure of concentrate ‘concentrated sulfuric acd, Expsin, wi any necewsary iotons the rate a the omewntrted solu sc this reation 11 98 = SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ~ ORGANIC CHEMISTRYFe] MEASUREMENT, DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS Uncertainty and error in measurement RANDOM UNCERTAINTIES AND SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ERRORS Whenever 3 meastrement of (Quanitaive che there wi De a random uncerts ta meta by whi neasurement quoted ah seaveey al a eebeisooe le Ga js uncertain. This showld include re Wihe 1 reading of 25.30 °C iis reasured with a thermometer that is aceurate + 80°C sical quamsty is taken Yin ae reading, The I indus the Bist figure thst necessary. This tiny hnvolves measurement. A. some quantity er red wibia known saraland ithe persan using it consistently tmisreads i hen the measurements will always dle by the a thermometer aceurate to omy LC mas wed the sme amore Sch ‘emperatne shld he recorded a 25,3 Aa example might be always reacting 3 pipette from ‘eros cam case problems when determi of the mente from of the me segnitican Oyures, Bese ctv oy Seay ee whi A comes gtera menace i 1,2.3.4.5,6.7.8,9% 001234 o.pm1234 yor 1.2340 oo | goo ma to} “30 30 Ms 0 baaded fhowtad oF on bumndrod a frwsaty thse thousand to te nearest systematic errers may ance out when diference| | | stoleculat mass of Compound X | ' {=m i 8 4 From thio and de empiri ' —E | Rveewuls 1 can be deduced thanthe | 5 {+ molccula formula of compound | 5 i xwema ; = 1725 | © Fragment at 43 duc te (M— 29) 50 | ji 17 Compound X uay cena at | ‘asbo | 1 well as f Mas lee, Mra “ermine tlhe strsct such | {as DNA an poten. Akowgh the stereo compe mbna os : | crstallograpiy i sl the main recod wsed te conn the exact sructure of «new campourd : MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS — MEASUREMENT, DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS. 1. A350 cn sample ofa bose sot of unk 4. Amaure ef rid and po des ‘nent tebe ited witha lution of ci ot repared by mixing 7.35 g of sedan cloids uth 6.75 01 unktoen oncntation, Whi of the ol ‘etisum shri. The tl cut sets would gos a valu for the conceit be tsportds secur gure: the asa tha ist00 high? stun cae wo potas iid sboukl be teen "Ti posi ou ald Wins ie Ua UREN ® i GUE an he eile ms ‘insed only with distilled water befare delivering the bbetwicen sol potassiaon chloride should samplewbe tated te nepared Seca uur, The mambs lanks above ac, respectively. 1H, The buretie that Is used to-mossure the acd wshaton by rinsed with dsilled water but not withthe saluclon ofthe A ABZ Gah trata Bane pase A tony ©. Hoi Tan th 5. Repeated easurcinenis of a quantity can meducc the 4. thoaly D. Neither | fos af 2, Ina school laboratory: which of the items Fated below hs the 8. baths random and! systematic errs gseatest relative uncertainty in a measurement? B. neither random nor systematic errors A. A-50 am! bursate wien used measure 25 on’ of waist only systemaite errors 1 A 25 cm" plpetie wher used we measite 25 am" ol wate 1. oly vadeen ertors 1G, AS ca’ graduated cylinder when used to measure 5. A/S em? pipette with an uncertainty of 1 cm’ used te 2S cow af miessuire 5,0 em! of 1.00.4 4,01 mol dar! saa Iyaeraide 1D, An analytical balanes who used a weigh 29 g ul vated solutlon. The amount in moles af sodium hydeorde preset the measured vol s I enctalicindiue witha mesrol ESAS gas paced a0 49.7 cm’ of elhonal inagroduated evinder The ethanolic! &- 0.03002 dont ‘ar abserved io reo SL Sc. Promtébewe deta, the bent value ——B, @.0880 + 6.0001, seme can rept fr the density of chs , 0.0500 + a.0m12 ACT g cw"! 6.13596 10° pom? 10.0500 = 4.0006 B.324een MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ~ MEASUREMENT, DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 10777. Gomslder he fllaming theee sis cach of live measurements cl the same quantity which has am accurate value of 20.8, L 0. wo. es 92308 ea aes Is 193 208 mor 9k a 19220 Wihich results can be deneribes ar precise? A LMaod mL 6 Wand It B.Monly D. Weonly 8. Athetinometer with at ascursey of 0.2 °C was used {to record an hla Lenaperature of 202°C aid a Gal emperauire of 24.6, The temperate rise was Ame OA owe BEB B96 s01%G 9. An experiment to determine the molar mass of sold ydraved sulle, CuSO, FEED gave a resule-af 240, The error was © tos D, 30% 11, Which sketch graph shows intetpolation te Bid wale, 11. What information can eatin fromthe numero peaks Inthe 11 NAIR spectrum of a compound? A. The umber al dflerens chemical nis wccupied by she protons inne molecule of the corpo B. The nursberaf hydrogen atoarcin one molecule ofthe compound. The numberof diferent fenctiona groupe fone moiecle ne compose. 1. The numberof carbon atoms i xine mobeeue ofthe compound. 12. what tthe Index of hydrogen deticteney HD) fara ‘ovnpennal wet the molecular fern C,H, ne bs 15. The mass spectrum of a compos shows peaks with mle values of 88,73, 99 and 43, Which carypound could give spectrums? A. HCOCH,CH,CH, B, CH,CH,CORCH,CH, 1c. eMicH, Coon D, cacH,cH, coor 1, whieh ie carret ator the regions ofthe electramaghetic spectrum? Hegion of spectrum | Energy | Wavelength [aE Ghvavisee | ule [Linge —] se a co | a >We ome [stare 15. The NMR spectruw of a parcicalar eompound shen three separate peaks. ‘The relative height ofeach integration trace anh the spiteng patterns are [Peak number | Integration trace | Splisting pattern 3 alee 2 ‘peariet, i | sinsier | compound could sve ths spectrum? A HEDOEH, ©. cHCH.coocu, BB, CELCH,CH,cOOH D. cHci}omen, 16, Wiki are advantages for sing teiameth plane a 3 standhgd reference in HMR? LAL pencoas ate fn the same ehemieal eastromment Us chemically unteactve 1 does not abs enengy inthe sae region a3 most oder ‘protons A. Land thnty © Mand Holy 1 Jana ely Dob Mand Ul 108 17, Which cemmpone sil contain a peak: with a splee sping, pattern In He 8 WALK spectrum? A.cHOH © cH,cucicoon B cH,CH. coon b. (ci) on 1S, Which cat be determines by single cxpetal X-ray crystallegrapeny-? 1 Bond lengths Bona sage 1. Cherntcal strue A. Land t only Land tl only ©. Mand it only DL tand MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS — MEASUREMENT, DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS‘SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS — MEASUREMENT, DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS vedb-experitient was per yen weverated Tron he dexoenpwniton of sodiuns ide, Nas) — 2Nals} + 38 ‘The following dats were entered ina the caraputer note voluine of Mavcal NaN Gh | Temperature! [Pressured xgis00olksy | *Ci4nso°c) | kPa st kes 0.072 2020 196 8) State the number of signifcant figures forthe mass Irenperabure ard pressure dala. "1 5) Coleus the anon (i ee eset BI 1) Caleulate the percentage uneetiatnty for each af the mass, lemperazureanl pressite, ul uuncertalnty assuenlng complete deccmpesiton af wadium ande, 1 2. a) Elemental analysis of Compound shows tha contain 15.00% cron, 424% hydegen and 36% fede by mass. termine the empirical frraula of (compound X uw IR spectra of an unkznown compesuneisxiven 56m 2) wt spestnciy? nH 1) What words wed deere the muility of the peaks centred at 4.1 ppm? a ramehylslae used‘ NAR al isthe ratio the muanber of hydrogcn atoms responsibil fr the ecusical shifts sertzed 12,20 and dl ppus respectively? ul 18) To structures thar have chemical shits erste at fre REONCH,R and C.H,OC01CH, ration othe rest ul the spectra only one of ewe geieral smiles spose, ety which fone and explain pour reasoning BI SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ~ MEASUREMENT, DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS mass speci of Campaund i shar below a eo” 20 iz a” 200 i) Deduce the molecslar formu of Compound Xf Ci Cale the ines of hydeegen deficiency (THI: For Compouind m1 (i Ta te fragments estos Fae the peaks ih wee values of 127 and 22, Bl {Iv Dieduce the kleatity of Compouid um 6) The EE NMR spectrum for Companuad X shows 0 ttacesal ho units anid tunis respectively: Explain bow this informa do fonsistet with your angie (by et 3. HL WME spestesseapy can be used o distinguish between posutan-2one and pentan: Son. ineach cose st buinc of peaks im dcr NMR spect ana san ratios ofthe arose under ch peak “1 Below isthe infrared spectrum af the same compar c | csogstesecss ee ‘4ea0 38003000 #700 1800 1400 1000 B00 60” 400 ‘wavenumber em* demity wit for the peaks ab 1) The mace apes ue compu hones cular iom peak at 88 au, The fegrmenation v aos prominent peaks at 73 mute and 59 mramangst others. Identify the ions responsible colar vibratons are responsible led a, Band 6 nm oF foe these peaks tH i) Giveshe mame and structural forma ofthe compound, BH 109‘4 OPTION A — MATERIALS Introduction to materials science CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND TRIANGULAR BONDING DIAGRAM Chvtzatoms have wees character by he me Age. Inn Age, lone Age aid mow pete te Phos Age Matera ie in several tere var the type of a terials scenic inves he relitimshin sed eg 8 idstnuctires of x. The key ta sandersaning he ype or type noes tent osname and he preenie covalent compounds. The rin compound have ver of enc eompounds ifr degree of coralea, omic or metal dan cam be dedueed from is position or 2 triangular boring dliagram = alw Kno a5 Yas Arkel-Ketelnor di ond trsngleeshaty she three extremes of honing in terme res agi! the ary sap extreme gases nie re charasterined by eaesium metalic, Maorine fecrabemt) Ore place eroaral the wrangle based on hele aliferenees in Tavaient ng Segre of es nad. are metals wi ly deicaned analy brung occur cn the estes ket fonetalic wher extreme are cele compounds where bits overip in pt i lect ncgaiity ier tang san covalent oni The igri very uh oe vt direction, The et sie Ue ied and with side shoes the foe suxh a soon welts and catson doin are whereas tenn i ie is pita evale nt bat very dase tothe borer betavcen cova’ and onic Sete Etiam ide ea gh degre oie charaeer vere he jen Bride Bech Jucocrogsnie ar a a F 110 OPTION A — MATERIALS. = rien ceil peste amie yeh ier ch eglighter ana singer tors consinve. pars The somposle sss of tl phases a reinforcing phase mbit ernbedded in 2 matic phase spss ince bulking raters suc as emente Na,AE fs) + SHOW) + €0,tet -lestvlyss of molten alumins lakes plaees in an oper-topped sie! eonlsier lined with graphite pin of 2045%C 30a is mived wih eryolic, The teseling solaion melésat baat 80°C so that mcs les energy istequiced The laminin i produced on the grophite ising flere leavin the fapures behind. Seeding reverses dhe traction The ra byavaide sts heated to prone ab fis alminiun eyo june oxi falanina) ec a sellution forse by sodiuen cabs Aluenina has.2 mching the negative elecicde (cathode). Molten akaminivm i msoce replacedin turn erie an crite a #enllect a the Bottom oe cel 03 carban electrodes [+] as thay oxidize thane A ca be eyphaned! of peel dissokedin | alien ‘egolite ADI) Fee A bubbles of and C0,/00 carbon electrodes (—] > aluminium ‘The pose electrode Ie made of blocks graphite, the oxic onc are wxilioed Ihe graphite bfoeks so chat they have tae renews rey 201) + 0,18) + 48 steel is) + Og) + CO,tay Amodern cel «ais price up ea en per day, Production of alutninium by electralysis OPTION A-— MATERIALS © 41tFaraday calculations and properties and analysis of alloys DETERMINATION OF THE MASS OF METAL PRODUCED BY ELECTROLYSIS The amoirnt [in ran} of a metal rece by electra depends upon the change af electrichy received by the maken elect and the charge on she metal ban, Three limes as rust charge of eesriity wil be reguited w produce tre mole aluminium fear AP jos earupsred with oe ana of sodium from Na’ fons, fhe change passed through ibe eleeiwolyie ts equal to he se ofthe current lowing rmulipliced by the Iengih a tne it flows, chorge of ane eam is peodured by a current eae arnp lenin fox ome secon ge cari by one mle of elena sequal ko 94 500 coularbsend hir-vshec fs knows ax ewe faraday 1 ExtmpleIsCaclate the mast sodium product tbe Example 3 A yical mina ell eds 200 yo pepaivecloardé whe saeely cumacel 132 4yesce alana I Bours Descoc the respect throu sclacon of wate oan cre oe} Roun eat e ned ache thi 0 = 2000 x ts 2485 10 ml Change passed = 15.2 200 x 60 = 182 4000, ae ae Arty + 3e-— Al Sear Goan coping =3 ie TAN Um aR ZAse KANE rein = kalo pane one seg cmt itera = I Amount of sodium produced = 1,89 mel BAB 10 A ow of vodka pad = 169 «299 = 08.35 ‘ALLOYS DIAMAGNETISM AND PARAMAGNETISM Ailops re homogeneous mixtures of meat with || Aan ee coepnuad an exh ere yes of gn fier mitalscemon-metk, They have abeady been | | trun metal and some her neta fp nel and ex aot dlucased opie with sme xampes'n pape 31, | | terounepocin. Tis sa permanent ype of apoio. this ype Transition meta often form allays with each other | | magnetism unpaired elecimans lig: parallel to each other ir downs 2s their atoms kave sislar radi and the exystal imespectivend whether an external magaeticur electric held is presen. structure is nt seriously dsrupted. The addition of || ‘This propeny of ire hasbeen utilized fr centuries in make carposses ober elements imap tae metalic structure alters tbe || whieh align with the Ear’: magnetic Held to point rth Physical properties. Some properties cut as deny Many her mnera contin wie eect elec edit may era ‘tee he pis cae eee uy the ping arte econ fromm the ‘but others suet create a mall magnetic Geld and wall ine up in an applied eleetric or a tensile strength and melting point may aiffer ‘magneti field to make the material weakly magnetic wher the field considerably. Sicel is an alloy of irom, carbon and isappled, 2. they reinforce the external magnetic field This type of Abie eee eterna Mntene eT eee magnetinn is known as paramagnetism. fhe mace unpaired electrons vide range of wes and by adjusting is cocupostion | | tee ape in thematerial the mare paramagnetic te motcral wil he ‘an bear made winapi eperiss For” | yen he ern in teal ae pad phe ech 9 be dlamagnetle, Eel neal ermal ough hi resistance af steel 9 cornaian. Stimlest see, used pelted elosrons de crate avery snail mayzetic Bld in oped Se TAT Rinne dee he! fel, because ne effect Sso-anal A Fe OLabseree hromium and 8% nickel, Toughened sts] for use in rill its, which need to retain 9 sharp cutting edge at high temperatures, eaniains up to 20% mulher exer In everyday life excep For superconductors. Superenndacsy occurs when cer Lmperaiure, whieH tends tobe cose cs absoute 20, ferals ate cooled below a cracseriste erica DETECTION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF METALS (ICP—OES AND ICP-MS} very small amounts face eactals 4 alos aba ic wavelengths, which can be detected ithe materials eam be detected an deterine by crmetcr putt of ICALOES, By calibrating the Tnnluctvely Coupled Puasa (ICR) Spectroscopy toetlier inctrumnens sth specie amet of kisowns metas Uae vies ‘wih iter Opsical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OF of the wayelengits emitted enable each mesa bs ide "Mass Spscteoscopy {ICP-BIS) .Plsiw is Ihe fourth state ol Site the ewaccateation is proportional to the intensity of the mates (the other thece being solid, luni and gash. A plstna peaks the coneetatratia a each muta can aso be determined ‘contains hanged particles and can be Induced bya strom, bey comping the Emicnsity of speaks wis thase mise by ‘lecirornaynetic fel Bp ECP an intense clectramaynctic saavoles of known cuneesteation Ip ICP-RS the released i the secteated ina Torch’, whi ois argon ys 0 are Mnrified using 2 mass spectiomncter rather than an wea) 4 bigh-cemperature plasina. The sample of material to be spectrometer As well as fliuiyig the wtnonsat a metas i “anclyscd is intradiacedl directly tithe plas anne where alg, these rw vechiniques ako have useny uses fe execine Tis broken sown Lane charges Wes o release raion st ang ovens scence (eg. Heavy metal poisoning 142 © OPTION A — MATERIALS.Catalysts HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS Catal ftevatem by providing 2 aerate reaction patloay witha loner activations energy that. more of the reseian| panicles will poswss the necessary meiimum enerey loreact when Ubey collide. Catalysis may be is Lhe same phase 2 the reactants (usually the same phi as Ube products) too) im-wich case they are know as homagenesus ‘catalysts, pace isimllr io a sate excep shat there fea Piyscally atin: boursdary besreen twa places 1s posable lov ave a single tale bat ho pases. At exemple ts Immisslbtefguids uct a5 0 and water. Wise catalyst sn 2 diferent phase (othe reactants hen is furciosing a2 heterogeneous catalyst CHOICE OF CATALYST “The advaniage of homo Inetemgereae catalyst teat to the reactants whereas in et soae catalyst coonpaced with 3 the catalyst ac exposed geneous catalysis efficiency’ of the extayst3s dependent upon the surtace ares. ‘The disadvawiage ola homogetoats catalyst in that i usually handerto remove the catalyst after the reaction whereas a gerseals catalyst can he celatively easily removed by Firat, The most client catalysts ofall are eaxymes = biological cals tut these are very specifi ea particular ‘ological reaction due tothe dhape ofthe active sie, When ‘Shots a-atalyst for a chemical neneson the following Factors should be cornered. + Selectivity ‘alte catalyst proce ony the desired produ? + Btieney — ‘he eta cams a evidence ete? "conte to tuner severe earths such as these esperienced by 6 cnverters in cats, awl asm ork well csi? #Enizonmental impact = Wali he cary co dspase-at the -atalyst without cusng harm to the envisnmyen? Many tastin seals are classes as Bea stall and gan cause problems iM mhey emer te sal aut + Potential for potsoning aralyss rely on reastants ‘occupy the acve ste reverably A pots wl oecupyy the a Iodeing acces reactants Pods include carbo monoxide, yan fons ana sulfur, Induciry spol base. ‘Many anion metals such 2 cedar, platen and polldium are expetesive and the ‘ent 1 bent rato neds xo be ‘caret calculated fe ae irreversibly $0 (MODES OF ACTION OF CATALYSTS: Alubouagh homogenous cxalyst-can he recmened chemealy ‘unchanged aL ue eof he reastiom they sat orm intermediate compounds during the reaction. For example when nitrogen meno exlalysns dhe oxidation cf sulfar dioxide tis thought that nitrogen dioxide is foraed san inlermediate coxrpouri AND(s) + O.4e) = 2NO ‘This sa redox Feaetton ad the oxidation state ot nitrogen has Increase fraen +210 +4. the sesend step dhe lirogene sloxlde Ivredaced back ie nitrogen maoxide by the sulfur sloxte, 250,fuN + 2NC1,(g) 250,81 + 2NOHRY So that nitrogen manoxide is unchanged at the exd of she reaction ard the overall oquaian i 280,421 + 0,15) = 25048) Because transitions metal is con ens more than one ‘oxclation state they tera to make good ben In the react between pereisilitel¥ ns aid odie So ic thoagh that the Be ag) ane are skied fap ions atid te back to Fe" ag) 5,0," (ag) + BFe aq) — 280, Gag) + Fe" ta) Br tag) + 2g) + ABE aQh + 1.04) etetngenewus catalysis tend to function by adsorbing reactant molecbles ome the surface of the catalyst he active ste} and binging them tote cleee comact wih each ‘the ithe correct arfemtatons, Many transients and their compounds have te abi to physically aor Large amounts of gases on thelr surface whish makes them particularly good beterogene ous catalysts. For example alekel or palladium cam adsorb ethene and iylragen so that they cat ceact form ethane, owen oFethene wth busogen fom enhane “ye Je weet © H—Hle), Wet HO Tee . f iho cet Threat aces a random collision ‘withthe necessary kinetic energy and ‘carrect orientation sraquired ‘wo particular types ot heterogencous catalysts are aeolites ‘orhon nanotube support calalyss.2ecbies are must pweous ‘age ike alurnineicateeampounds nih complea Formulas ‘They wocur naturally and can abe be made synthetically. They work by adwbing reactant molecules and confining them in | small spaceso they’ ean seact together. They ate partculasly ‘ised inte petrochemical industry, Earwxample ac extalysse for cracking larger bylmcartons sno smaller vere Dydrocarbons and albenes. Carbon manwsatahss involve using ‘orkon nanetubes (rather than sili o¢ alu) as support for metals er metal aide catalysts. Bue to ter seall sie the nanotubes provide a lange suriace area an ather properties sch ax excellent eletnn conductivity ad chemical inertness help w peorote he scion af de catalyst and male it much ate brought together with the comect orientation by adsorption oa the surface ofthe catalyst OPTION A MATERIALS © 113Titration and atom economy DETERMINING AN UNKNOWN CONCENTRATION BY TITRATION raion 6s woe tet ka Hn ne concentasom of snhtion of nls conc Use abeaker and funnel boy rescingiL wide solctoenetic amu of. siadard atti. A nen ascuraie votume ot A AO fil brett ‘oneal the solutions is placed mn a conial is using a pipete. A ure dsthes used lead the other sation deopaise uni the reaction is carplete. his ca be seem myer one ap ees the solution so just charge conus. For acidebose irae it usual vad an indicator bt Ibis is ot dbeays necesary for same ater bypese ration, eg. reco drains sng idle potaeiam permanganate. ace racial cue he coke charge U7 icin vs acetate reali, whic sbould be within the bavete readings taken from the cortom ofthe meniscus 0.15 eof ace ot Worked examples Use ett 1.25.00 oH” of a olution of sodium hydroxsde of unknown hatte Sie Cancenertion requited 23.65 cn’ af 8.100 mo! dn yachiorc ora i aan 2ead clution for coumpleie neuttatzation. Caicutae the concentration Dt he sectum Ryseoxtde sion, quation forthe reaglon: NaDHaq) + HEdIaq) —: NaCt(ag) + HOO) Amount of ydrocori cl peenen in 28.65 cw! = [28-9 3 100 = 2.365 « 10 mol ice ene oof ROOM reac Wich On aD of HCH Arnos of sodinen Kydes prevent i 25,00 cm! = 2.365% 10 mot ‘swodium ydronide = 2365 10" | AO) — gto nel den? $0. of 0 mol di* ybracioric acid solution, ECan) was adele to some exw mass 2.01, Alter all the uy shel al reacted the resubing sation was put iota 2 100 ca valumestc flask apd the valume made up io the wark with sil water, 16.0 cm’ ofthis solu requlzed ¥1.40em of LO x1 mol dm” sodium hydroxide slain, Nag ‘complete neutralation. Caleulate the perceotage af cabciuencarbenate kn the egy shel ‘aration equation: NaOHlaq) + HCl(agh ~ Nacllagy + #.0) Amount of solu hydeoxide present in L1.a@ crn! Lido « 10 anol Since one mol of NaOH react: with one mobot HCL in 10m! = 1.140 «10° ont Ammon of diated exces hyrochlari a Atwoant of ences hydrate al 100 = 1140 109) 1D = 1.140» 10 mo Toll anata yoo oe added wena = (382) 1.00 = 500 « 10° rod Amoaint of hydrochloric asia reacting wich egg shell ~ (5.00 2 10") — (1,140 1} ~ 3.860 = 10° mol ls + 24Cliag) — aC (agl + 0,48) +01 Amount of CD, that reacted with the aid = = 3.860% 104 = 1,930 % 1D! mol M,HaGO,)= 90.08 + 12.01 + (3 2600) = 190.09 (Mass of CaCO, in egy ie = 100,09 = 1,930.» 107 = 1.932 ¢ Perceriage of calum carbamate in the eg AP = 95% Equation lor react: 20 ‘ATOM ECONOMY (AN EXAMPLE OF UTILIZATION) ‘As eas irying he achieve igh yeks i nshstrial processes chemists ry bo increase he coovecsion efsiency of chemical Docess, Tics knoe a6 stone economy. EJealy basher procese ne aoa is wasted. The atom ecomemy B a Measute a he Sroant ofstarting materials that become woefl produce A high atom eciscmy enesne shat fewer naral rex are ed ard Tess wastes crvaed. The ate exon daa cabal by use the fll eps 1. Wrte the balanced eaten forthe react aking p 2. Galkulae the relative malecular massa each product and then the total mass of each produ oom tumenies. Sete that this bse same as she total mass ofthe react. assuming molar 1. Calulate the relative molecular mass of each desieed product and d molar quantities dhe total mass of each desires product farmed ass veal mage deste productasy oral mass ofall products ier Whe prediction of frum by he reduction ae(s) # ALO) eal mass af products formed = 2 «F589 4 [12 « 26.98) 4. (5 x 16.00)] = 213.66 5 109 4. Aton scam, or example, eu nit} oxide using be there reaction, AIG) + FeO, mi ‘Tae ral amount of ton (he deste product) formed = 2 > 53.85 = LAL70 g Te ator 00 = 32.555 mnocny for this reactioa Dibvioudy House com also be four fr all the sleminiann anise proguced wher the atoen econarny or this reacian wil ineerase 1 100%, 6 —- STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPSLiquid crystals (1) LIQUID CRYSTALS Ligh erat ae a pln of tate of aie tha Hie heteen nas a sud but hey also mee 0 ile 1 conduit, $1 pose enpiah les Tine axis Use api Exaraples of subsiances wh sohusion An example ofa biphieay nitsile i -penty-4"-cyanokiphesn (iowa as SB) sol aid Squat 2 ga m3 lid The pl yf depend upon the can beliave as liquid crysis under ceriain condos include DNA, soap, id eeltlone together nil suote more specalized subsiances mich as bipher nitrile expstal the molecules vend nysica properties of guid entation of the m elaine LYOTROPIC AND THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS gull crystals ony slow liquid cysial propernies under certain cardia, They ied exysealy enslave w temperature and enicentraton. Essenilally — ons that show the liquid crystal phase 2 curtain rpc guid crystals ¢ sap sautiom. ow bellave randomly ut a higher concentrations of celles whieh i the guid rystal Lyoaropic Bold expels ae cl they grmp Phage are on Eaample a themepic Equi rat re bien! tries wedi guid expstal splays (LCDs, ermatrapie qui erystalean Within the thermotropis quid crystal phase te f-shaped modceuleswhils typically abut 2.5 ~ 10° mete i length exit i grow mooeules ena How fy dsisshuted a ia iui shoal they al pont in the sare ie com, Thi fs anne ote memati phase. As the terperatane increase dicaptod wail cwentaally the dn Phase is formed, wis. Ths svi cach al onder is lnt and the nsermal igid increasing temperature solid state molecules hale in rigie 3-0 suucture liquiderystal phase molecules within ene amain esiented in the same direction quid crystal state malecules alirandom ly distbuted PRINCIPLES OF LCD DEVICES Shnce quid crystal a u can he cominalled ules are polar al loplaye used gal Watches, calculators and lapiops a3 voliage fs apples astast a tint he materia ‘he la sere used for compete manlioe a levisons se This contends the areas of the alsplay rid dark and ce gives the he pictures ‘only work whhia a ceniin temp range which explains why a dial ws fr laptop screen may give a strange display an very bor a old temperatures, ence for use in am LD a liga erystal shan bea chirncally cable comport + cata polar motecates 4 emai stole in the qui ysl phase ver a suitable range of temperature 1 e ablet crfentate gach (opie speed 114 OPTION A — MATERIALS.Liquid crystals (2) STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF BIPHENYL NITRILES When the sintiure of -penty-4”cyanbipheny? is compared wh olher compounds that have gol liquid erystal properties i cam be seen shal they have several features in eortmon, 1 The mie roy te bien nte andehe NN'O"Feang-C=N-groupsan ene 6 c= certo moles) pa This eres that le imernolecala fortes are ton Wee = ‘enough to align in a commen dineston i neti Aupentyl--cusnobipheny! SC + Tihs Dye engente rings the molecu ensure thatthe rolecules are Hgid and therefore weg 0-04 +The long hone shan grou on the ens of he molecule ensies that he A-aronyaniéele PAA sales yet pk Sool ano kl hobs ota ‘ M1 (9 tn = tew tol meno aft tt Ibauld crystal sate smethanybenzylidene-4 burylaniine BEA THE WORKINGS OF THE LCD DEVICE ta guid crystal display cacl pixel eomtauns aliquid ‘rysal Bl sandivicted botnets tea glass ples Th plates ave many very fe erates a ight angie ther and have the peuperty of polaritog light, The kui ‘erystal mceules i corset wih whe Bas ine wp wil, ven fe scratcex ad for 2 sted arrangemet the plates duc to intermolecular Soros. Bi is awn as abby le liquid erystabe choir ably wo interact wth plane Polarized ight ysce page 6p whic rotated trough 90° bythe molecules et passos trong tte fir, Whi ovo polarizers are alg! wi rouge the fl apd the pss wll appear bright, When 1 potvasial difercuee is applied across he fin, the polar molecules will align with the fll diss ling tac sted sructre ad ality to intcrace wit he light. Plane polarized Hight will now rislonger he rnated.e thatthe pixel appears dark. twisted nematle geometry. The prupecty us the operation ofthe twisted nematic liquid crystal ovaries plas _ liga crystal molecules — tas — (lor (b]on OPTION A-— MATERIALS 115Polymers ‘TYPES OF POLYMERS AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES Polymers sonsit of many re ing unis frnoincmens jined to Fist peopoved by Herman Staudinger iv 1920, which has sinee been stl form mastomolecmles wath high mobur masses 2 thesry ese by X-ray difraction an seaming tunneling flecion microssuy. By understanding lhe molecular structure of polymers, elcmss have been able ko manspulae thei properties ad develop sew polymers Polymers eam be sadiviced ato thermsoph tober heated onal bande wlan ened th as bk harden stress i released, Generally he Io fork Ges and thermoscts May alkenes palymerine te form thermoplastics that ster srcan be remoulded ed tc. potyrethones and vulcanized rubber form prepolymerain 2 soft old or vison state dat change ireeraily nowets by caring. we that cance shaped they cannot be remoulded.Seane polymers. ssc 26 polymers kanowt as elasiemers: Blasts can bee forted er oceB ine chins Teglh of a ptymer th fe substituent groups can They are heated. Thermoscting polymers, sth je: are exible il et to meacy thei original shape omce the rte strength amd eel pins, ut eros ekg allest particular properties, Branching Depending on the reaction condliioneahene can forma high density x low sensity palytiene, to high density plytetheney, HDPE there ic tle branching, This gives Jomg chains tha can Ft tagetir slosely making he polymers eH Aha la ent fetheieh, LDPE, The prescice of side chats Dradicts sich 2 Food stapes ‘g/0ups arranged randomly Orientation of alkyl groups In paly(propene) the ently! groups cam all bave the same oricatation lang ee polyuncr chain ~ iso rac to the regular strcutefctactic polymere are nore crystalline a emg. lutacticpolypropenct fs thermoplastic and cas sc malded to bjt, stick a8 cat bumpers, and raw ints Rhee for tes andl carpets. ataetie poly{propeney the cain are more looney held 0 the polyusr is wf anid Gesxible, snaking i suitable For scalants ond mofing materia eho eho hkowk og THs Hy GH) Gy CMs” CH” Cie, ‘sonsetiepalyl propane] — all methyl groups orientated in same directian ONIONS GAME MeN cal Gol splat) wis MODIFICATIONS TO POLYMERS Plasticizers Puccio are anal ooleces aa an Bere. lea polymer chats wy aet as teats and eae The ateastion betorees thesis, raking the poste [etic By sarvie the atnowe of plas ace aed PVE fei a complete range of poly fiw ally aie Volatile hydrocarbons pentane ir added during the format andthe pales heated inate Producing expanded polystyre gond thermal insulator and is aso used as packaging sit as gud shosk-atuorbing prupertie: GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ATOM ECONOMY Polymer develope sind use bas yoo the past 6 years, The enviewnmeal eapuet of tic Hausa produtian of polynsers i huge reaing this by applying he peeps of Green chemistry, vasne ofthe eT af fy which has Been explained with an example ob page te polvences tet have Wey high ate imanemers are converted Into polymers setmiste iy 10 find ways of Condewsation pelyincraaion ecaetions, sl a the osematin of nylon. ced 1» have lever ata ceaomnie, 116 OPTION A — MATERIALS. | POLYMERIZATION OF 2-METHYLPROPENE Aion planers are forme by te akon react lke tothcmselers, Onc stc-exarghe iste peyton of 22nclytpepane ta ts poy (2-mseappeopeae), The prot ub hanson a yl ruber o plyobenglene ea ps ‘aston and has many’ vse, sue as carsyre tne robs anid tig tio &s vax fi Hi Coy Ns in a ~ < H Cy my 2metnylpropene a Tai)Nanotechnology NANOTECHNOLOGY IMPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology delined 2 the ge of one te ome hundred manemettes (1.0 % 10°" m 40 1.0 10°" in lest, i, em ae atomic ale I ereates ad wes sructones that have novel properties hasedon theirsnall ie. There are twa main approaches. "The ‘bolion=-up preach invelves building materials and devices from individu ‘potential (a solve many problems fe components. The “csi” approach involves constructing mans obhjecs Kom larger en dunigues are used that allow abarneto be manipaisied at pootioned a specie requirements. Fo 2 ip-pe narolithngraphy cas he weed Go place atom in spe i IL also posible to use chem the specs hive-paining due hy deo Sometimes pnpsical sp 9 process kerr he sions wing i ts ch 3 NA some forse micros nology whe ttlined to bil destred molecles an m tome fe [Rtobably ie somewhere far in the future. Herve ile ts Bien hou the potential risks assosiaed swith develops mology The hazaris associated with seal sishome particles a os ba ey “ie Re ros tno or ome by eure oy i paras ns, The lan frame fd ee eee miem may be detenceless agains sy nano-tsale protucls, There ma aloo be sovial problems ino as poorer Societies may mailer as established Jes became redundant anid ch Far commodities change techn Amino TM 8 ond sen’ using sea pen rapidly NANOTUBES: Nanotubes are ‘made wsing only carbon stems, The basic buldang block i tbe from graphene anda hemisphese 1 tw slose the ends. Boch ae Ay sligle and mules walled g shave been opresbirnetcean ne athe formed. A wide variety of diferent materials, indudling elements, meial oxides and Satan ct nan ofa name ily Ser es Inthe neon of ust afew na he watmase PS Se rene tubes, made from carncenle nant Increased sate of yurlace ares ta wm hey car 3 ‘3 extremely efficient and highly be prope are areca carbamate [HIPCO). Are ischargs, which ean give Yields of up 1 10%, tnvadves ctor vaparizéng the surlaee wont the carbs electrodes, or dbseiargn an arcsarcugh mica electrodes submmered iHydisarbon solver, which forms asl rod-shaped deposit duct wsidaton occurring the Adspostion (EVD bs commonly used metiod for the cnmaserdal productioa af nanotubes. dn this process a carho-contaiing ga, such as eebere inthe plasma plasc duc x0 the induencr ofa strang lectrie field, Beoomposed a the presence ofan inert caicrg23, such as nlsrogen. over alwated substrate formed i pant atthe surface ofthe catalyst patile, and the recaling wal carburnanotubes fron th mica vapour depo ca (CVD) and Ligh pressure ode. Chemical vapo m layers of metal parties, The ca containing yas ic bea oe particles, witcee I forme the nanotubes. The HIPC peceess cxcate st cde wih te ps e(COD), at temp 4 transporte eo he cage resets hetincen igh pressure cae aca etter 1275 X and L479 K, Burin e{COp,(g) — Fein) + $COKG Tre the nam cb pores prone a bes, ucleation suse SOOUEH CNT + x0, whee xis typically 6000 giving OPTION A— MATERIALS © 117