DERIVATIVES Nyimas Dewi Sartika

Universitas Multimedia Nusantara

DEFINITION 2021 - 2022

Nyimas DS – UMN – 2021/2022

 Definition

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f  ( x ) = lim
h →0 h

Note:
▪ The derivative is the rate of change function for f(x)
▪ The derivative is also a function of x
▪ The limit must exist
dy d
▪ Other notations besides f’(x) include: , y ' , [ f ( x)], Dx [ y ]
dx dx
 Average and Instantaneous Velocity

Difference Quotient Derivative

• f (a ) − f (b) • f ( a + h) − f ( a )
lim
a −b h →0 h

• Slope of secant • Slope of tangent

• Average rate of change • Instantaneous rate of change

• Average velocity • Instantaneous velocity
 The Tangent Line Problem

The slope between these two points is

f (c + x) − f (c)
(c + x, f (c + x)) secant line msec =
c + x − c
f (c + x) − f (c)
(c, f(c)) f (c + x) − f (c)
=
x x

f (c + x) − f (c)
Tangent Line with Slope m: lim =m
x →0 x
 DERIVATIVES Nyimas Dewi Sartika
Universitas Multimedia Nusantara
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS 2021 - 2022

Nyimas DS – UMN – 2021/2022

 Derivatives of Functions
d d
1.  cu  = cu ' 9.
d
 
ln u =
u'
17. sec u  = ( sec u tan u ) u '
dx dx u dx
d
2.
d
u  v  = u ' v ' 10.
d
 eu  = eu u ' 18. csc u  = − ( csc u cot u ) u '
dx dx dx
d u'
3.
d
uv  = u ' v + uv ' 11.
d
 log a u  =
u' 19.  arcsin u  =
dx dx ( ln a ) u dx 1− u2
d  u  u ' v − uv ' d −u '
4.   = 12.
d
 a u  = ( ln a ) a u u ' 20. arccos u  =
dx  v  v2 dx
dx 1− u2
d u'
5.
d
c = 0 13.
d
sin u  = ( cos u ) u ' 21.  arctan u  =
dx dx dx 1+ u2
d −u '
6.
d
u n  = nu n −1u ' 14.
d
 cos u  = − ( sin u ) u ' 22.  arc cot u  =
dx dx dx 1+ u2
d u'
7.
d
 x = 1 15.
d
 tan u  = ( sec 2 u ) u ' 23.  arc sec u  =
dx dx
dx u u2 −1
d u
 u  = ( u ' ) , u  0 −u '
 cot u  = − ( csc 2 u ) u '
d
8.
dx u
16.
d
24.  arc csc u  =
dx dx u u2 −1
d ( x + h) − x h
x = lim = lim = 1
dx h→0 h h →0 h

d 2 ( x + h) − x
2 2
= lim
( x 2
+ 2 xh + h 2
) − x 2

= 2x
x = lim h →0
dx h →0 h h

( )
2

( x + h) − x + + + −
3 3 3 2 2 3
3
d 3 x 3 x h 3 xh h x
x = lim = lim
h →0
= 3x 2
dx h →0 h h

We observe a pattern: 1 2x 3x2 4x3 5x4 ...

Power Rule examples:

f ( x ) = x4
d n
( x ) = nx n −1

dx f  ( x ) = 4 x3

d y=3 If the derivative of a function is its

(c) = 0 slope, then for a constant function,

dx y = 0 the derivative must be zero.

Constant Multiple Rule

d
d du 7 x 5 = 7  5 x 4 = 35 x 4
( cu ) = c dx
dx dx
Sum Rule examples:

d du dv y = x + 12 x
4

(u + v ) = +
dx dx dx 
y = 4 x + 12
3

Difference Rule

d du dv y = x − 2x + 2
4 2

(u − v ) = −
dx dx dx y' = 4 x − 4 x
3
Product Rule

d dv du
( uv ) = u + v or d (uv) = u dv + v du
dx dx dx

Notice that this is not just the product of two derivatives.

Examples:

d  2
dx 
(
x + 3 2 x)(
3
+ 5 x 

= x) (
2
+ 3 ( 6 x 2
)
+ 5 ) + ( 2 x 3
+ 5 x ) ( 2x )

= 6 x 4
+ 5 x 2
+ 18 x 2
+ 15 + 4 x 4
+ 10 x 2

= 10 x 4 + 33x 2 + 15
Quotient Rule

du dv
v −u  u  v du − u dv
d u dx dx d =
  = or
v
2
dx  v  v2 v

Examples:

d 2 x + 5x
3
=
( )( ) ( )
x 2 + 3 6 x 2 + 5 − 2 x3 + 5 x ( 2 x )
dx x + 3 ( x + 3)
2 2
2
Example:
Find the horizontal tangents of:
dy
y = x − 2x + 2
4 2
= 4 x3 − 4 x
dx
Horizontal tangents occur when slope = zero.

4 x3 − 4 x = 0 Plugging the x values into the original

equation, we get:
x3 − x = 0
x ( x 2 − 1) = 0 y = 2, y = 1, y = 1

x ( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 (The function is even, so we only get

two horizontal tangents.)
x = 0, −1, 1
Example:
Find the slope of the graph of f(x) = x2 +1 at the point (-1,2).
Then, find the equation of the tangent line.
f ( x) = x 2 + 1
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ' ( x) = lim
x → 0 x

= lim
(
( x + x) 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1 )
x →0 x
x 2 + 2 xx + (x ) + 1 − x 2 − 1
2
(-1,2)
= lim
x → 0 x
x(2 x + x)
= lim = 2x
x → 0 x

Therefore, the slope at any point (x, f(x)) is given by m = 2x

What is the slope at the point (-1,2)? m = 2. (-1) = -2

The equation of the tangent line is y – 2 = -2 (x + 1)

 DERIVATIVES Nyimas Dewi Sartika
Universitas Multimedia Nusantara
HIGH ORDER DERIVATIVES 2021 - 2022

Nyimas DS – UMN – 2021/2022

 High Order Derivatives
dy
y = is the first derivative of y with respect to x.
dx

dy d dy d 2 y is the second derivative.

y = = = 2
dx dx dx dx (y double prime)

dy
y = is the third derivative.
dx We will learn later
what these higher
order derivatives
d are used for.
( 4)
y = y is the fourth derivative.
dx
Example:
x
f ( x) =
x −1

( x − 1)(1) − x(1) −1
f ( x) = =
( x − 1) 2
( x − 1) 2

d  −1  d
f ( x) = 
dx  ( x − 1) 2  = ( ( x − 1) −2
)
 dx

−2
f ( x) = −2( x − 1) (1) =
−3

( x − 1)3
 DERIVATIVES Nyimas Dewi Sartika
Universitas Multimedia Nusantara
TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION 2021 - 2022

Nyimas DS – UMN – 2021/2022

 Composition of Functions (Review)
Definition:
If f(x) and g (x) are both differentiable and F (x) is the composite
function defined by F(x) = f o g (x) = f (g(x))

Example: If f (x) = tg x and g (x) = 3x+2, then f (g(x)) = f (3x+2) = tg (3x+2)

Each function below represents F(x) = f(g(x)), define f(x) and g(x)
No F (x) f (x) g (x)

1 y=3 x3 − 4 x 3 x x3 − 4x
1 1
2 y= 2x − 3
( 2 x − 3) 3 x3

3 y = sin (3 x ) sin
x 3x

y = (3 x − 8) x4 
4
4 3x − 8
5 y = csc 2 (2
x −  ) csc 2x 2x − 
 Chain Rule
If f(x) and g(x) are both differentiable and
F(x) is the composite function defined by F(x) = f (g(x)),
then F(x) is differentiable and F′(x) is given by:

d
 f ( g ( x)) = f ' ( g ( x) )  g '( x)
dx
In Leibniz notation, if y = f(u) and u = g(x) are both
differentiable functions, then
df df du
= 
dx du dx
 Guidelines for Chain Rule

For f(u(x)) to find f’(x) :

• Step 1: Decompose the function: f(u) and u(x)
• Step 2: Differentiate the mother function: f’(u)
• Step 3: Differentiate the composed function: u’(x)
• Step 4: Multiply the resultant derivatives:
f’(x) = f’(u) . u’(x)
• Step 5: Substitute for u and Simplify
Examples:

1. y = (3 x − 5 x )
2 7

1
2. y=
(2 x − 3) 3

3
3. y=
x3 + 4 x

4. y = x2 x − 3

21
5. y = cos (sin 2 x − 1)
3

6. y = (2 x − 1) ( x + 3)
3 2 4

(2 x − 1) 3

7. y= 2
( x + 3) 4

 2t − 1 
5

8. f (t ) =  2 
t +3
22
 Implicit Differentiation
The functions we considered so far can be described by expressing
one variable explicitly in terms of another variable, e.g.
y = x2 + 3x or y = cos x
However, some functions are defined implicitly by a relation
between x and y such as
x2 + y2 = 1 or 2y = x2 + sin y
For most of this kind of functions, it’s not easy to solve for y to
express it explicitly as a function of x.
But fortunately we don’t need to solve an equation for y in order
to find the derivative of y. Instead we can use the method of
implicit differentiation:

23
 Guidelines for Implicit Differentiation
dy
Example 1: Find if x2 + y 2 = 1
dx
• Step 1: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x, treating y
as a function of x. This requires the chain rule.
d 2 d 2 d
x + y = 1
dx dx dx
• Step 2: Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx
• Step 3: Factor dy/dx
dy
2y = −2 x
dx

• Step 4: Solve for dy/dx

dy x
=−
dx y
 dy
Example 2: Find if y 2 = x 2 + sin( xy )
dx
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x, treating y as a
function of x. This requires the chain rule.
dy dy
2y = 2 x + cos( xy )( x ) + cos( xy ) y
dx dx
2. Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
dy dy
2y − cos( xy )( x ) = 2 x + cos( xy ) y
dx dx
3. Factor dy/dx
dy
(2 y − x cos( xy )) = 2 x + y cos( xy )
dx

4. Solve for dy/dx

dy 2 x + y cos( xy )
=
dx 2 y − x cos( xy )
 d2y
Example 3: Find 2
if 2 x 3
− 3 y 2
=7
dx

Example 4: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve at (-1,2)

x 2 − xy + y 2 = 7

d2y
Example 5: Find if x 2 − xy + y 2 = 7
dx 2

d2y
Example 6: Find if x + y = ( x 2 + y 2 )2
dx 2
 Derivative of Parametric Equation
Consider parametric equations: x = f(t) and y = g(t)
First derivative Second derivative
dy dy / dt d  dy 
=  
dx dx / dt d2y dt  dx 
2
=
dx dx
dt
Example 1: Find the second derivative of the parametric
equations x = 3 + 4 cos t and y = 1 – sin t
dy − cos t 1
• First derivative: = = cot t
dx −4sin t 4

d 2 y 1 − csc 2 t 1
• Second derivative: =  =
dx 2
4 −4sin t 16sin 3 t 27
Example 2:

A curve is defined by the parametric equations

1 1
2 (
x = t2 + 2
, y = t2 − t  0)
t t
dy
Find an expression for in terms of t , simplify your answer
dx

1 dx
x=t + 2
2
= 2t − 2t −3 dy
t dt dy dt 2t + 2t −3 t 4 + 1
= = = 4
dx dx 2t − 2t −3
t −1
1 dy dt
y =t − 2
2
= 2t + 2t −3
t dt
Example 3:
A curve is defined by the parametric equations
t 1+ t
x= , y= (t  0)
1+ t 1− t
dy
Find an expression for in terms of t , simplify your answer
dx
t dx (1 + t ) − t (1) 1
x= = =
1+ t (1 + t ) (1 + t )
2 2
dt
1+ t dy (1)(1 − t ) − (1 + t )( −1) 1 − t + 1 + t 2
y= = = =
1− t ( ) − ( ) ( )
2
−
2
−
2
dt 1 t 1 t 1 t

dy 2
( − ) ( ) ( )
2
+
2
+
2
 1+ t 
2
dy dt 1 t 2 1 t 1 t
= = =  = 2 = 2  
( − ) ( )  − 
2
−
2
dx dx 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 t
( )+
2
dt 1 t
Example 4:

x = t2 y = 2t
dx dy
= 2t =2
dt dt
dy
dy dt 2 1
= = =
dx dx 2t t
dt
d y d  1  dt
2
=   dt
(
d −1
t ) = −t = − 2
−2

t
1 dt 1
= =
dx dx 2t
1

dx 2
dt  t  dx
dt
d2y 1 1 1
2
=− 2 =− 3
dx t 2t 2t
 Inverse Functions (Review)

Definition:
Let f be a bijective function with domain A and range
B. Then the inverse function f -1 has domain B and
range A and is defined by
−1
f ( y ) = x  f ( x) = y for any y in B.

Note: f -1(x) does not mean 1/ f(x)

f -1(f(x)) = x for every x in A
f(f -1(x)) = x for every x in B
 Guidelines for Inverse Function
• Step 1: Write y = f(x)
• Step 2: Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)
• Step 3: To express f -1 as a function of x, interchange x and y
• Step 4: The resulting equation is y = f -1(x)

Example:
y = 5 − x3
Find the inverse of f(x) = 5 - x3
x3 = 5 − y
x = 3 5− y
−1
f ( y) = 3 5 − y
−1
f ( x) = 3 5 − x
Example:
1
f ( x) = x +1
2 5
4
1
y = x +1 3

2 2
1

x = 2y − 2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-1
1 2 3 4 5

-2 Inverse functions are

-3 reflections about y = x
−1
f ( y) = 2 y − 2 -4
-5

−1
f ( x) = 2 x − 2
Under suitable restrictions, each of the six trigonometric
functions is one-to-one and so has an inverse function, as
shown in the following definition.
The graphs of the six inverse trigonometric functions
 –1 –1
Inverse functions have the properties: f (f (x)) = x and f (f (x)) = x.
When applying these properties to inverse trigonometric functions,
remember that the trigonometric functions have inverse functions only in
restricted domains.
For x-values outside these domains, these two properties do not hold.
For example, arcsin(sin π) is equal to 0, not π.
Examples:

1.


2. arctan(2 x − 3) =
4

tan(arctan(2 x − 3)) = tan
4
(2 x − 3) = 1
x=2
3. Given y = arcsin x, where 0  y   / 2, find cos y.

sin y = x 1
x
cos y = 1 − x 2 y
1 − x2

4. Given y = arc sec ( )

5 / 2 , find tan y.
5
sec y = 5
2 1
1 y
tan y = 2
2
Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions
Examples:
5. y = sin −1 u , Find y 
sin y = u 1
u
( cos y ) y = u y
u
'
u 1 − u2
y = y' =
( cos y ) 1 − u2
1 − u2

6. y = tan −1 u , Find y  u2 + 1
tan y = u u
y
( y ) y = u
sec 2
1

u u
'
u
y = = y' =
( ) 1 + u2
2 2
sec y u +1
2
y = sin −1 x
sin y = x sin 2 y + cos 2 y = 1 1.5

cos 2 y = 1 − sin 2 y 1
d d
sin y = x y = sin x
dx dx cos y =  1 − sin 2 y 0.5

dy   -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

cos y = 1 But −  y -0.5
dx 2 2
-1
dy 1 So cos y is positive.
=
dx cos y −1
-1.5
 cos y = 1 − sin 2 y y = sin x
dy 1 Domain: − 1  x  1
= 
Range: − 2  y   2
dx 1 − sin 2 y
Examples:

1. y = arcsin (5 x + 2 )

2. y = arctan x 2 − 5( )

(
3. y = csc −1 x 3 − 2 x + 1 )

 x
−1
4. y = cot  
6
5. y = 8 arcsin x + 7 arccos x

6. y = 4 arccos(3 x + 9 )

 x
−1
7. y = −4 tan  
8

8. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of the

function at the given point:
 x  
y = arctan   at  2, 
2  4
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Review)

Consider f(x) = ax where a>0 and a≠1.

This is a one-to-one function, therefore it has an inverse.
The inverse is called the logarithmic function with base a.

y=a x
 x = log a y
The most commonly used bases for logs are 10 and e
• base 10: log10 x = log x
• base e: log e x = ln x

Examples: 16 = 24 4 = log 2 16
RULES:

1. a log a x
=x log a a x = x (a  0 , a  1 , x  0)
(log and exp are inverse functions)

2. Product rule: log a xy = log a x + log a y

x
3. Quotient rule: log a = log a x − log a y
y
4. Power rule: log a x = y log a x
y

ln x
5. Change of base formula: log a x =
ln a
Examples:
1.

2.

3.
Examples:
1.

2.

3.
 d 1
Examples: Prove that (ln x ) =
dx x

As h → 0+, the quantity x/h is getting large and positive,

and so the quantity in brackets is approaching e
 Logarithmic Differentiation

• Given y = ( x + 1) ( x − 3)
18 10 3 7 8

• Take the log of both sides, simplify

• Now differentiate both sides with respect to x,

solve for dy/dx

50
 Guidelines for Logarithmic Differentiation

• Step 1: Take natural logarithms of both sides of an

equation y = f (x) and use the properties of

logarithms to simplify.

• Step 2: Differentiate implicitly with respect to x

• Step 3: Solve the resulting equation for y′

The calculation of derivatives of complicated functions
involving products, quotients, or powers can often be
simplified by taking logarithms.

Examples:

1. y = ( x + 1) ( x − 3)
18 10 3 7 8

52