0 ix (2) Listen and repeat. Then act out. What are you doing, Well, the cow hae sew? Youve been gore home, Miss sitting quletly at your because three desk all morning, any more g tim drawing a picture of a cow eating grass, Miss. Present Simple Present Perfect Present Perfe -s Cpe) Continuous | WEE + V3. Continuous permanent situations or temporary recently completed actions started in the states situations actions past and continuing up) ‘She works as a nurse. They/re staying at the | She has tidied her room. | to the present She ows a large shop. Park Hotel at present. (Shehas finished tidying He's been writing a letter her room. You can see it | for two hours. (He started is tidy now - evidence in | two hours ago and he’s. the present) still writing.) repeated / habitual actions happening actions which past actions of certain actions (especially with at or around the happened at an duration having visible frequency adverbs: moment of, Unstated time in the | results or effects in often, usually, etc.) speaking past and are connected | the present Jusually get up at She is looking fora | with the present She's been crying. (Her 7:30am. better ob. He has lost his keys. (He | eyes are red.) is stil looking for them) permanent truths or repeated actions personal experiences / actions expressing laws of nature with ‘always’ ‘change that has anger, irritation, Money doesn't buy expressing happened over a annoyance, happiness. annoyance or period of time explanation or Water freezes at 0°C. criticism ve lost weight. criticism She's always Who has been using my Interrupting me! hairbrush? (annoyance) timetables / programmes fixed arrangements emphasis on number | emphasis on duration (future meaning) in the near future ‘She's written three (usually with for, since The match finishes at The Browns are letters since this moming. or how long) 7:45 pm. visiting us tonight. She has spoken to two They have been speaking The plane leaves at (sallaranged) clients since in his office for the last 6.05 am. T2o'clock. hour. reviews / sports changing or Tae oh : live, feel and work can be used either commentaries / developing In the present perfect or the present perfect dramatic narratives situations ‘cont . S Earaeh fe Got inuous with no difference in meaning. can Rie oct bis English getting.) rye been ving | Ive ved in Rome for a year. biliantly in this film. better. 4A-bh Scanned with CamScannerPresent Forms Time expressions used with: Present Simple every day / week / month / year, usually, often, always, rarely, never, sometimes, in the morning / evening / afternoon, at night, on Mondays, etc. Present Continuous now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, stil, etc. Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions), always, how long, so far, recently, since (= from a starting point in the past), for (= over a period of time), today, this week / month, etc. how long, for, since Scanned with CamScannerZZ! 20 What happened? How did you burn your ears? (4) Listen and repeat. Then act out. But | thought xyou had burnt Well I was Ironing when the phone rang and | answered the iron by mistake. Past Simple Ye Past Continuous wor hwere + Ving Well, yee! | had been ironing for only two minutes when It rang again. Past Perfect Past Perfect had 4V3 fs INUOUS | past actions which happened immediately ‘one after the other She sealed the letter, puta stamp on it and posted it two or more simultaneous past actions While | was sunbathing, Tim was swimming. past action which | emphas furation occurred before _| of an action which started another past action | and finished in the past or before a specific | before another past action time in the past. | or a stated time in the past He had left by the | She had been working as time | got there. ‘a clerk for 10 years before (or by 8:15 pm) she resigned. action or event which happened at a stated past (When? An hour ago.) action in progress at a stated time in the past ‘He was playing tennis at 4:30 pm yesterday. ‘complete past action| past action of certain which had visible duration which had results in the past _ | visible results in the past She was sad because | They were wet because they she had failed the test. had been walking inthe rain. ‘action which happened at ‘a definite past time. The action was completed in the past. ‘Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (Shakespeare is now dead; he won't write again) past action in progress interrupted by another past action. The longer ction is in the Past Continuous, the shorter action Is in the Past Simple. oh the Past Perfect is the Past Perfect the past equivalent | Continuous is the past ofthe Present —_ equivalent of the Present Perfect, Perfect Continuous (He can'tfind his | (She is going to the doctor. watch. He has lost it) | Her leg has been aching He couldn't find his | two days.) ile | was getting watch. He had lost i. She went to the doctor. Her dressed the bell rang. leg had been aching for two days. past habit or state background description He used to go/ went to _|to events ina story school on foot ‘Sho was flying to Paris. The sun was shining... Time expressions used with: yesterday, last week, etc. (how long) ago, then, just now. when, in 1967, eto, |Past Continuous while, when, as, etc. Past Perfect for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time, etc. Past Perfect Continuous. for, since Scanned with CamScanner(6p Listen and repeat. Then act out. Can you get me come epinach and ._braccoll from the supermarker? Jk \= £ a (Wil) | Be going to ‘top complaining and hurry upl The supermarket oe close half an hour, Future Continuous reetaurant next door wil be open Future Perfect decisions taken at the future plans and actions in progress at moment of speaking intentions a stated future time (on-the-spot decisions) Now that they've | He'll be sunbathing in Its getting dark, Il tun settled in their new Hawaii this time next ‘on the light. house, theyre | week. going to have a ary. hopes, fears, threats, | predictions actions which are the offers, promises, based on what _ result of a routine wamings, predictions, | we can see or _(instead of the Present requests, comments, what we know, | Continuous) ‘etc. especially with: | especially when ll be seeing John expect, hope, believe, there is evidence I'm sure, I'm afraid, Ann is going to probably, etc. have a baby. I'm afraid I'll be a little late. | Look at the dark tomorrow. (We work in the same office so we'll definitely meet) actions which will have finished before a stated future time She will have come back by the end of July. Note: by or not ... until / till are used with the Future Perfect. Until tll are normally used with the Future Perfect only in negative sentences. ‘She will have finished by 8 ‘o'clock. (NOT: unit) ‘She won't have finished until 8 o'clock. shopping on Tuesday. | Max is going to offer to do sth for clouds in the sky! It’s going to rain. future predictions things we are | when we ask politely | Future Perfect based on what we ‘sure about or we | about people's Continuous think / imagine will have already arrangements to see if happen decided to do in | they can do sth for us empties on the duration They'll probably go the near future | or because we want to ee certain time in the future By the end of this year, Sally (prediction) ‘nate his fiends to | them facts in the future dinner. Will you be going to the oe working tere ‘He will be ten next year. | (He has already | supermarket? Can you : decided to do this) | buy me some tea? things we are not sure about or haven't Present Simple (future meaning) Present Continuous (future meaning) decided to do yet ‘She'll probably pass the test. (not sure yet) timetables / programmes The plane reaches London at 9:45 pm. Az a Scanned with CamScanner fixed arrangements in the near future Sally is seeing her dentist tomorrow altemoon. (Sally has already made an appointment)eS Future Forms Time expressions used with: > Will / Be going to / tomorrow, tonight, next week / month, in two / three, etc. days, the _ Future Continuous day after tomorrow, soon, in a week / month, etc. Future Perfect before, by, by then, by the time, until (is used only in negative sentences with this tense) - by ... for By the end of next month, she will have been teaching for thirty years. Future Perfect Continuous Shall is used: with I/we in questions, suggestions, offers or when asking for advice. Shall we play tennis? What shall | do? Will is used: to express offers, threats, promises, predictions, warnings, requests, hopes, fears, on-the-spot decisions, comments (mainly with: think, expect, believe, I'm sure, hope, know, suppose and probably). / hope he'll be on time. Scanned with CamScanneroe id £1,000 to start Listen and repeat. Then act out. a Yau were highly recommended for this job. have been given 6ome good reporte about you. {im pleased to eay youve got the job. You wil be with and £1500 after a year. ae Y On, great How ‘much will I be paid each month? Mi come back in a year. ‘The passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participl Passive Voice Cars are repaired. The car is being repaired. The car was repaired. The car was being repaired. The car will be repaired. The car has been repaired. ‘The car had been repaired. Active Voice Present Simple Present Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous Future Simple Present Perfect Past Perfect They repair cars. They are repairing the car. They repaired the car. They were repairing the car They will repair the car. They have repaired the car. They had repaired the car. Future Perfect Present Infinitive Perfect infinitive -ing form Perfect -ing form Modals They will have repaired the car. They will have to repair the car. ‘She ought to have repaired the car. He likes people admiring his new car. Having repaired the car, . You must repair this car. The car will have been repaired. The car will have to be repaired. ‘The car ought to have been repaired. He likes his new car being admired. The car, having been repaired, ... This car must be repaired. The passive is used: «when the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. ‘My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent) The road repairs were completed fast week. (unimportant agen!) The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police - obvious agent) to make statements more polite or formal. ‘My new suit has been burnt (t's more poite than saying “You've burnt my new suit.) when the action is more important than the agent ~ as in news reports, formal notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc. Taking pictues is not allowed. (writen notice) The local bank was robbed this morning. (nevis report) Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process) to put emphasis on the agent. The Tower of London was buit by Willam the Conqueror. Scanned with CamScanner\ isp Listen and repeat. Then act out. Come onl IF we hurry, well make It to the game on time. J Relax. If| were you, ! wouldn't be 60 stressed, Conditionals - Wishes would have been ready by now. C l“} And if you had looked at the ticket, id know the game isn't until tomorrow, H-clause Main clause Type 0 general ‘truth If/ When + present simple Present simple ‘something which is always true, laws of nature Ifyou heat metal, it melts. Type 1 real present If + any present form (present simple, present continuous, present perfect or present perfect continuous) future / imperative / can / may | might | must | could / should + bare infinitive real - likely to happen in the present or future Ithe leaves early, he'll be on time Ifyou have finished your work, we can go for a walk for the meeting. Ifyou're tired, go to bed. Type 2 unreal present If + past simple or past would / could | might + imaginary situation contrary continuous bare infinitive to facts in the present; also used to give advice If] saw a ghost, | would run away. (but | haven't seen a ghost - untrue in the present) if were you, | wouldn't go out that late. (advice) Type 3 unreal past If + past perfect or past perfect continuous would / could / might + have + past participle imaginary situation in the past; also used to express Tegrets and criticism IfThad closed the window, we wouldn't have been robbed. (but | didn't close the window ~ tnirue in the past) Ite hadn't been behaving so badly, wel, the teacher wouldn't have punished him. (criticism) © When the if-clause is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma, Iyou come early, we can go fora walk. BUT We can go for a walk if you come early. ‘© We do not normally use will, would or should in an ff-clause. Ifyou hurry, you will catch the train. (NOT: Heyou-wittey- youl.) ‘© However, we can use will or would after if to make a polite request or express insistence or uncertainty. We can use should after if to talk about something which is possible but not very likely to happen. If you wil fill in the form, Il process your application. (Will you please fil in .. ~ polite request) If you will not stop shouting, you will have fo leave. (I you insist on shouting 1 don't know if will pass my driving test, (uncertain) If should see her, Ill ask her. (1 don't think is very likely | wil see her) Scant insistence) ined with CamScanner2 Conditionals - Wishes © In the if-clause of Type 2 conditionals, we can use were instead of was in all persons. /// was/were you, | would try harder. © We can use unless instead of if ... not in the if-clause of Type 1 conditionals. The verb is always in the affirmative after unless. Unless she studies, she won't pass her test. (=if she cloesn't study, he won't pass her test.) * As long as, providing / provided that can be used instead of if. As long as he’s on time, we won't be late for the meeting. (If he's on time ... .) We'll come by car providing / provided that Dad lends us his. (... if Dad lends us Scanned with CamScannerReported Speech Listen and repeat. Then act out. Don't worry, Ben. The dentiet will be painless, Direct speech is the exact words someone | Reported speech is the exact meaning of said, To show the direct speech we put the | what someone said but not the exact words. words said in quotation marks. “I'l go to We do not use quotation marks in Reported London,” she said. ‘speech. She said she would go to London. Say - Tell We can use say and tell both in Direct and Reported speech. Tell is always followed by a personal object (told me). Say is used with or without a personal object. When it is used with a personal object say Is always followed by to (said to me). Direct speech | Reported speech She said, “I can't drive.” She said (that) she couldn't drive. She said to me, “I can't drive.” ‘She said to me (that) she couldn't drive. ‘She told me, “I can't drive.” ‘She told me (that) she couldn't drive. Expressions with say ee J evening, etc. say something / nothing, say a few tell the truth, tell a lie, tell sb the time, tell sb one’s name, tell a story, Expressions with tell | toy/q secret, tel sb the way, fell one from another, etc. Scanned with CamScanner) Reported Speech We can report: A statements B questions = C ‘commands, requests, Suggestions Reported Statements tet i etc, followed by a that-clause, © To report statements we use a reporting verb (say, tell, explain, I In ies English that can be omitted. He sid, ‘fel sick” He said (hal) he felt sick ‘* Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context. Direct speech Reported speech He sao, Vit fendyou my laptop.” ‘He sald (that) he would lend me me his laptop, ‘Time words and tenses can change as follows depending on the time reference: Reported speech ‘that nigh, that day, that week / month / year then, at that time, at once, immediately since the day before, the previous night / week / month / year the folowing day / the day ater, the following / ‘ext week / month / year two days / months / years, etc. before tonight, today, this week / month / year now now that yesterday, lastnight / week / month / year tomorrow, next week / month / year ‘two days / months / years, etc. ago ‘© When the reporting verb is in the past, the verb tenses change as follows: Direct speech Reported speech present simple ast simple “Tom needs a new bike,” Dad sai. Dad said Tom needed a new bike. present continuous past continuous “He is watching TV,” she said. ‘She said he was watching TV. present perfect past perfect “He has just le,” she sad She said he had just feft. past simple past simple or past perfect “He left an hour ago,” she said. ‘She said he (had) left an hour before. past continuous past continuous or past perfect continuous “Iwas surfing the Net at wo o'clock yesterday,” | He said he was surfing | had been surfing the he said, [Net at two o'clock the day before. a future conditional “Hell be back in an hour,” she sad. She said he would be back in an hour present perfect continuous ppast perfect continuous “Ive been typing since moming,” she said, She said she had been typing since moming. asain Ifthe direct verb Is already in the past simple, in reported speech it can change into the past perfect or remain the same. “was lte for schoo,” Jane sai. Jane said she was / had been late for school «Ifthe direct verb is in the past perfect, it remains the same in reported speech. “Thad already written to him," Rob said. Rob sald he had already writen to him, © Certain words change as follows depending on the context. Direct speech: this /these here come (in is office) He said,‘ be here again on Mondey.” Reported speech: that/those there go (outside the office) He said he'd be there again on Monday Scanned with CamScannerReported Speech 6 ‘There are no changes in the verb tenses in reported speech when the direct sentence expresses a general truth, is Type 2 or Type 3 conditional or a wish. “The Earth is a planet," he said. He said the Earth is a planet. (general truth) “if you studied more, you'd pass your test,” he said. He said (that) if | studied more, I'd pass my test. “1 wish I were / was famous” he said. He said he wished he were / was famous. When the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect, there are no changes in the verb tenses. “Nina can read,” she says. She says that Nina can read. UP-TO-DATE REPORTING / OUT-OF-DATE REPORTING The verb tenses can change or remain the same in reported speech when a sentence expresses something which is up to date or still true when we report it. The verb tenses change when something is out of date or not true when we report it. He said he is travelling / was travelling to England next week. (up-to-date reporting - immediately reported after said) He said he was travelling to England in January. (The trip is over since it's February. out-of-date reporting) He said (that) the Earth was flat. (It isn't; not true.) “I'm travelling to England next week,” he said. “I'm travelling to England in January,” he said. (Now it's February.) “The Earth is flat,” he said. Scanned with CamScannerES Expert grammar Module 2 1 Past simple, present perfect simple, Present perfect continuous (pages 24-25) 1 Form: Regulaverts add (eg, stay - stayed but there are many yerbs with regular forms (eg. = sai) - went. In questons and Negatives, we use id/didnt + infinitive) 2 We usualy use the past simple withasime word/ expression (eg (yesterday, Tast night, two years aga) to talk about: * completed actions ata particular time in the past: J went to Rome lat Thursday. * completed situations over a definite period of time in the past: | worked ata summer camp when | was younger. pasthabits, repeated actions/situations in the past: We went tothe beach evry summer (past habit) + pastactions which happened quickly one ater the other: When | arzved, they tured off the television «and started ccoking (have + past participle) 2 The present perfect simple connects the past and the present. We use it to talk about past actions and situations: ‘© ina time period that is unfinished. + that ae relevant to the present. When they happened is not important. I've taught in China. Its an amazing country (important experience in my life, whichis unfinished; it doesnt matter when I taught there) ‘Compare this with the past simple: taught in China in 2072 (definite time inthe past) The doctor's arrived. (He's here now) Ive worked as a gardener for ten years. (the ten- year period until now) 3. The uses of the present perfect simple include: {a talking about experiences: Have you ever met a farnous person? (at any time in your life; it doesnt matter when) I've never lived abroad. (= at no time) He's travelled widely for his job, {B talking about things completed in the past with a result now. te hurt my le, I can't walk (past event - we are not thinking when it happened, but its relevant now) _g.taking about things recently completed (often ‘with just before the main vero): Look! The conference has just started. (=a short time ago) 4. things that have (or have not) happened up to ~ now, often with: «yer for something we expect to happen (Yt ‘omnes at the end of the sentence and is used only in questions and negative sentences) Have you sent off the application yet? T haven't sent it off yet. (NOT Hhatvesentt- off-yet) . ire something we expected to have happened by now: They stil havent called me. (NOT They have tit + ateady, "ee tothe tie before now (Already goes before the main verb ora the tend of the sentence and is used in positive sentences and questions) Have you already met the boss? Ive already met him. | «other adverbials, such as so far up to now and recently. ve read the first three chapters so far. She's been very quiet up to now. havent seen Joe recently. “g unfinished actions o states which started inthe past and continue now: ve lived inthis town for five years. (NOT Hivest ) ‘She's been a teachersince she left university Note Gone and been are both used to make the | present perfect of go, but wth diferent meanings: He's gone to London. (He in London now - it doesnit matter when he left). Hes been to London once inhi life. (A past experience - he isntin London now) fect formihave + been + 1g 2 We use the present perfect continuous to talk about activities ina nished. It places focus on the activity in Progress, not the finished action. We use it to refer to © arecent temporary activity I've been getting work experience © arecentrepeated/extended activity Your coleague has been ringing, ‘She's been answering enquires all moming 3 Present perfect continuous vs present perfect simple +The present perfect continuous focuses on the activity which is often temporary. not on whether the activity is finished or not. The present perfect simple can be used to focus on the completion of an activity: ‘Why are you so dirty?’ ‘ve been cleaning my room: (Maybe the cleaning i finished, maybe not) I've cleaned my room, Do you want to see it? (The cleaning is finished) Scanned with CamScannerwp + With tate verbs suchas be, know ec. we usually use the present perfect simple, not the present perfect continuous. (See page 182 for state verbs) ‘She's been a teacher since 2012 (NOT She's been being=) p_forandsince \We use forand since to answer How long. We use + forwith a period of time (for three wees, fora ‘month, forfour ours for days): {Ne been waiting fr my exam results for thee weeks. (NOT dering thre wees) «since witha point of time (since 2012, since last week, since we were students): Wee been living inthis fa since lst year 2. Articles (page 32) ‘A. Indefinite article We use the indefinite article (a/an) with singular countable nouns: 1 when we introduce something new, unfamilar or unexpected to another person: 1 need anew schoo uniform, tsa good university to goto, There an old woran in the street. 2 In descriptions and classifications (osay what kind of thing): I's lovely day, isnt it? (description) Ita big hotel (description) What ance town! (description) The play was a comedy. (classification) 3 with jobs” ‘My steris a doctor, 4 tomean al ‘An orange has alot of vitamin C. (= all oranges) (We also say: Oranges have alt of vain C) 5 tomean every in expressions of te/quantty/ speed twice a week two euros alo Note: ‘We use one instead of a/an when we want to emphasise the number. With plural or uncountable nouns, we use some, B Definite article We us the definite article (the with singular or pra countable nouns and with uncountable nouns 11 when the other person knows who or what we are referring to: Where the car? (you know which car | mean) o you know the people at that table? (you can see them) There’. aman and a woman outside. The woman says she's your sister. (\ have aleady mentioned the woman.) 2-to refer to something unique: The earth goes round the sun. (the only one) 3 in cenain expressions: He joined the polcethe armyfthe navy. Expert grammar Bia Let's go tothe shopsithecinema/thetheatre/the bark She plays te pianythe vial | went to the arport/the bus station. 4-in some general statements ‘Who invented the telephone? (inventions) The tiger in danger of extinction (species: We also say. Tigers are in danger of extinction) 5 with these proper nouns: + oceans and seas (the Pac ocean) + sive (the Amazon) + groups of islands (the Bahamas) + mountain anges (the Alps; BUT: not with individual mountains: Mount Fuj) + deserts (the Sahara) + counties with plural nouns and politcal terms (the USA the Netherlands the Czech Rep) + oups of people (the Germans the ri Theatre) + newspapers the Times) + political bodes (the government, the Labour Pasty) Noarticle ‘We do not use an article: +1 when we refer to something general or abstract: Houses ae getting much more expensive. He's making good progress. He’ got alot of courage. He' studying French history. (BUT: the history of Fance) 2. before institutions, when someone is part of the instution He's at university/school/church. ‘She's in prison/hospital. He's at college at 8:30. (He's a student there - part of the college.) 1 got tothe colege at 8:30 (1 was visiting - refers to the building) 3 before: people’ names: My name’ Eri Davies. imost counties: He lives in Germany. continents: Have you been to Asia? ‘counties: They come from Yorkshire. villages/towns/cities: She works in London. parks: We went for a walkin Hyde Park. streets: | did some shopping in Oxford Street. (BUT: the High Street) + languages: I speak French. *+ sports: He plays golf + illnesses: Bob’s had appendicitis. + go +-ing: We often go skating. + meals at breakfast + most expressions of time/dates/seasons: last week, at § 30, in June, on time, autumn 4 incertain expressions: cat home | watch television (BUT; | listen to the radio) 490 to work/bed, go home {90 by bus/train/car Scanned with CamScanner