Consonants

Symbol Spelling Examples

TH
θ (words with meaning)
Thought, think, three, path, healthy, author

TH
ð (usually grammatical words)
This, that, those, these, there, other

Shop, wish, shoe, education, motivation,

ʃ SH, TION, CH with French origin
machine, champagne
SION, SURE, GE Vision, decision, pleasure, measure, beige,
ʒ (most of them have a French origin) garage

tʃ CH, TURE Chair, rich, match, kitchen, future, nature

dʒ J, GE, GI, AGE Joke, jam, judge, general, ginger, age, image

NG
ŋ (all present participles)
King, thing, song, dancing, swimming, saying

j Y, U Yellow, year, yesterday, usual, music, tune

 Short and long vowels
Symbol Spelling Examples
ʌ U, O, OU Fun, sun, luck, son, done, young, couple

æ A Mass, lamp, hand, drank, hat, apple, cap

ɑː AR, EAR, AL Far, bark, market, artist, heart, calm, half

e E Egg, pen, sell, well, tell, bed, medal

ɜː ER, IR, OR, UR Her, verb, girl, shirt, work, world, church, turn

ɪ I, Y Milk, pig, ship, lady, middle, body

iː EE, EA, IE, EI Keep, deep, sheep, clean, sea, field, receive

ɒ O Dog, pot, bottle, clock, body, doll, not

ɔː OR, OA, ALL, AU For, door, oar, board, call, wall, daughter, cause

ʊ OO, U, OU (modal verbs) Put, full, book, look, took, could, should, would

uː OO, U+c+E Food, soon, shoot, rude, rule, June

diphthongs
Symbol Spelling Examples
eɪ AI, AY, A+c+E Rain, wait, main, day, away, cake, mate, late

aɪ Y, I, IE By, try, blind, island, high, light, lie, tie

ɔɪ OI, OY Boil, choice, voice, boy, toy

əʊ O+c+E, OA, OW Home, bone, code, rose, boat, coat, show, know

aʊ OU, OW House, ground, out, cow, now, brown