Test Bank for Biology of Humans Concepts Applications and Issues, 5th Edition : Goodenough

Test Bank for Biology of Humans Concepts

Applications and Issues, 5th Edition : Goodenough

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Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which structure delivers a signal from the motor neuron to all the sarcomeres of a muscle cell? 1)
A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) filaments-line
C) T tubule D) myosin filament
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

2) Overuse, misuse, and age are some of the factors that contribute to excessive stress on a tendon, 2)
causing inflammation known as ________.
A) tetanus B) spasms C) bursitis D) tendinitis
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

3) The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ions that are necessary for skeletal muscle contractions. Which of 3)
the following ions does it store?
A) magnesium B) calcium C) iron D) sodium
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

4) When a muscle is stimulated before the muscle can fully relax, it can cause ________. 4)
A) tendinitis B) muscle failure C) muscle twitch D) summation
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

5) Someone who has broken an arm and has had a cast on it for months will notice a distinct shrinking 5)
of the arm once the cast is removed. Why does this happen?
A) The other arm was used more to compensate for the unused one, and it has become stronger.
B) If the person was right-handed, they'll become left-handed.
C) Muscles that are not used will atrophy.
D) The cast has reduced blood flow to the muscle tissue to reduce swelling.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

1
 6) Which of the following are protein filaments that function in muscle contraction and are shaped 6)
like a golf club with two heads?
A) myosin filaments B) actin filaments
C) myofilaments D) intermediate filaments
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

7) Which of the following is not a function of muscle? 7)

A) move blood in veins B) move lymph in lymphatic vessels
C) generate heat D) destabilize joints
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

8) When a muscle is stimulated prior to full relaxation of a previous contraction and the second 8)
stimulus is added to the first contraction, this phenomenon is referred to as ________.
A) twitch B) tetanus C) fatigue D) summation
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

9) Which muscle cells are designed for endurance? 9)

A) myoglobin B) hemoglobin
C) slow-twitch cells D) fast-twitch cells
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

10) The arrangement of muscles so that the action of one muscle is opposite to that of its partner is 10)
referred to as ________.
A) insertion B) dual C) synergistic D) antagonistic
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

2
11) Which of the following functions in the attachment of muscle to bone? 11)
A) tetanus B) synergistic C) ligaments D) tendons
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

12) Why is ATP needed for muscle contraction? 12)

A) It's needed for calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B) It causes tropomyosin to slide off the myosin-binding sites of actin.
C) It causes calcium to bind to troponin.
D) Myosin must contact the actin filament and move to pull it toward the midline of the
sarcomere.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

13) When a myosin head binds to an actin molecule in order to contract a muscle, this is formed: 13)
________.
A) actin filament B) myosin filament
C) cross-bridge D) troponin
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

14) Which of these structures is part of a muscle cell's plasma membrane that delivers signals to the 14)
sarcomere?
A) T tubule B) myosin head
C) actin fiber D) endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

15) Which component of a muscle does the calcium ion combine with to allow a contraction to occur? 15)
A) actin B) troponin C) T tubule D) myosin head
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

3
16) After a period of exercise, a person will breathe heavily for some time after the activity has ceased. 16)
What is happening during this time as the oxygen debt is being paid?
A) Lactic acid is being removed. B) Glycogen stores are being regenerated.
C) Creatine phosphate is being regenerated. D) All of the above are true.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

17) Which substance is released by motor neurons to stimulate a contraction? 17)

A) acetylcholine B) calcium C) myosin D) dopamine
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

18) Why does a person continue to breathe heavily after prolonged activity? 18)
A) to relieve O2 debt B) because of lack of water
C) to relieve fatigue D) no reason
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

19) Which of these junctions represents the connection between the tip of a neuron and a skeletal 19)
muscle cell from which acetylcholine diffuses?
A) neurotic B) tight C) desmosome D) neuromuscular
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

20) Which of these muscles would be most involved in a forcible exhalation, as in a sneeze? 20)
A) sartorius B) deltoid
C) gastrocnemius D) rectus abdominis
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

4
21) Which of these muscle types permit(s) voluntary movement? 21)
A) skeletal
B) cardiac
C) smooth
D) All of the above permit voluntary movement.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

22) If it were possible to have antagonistic muscle pairs in an arm contract simultaneously, what 22)
movement would the arm make?
A) The arm would move toward the body in a curling movement.
B) The arm would move away from the body.
C) The arm could move easily in each direction.
D) The arm would be locked in position.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

23) Some insecticides interfere with the removal of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. What effect 23)
will this have on muscle contraction?
A) The muscle cell will lose all of its supply of calcium.
B) The muscle cell will have a single twitch and will be unable to contract again.
C) The muscle cell will be in a state of constant stimulation, leading to a tetany response.
D) The muscle cell will be unable to be stimulated again.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

24) What causes delayed onset muscle soreness? 24)

A) exercise in which a muscle lengthens while it contracts
B) running on level ground
C) gentle stretching
D) walking on level ground
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

5
25) What is the result of resistance exercise? 25)
A) More mitochondria develop.
B) Existing muscle cells increase in diameter.
C) New blood vessels develop.
D) The number of muscle cells increases.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

26) Why must tropomyosin cover the thin filament in just the right position before the muscle can 26)
relax?
A) It covers the myosin-binding sites and, if left exposed, will allow the myosin to bind and pull.
B) It has a particular binding place that facilitates the removal of calcium.
C) Without tropomyosin in the correct position, calcium cannot be released.
D) It is needed in the proper location, or ATP cannot be used.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

27) Tetanus is a very serious disease caused by a toxin from a bacterium. Which of the following is the 27)
most obvious symptom?
A) muscle paralysis B) excessive weight gain
C) dissolving bones D) excessive sneezing
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

28) A person may have a muscle injury that really affects the tendon and not the muscle tissue itself. 28)
Why is it that after a hard workout, muscle pain will go away in a few days at most, but tendinitis
lasts so much longer?
A) Muscle cells can be rested but tendons have to be used all the time.
B) The electrical signals that muscle cells generate are used to aid in healing.
C) Muscle cells are more elastic, so they are harder to damage.
D) Unlike a tendon, muscle tissue has an ample blood supply, so it's easier to repair.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

6
 29) Which of these cell types can be described as muscle cells that contract rapidly, are rich in glycogen 29)
deposits, and depend on anaerobic respiration to produce ATP?
A) slow-twitch cells B) myoglobin
C) fast-twitch cells D) hemoglobin
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

30) The attachment point of a muscle to a bone that can move is called the ________. 30)
A) insertion B) antagonistic C) origin D) synergistic
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

31) Muscle contraction results from the repeated cycle of interactions between myosin and actin. What 31)
is the last step of this cycle, after which the cycle starts over again?
A) The myosin head bends (the power stroke).
B) Myosin heads extend toward the Z lines at the ends of the sarcomere.
C) The myosin heads split the ATP into ADP and Pi and store the energy.
D) New ATP molecules bind to the myosin heads, causing them to disengage from the actin.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

32) A muscle will ________ if levels of calcium and potassium decrease in the blood. 32)
Answer: cramp
Explanation:

33) The ________ is a modified form of endoplasmic reticulum that stores and releases calcium 33)
ions when a muscle contracts.
Answer: sarcoplasmic reticulum
Explanation:

34) A(n) ________ consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates. 34)
Answer: motor unit
Explanation:

35) The ________ are the thinner of the two protein filaments that are found within myofibrils. 35)
Answer: actin filaments
Explanation:

7
36) Muscle cells that contract slowly when stimulated but with enormous endurance are called 36)
________.
Answer: slow-twitch cells
Explanation:

37) A band of connective tissue that aids in the attachment of muscle to bone is a(n) ________. 37)
Answer: tendon
Explanation:

38) ________ is a sustained powerful contraction of a muscle that results from frequent 38)
stimulation with no time between stimuli for relaxation.
Answer: Tetanus
Explanation:

39) ________ are the proteins that appear as dark bands that mark the ends of the sarcomeres. 39)
Answer: Z lines
Explanation:

40) ________ pairs up with troponin proteins to form a complex that regulates muscle 40)
contractions.
Answer: Tropomyosin
Explanation:

41) ________ provides the energy required for voluntary muscle contraction in an individual's 41)
body.
Answer: ATP
Explanation:

42) The release of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction is shortly followed by the 42)
release of ________ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: calcium
Explanation:

43) The depletion of O2 in the muscles of an individual that has exercised for a long period of 43)
time is known as ________.
Answer: oxygen debt
Explanation:

44) During muscle contraction, the heads of myosin filaments pull actin filaments toward the 44)
center of a ________.
Answer: sarcomere
Explanation:

45) George liked to go for very long runs, so we can assume that this chemical becomes 45)
depleted during those marathons: ________.
Answer: glycogen
Explanation:

8
46) A(n) ________ is the attachment point of a muscle to a bone that remains stationary during 46)
movement.
Answer: origin
Explanation:

47) A bundle of muscle cells is called a(n) ________. 47)

Answer: fascicle
Explanation:

48) ________ is a condition in which there is an excessive stress on a tendon, causing 48)
inflammation.
Answer: Tendinitis
Explanation:

49) Your skeletal muscles might make a lot of these when you are cold:________. 49)
Answer: twitches
Explanation:

50) The striations of skeletal muscles are caused by the arrangement within many elongated 50)
________.
Answer: myofibrils
Explanation:

51) The muscle that extends and rotates the thigh when walking is called the ________. 51)
Answer: gluteus maximus
Explanation:

9
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.
52) Muscle fibers designed for rapid and A) Calcium ions
52)
powerful responses.
Answer: I B) Tendons

53) Bind to troponin in the sarcomere to C) T tubules 53)

initiate muscle contraction.
Answer: A D) Actin

54) Delivers the signals from the motor

E) Troponin 54)
neuron to every sarcomere of the
muscle cell.
F) Slow-twitch muscle fibers
Answer: C

55) Caused by a neuron, stimulating G) Muscle twitch

55)
muscle cells to contract.
Answer: G H) Testosterone

56) Muscle fibers that are designed for I) Fast-twitch muscle fibers
56)
endurance, contract slowly, and have a
steady supply of energy. J) Myosin
Answer: F
K) Tropomyosin
57) Anabolic steroids are chemically
57)
related to this type of hormone.
Answer: H

58) Covers the myosin-binding sites on

58)
actin.
Answer: K

59) Functions in the attachment of muscle

59)
to bone.
Answer: B

60) Protein that makes up the thin

60)
myofilament.
Answer: D

61) Protein that makes up the thick

61)
myofilament.
Answer: J

62) Calcium binds to this protein to

62)
initiate a contraction.
Answer: E

10
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

63) Steve decides to make a meal for some of his friends. He uses a variety of foods to prepare the meal, including
some canned mushrooms. Unfortunately, he gave his friends a mild case of botulism food poisoning. His
friends reported blurred vision and trouble speaking due to a flaccid paralysis of the muscle cells by the
botulinum toxin. Propose a mechanism by which this toxin would inhibit muscle contraction.
Answer: If the muscles become flaccid, they cannot be stimulated to contract. The most likely cause would be that
the toxin is somehow interfering with the action of acetylcholine. The toxin may be blocking acetylcholine
release, or it may be blocking the binding of acetylcholine to the receptors on the muscle.

64) Rigor mortis sets in after the death of humans and other animals because the supply of ATP decreases to the
point at which calcium can no longer be removed from the cell. At this point, the myosin molecules attach to the
thin filament. The muscles stiffen, and limbs cannot be moved. Why and for how long does the muscle then
remain in this continuously contracted state?
Answer: If the myosin molecules cannot disengage from the actin filaments (i.e., the cross-bridges cannot be
broken), the muscle cannot rebound back to its starting position, and the muscle will stay locked in that
position. Eventually, the actin and myosin proteins themselves will break down, and the muscles will be
moveable again.

65) Turkey is often served at Thanksgiving meals in which family members vie for portions of white or dark meat.
Why is the breast meat of a turkey considered white meat, whereas the darker meat is found in the leg muscles?
Answer: The breast muscles of a turkey provide the force necessary for flight. Since turkeys are not exceptional
fliers and do not migrate, the flight muscles are not frequently used. Therefore, the breast meat consists of
fast-twitch fibers that lack much myoglobin. Turkeys rely instead on running to escape predators, so the
leg muscles get far more exercise. These tend to be slow-twitch fibers containing lots of myoglobin and
are thus darker in appearance.

66) Myasthenia gravis is a disease caused by the immune system that attacks the acetylcholine receptors found on
muscle cells. What effect would blocking these receptors have on muscle contraction?
Answer: Acetylcholine is needed to initiate an action potential on the surface of a muscle cell. Without it, the
muscle will not contract. If a diseased state destroys or blocks the receptors that acetylcholine normally
binds to, the signal will not be sent, and the muscle will not contract.

67) In former times, surgeons used small doses of curare to relax the patient's abdominal and other muscles during
operations. Why did this compound work? What additional precautions do you think the medical staff needs to
put into place when a patient is under anesthesia?
Answer: Curare prevents acetylcholine from connecting to muscles. Since the diaphragm is likely to stop, patients
may stop breathing because of this, so assisted breathing devices are usually used.

68) Describe the four traits that all muscle types share.
Answer: Muscles have the ability to shorten and are contractile. Muscles are excitable and can respond to stimuli.
Muscles are extensible and have the ability to stretch. Muscles are elastic and can return to their original
length after being either lengthened or shortened.

69) Compare and contrast the physiological effects of steroid use to increase and improve performance, in both
genders.
Answer: Steroid use may promote a false sense of invincibility, increased aggression, and severe depression.
Abuse of these drugs can severely affect the liver, cardiovascular system, and reproductive system. Males
often have a reduction in natural testosterone production, causing atrophy of the testicles, which leads to
sterility and impotence. Many females exhibit irreversible development of masculine traits, such as
growth of body hair, deepening of the voice, loss of scalp hair, smaller breasts, and enlarged clitoris.

11
70) Explain the function of ATP in muscle contractions.
Answer: ATP binds to the myosin heads, allowing the myosin heads to disengage from the actin. The myosin
heads split the ATP molecules and store the energy, which allows the myosin heads to swivel in
preparation to form the cross-bridges.

71) Aerobic exercises do not increase skeletal muscle size, but they do cause various changes in the body. Explain
what changes aerobic exercises initiate.
Answer: Aerobic exercises initiate the development of new blood vessels to muscles and more mitochondria
within muscle cells. Muscle coordination, digestive tract movement, and the cardiovascular and
respiratory system will also benefit. The strength of the skeleton also increases because of the increased
force on the bones.

72) How do calcium ions affect muscle contractions?

Answer: The tropomyosin-troponin complex situates itself at the actin-myosin binding sites, preventing the
formation of the cross-bridges. The tropomyosin-troponin complex can be moved once calcium ions
bind to the troponin, exposing the myosin heads to the actin filaments and allowing the contraction to
proceed.

12
Answer Key
Testname: C6

1) C
2) D
3) B
4) D
5) C
6) A
7) D
8) D
9) C
10) D
11) D
12) D
13) C
14) A
15) B
16) D
17) A
18) A
19) D
20) D
21) A
22) D
23) C
24) A
25) B
26) A
27) A
28) D
29) C
30) A
31) C
32) cramp
33) sarcoplasmic reticulum
34) motor unit
35) actin filaments
36) slow-twitch cells
37) tendon
38) Tetanus
39) Z lines
40) Tropomyosin
41) ATP
42) calcium
43) oxygen debt
44) sarcomere
45) glycogen
46) origin
47) fascicle
48) Tendinitis
49) twitches
50) myofibrils
13
Test Bank for Biology of Humans Concepts Applications and Issues, 5th Edition : Goodenough

Answer Key
Testname: C6

51) gluteus maximus

52) I
53) A
54) C
55) G
56) F
57) H
58) K
59) B
60) D
61) J
62) E
63) If the muscles become flaccid, they cannot be stimulated to contract. The most likely cause would be that the toxin is
somehow interfering with the action of acetylcholine. The toxin may be blocking acetylcholine release, or it may be
blocking the binding of acetylcholine to the receptors on the muscle.
64) If the myosin molecules cannot disengage from the actin filaments (i.e., the cross-bridges cannot be broken), the
muscle cannot rebound back to its starting position, and the muscle will stay locked in that position. Eventually, the
actin and myosin proteins themselves will break down, and the muscles will be moveable again.
65) The breast muscles of a turkey provide the force necessary for flight. Since turkeys are not exceptional fliers and do not
migrate, the flight muscles are not frequently used. Therefore, the breast meat consists of fast-twitch fibers that lack
much myoglobin. Turkeys rely instead on running to escape predators, so the leg muscles get far more exercise. These
tend to be slow-twitch fibers containing lots of myoglobin and are thus darker in appearance.
66) Acetylcholine is needed to initiate an action potential on the surface of a muscle cell. Without it, the muscle will not
contract. If a diseased state destroys or blocks the receptors that acetylcholine normally binds to, the signal will not be
sent, and the muscle will not contract.
67) Curare prevents acetylcholine from connecting to muscles. Since the diaphragm is likely to stop, patients may stop
breathing because of this, so assisted breathing devices are usually used.
68) Muscles have the ability to shorten and are contractile. Muscles are excitable and can respond to stimuli. Muscles are
extensible and have the ability to stretch. Muscles are elastic and can return to their original length after being either
lengthened or shortened.
69) Steroid use may promote a false sense of invincibility, increased aggression, and severe depression. Abuse of these
drugs can severely affect the liver, cardiovascular system, and reproductive system. Males often have a reduction in
natural testosterone production, causing atrophy of the testicles, which leads to sterility and impotence. Many females
exhibit irreversible development of masculine traits, such as growth of body hair, deepening of the voice, loss of scalp
hair, smaller breasts, and enlarged clitoris.
70) ATP binds to the myosin heads, allowing the myosin heads to disengage from the actin. The myosin heads split the
ATP molecules and store the energy, which allows the myosin heads to swivel in preparation to form the
cross-bridges.
71) Aerobic exercises initiate the development of new blood vessels to muscles and more mitochondria within muscle
cells. Muscle coordination, digestive tract movement, and the cardiovascular and respiratory system will also benefit.
The strength of the skeleton also increases because of the increased force on the bones.
72) The tropomyosin-troponin complex situates itself at the actin-myosin binding sites, preventing the formation of the
cross-bridges. The tropomyosin-troponin complex can be moved once calcium ions bind to the troponin, exposing the
myosin heads to the actin filaments and allowing the contraction to proceed.

14

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