PEDIATRIC DEPARTMENT

ACUTE
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS:
A CASE
PRESENTATION
 INTRODUCTION

Glomerulonephritis is defined
as inflammation of the glomeruli and
of the small blood vessels. It can be
primary if the disease starts in the
glomeruli, secondary if the glomeruli
is affected by systemic disease. It can
also be acute if the symptoms
develop suddenly and resolve with
treatment, reversible disease
characterized by spontaneous
recovery in the vast majority of
patients, or it can be chronic if acute disease is not treated leading to irreversible failure of the
kidneys. The glomerular filtration rate is decreased, making damage of the glomeruli leading
to hematuria and edema that develops 7 days to 12 weeks after an infection, proteinuria, and
azotemia; also resulting in edema and hypertension.
Objectives:
 Review the Glomerulonephritis disease.
 Summarize the physical findings associated with glomerulonephritis.
 Describe interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and
communication to improve outcomes for patients affected by glomerulonephritis

Causes and Risks

Acute glomerulonephritis includes infections with various agents such as:

 Bacteria

1. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus which is the most common in children

2. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
3. Treponima Pallidum (Syphillis)
4. Staphylococcal or Gram-Negative Bacteria
5. Sepsis

 Virus
1. Dengue Fever Virus
2. Varicella Virus
3. Hepatits B and C Virus
4. Cytomegalo Virus
5. HIV

Statistics and vulnerabilities

GLOBAL CENSUS
FIGURE 01. Point prevalence(A), incidence(B), mortality(C) for acute
glomerulonephritis per 100 000 population by sex and age in 2020. Red and green
lines represent females and males, respectively.

https://www.kireports.org/cms/10.1016/j.ekir.2021.04.038/attachment/393fc30d-6544-40d9-91a9-47969184ffaf/mmc1.pd

Figure 02. Global number of prevalent cases(A), incident cases(B),

mortality cases(C) by sex and age in 2020.
Age-, Gender-, and Race-related Demographics
Acute glomerulonephritis can appear at any age, including infancy. Acute
glomerulonephritis usually develops in the pediatric population aged 5-15 years. Only 10% of
cases occur in patients 40 years old or above. Outbreaks are common in children around six
years old. Acute glomerulonephritis affects males more than females, with a male-to-female
ratio of 2:1.

https://pps.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/PNSP-2021-Renal-Registry.pdf

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs), in particular, pneumonia, remain the persistent and pervasive
deterrent to public health. It is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in
children <5 years of age. The etiological agents for ARIs include bacteria, virus and fungi. The most commonly
associated ARI-causing bacterial organisms are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophiles
influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus etc.
 Acute Glumerulonephritis is a significant renal problem not only in adults but most specially in children
and one of the common causes of hospital admissions. Early identification, monitoring and management is
required to prevent morbidity and mortality.

This case presentation is an attempt to evaluate the clinical characteristics, complications and outcome
of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN).