Management of Resources in Construction

CHAPTER-5 Management of Resources in Construction 5.
CHAPTER-5
MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN CONSTRUCTION

5.2 Project Management for Construction
5.0 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

Materials are the fundamental requirement for manufacturing
any product. Around 60 % of the capital money is spending
for the materials only. Materials soak up a substantial portion
of the capital invested in an industrial concern. So even a
small saving in material can reduce the production cost to a
fair extent and thus add to the profits. Material management
cam help in controlling of materials type, area of availability
of materials, transportation of materials, time of purchase of
various materials used. Material management may be
thought of as an integrated functioning of the different
sections of a company dealing with the supply of materials
and other related activities so as to obtain maximum co-
ordinations and optimum minimum expenditure on materials.
5.1 SCOPE OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Material management covers a very wide scope ranging
from production industries to construction industries. It deals
with material costs, material supply, material storage,
utilizations and handling. It is concerned with the planning
and programming of materials and equipments, market
research for purchase, procurement of materials, packaging,
storage, inventory control, transportation of materials,
material handling, disposal of scrap and surplus etc.
The scope of material management applicable to

construction industry involves planning for materials,
purchase, inventory control, storage of material and handling
of materials. Proper material management can contribute
substantially to the efficiency and the profit making potentials
of the contracting organization.
The most important considerations are timely purchase of
materials to fit in the construction schedule, close coordination
CHAPTER-5 Management of Resources in Construction 5.3
with the various construction sub-wings, proper inventory

control and storage of materials so as to avoid wastages. In
the fast changing scenario of technology, use of
sophisticated materials and the modern construction
technique can contribute substantially to save the time and
improvement in quality. A good purchase man must also be
alive to the situations and keep a close watch of the market
trends for timely spotting out the changing situations to the
best advantage of the organization. The purchase
department of the whole organization may be centralized or
decentralized or combination of both. However, the
centralized purchase may help in resorting standardization
and chances of negotiating lower prices.
5.1.1 Objectives of Material Management
The main objective of the material management is to minimize
the cost that is to be incurred on the part of materials. However,
some of the other important objective are summed up here.
1. Economy in material cost.

2. Efficient control of inventories.
3. Ensure uniform flow of material for production/construction.
4. Ensure right quality at right price.
5. Establish and maintain good relations with customers.
6. Economical consumption of important items and finding their
substitutes.
5.2 STAGES OF MATERIALS MANAGEMENT
The typical stages associated with material management are
1. Procurement and Purchasing.
2. Expenditure.
3. Materials Planning.
4. Materials handling.
5. Distribution.
6. Cost control.
7. Inventory management.
8. Transportation.
5.3 CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
Materials required for any civil engineering project can be

broadly classified into the following groups.
1. Cement and Steel : Normally clients in India take the
responsibility for the supply of these essential materials mainly
because of uncertain availability conditions and also to have
quality control on materials. Sometimes, owner/contractor has
to produce them from local specified agencies. In that case, it
requires proper planning in good time so that arrival of these
materials at site must match with the construction schedule.
2. Bricks, Lime and Stone Chips : These common building
materials are locally available or can be locally manufactured.
3. Steel Windows, Grills, Handrails, Steel Stroage Tank and

Steel Fabricated Items : They are locally fabricated by
specified agencies for specific requirements.
4. Timber Times : The timber items such as doors/window frame
and shutters, partition walls and wall boards etc. can be
manufactured at site or can be available in readymade sizes.
5. Sanitory and Electrical Mateirals : They can be obtained

from specified agencies.
6. Fixtures and Fastenings : All fixtures and fastenings of any
materials can be obtained from local agencies.
7. Finishing Items : Paint, varnish, distemper and other
decorative items can be available from specified agencies.
8. Coaltar/Bitumen, Water Proofing Materials : They also
can be obtained from suppliers and clients.
5.4 STORAGE OF STOCK
It may not be possible to keep all the store materials inside the
stores-shed. M.S. rods, plates, angles and heavy machinery
may be kept in open yards. The other items may be properly
stocked in stores-shed. Proper enclosures should be provided
and a strict watch maintained round the clock to avoid pilferage.
The stores received are first checked against orders placed and
entered in ‘M’ book by the section officer in-charge of stores.
The material is then passed on to the storekeeper for safe
custody. It is the duty of the storekeeper to render proper
account for the receipts and issues of materials from his store.
5.4.1 Record Keeping in Stores
The record keeping in stores involves maintaining a record of
receipts and issues, keeping a watch over the balance of
various items and replenishing the same in time.
5.5 INDENTS
Withdrawal of materials from stock is on the basis of indents.
Particulars regarding head of account, name of division,
name of officer, name of work and contractor from whom the
value is recoverable, description and quantity of items
required should all be furnished in full in the indent. The
storekeeper should scrutinize the indent and endorse in
writing about the compliance in full / in part / non-compliance
due to want of stock or other reasons.
5.6 INVOICE
An invoice is prepared by the storekeeper when a material is
issued, simultaneously making an entry in the stock register.
This invoice should be sent to the indenting officer for
acknowledging receipt of the items and then treated T as a
voucher for entry in the stock register.
5.7 BIN CARD

In a store, a number of materials are to be handled. Details
of information about the stock position, drawal rate per
month, when the order for a particular material is to be
placed are all entered in bin cards. A bin card is tagged to
each item giving details of receipts, issues and balances on
any day. If a large number of items (over 500) are to be
handled a cardex system with one card for each item
arranged in alphabetical order is followed.
5.8 VERIFICATION OF STORES
• Executive Engineers have to check all the stocks in their
divisions atleast once in a year.
• All stores should be counted by an officer not below the rank

of a sub-divisional officer.
• All articles of stock (but not tools and plant) which are not
likely to be required during the following twelve months,
should be reported to the Executive Engineer.
• If necessary he will take superintending Engineer’s orders

for the disposal of such items.
• If any discrepancy is found during verification, it should be

brought to account immediately. This will help the stores
account to represent the true state of affairs, shortages and
damages.
• Similarly all unserviceable stores which are found during

verification should be reported to the authority competent to
write off the items.
• A certificate of verification of stores should be made by the

verifying officer and the same should be sent to the
Executive Engineer.
st
• Verification of stock should be carried out from 1 page of
the stock register verifying the entries viz, receipts, issues,
other transactions, balance, remarks etc. until all the pages
in the registers are checked.
Common Irregularities in Stock Account : The common
irregularities that occur in stock account are given below :
1. Items not recorded in the bincard simultaneously with

the entries on the’ indents.
2. Stock issued to contractors not recorded in

Contractor’s ledger
3. Transactions not recorded at the time of issue/receipt

and in the order of their occurance.
4. Shortage or surplus not adjusted when the book

balances do not tally with the ground balances.
5. Corrections, etc., not initialled.
6. Transactions not duly supported by indents.
7. Issues not acknowledged by the indentor on the copy

of the indent which is retained by the store’s incharge.
5.9 PURCHASING PROCEDURES
The purchasing department occupies a vital role in the organization
of an industry. Because, Purchasing is one of the main functions in
the success of a modern manufacturing concern. Purchasing
implies Processing of materials, supplies machinery and service
needed for production and maintenance of the concern.
The following steps are involved in purchasing of materials:
1. Recognition of need, receipt and analysis of purchase

requisition.
2. Selection of possible sources of supply.
3. Making request for quotations.
4. Analysis of Quotations.
5. Preparation of Comparative statement.
6. Selection of right source of supply.
7. Issuing the purchasing order.
8. Follow and expediting the order.
9. Analyzing Receiving reports and processing of

discrepancies and rejections.
10. Closing of completed orders.
11. Maintenance of records and files.

5.9.1 Objectives of Purchasing Department
1. To procure right material.
2. To procure material in right quantities.
3. To procure materials of right quality.
4. To procure from right and reliable source.
5. To procure material at right place.
6. To receive and deliver material at right place and at right time.
5.9.2 Methods of Purchasing

1. Purchasing strictly by requirement.
2. Purchasing for a specified period.
3. Marketing purchase.
4. Contract purchasing.
5. Central purchase organization.
6. Directorate general of supplies and disposals.

5.10 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Construction is a creation of something which will serve the
purpose for which it is created. There are many stages in
construction. In the first stage all the required plans are
prepared and in the second stage plans are put in action. This is
construction stage which is ultimately a great responsibility on
the shoulders of a construction engineer. Now days, we are
constructing huge buildings. For this type of buildings we need
to use different types of equipments which will help us to
complete the construction process early. The selection of
suitable equipment is very important factor to be considered,
because almost 15-30% of total cost of project is accounted for
the equipment only. So, construction engineer must be familiar
with the characteristics and advantages of these machines.
Equipment used may be owned of a company or taken for rent.
Owning equipment is dependent on the size of project, cost of
equipment. Equipment can be bought only if it is beneficial,
otherwise it can be taken for rent.
Construction Plant and Equipment is a subject that deals

with operating, using and maintaining, building of civil
construction machinery and plant. It also addresses health
and safety regulations related to the use of various
machines. Construction Plant and Equipment serves as
basis for the Building and Civil Construction sub-field in
terms of the performance of various activities especially
those that require practical components utilizing the services
of this plant in their day to day operation.
5.10.1 Advantages of Utilizing Construction Equipments
1. Increases the output through work progress with the best
effective and efficient methods.
2. Reduce the overall construction costs especially for large
contracts.
5 . 10 Project Management for Construction
3. Carry out the activities which cannot be done manually or to

do them quickly.
4. To reduce the heavy manual work to control various hazards
and health issues.
5. To maintain high quality standards often required by present
day design and specifications.
5.11 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
Depending upon the application construction equipments are

classified into various categories.
1. Earth moving Equipment.
2. Earth compacting equipment.
3. Hauling equipment.
4. Hoisting equipment.
5. Conveying Equipment.
6. Aggregate production equipment.
7. Equipment used in concrete construction.
8. Pile driving equipment.
5.11.1 Earth Moving Equipment
Selection criteria for Earthwork equipment :
• Quantities of materials to be used.
• The available time to complete the work.
• The prevailing soil types, the swell and compaction
factors.
• The job conditions include factors such as availability
of loading and dumping area, accessibility of site,
traffic flows and weather conditions etc.
1. Excavators : Excavators are heavy construction equipment
consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating
platform which is known as house. Excavators are also called
CHAPTER-5 Management of Resources in Construction 5 . 11
as diggors. Excavators are used for Digging of trenches,

holes, foundations, material handling, heavy lifting, river
dredging, driving piles etc.
Excavators are used for digging of trenches, holes,
foundations, material handling, heavy lifting, river dredging,
driving piles etc.
Excavators
2. Back Hoe : Back hoes are mainly used to clean up construction
areas, to dig holes in the ground, to make trenches and to help
in removing deep roots from trees. A Back Hoe is also called as
a Rear actor or Back actor, Hoe, back shovel and pull shovel.
The basic parts are Boom, Jack boom, Boom foot drum, Boom
sheave, Stick sheave, Stick, Bucket and Bucket sheave.
Back Hoe
Applications :
• It is the most suitable machine for digging below the
machine level, such as, trenches, footing, basement etc.
• It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface
avoiding the use of manual effort for dressing the
excavated surface.
3. Front Shovel : A front Shovel is a bucket-equipped machine,

usually electrically powered. Used for digging and loading earth
or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction. They are
mounted on a crawler tracks. These are used to excavate earth
of all classes except hard rock and load it into wagons. Basic
parts are Track system, cabin, cables, rack, stick, boom foot
pin, saddle block, boom, boom point sheaves and bucket.
New Front Shovel Old Front Shovel
A shovel work cycle or digging cycle consists of four phases:

(a) Digging
(b) Swinging
(c) Dumping
(d) Returning
Applications of Front Shovel :
• Suitable for close range of work.
• Capable of digging very hard materials.
• Can remove big sized boulders.
4. Draglines : They are used to excavate soft earth from below
ground and to deposit or to load in wagons. Output of
Dragline is measured in Cubic meters per Hour. They are for
bulk excavation below its track level in loose soils and areas
containing water. The basic parts of a Dragline include the
Boom, Hoist cable, Hoist chain, Drag chain and bucket.
Draglines
Applications of Dragline :
• It is the most suitable machine for dragging softer
material below its track level.
• It is very useful for excavating trenches when the
sides are permitted to establish their angle of repose
without shoring.
• It is mainly used in the excavation for canals and
depositing on the embankment without hauling units.
5. Clamshell : It consists of a hydraulically controlled bucket
suspended from a lifting arm. It is mainly used for deep
confined cutting in pits and trenches. It is having a bucket of
two halves which are hinged together at top. It is used to
excavate soft to medium materials and loose materials. The
basic parts are the closing line, Hoist line, Sheaves,
Brackets, Taglines, shell and hinges.
Clamshell
Applications of Clamshell :
• Used for handling loose material such as crushed
stone, sand, gravel, coal etc.
• Main features are vertical lifting of materials from one
location to another.
• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam,
sewer main holes, well foundations etc.
6. Bulldozers : Bulldozer is a crawler equipped with a
substantial metal plate used to push large quantities of soil,
sand. They are used for moving earth up to 100 m. They can
be track mounted or wheel mounted.
Classification of Bulldozers :
(i) Cable controlled Bulldozers.
(ii) Hydraulic control Bulldozers.
(iii) Crawler Mounted Bulldozers.
(iv) Wheel mounted Bulldozers.
Bulldozers
Applications :
• For spreading the earth fill.
• For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and
rocky terrains.
• Clearing construction sites.
• Maintaining haul roads.
• Clearing land from the trees and stumps.
7. Scraper : It is a device which can scrap the ground and load

it simultaneously, transport it over required distance. It can
dig, load, haul and discharge the material in uniformly thick
layers. They are used for site leveling, loading, hauling over
a distances varying between 150 m - 900 m. The basic parts
of this equipment are bowl, apron, and tail gate or ejector.
Scraper
8. Grader : A Grader also commonly referred as a road grader
or a motor grader. It is a construction machine with a long
blade used to create a flat surface. Graders are commonly
used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and
gravel roads. It is used for grading and finishing the upper
surface of the earthen formations and embankments. They
usually operate in the forward direction.
Grader
9. Trenching Machines : Trenching Machines are the
equipments used for excavating trenches or ditches of
variable width and depth for the utilities like pipe lines for
Water, Gas, Telephone cables, and Sewer lines.
Types :
(i) Wheel type Trenching machine.
(ii) Ladder type Trenching machine.
10. Tractors : The primary purpose of tractor is to pull or push

loads, and it may be used also as mount for many types of
equipment such as bulldozer, shovel, dragline, trenchers etc.
There are different types of tractors.
(i) Crawler Tractor.
(ii) Wheel Tractor.
Crawler Tractor Wheel Tractor
Earth Compaction Equipments : Compactors are

machines frequently used to compact materials such as soil
in order to increase its density for construction.
Types of Compactors :
1. Smooth wheel rollers.
2. Sheep foot rollers.
3. Pneumatic tired rollers.
1. Smooth Wheel Rollers : These are most suitable for compacting
gravels, sand and such and other such type of materials. These are
used for ordinary rolling work where deep compaction is not
required. These rollers are effective in compacting granular soils,
such as sand, gravel and crushed stone.
Smooth Wheel Rollers

2. Sheep Foot Rollers : It consists of steel cylindrical drum
with projection extending in radial direction outward from
surface of cylinder and may be propelled or towed by tractor.
It is used for compacting earth work in embankments and
canals. As roller moves over the surface, the feet penetrate
the soil to produce a kneading action and a pressure to mix
and compact the soil from bottom to top layer.
Sheep Foot Rollers

3. Pneumatic Tired Rollers : It gives kneading action as well as
compression to the soil underneath. It is suitable for moderately
cohesive silty soils, clayey soils, gravelly and clean sand.
Pneumatic Tired Rollers

Hauling Equipments : The equipment used for transportation
of material are known as hauling equipment or simply haulers.
Haulers may operate on the roadways or railways. It involves in
• Transportation of building materials.
• Carriage and disposal of excavated earth.
• Haulage of heavy construction equipment.
Types of Hauling Equipments :
1. Truck 2. Dump Truck.
3. Dumpers. 4. Tippers.
1. Truck : They have high mobility, good speed and

adaptability. The truck capacity varies from 0.4 Cum to 20
Cum and speed varies from 10 kmph to 30 kmph.
Truck
2. Dump Truck : These are the trucks which are fitted with
automatic unloading devices. The loading is normally done
by loading shovels or loaders. The trucks have capacity as high

as 53 tones. These are moving for earth moving purpose.
These are of Three Types :

(i) Side dump trucks.
(ii) Rear dump trucks.
(iii) Bottom dump trucks.
Side Dump Truck Read Dump Truck
Read Dump Truck

3. Dumpers : A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk
material at building site. Dumpers are distinguished from
dump trucks by their configuration. A dumper is usually an
open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the
driver, while a dump truck has its can in front of the load.
Dumpers
4. Tipper : A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be raised

at the front end to enable the load to be discharged by gravity. It
is also called as tip truck. Tippers are suited for the rough and
tumble of mining and quarrying operations, as well as for
carrying bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries.
Tipper :
Hoisting Equipments : Hoisting is the lifting a weight from
one location and moving it to another location which is at a
small distance. These equipments are used for lifting the
loads, holding them in suspension during transfer from one
place to other and placing them at required place. Hoisting
equipment includes jacks, winches, chain hoists and cranes.
Cranes : A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped

with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be
used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and

transporting them to other places.
Cranes are said to be one of the most important equipment
used in construction industry, due to their key role in
performing lifting tasks all over the construction site.
Types of Cranes :
1. Derrick Crane.
2. Mobile Crane.
3. Overhead or Gantry Crane.
4. Traveler Crane.
5. Tower crane.
1. Derrick Crane : A Derrick crane consists of a mast, a boom
and a bull wheel on which the boom rotates about a vertical
axis and guys or supporting members. These are preferable
for high rise buildings. These are available in both diesel and
electrically operated models.
Derrick Crane
2. Mobile Crane : These are mounted on mobile units which
either crawler type or wheel type. Truck cranes have high
mobility while crawler mounted cranes have low mobility.
Crawler mounted cranes are capable of moving on rough
terrain. It is used for shorter projects only which lasts for less
than 4 months.
Mobile Crane
3. Overhead Crane : This type of crane is widely used in erection,
foundry, steel plants, storage yards and different types of
industrial works. This consists of two main parts the bridge and
crab. Large service area is required for this type of crane.
Overhead Crane
4. Traveler Crane : Traveler cranes have their crabs moving
on girders which are supported on legs instead of on
overhead gantry track as used in overhead cranes. The legs
are capable of moving on tracks laid on the floor.
5. Tower Crane : Tower cranes are actually a derrick crane

mounted on a steel tower. Tower cranes are usually used for
industrial and residential high rise structures. These are
commonly used for assembly of industrial plants with steel
structures. The main parts of the tower crane are under
carriage, slewing platform, tower with operators cabin and
jibs. These are used for large projects.
Tower Crane
Conveying Equipments : A Conveyor system is a common
piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials
from one location to another. These are mainly useful for the
transportation of heavy or bulky materials. When the equipment
does horizontal conveying, it is known as conveyor and when it
does vertical, it is known as elevator. Conveyors are also used
in mining, construction industries.
Types of Conveyors :
1. Belt conveyor.
2. Screw conveyor.
3. Bucket conveyor.
1. Belt Conveyor : These are used when large quantities of

materials have to be conveyed over long distances with in
short time. It consists of a belt running over a pair of end
drums or pulleys and supported at regular intervals by series
of rollers called idlers. Generally rubber is most commonly
used a conveyor belt.
Belt Conveyor
2. Screw Conveyor : These are widely used for handling granular
or pulverized materials. The quantity of material conveyed is
less when compared to belt conveyor, but at the same time the
cost is also less. The length of the conveyor is about 65 m,
with an inclination upto a maximum of 350.
Blockage Detector using Bearing
Inductive Proximity Switch on Overflow Temperature Sensor
Rotation Sensor Level Detector/Plugs switch/

chute blocked indicator
3. Bucket Conveyor : It consists of V shape buckets which are
open at the top. This type of conveyor is mainly used for coal
handling where elevator carries the material bucket vertically.
The length of this type of conveyor is limited to 25 m.
Bucket Conveyor
Aggregate Production Equipment : Aggregate has to be
produced at the site, if the quantity need is very large.
Aggregate production consists of two stages one is recovery
and the other is processing. Basic material, such as stone is
recovered from a rock quarry or from the river beds and
processing is done. Processing consists of crushing,
grading, washing and stock piling of aggregates. Crushers
are used mainly to reduce the size of large stone or rock to
smaller uniform sized aggregates required for concrete mix.
Crushing consists of :
• Pressure. • Impact.
• Attrition.
• A combination of these operations.
Types of Crushers :
1. Jaw crushers.
2. Gyratory crushers.
3. Cone crushers.
4. Roll crusher.
5. Hammer mill.
6. Rod mill and ball mill.
1. Jaw Crushers : It is one of the primary crushers. It operate by

allowing stone to flow into the space between two jaws, one of
which is stationary and other is movable, which together
constitute the crushing surfaces. The jaw plates are made of
manganese steel which can be removed or reversed.
Rotation
Eccentric Rotation
Feed Flywheel
Pullman
(Moving Jaw)
Crushing
Chamber Adjusting Wedges
Sizing Gap
Hydraulic Rams
Discharge
2. Gyratory Crusher :
Spider Cap
Pivot Point
Spider Arm
Concave Liners
Outer Eccentric
Inner Eccentric Bearing Bearing
Main Shaft Crown Gear
Crushor Discharge
Chamber Shieve
Mantle Center Line Crusher Center Line
This type of crusher comprises a hardened steel head has a

long conical shape, with a trough shaft suspended in a bearing
at the top, and an eccentric base connection connected to

gears. The rock is feed into the chamber at the top and as it
moves downward, crushing is done and finally emerges
through the bottom gap.
It is available in sizes varying from 20 cm to 200 cm.
3. Cone Crusher : Cone crushers are used as a secondary or
tertiary crusher. These crushers are capable of producing large
quantities of uniformly fine crushed stone. It has a shorter cone
with smaller inlet and outlet openings as compared to the
Gyratory crusher.
Main Shaft
Adjustment Screw
Concaves
Cone Crushing
Chamber
Discharge Discharge
Sizing Gap Eccentric

Rotation
4. Roll Crusher : Roll crushers are also one of the secondary
or tertiary crushers. This crusher consists of a heavy cast
iron frame equipped with two counter rotating rollers.
Mounted on a separate horizontal shaft. This crusher consists of
a heavy cast iron frame equipped with two counter rotating
rollers mounted on a separate horizontal shaft.
5. Hammer Mill : Hammer mill is one of the impact crushers

mostly used as primary or secondary crusher. It consists of a
housing frame, a horizontal shaft extending through the
frame, number of frames and hammers attached to the
frame and one harder steel breaker plates. As the stone is
feed to the mill, the hammers, which are driven by a motor,
move at the high speed and brake the stone into pieces and
driving them against the hard plate, further reduce their size.
Rotor and Rotor Shaft
Casing
Hammer
Grate
6. Rod Mill and Ball Mill : These are the territory crushers. A rod mill
consists of a circular steel shell. The shell contains a number of
steel rods. The length of these rods is slightly less than the length
of the shell. Crushed stone is feed through the inlet and fine
aggregate of the size of sand is discharged at the other end. If the
rods are replaced by steel balls to provide the impact required to
grind the stones, the crushers are known as the ball mill crusher.
The size of the balls generally used is 50 mm dia.
Concreting Equipments : They are mainly used for

weighing and mixing large quantity of concrete constituents.
Capacity : 20 cum/hr-250 cum/hr.
Operations involved in production of concrete are batching,

mixing, handling, transportation, placing, finishing and
curing. Quality of concrete produced is depends on the time
of mixing and type of mixers used also.
Types of Concreting Equipments :
1. Concrete production plants.
2. Concrete mixers.
3. Concrete Transit mixes.
4. Concrete pumps.
5. Vibrators.
1. Concrete Production Plant : In concrete production plant
different ingredients of concrete are mixed and concrete is
produced. Different proportion of concrete ingredients are
selected in the plant itself. They can be stored in the hoppers
provided in the plant for storing the ingredients.
2. Concrete Mixers : A concrete mixer is a device that can

homogeneously mix the all ingredients of concrete like cement,
sand, coarse aggregate, and water. Generally, revolving drum
mixer is used for mixing concrete in small concreting works.
Capacity : 200 lt/batch (Small mixers)
200-750 lt/batch (Large mixers)
Concrete Mixer
4. Concrete Transit Mixer : These are used for transporting
concrete from plant to construction site.
Capacity : 3 cum - 9 cum.
Concrete Transit Mixer

5. Concrete Pumps : They are used for transporting concrete
to higher places. In high rise structures it is difficult to place
the concrete with human effort. So, to avoid this difficulty
pumps are used to place the concrete from preparing area to
the place where concrete is to be placed.
Capacity : 30 cum/hr (ordinary construction)
120 cum/hr (specialized construction)

Concrete Pumps
5. Vibrator : Vibrator is used for compacting concrete after
placing. It can reduce the voids in concrete after placing.
Types of Vibrators :
(i) Internal Vibrator : Used for large works like flat slabs.
(ii) External Vibrator : Used for thin section of walls.
(iii) Surface Vibrator : Used to finish concrete surfaces
such as floors, slabs.
(iv) Table Vibrator : Used for consolidation of pre cast units.
Needle Vibrator
Surface Vibrator Table Vibrator

Pile Driving Equipment : The process of pile driving

involves lifting the piles into position, holding it to refuse or to
a specified depth. Driving is accomplished through
hammering the pile top with a hammer.
Major pile driving equipments are : Pile driving rigs.
CFG Pile Driving Machine Rotary Drill Rig
5.12 NEED FOR MECHANIZATION

Now a days due to rapid growth in population and in new
arrivals in construction new models and huge designs being
availed. For constructing a huge building, it is an impossible
task to do it with only manpower. For completing the project in a
given time interval there is a need for using machines used for
construction. The machine may be any type. The ultimate
purpose of using machines in construction is to reduce
manpower and to complete the construction within the specified
time. There is a problem in using only manpower for
constructing huge structures, sometimes there is threat to
workers when working at heights. So, to overcome this
disadvantage machine are being adopted for the works like this.
Today, we have no. of machines which are useful for many
purposes like excavating, transporting, placing, compacting etc.
5.13 OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF EQUIPMENT

There is always a great need for constriction activity. Today,
construction equipments are playing a vital role in construction.
It is therefore, very important to use high quality equipment in
the construction process, to design and build such structures
with stability. As the technology is developing, there is a
development in using construction equipment also. Using
machines in construction can help us to complete the project
with in short period of time. It is not an easy task to use the
equipment up to maximum extent. If we want to use the
equipment at maximum level we should have a clear idea of the
equipment. Some of the essential products manufactured by the
construction machinery manufacturers are cranes, excavators,
skid steer, earth moving equipments, material handling
equipments, construction equipments like Hot mix plants,
Concrete Mixers and construction vehicles. Standard practices
that help in better utilization of equipments in production and
also for a better sale value when aged out. These need regular
and thorough cleaning and maintenance of the equipments,
repairing leaks, re - upholstering, damaged seats etc, replacing
glass, if broken, making sure that the equipment is always ready
for use. Using equipment up to maximum extent can give good
justification to the project with respect to early completion.
5.14 FINANCIAL IMPACT OF MECHANIZATION

Generally, mechanization in construction industry results in
fast completion of project. Maximum amount of total cost of
project is allotted for machines only. So, it is not a simple
thing to use machines in construction industry. Because, if
they fail to serve their purpose, there will be a negative
impact on financial position of the industry. The industry will
be in loss. So, it is very important to assess the profits and
losses of mechanization.
5.15 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Preventive Maintenance is nothing but correction/Inspection/
Detection of problems in construction equipments. It is done
to control the damages and to find out the damages and to
repair them. An inspection team will be allotted to check for
the problems. If any occurred, the problem will be solved
before it gets complicated.
Three Steps for Successful Preventive Maintenance
Program :
1. Get Everyone Involved : If your staff is not participating in
developing Preventive maintenance program, then youll likely
have an underwhelming response when implementing it. Your
software cannot do the work alone, so you need an enthusiastic
and skilled staff for superior execution. We can identify each
and every problem when all the staff are involved and have
proper cooperation for developing the program.
2. Assess Strength and Weaknesses : This is not about people.
Its about your facilities and equipment. You need to be aware of
the machinery facilities what you have and whether they are in
position of properly working or not. You need to rectify the small
problems and prioritize the resolution. Its very important to know
the recently repaired and availability of new machinery at your
work. It will be as one of your strengths.
3. Fine-Tune the Schedule : Automatically generated

reminders and preventive maintenance work orders are
great. This can help to reduce the planning time. But, this
singly cannot ensure success. Creating proper balance and
cooperation among the staff and between the new and old
equipment is important. Work with your employees will help
to find out a way to maximize everyones time of work and
minimize the future corrective maintenance.
5.16 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Financial management is the use of a companys financial
resources. This includes the use of cash and other assets such as
equipment. Many everyday decisions affect companys financial
future. If a company bid for a large project, this can show a great
impact on the finances of a company. Before deciding weather to
bid on a project, the manager has to think of many questions like
weather the company has enough money to take up the project or
should get an outside finance. Should the company hire employees
to perform the work or should the company subcontract out this
labor? Should the company lease or purchase the additional
equipment needed for this project. The answers to all of these
questions will affect the companys finances. The answer to one of
the questions may change the available options to other questions.
For example, if the manager decides to hire employees to perform
the work on the project, the project will require more financial
resources than if the company had hired subcontractors to perform
the labor and may leave the company with insufficient resources to
purchase the additional equipment, leaving leasing the equipment
as the only option.
Construction companies are different from most other

companies and are faced with many unique challenges and
problems not faced by other companies in other industries.
Although the construction industry is producing a product as do
manufacturing plantsthe construction of buildings, roads, and
other structures is different from manufacturing of most other
products. Because of these unique characteristics the financial
management principles applied to other Product producing
industries often need to be modified before they are applied to
the construction industry, otherwise they are useless.
5.16.1 Finance as Resource
Any industry should have minimum resources in the beginning.
It is impossible to establish a industry without resources. When
land resource is available, we need to have a Detailed Estimation

Report (DPR). It consists of detailed plan of the project. With the
help of DPR we can get finance from the banks and other financial
institutions. It is a risky process to take finance without any back
up. If the project is successful, the finance will be paid and we get
all the rights on the project. If the project fails, the company will be
taken into non- performance Asset (NPA).
5.17 COST CONTROL

Cost Control is a function that makes sure that actual work is done
to fulfill the original intention. It is a widely accepted that the actual
costs for each cost element should be within the budget.
5.17.1 Purpose of Cost Control
Many projects in the world have suffered from cost and time
overruns due to poor cost control during the design and
project implementation stages. We should have control over
cost run for the following purposes.
• To limit the clients expenditure within the budget. This

means that the tender sum and final account should
approximately equate with the budget estimate.
• To achieve a balanced design expenditure between

the various elements of the buildings.
• To provide the client with a value-for-money project. This

will probably necessitate the consideration of a total-cost
approach. The client may stipulate the maximum initial
cost expenditure, or provide a detailed brief to the design
team who will then determine the cost.
5.17.2 Cost Control During Pre-contract Stage
A narrower definition of pre-contract const control is “The
total process which ensures that the contract sum is within
the clients approved budget or cost limit”.
Pre-contract cost control is done at different stages are as

follows.
(i) Feasibility Stage : Confirmation of cost limit.
(ii) Outline Proposals Stage : Prepare possible
solutions for cost plan and agree a outline cost plan.
(iii) Scheme Design Stage : To exercise the cost checks
based on the scheme design drawing.
(iv) Detail Design Stage : To exercise the final cost
check based on the detailed design drawings.
(v) Tender Stage : To exercise the cost analysis against
the approved budget.
5.17.3 Advantages of Cost Planning
1. Tender sum is more likely to equate with approximate estimate.
2. Less possibility of addendum B.Q.
3. Cost-effectiveness and a value-for-money design are more

likely to be achieved.
4. Early involvement of Q.S.
5. The result of pre-tender analysis enables more decisions to

be taken earlier.
6. Cost Planning provides a basis for comparing different projects.
5.17.4 Cost Control during Post-Contract Stage

The time from signing of the contract until the final certificate
is said to be as Post- contract Stage.
Cost control during Post contract stage is done to ensure

Tender Sum (Contract Sum) = Final Account (Final Contract
Sum) and Actual Expenditured < Budget (Maintain the same
or better profitability).
Cost Control activities in Post-contract stage include

the following :
• Interim valuation and certificates for payments.
• Cash flow control and forecasts through budgetary
control.
• Financial statements showing the current and
expected final costs for the project.
• Final account, the agreement of the final certificate
and the settlement of claims.
• Attendance at site meetings.
• Preparation of documentation for subcontractors and
suppliers, examination of quotations and invoices and
making recommendations.
• Advising on contractual implications.
• Negotiation.
• Confirmation of payments to domestic / nominated
subcontractors (NSC).
• Advising on the implications of extensions of the
contract period.
• Preparation of special reports on cost implications.
• Completion of documentation which may be required for
some clients, particularly government departments.
• Working with accounting department.
5.17.5 Successful Cost Control
1. The contract sum is within the clients approved budget or
cost limit.
2. Tender Sum (Contract Sum) = Final Account (Final Contract
Sum).
3. Value for money.
5.18 CENTERING
It is a temporary supporting structure to a soffit. It is the
specialized formwork used in the construction of arches, shells
space structure where the entire false-work is struck as a unit to
avoid introducing injurious stress in any part of structure.
5.19 SHUTTERING OR FORM WORK

It is a temporary structure used as a mould for the structure,
in which the concrete is placed and in which it hardens and
matures.
The cost of the formwork may be up to 20 to 25% of the cost
of the structure in building work. when the concrete has
reached a certain required strength, the form is removed.
Forms are classified as wooden, plywood, steel. Timber is
the most common material used for Formwork.
Wood Spreader Board Sheathing
Plywood Sheathing
Ties
Studs
Double Wales
Sill or Plate
FIG : Typical Wall Form Showing Wall Ties

Plywood
Joist
Ledger
Batten or
Kicker
Stiffener
Double
Soffit Spacer Members with
Ties Between
Double Wales
Fascia Hangers
FIG : Typical Beam Encasement Forms, Showing Both Coil and Snap Type
Hangers
FIG : Typical Construction of Heavier Column

FIG : Typical Components of Beam FormWork with Slab Framing
5.19.1 Requirements of Good Formwork

1. The material used for formwork must be cheap and it should
be useful to reuse for several times.
2. It should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb
water from concrete.
3. It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on
it, such as dead load of concrete and live load during
compacting and curing.
4. It should be as light as possible.
5. The joints of Formwork must be stiff.
5.20 SCAFFOLDINGS
When the height of wall or column or other structural
member of a building exceeds about 1.5 m, temporary
structures are needed as platform over which workmen can
sit and carry on the construction. These temporary structures
are known as Scaffoldings.
5.20.1 Component Parts of Scaffoldings

1. Standards : These are vertical members of the frame work
supported on the ground or drums, or embedded into the
ground.
2. Ledgers : These are horizontal members, running parallel to
the wall.
3. Braces : These are diagonal members fixed on standards.
4. Putlogs : These are transverse members, placed at right
angles to the wall with one end supported on ledgers and
other end on the wall.
5. Transoms : These are the putlogs whose both ends are
supported on ledgers.
6. Bridle : This is a member used to bridge a wall opening,
supports one end of putlog at the opening.
7. Boarding : These are horizontal platform to support
workmen and material, these are supported on putlogs.
8. Guard Rail : This is a rail, provided like a ledger, at the
working level.
9. Toe Board : These are boards, placed parallel to ledgers,
and supported on putlogs, to give protection at the level of
working platform.
5.20.2 Types of Scaffoldings
1. Single Scaffolding.
2. Double Scaffolding.
3. Cantilever or needle Scaffolding.
4. Suspended Scaffolding.
5. Trestle Scaffolding.
6. Steel Scaffolding.
7. Patented Scaffolding.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Short Answer Questions :
1. What is role of material in construction industry ?
2. Explain the functions of purchasing department ?
3. What are the functions of material management ?
4. Write the stages of material management ?
5. What is the need for mechanization in construction industry ?
6. What is centering ?
7. What is formwork ?
8. What are scaffoldings ?
Essay Type Questions :
1. Explain Classification of common building materials ?

2. Explain Stages of materials management ?
3. Classification of Construction Equipments ?
4. Explain the Need for mechanization ?
5. Explain Financial Management in construction industry ?
6. Explain Cost control ?
ROUGH SHEET

Management of Resources in Construction

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Management of Resources in Construction

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CHAPTER-5 Management of Resources in Construction 5.

MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN CONSTRUCTION

5.0 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

The scope of material management applicable to

with the various construction sub-wings, proper inventory

1. Economy in material cost.

Materials required for any civil engineering project can be

3. Steel Windows, Grills, Handrails, Steel Stroage Tank and

5. Sanitory and Electrical Mateirals : They can be obtained

5.4 STORAGE OF STOCK

5.7 BIN CARD

• All stores should be counted by an officer not below the rank

• If necessary he will take superintending Engineer’s orders

• If any discrepancy is found during verification, it should be

• Similarly all unserviceable stores which are found during

• A certificate of verification of stores should be made by the

1. Items not recorded in the bincard simultaneously with

2. Stock issued to contractors not recorded in

3. Transactions not recorded at the time of issue/receipt

4. Shortage or surplus not adjusted when the book

5. Corrections, etc., not initialled.

6. Transactions not duly supported by indents.

7. Issues not acknowledged by the indentor on the copy

The following steps are involved in purchasing of materials:

1. Recognition of need, receipt and analysis of purchase

3. Making request for quotations.

5. Preparation of Comparative statement.

6. Selection of right source of supply.

7. Issuing the purchasing order.

8. Follow and expediting the order.

9. Analyzing Receiving reports and processing of

10. Closing of completed orders.

11. Maintenance of records and files.

2. To procure material in right quantities.

3. To procure materials of right quality.

4. To procure from right and reliable source.

5. To procure material at right place.

6. To receive and deliver material at right place and at right time.

5.9.2 Methods of Purchasing

2. Purchasing for a specified period.

5. Central purchase organization.

6. Directorate general of supplies and disposals.

5.10 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Construction Plant and Equipment is a subject that deals

3. Carry out the activities which cannot be done manually or to

Depending upon the application construction equipments are

as diggors. Excavators are used for Digging of trenches,

3. Front Shovel : A front Shovel is a bucket-equipped machine,

New Front Shovel Old Front Shovel

A shovel work cycle or digging cycle consists of four phases:

7. Scraper : It is a device which can scrap the ground and load

10. Tractors : The primary purpose of tractor is to pull or push

Crawler Tractor Wheel Tractor

Earth Compaction Equipments : Compactors are

Smooth Wheel Rollers

Sheep Foot Rollers

Pneumatic Tired Rollers

1. Truck : They have high mobility, good speed and

by loading shovels or loaders. The trucks have capacity as high

These are of Three Types :

Side Dump Truck Read Dump Truck

Read Dump Truck

4. Tipper : A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be raised