MULTIPLICATION
OF VECTORS
OBJECTIVES
• explain the difference between
the dot product and cross
product of two vectors; and
• calculate the dot and cross
product of vectors.
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NORMAL VECTOR
a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point.
Y X
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3D VECTOR
The following are two of the Vector forms we can use:
1. Bracket/Coordinate Form 𝐴 = (𝐴𝑥, 𝐴𝑦, 𝐴𝑧)
2. Component Form 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦𝑗 + 𝐴𝑧𝑘
Where: Ax, Ay, and Az are the components for
the 3 axes; and i , j, k are directions pertaining
to each of the three axes.
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3D VECTOR
FORMULA OF THE MAGNITUDE
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UNIT VECTOR
✘ vector which has a magnitude of 1
✘ also known as Direction Vector
✘ Unit Vector is represented by the symbol ‘^’, which is called as
cap or hat.
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3D VECTOR
FORMULA OF THE UNIT VECTOR FORMULA OF THE MAGNITUDE
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DOT PRODUCT
✘ The dot product of two vectors A and B is called scalar
product.
✘ The dot product is a value expressing the angular
relationship The dot product of two vectors A and B is
called scalar product between two vectors.
✘ the dot product is a communicative
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DOT PRODUCT
Conditions:
✘ If 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵⃑ > 0, the angle 𝜃 should be greater than 0 degree to
90 degrees (0° < 𝜃 <90°)
✘ If 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵⃑ < 0, the angle 𝜃 should be greater than 90 degrees to
180 degrees (90° <𝜃 < 180°)
✘ If 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵⃑ = 0, the angle 𝜃 should be equal to 90 degrees (𝜃 =
9 90°),means 𝐴⃑ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵⃑ are perpendicular to each other.
DOT PRODUCT
Notations For parallel For
for unit unit perpendicular
vectors vectors unit vectors
𝑥̂ = 𝑖̂ 𝑖̂∙ 𝑖̂= 1 𝑖̂∙ 𝑗̂= 0
𝑦̂ = 𝑗̂ 𝑗̂∙ 𝑗̂= 1 𝑖̂∙ 𝑘̂ = 0
𝑧̂ = 𝑘̂ 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 1 𝑗̂∙ 𝑘̂ = 0
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DOT PRODUCT
If, Angle between two vectors
𝐴⃑ = 𝐴𝑥𝑖̂+ 𝐴𝑦𝑗̂+ 𝐴𝑧𝑘̂
𝐵⃑ = 𝐵𝑥𝑖̂+ 𝐵𝑦𝑗̂+ 𝐵𝑧𝑘̂
then the dot product
Magnitude
of 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵⃑⃑ is,
𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵⃑ = 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧𝐵z
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EXAMPLE 1
MAGNITUDE OF INDIVIDUAL VECTORS
MAGNITUDE
SOLVE FOR THE COS θ
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EXAMPLE 2
𝐴⃑ = (3i,6j,7k) , 𝐵⃑ = (8i,4j,9k) MAGNITUDE OF INDIVIDUAL VECTORS
𝐴 = 32 + 62 + 72 𝐵 = 82 + 42 + 92
MAGNITUDE
𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵⃑ = 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧𝐵z 𝐴 = 94 𝐵 = 161
𝐴⃑· 𝐵⃑ = (3)(8)+(6)(4)+(7)(9) SOLVE FOR THE COS θ
111
𝐴⃑· 𝐵⃑ = 111 θ= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
94· 161
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θ = 25.54°
EXAMPLE 3
Find the angle between each of the
following pairs of vectors in the graph.
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EXAMPLE 4
𝐴⃑ = (2i,4k) , 𝐵⃑ = (6i,3j,5k) MAGNITUDE OF INDIVIDUAL VECTORS
𝐴 = 22 + 02 + 42 𝐵 = 62 + 32 + 52
MAGNITUDE
𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵⃑ = 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧𝐵z 𝐴 = 20 𝐵 = 70
𝐴⃑· 𝐵⃑ = (2)(6)+(0)(3)+(4)(5) SOLVE FOR THE COS θ
32
𝐴⃑· 𝐵⃑ = 32 θ= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
20· 70
15 θ = 31.21°
EXAMPLE 5
𝐴⃑ = (2i,10j,5k) , 𝐵⃑ = (-15i,9j,-3k) MAGNITUDE OF INDIVIDUAL VECTORS
𝐴 = 22 + 102 + 52 𝐵 = −152 + 92 + −32
MAGNITUDE
𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵⃑ = 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧𝐵z 𝐴 = 129 𝐵 = 315
𝐴⃑· 𝐵⃑ = (2)(-15)+(10)(9)+(5)(-3) SOLVE FOR THE COS θ
45
𝐴⃑· 𝐵⃑ = 45 θ= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
129· 315
16 θ = 77.1°
CROSS PRODUCT
✘ Also is called as vector product
✘ the cross product multiplies two vectors together to obtain the third
vector
✘ only able to define the cross product in the case of 3dimensional
vectors.
✘ 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ Does not apply commutative property, so 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ ≠ 𝐵⃑ × 𝐴⃑.
CROSS PRODUCT
For parallel unit vector, For perpendicular unit
vector,
𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂= 0 𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂= 𝑘̂
𝑗̂× 𝑗̂= 0 𝑗̂× 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂
𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = 0 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂= 𝑗̂
CROSS PRODUCT
If, 𝐴⃑ = 𝐴𝑥𝑖̂+ 𝐴𝑦𝑗̂+ 𝐴𝑧𝑘̂
𝐵⃑ = 𝐵𝑥𝑖̂+ 𝐵𝑦𝑗̂+ 𝐵𝑧𝑘̂
then the cross product of 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵⃑is
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧𝐵𝑦)𝑖̂ - (𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝐵𝑥)𝑗̂ + (𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑥)𝑘̂]
We can calculate the Cross Product this way also:
CROSS PRODUCT USING MATRIX
STEP 1: WRITE THE CROSS PRODUCT IN MATRIX FORMAT
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
STEP 2: WRITE THE COMPONENT USING THE DETERMINANT FROM THE STEP 1.
𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑧 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 𝑖− j+ k
𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦
STEP 3: SIMPLIFY THE DETERMINANT
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧𝐵𝑦)𝑖̂ - (𝐴x𝐵z − 𝐴z𝐵x)𝑗̂ + (𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑥)𝑘̂]
STEP 4: SIMPLIFY
EXAMPLE 1
𝐴⃑ = 3𝑖̂+ 16𝑗̂+ 5𝑘̂
𝐵⃑ = 4𝑖̂+ 3𝑗̂+ 9𝑘̂
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 3 16 5 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 3 16 5 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 3 16 5
4 3 9 4 3 9 4 3 9
16 5 3 5 3 16
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 𝑖− j+ k
3 9 4 9 4 3
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(16·9 − 5·3)𝑖̂ - (3·9 − 5·4)𝑗̂ + (3·3 − 16·4)𝑘̂]
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(144 − 15)𝑖̂ - (27 − 20)𝑗̂ + (9 − 64)𝑘̂] = [129𝑖̂ ,-7 𝑗̂ ,-55 𝑘̂]
EXAMPLE 2
𝐴⃑ = -2𝑖̂+ 4𝑗̂-7 𝑘̂
𝐵⃑ = -4𝑖̂+ 10𝑗̂+ 5𝑘̂
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = −2 4 −7 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = −2 4 −7 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = −2 4 −7
−4 10 5 −4 10 5 −4 10 5
4 −7 −2 −7 −2 4
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 𝑖− j+ k
10 5 −4 5 −4 10
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(4·5 − (-7)·10)𝑖̂ - (-2·5 − (-7)·(-4))𝑗̂ + (-2·10 − 4·(-4))𝑘̂]
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(20+70)𝑖̂ - (-10-28)𝑗̂ + (-20+16)𝑘̂] = [90𝑖̂ ,38 𝑗̂ ,-4 𝑘̂]
EXAMPLE 3
𝐴⃑ = 5𝑖̂+ 2𝑗̂-3 𝑘̂
𝐵⃑ = 2𝑖̂+ 7𝑗̂+ 9𝑘̂
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 5 2 −3 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 5 2 −3 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 5 2 −3
2 7 9 2 7 9 2 7 9
2 −3 5 −3 5 2
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = 𝑖− j+ k
7 9 2 9 2 7
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(2·9 − (-3)·7)𝑖̂ - (5·9 − (-3)·2)𝑗̂ + (5·7 − 2·2)𝑘̂]
𝐴⃑ × 𝐵⃑ = [(18+21)𝑖̂ - (45+6)𝑗̂ + (35-4)𝑘̂] = [39𝑖̂ ,-51 𝑗̂ ,31 𝑘̂]
RIGHT HAND RULE
Y X
X
RIGHT HAND RULE
RIGHT HAND RULE
TOWARDS THE SCREEN TOWARDS YOU
A⃑
A⃑ B⃑
B⃑
