Test Bank For Introduction To Psychology 9th Edition Plotnik

Test Bank for Introduction to Psychology, 9th Edition: Plotnik
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Module 7a--Sleep & Dreams
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. The purpose of isolating a person in a cave for many months without clocks, television, or radio was to
determine:
A. if people can live without such modern devices
B. how much the person sleeps with no time cues
C. how the devices’ electromagnetic waves affect memory
D. how many books the person could read
2. Stefania, the woman who spent 130 days underground, had a difficult time:
A. estimating the passage of time
B. keeping physically fit
C. being away from her family
D. with concentration near the end of her ordeal
3. The four months Stefania spent in a Plexiglas module taught researchers:

A. social deprivation has negative effects on mental health
B. blood sugar levels are linked to light cues
C. delusions are commonplace in light deprived settings
D. without cues of light, it becomes difficult to judge time
4. In the 1950s, which of the following gave researchers a method to study dreaming in the laboratory?
A. discovering that rapid eye movement signaled dreaming
B. development of the PET scan
C. asking subjects to spend days isolated from all time cues
D. locating the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in the human brain
5. What did the discovery of rapid eye movement and its association with dreaming give researchers?
A. a reliable method to study how the body uses light cues
B. a reliable method to identify and study dreaming in the laboratory
C. a reliable method to study the effects of hypnosis on dreams
D. a reliable method to study the role that vision plays in dreaming
6. Consciousness is defined as:
A. the process by which a sensation becomes a perception
B. different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings
C. cognitive reflection of the physical events one encounters
D. introspective thinking which results in mental experiences
7. Your different levels of awareness of thoughts and feelings is called:

A. apnea
B. perception
C. identity
D. consciousness
8. According to your textbook, what is the term that refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and
feelings?
A. self-actualization
B. meditation
C. consciousness
D. introspection
9. Dr. Barr is an authority on consciousness and wishes to set up a website that summarizes his research in the
area. Which of the following website addresses would be most descriptive?
A. WWW.awareness.edu
B. WWW.freud.edu
C. WWW.altered_states.edu
D. WWW.rem.edu
10. The continuum of consciousness ranges from:

A. acute awareness to total unawareness
B. limited awareness to fantasizing
C. automatic processes to altered states
D. unconsciousness to dreaming
11. We naturally think in terms of the two states called “conscious” and “unconscious,” but actually there:
A. are three states, including the “high” from drugs
B. are four states: conscious, drowsy, dreaming, and unconscious
C. is a continuum of consciousness
D. is no measurable difference between consciousness and unconsciousness
12. Activities, such as studying for an exam, which require full awareness and concentration are called:
A. automatic processes
B. conscious processes
C. focused processes
D. controlled processes
13. Using a hand-held cell phone while driving increases the risk of having an accident. Would you expect the
same problem with using a hands-free phone while driving?
A. Yes, since using a cell phone is an automatic process and helps to focus your attention on driving.
B. Yes, since talking on a cell phone is a controlled process and focuses your attention away from driving to the
phone.
C. No, driving and cell phone use are automatic processes.
D. Yes, but only in the case of inexperienced, young drivers.
14. Answering this question correctly is an example of a(n) ____ since it requires concentration and your full
attention.
A. controlled process
B. conscious process
C. introspective process
D. automatic process
15. Psychologists call activities that require full awareness, alertness, and concentration:
B. altered states
C. comas
16. Andy is learning how to juggle three balls. He is not very good at it; he keeps dropping them. But you can
see the concentration on his face. Juggling for Andy is a(n):
A. automatic process
B. controlled process
C. attentional process
D. introspective process
17. Why does using a car phone while driving increase the chance of having a car accident, according to your
textbook?
A. Automatic processes like using a car phone disrupts other ongoing activities like driving.
B. When talking on the phone, we tend to enter an altered state that disrupts consciousness.
C. Controlled processes like using a car phone disrupts other ongoing activities like driving.
D. Most of the conversations that take place on car phones tend to be highly emotional and this increases road
rage.
18. Although Christine is concentrating on reading her psychology book, she can also eat her breakfast, brush
her hair, and put on her nail polish without interfering with her studying. For Christine, these other activities are
called:
B. subliminal processes
C. uncontrolled processes
D. unconscious processes
19. Activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing
activities are called:
A. implicit activities
B. altered states of consciousness
C. automatic processes
D. unconsciousness
20. “I can chew gum and walk at the same time.” This best illustrates:
A. controlled processes
D. daydreaming
21. Controlled process is to automatic process as ____ is to ____.

A. suprachiasmatic nucleus; basal ganglia
B. absolute threshold; JND
C. daydreaming; night dreaming
D. full awareness; little awareness
22. People generally daydream during situations which:
A. require a great deal of attention
B. are repetitious or boring
C. are controlled processes
D. immediately precede sleeping
23. What appears to be a function of daydreaming?

A. to act as a safety valve to release pent-up sexual desires
B. to facilitate the release of growth hormones
C. to remind us of important things in the future
D. to encode memories into the unconscious mind
24. Professor Clark is lecturing and notices a student in the back of the room who appears to be daydreaming.
Professor Clark startles the student by asking, “Excuse me. Can I be of service to you?” Given what we know
about daydreaming, the student is most likely to be daydreaming about:
A. “I was just imagining that I’m playing a championship game with seconds left.”
B. “I was thinking of the ordinary stuff I do in a day.”
C. a sexual fantasy
D. “I was just thinking what I would do if a won the Mega Lotto tonight—it’s up to $100 million dollars.”
25. Meditation, hypnosis, or drug use usually produces which type of consciousness?
B. altered states
C. sleep and dreams
D. cognitive unconscious
26. Young David is being wheeled into the operating room for surgery and the preoperative drugs are having an
effect. His eyes are open, but his perception of the world around him, the voices of the surgical team, and the
faces of his relatives are very different than normal. At what point along the continuum of consciousness is
David most likely to be?
A. daydreaming
B. unconsciousness
C. altered states
D. cognitive preconscious
27. Which of the following is the most distracting while driving?
A. use of a cell phone
B. listening to music
C. eating
D. talking to a passenger
28. As Jotham is praying, he experiences an awareness that is different from normal consciousness. Jotham is
most likely experiencing:
B. altered states
C. sleep and dreams
D. nondeclarative memory
29. ____ refers to awareness that differs from normal consciousness.

A. Automatic processes
B. Cognitive unconscious
C. Controlled processes
D. Altered states
30. Which type of consciousness involves passing through five different states of differing levels of
consciousness?
A. altered states
B. automatic processes
C. coma
D. sleep
31. Tim believes that sleep is one continuous state of consciousness. Is Tim right?
A. Yes—sleep is made up of non-REM consciousness
B. Yes—sleep is made up of REM consciousness
C. No—sleep is made up of several states of body arousal and consciousness
D. No—sleep is made up of REM and Non-REM consciousness
32. As we pass into the deepest stages of sleep, we may:

A. sleeptalk or sleepwalk
B. have nightmares
C. have very vivid and emotional dreams
D. enter REM
33. The individual most associated with the concept of the unconscious is:
A. B. F. Skinner
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Stephen LaBerge
34. According to Freud, where do we place threatening wishes or desires?

A. unconscious
B. altered state of consciousness
C. conscious
D. unconsciousness
35. The term ____ refers to mental and emotional processes of which we are unaware but that influence our
conscious thoughts and behaviors.
A. unconsciousness
B. implicit or nondeclarative memory
C. coma
D. altered states
36. Can you describe the complex motor movements involved in riding a bicycle according to the cognitive
view of the unconscious?
A. Yes—since motor memories are automatic processes
B. Yes—motor memories are examples of controlled processes
C. No—these motor memories are implicit or nondeclarative memories
D. No—these motor memories are often associated with threatening wishes and desires & Therefore are stored
in the unconscious
37. Implicit memory is to ____ as unconscious is to ____.

A. subjective; objective
B. motor and emotional memories; threatening memories
C. primary; secondary
D. motor and emotional memories; primary memories
38. A hard blow to the head can produce a temporary state of:
A. cognitive unconscious
B. brain death
C. sleep
D. unconsciousness
39. A person who is classified as being in a vegetative state:
A. has no awareness or responsiveness
B. is temporarily unconscious
C. is considered to be in an altered state
D. is capable of mental processes
40. Professor Johnson views the unconscious as an active psychological process that protects us from
threatening thoughts and desires. Her views are most consistent with:
A. Czeisler
B. Kihlstrom
C. Freud
D. Mesmer
41. You have internal timing devices set for hours, a single day, and for many days. These are:
A. biological clocks
B. lunar clocks
C. biorhythms
D. circadian rhythms
42. Dr. Buckbee is studying biological clocks. He is most interested in the clock that is set for about a single
day. Dr. Buckbee studies:
A. suprachiasmatic rhythms
B. lunar rhythms
C. daily rhythms
43. What is the literal meaning of circadian?

A. “the mind’s clock”
B. “about a day”
C. “the mind’s day”
D. “time has no end”
44. Have you noticed that you often wake up just before the alarm clock goes off? Credit it to the fact that we
humans have a built-in:
A. aversion to jangling noise, which we try to avoid
B. biological clock
C. sense of responsibility
D. brain mechanism that is always monitoring the external environment, even during sleep
45. A researcher wishes to investigate the length of the sleep-wake cycle that is regulated by a subject’s
biological clock. The researcher can do this by:
A. letting the subject eat and sleep whenever he or she feels like it
B. asking the subject to estimate the time at certain intervals without the use of a clock
C. removing all cues to time and measuring when the subject sleeps and wakes
D. analyzing the cycle produced by brain wave patterns
46. A circadian rhythm is a(n):

A. naturally occurring cycle in the body set to about 24 hours
C. type of neurotransmitter involved in sleep
D. naturally occurring cycle in the body set to about 12 or 13 hours
47. Physiological cycles which are set for a one-day period are called:
A. REM cycles
B. theta movements
C. circadian rhythms
D. automatic processes
48. If left in a place with no time or light cues, your sleep-wake cycle would:
A. remain at 24 hours
B. change to about a little more than 24 hours
C. keep constant at 12 hours
D. remain unchanged at about 4 hours
49. Imagine that NASA conducts a study to find out the length of a person’s sleep-wake cycle if all time cues,
such as daylight and clocks, are removed. How long would you predict this cycle to be, given these conditions?
A. 16 hours and 32 minutes long
B. 20 hours long
C. 24 hours long
D. 24 hours and 18 minutes long
50. Each day ____ resets our circadian clock.

A. alarm clocks
B. morning sunlight
C. the feeling of hunger
D. evening sunlight
51. How would you explain that some blind individuals do not have sleep problems?
A. Light does not readjust their circadian rhythms.
B. These individuals are often prescribed sleeping pills to prevent any sleep disturbances.
C. Because of plasticity, the brain pathways to the SCN become rewired.
D. The pathway for light to the SCN is not damaged while the pathway required for vision is damaged.
52. The interval timing clock is located in the brain area known as the:
A. circadian
B. frontal lobe
C. basal ganglia
D. suprachiasmatic nucleus
53. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:

A. cerebellum
B. hippocampus
C. hypothalamus
D. basal ganglia
54. “I am pretty good at judging the passage of time. I don’t need to look at my watch or the clock on the wall
to know when I’ve studied for an hour.” This person takes advantage of:
A. circadian rhythms
B. her interval timing clock
C. melatonin
D. her activation-synthesis clock
55. If a rat’s interval timing clock is destroyed, it cannot:

A. know when to start or stop some activity
B. reset its suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. find food
D. remember where food is located
56. Zoe, who is obese, gets up in the middle of the night to eat. What is the most likely cause?
A. Her food-entrainable circadian clock is damaged.
B. Zoe is sleep walking.
C. Her patterns of REM and Non-REM are disrupted.
D. She is still experiencing jet lag.
57. You are writing an article for a newspaper on late night eating among obese people. Which of the following
is the most appropriate title for your article?
A. Using Light to Cure Late Night Snacking
B. Eating Becomes an Automatic Process for Some
C. Lack of Endorphins Causes Late Night Eating
D. Is Your Food-Entrainable Circadian Clock Broken?
58. “My husband’s food-entrainable circadian clock must be broken.” Which of the following behavior is the
most likely evidence of this statement?
A. He gets up late at night to eat.
B. He eats a very large breakfast.
C. He eats his meals at varying times throughout the day.
D. He craves high protein foods.
59. Harry can take a one-hour nap and wake up one hour later without an alarm clock. Which of the following is
the best explanation?
A. His optic nerve keeps track of the time.
B. The clock in his suprachiasmatic nucleus keeps track of the time.
C. His interval timing clock keeps track of the time.
D. The light in his dorm room awakens him.
60. After telling your friends about the role of light in the sleep-wake cycle, one of them asks about blind
people. You mention:
A. that nearly all blind people have serious problems with their sleep-wake cycle
B. all blind people must use auditory cues of time passage
C. the pathway for vision and for circadian rhythms are separate
D. blindness causes profound disturbances in sleeping which must be treated with hormone injections
61. How does the body reset its genetically preset sleep-wake circadian clock to the 24 hour day?
A. morning light enters the eye and is sent to the basal ganglia
B. morning light enters the eye and is sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. the sound of the clock alarm resets the circadian clock
D. eating breakfast in the morning resets hormonal levels
62. The fundamental problem underlying jet lag and accidents during graveyard shifts is that:
A. our circadian clock is preset for a little over 24 hours, but we live in a world set for 24 hours
B. corporate greed is inconsistent with the biological needs of people
C. we do not know how to reset circadian rhythms
D. we do not value good, quality sleep
63. Everyday our circadian clock gets reset by about:
A. 3 minutes
B. 18 minutes
C. 1 hour
D. 3 hours
64. Eric usually has problems with attention and alertness at work. Last week he was involved in a minor
accident at work. He talks about experiencing a “dead zone.” Since Eric does not abuse drugs, the most likely
reason for Eric’s problems at work is:
A. that he feels unfulfilled
B. he works the graveyard shift
C. family problems at home
D. his lack of confidence in management
65. Tom is working the graveyard shift at the mill. He has just reached the “dead zone” and is experiencing
problems with alertness. The clock on the wall reads:
A. 1:00 AM
B. 2:00 AM
C. 5:00 AM
D. 6:00 AM
66. If your circadian rhythm becomes out of step with clock time, you experience a phenomenon known as:
A. sleep spindles
B. activation-synthesis
C. paradoxical sleep
D. jet lag
67. A frequent flier has problems with jet lag. He decides that he can control this by changing the seat he
normally occupies in the aircraft. This strategy is:
A. not likely to work because jet lag is caused by protein imbalances that result from having to eat at irregular
times
B. not likely to work because jet lag is caused by a lack of synchrony between biological and chronological
clocks
C. likely to work because jet lag is caused by the nature of movement in an aircraft and this is experienced
differently in different parts of the plane
D. not likely to work because jet lag is caused by the tiring nature of travel
68. The rule of thumb for recovering from jet lag is that it takes about ____ to reset the circadian clock for ____
of time change.
A. one hour; each hour
B. one day; each day
C. one day; each hour
D. two days; each hour
69. The most promising new treatment for jet lag appears to be:
A. periods of bright light
B. avoidance of food for 24 hours before a long flight
C. surgical resetting of the biological clock
D. drugs that induce sleep in the new time zone
70. Which of the following did Charles Czeisler find could reset the circadian rhythm of a night worker?
A. exposure to bright light
B. removing all clocks from the workplace
C. injecting high doses of melatonin
D. electroencephalogram tracing
71. What does light therapy do in resetting circadian rhythms?

A. light resets the internal timing clock
B. light resets the basal ganglia
C. light resets the suprachiasmatic nucleus
D. light resets the retina
72. According to Module Seven, light therapy has been recently used to treat:
A. night terrors
B. sleep apnea
C. narcolepsy
D. depression
73. What hormone is thought to play a role in circadian rhythms?

A. dopamine
B. melatonin
C. estrogen
D. prolixin
74. The sun is rising. The morning light is becoming brighter. What’s happening to your level of melatonin?
A. melatonin is not affected by light levels
B. stabilizing
C. decreases
D. increases
75. In people with normal circadian clocks, what effect does melatonin taken in pill form have on jet lag?
A. It helps people to adjust to jet lag.
B. It helps people to adjust to jet lag, but only if traveling east to west.
C. It helps people to adjust to jet lag, but only if traveling west to east.
D. It was no more effective than a placebo in reducing jet lag.
76. Your psychology professor is talking about the changes in the electrical activity of the brain and the
accompanying physiological bodily responses you experience as you sleep. What is your professor most likely
describing?
A. activation-synthesis stages
B. continuum of sleep
C. states of sleep
D. stages of sleep
77. Heidi wants to be an astronaut. As part of her medical exam she is hooked to an electroencephalograph. This
device is being used to monitor Heidi’s:
A. hypnotic susceptibility
B. blood alcohol level
C. hypothalamic activity in sleep
D. brain waves
78. Sleep is divided into stages by examining a person’s:

A. activity level during sleep
B. dream activity
D. EEG pattern
79. Sleep can be divided into ____ sleep and ____ sleep.
A. alpha; beta
B. REM; non-REM
C. REM; pre-REM
D. stage 1; stage 2
80. Brain waves are described by examining their:
A. frequency and altitude
B. frequency and amplitude
C. pitch and amplitude
D. size and depth
81. After time in ____ state, we enter stage 1 of non-REM.

A. alpha
B. beta
C. psi
D. theta
82. Whose brain is most likely to have alpha waves?

A. Fran—she is dreaming
B. Gary—he is in stage 1
C. Vi—she is very relaxed and drowsy
D. Erv—he is excited as he watches his favorite football team
83. In a typical night, we spend about ____ of our sleep time in non-REM.
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 80%
D. 95%
84. As we fall deeper into sleep, our brain waves tend to:
A. remain unaltered
B. slow down
C. flatten out
D. speed up
85. A commuter who takes the train daily from Connecticut to Manhattan is in his habit of sitting with his eyes
closed, but the motion and noise of the train keep him awake. He feels relaxed and is drowsy. The commuter’s
brain is probably emitting which type of waves?
A. beta
B. alpha
C. delta
D. theta
86. The phone rings and wakes you just when you first fall asleep. It is most likely you have been awakened
from:
A. non- REM sleep
B. REM sleep
C. SPID sleep
D. paradoxical sleep
87. Thomas nudges Nancy who is on the couch sleeping. Nancy says, “I feel as if I wasn’t even sleeping.”
Nancy, most likely, woke from ____.
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
88. What is the lightest stage of sleep?

A. Stage alpha
B. Stage 1
C. Stage 2
D. Stage 3
89. Sleep spindles appear during what stage of sleep?

A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage delta
90. As a research assistant, you are monitoring the brain waves of a subject who is asleep. You notice that the
subject is entering real sleep. The subject is in what stage of sleep?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage delta
91. The deepest stage of sleep is characterized by ____ waves.

A. alpha
B. beta
C. theta
D. delta
92. Rip’s EEG indicates that he has entered delta sleep. We can expect that:
A. his brain will be emitting sleep spindles
B. he has just fallen asleep
C. he would be very difficult to awaken
D. he is about to wake up
93. A mother tells her son that if he doesn’t sleep he won’t grow. The mother is:
A. partly correct in that growth hormones are released during Non-REM sleep
B. relying on an old folk tale that has no support in science
C. partly correct in that a rested body grows faster
D. correct because we do most of our growing when we are asleep
94. In a typical night, we spend about ____ of our sleep time in REM.
A. 20%
B. 50%
C. 80%
D. 95%
95. REM brain waves have ____ frequency and ____ amplitude.
A. no; slow
B. slow; high
C. high; low
D. low; fast
96. Every night, we cycle into REM about:

A. 1-2 times
B. 3-4 times
C. 5-6 times
D. 7-8 times
97. REM sleep is sometimes referred to as:

A. daydreaming
B. rebound sleep
D. delta sleep
98. You are looking at two EEG profiles recorded from an individual’s full night of sleep. But you have a
difficult time telling apart two types of brain waves. What are the two waves that look identical to each other?
A. delta waves and alpha waves
B. beta waves and REM brain waves
C. sleep spindles & Theta waves
D. delta and REM brain waves
99. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because:

A. the body does not need REM sleep, but does need regular sleep
B. although asleep, the brain waves are identical to those recorded awake
C. dreams often make no sense to the individual once they are awake
D. REM sleep occurs immediately following Stage 1 sleep and immediately before Stage 2 sleep
100. Manuel suffers from REM behavior disorder. Because of the disorder, he:
A. acts out his dreams because his voluntary muscles are not paralyzed
B. experiences an increased percentage of time spent in REM
C. has an excess of Stage 2 sleep
D. has a paralysis of his legs during REM
101. Denise is watching Greg sleep. Denise notices that Greg’s eyes are rapidly moving back-and-forth behind
his closed eyelids. She also notes that his arms lack muscle tension. These suggest that Greg is:
A. experiencing sleep spindles
B. dreaming
C. in gamma sleep
D. emitting theta waves
102. According to an EEG, Rachel is in REM sleep. She is probably:

A. sleepwalking
B. in a light state of sleep
C. dreaming
D. just falling asleep
103. Emily is watching Mae sleep and concludes Mae is in REM. If Emily awakens Mae, what is the chance
Mae will report having had a vivid, well-organized dream?
A. 20-30%
B. 50%
C. 80-90%
D. 100%
104. Jayne wants a really creative name for her website on dreaming. What would be a good choice that is also
consistent with the research on dreaming?
A. WWW.stage1.edu
B. WWW.rem.edu
C. WWW.sleep_spindles.edu
D. WWW.alpha_waves.edu
105. A woman has just had a baby and is allowed to have the newborn in the hospital room with her at night.
On the third night, however, the nurses decide the woman needs her rest, since the baby has been waking up
often in the night. If the baby woke its mother during each of her REM sleep periods, what would we expect on
the night when the nurses looked after the baby and the mother was allowed to sleep through?
A. the mother would be very irritable
B. the mother would sleep but wake up depressed
C. the mother would increase her REM sleep that night
D. the mother would experience an increase in Stage 1 sleep
106. As a volunteer in a sleep experiment, Isaac was awakened each time he entered REM sleep for two nights.
On the third night he was allowed to sleep normally. We would expect that REM deprivation would:
A. have no effect on his normal sleeping pattern
B. cause a temporary depression
C. lead to REM rebound on the third night
D. cause him to be irritable for the next few days
107. REM rebound is caused by:

A. delta wave synchrony
B. REM deprivation
C. narcolepsy
D. sleep deprivation
108. Evidence that dreaming is a necessary biological process is provided by:

A. REM behavior disorder
B. REM rebound
C. stage 4 sleep
D. alpha stage sleep
109. Based upon the research cited in Module Seven, REM may help us to:
A. encode information into memory
B. restore and repair our physical bodies
C. reset our circadian clock
D. increase the accuracy of our perception of images
110. In a lecture on sleep, Professor Kaurala is using a metaphor to explain the cycles between NON-REM and
REM. Which of the following is most appropriate in describing the journey through the night?
A. someone hiking in the mountains going up and down hills and valleys
B. a caterpillar turning into a butterfly and then dying
C. an acorn growing to be an oak tree
D. a submarine diving to very deep depths
111. The transition between wakefulness and sleep is:

A. paradoxical sleep
B. REM
C. Non-REM stage 1
D. Non-REM stage 2
112. When in Stage 2, some people experience:

A. vivid life-like dreams
B. short, fragmented thoughts
C. hallucinations
D. REM rebound
113. We enter REM sleep from:

A. wakefulness
B. drowsiness
C. stage 4 sleep
D. stage 2 sleep
114. Sleepwalking and night terrors occur during:

A. Stage 1 sleep
B. REM sleep
C. sleep spindles
D. Stage 4 sleep
115. Of the following ordered stages, which most resembles the first hour or so of a typical night of sleep?
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, REM
B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM
C. 1, 2, 3, REM, 4, REM
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, REM
116. In the textbook, Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian compare a night’s sleep to:
A. riding a roller-coaster
B. boating on a calm lake
C. wading in deep water
D. driving a luxury automobile
117. Elaine is talking in her sleep. In what stage of sleep is she most likely?
A. Stage 1
B. REM sleep
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
118. Little Timmy has a problem with bedwetting. In what stage of sleep is this most likely to occur?
A. Stage 1
B. REM sleep
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
119. “When I was a kid I used to wet my bed all the time. Now I think I must have been dreaming that I was
going to the bathroom.” Is this person’s explanation correct?
A. No, bedwetting occurs in Non-REM Stage 4 and dreaming occurs in REM.
B. No, bedwetting occurs in REM and dreaming occurs in Non-REM.
C. Yes, bedwetting occurs in REM and that is when dreaming also occurs.
D. No, bedwetting occurs in Non-REM Stage 1 and dreaming occurs in Non-REM Stage 4.
120. The most difficult Non-REM stage to awaken someone from is:
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
121. A four-year-old has night terrors on a regular basis. In what stage of sleep is this most likely to occur?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
122. Why are early morning people less vulnerable to fatigue?

A. they have high levels of melatonin throughout the day
B. they don’t waste energy with entrainment
C. they have less activity in their suprachiasmatic nucleus
D. they have more activity in their suprachiasmatic nucleus
123. Your friend asks, “Why am I this way? I mean why do I like to get up early in the morning? I get really
tired in the afternoon.” The reason for your friend’s preference and energy in the morning is:
A. high levels of melatonin in the morning
B. the level of activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. she is experiencing the effects of jet lag
D. she has abnormally high levels of non-REM
124. Todd scored high on the morning-evening questionnaire. The score indicates Todd to be a ____. Todd’s
preference is ____.
A. morning person; genetic
B. morning person; learned
C. evening person; abnormal
D. evening person; learned
125. Dr. Ramez studies circadian clocks, specifically, the rhythm of body temperature. In her current study, she
needs to disrupt the body temperature rhythm in rats. What part of the rat’s brain regulates body temperature?
A. limbic system
B. brainstem
C. suprachiasmatic nucleus
D. hippocampus
126. Consider this case study: Paul eats a light breakfast, is a night worker, but sometimes works in the
afternoon. He often complains of being cold in the morning. Paul is most likely a(n):
A. early bird
B. afternoon person
C. morning person
D. evening person
127. What happens to body temperature from the time we get up in the morning?
A. declines throughout the day
B. rises throughout the day, peaks, and then declines
C. rises throughout the day but only in a morning person
D. rises throughout the day but only in an evening person
128. You and a group of friends are watching your favorite late-night television show. One of your friends, a
morning person, says that he is really tired and wants to go to bed, but you think it’s still early. You correctly
tell your friend that the reason for his wanting to sleep is his:
A. interval timing clock is sounding its alarm
B. melatonin level is decreasing
C. body temperature peaked before the rest of the group’s
D. REM behavior disorder is acting up again
129. Lou is a morning person. Adam is an evening person. Why is Lou going to bed earlier than Adam?
A. Lou’s body temperature peaks later in the evening.
B. Lou’s body temperature peaks earlier in the evening.
C. Adam’s body temperature rose more quickly.
D. Lou’s body temperature is more variable than Adam’s.
130. Based on Module Seven, who is most likely a conscientious introvert?

A. Taylor—a morning person
B. Bashir—an evening person
C. Garth—tends not to remember dreams
D. Tom—has chronic nightmares
131. Stacy is a very outgoing person, but often she makes poor decisions because of her impulsiveness. Stacy is
most likely to be:
A. an evening person
B. a morning person
C. suffering from jet lag
D. suffering from narcolepsy
132. What tends to happen to people as they age with regard to circadian preference?
A. People’s tendency for circadian preference remains unchanged until the late 70’s.
B. People tend to become more like evening persons after reaching 50.
C. People tend to become more like afternoon persons after reaching 50.
D. People tend to become more like morning persons after reaching 50.
133. Mary Joy is in her sixties and is in good health. In her twenties, she was most like an evening person. What
is her most likely status right now?
A. Mary Joy remains an evening person
B. She is a combination—an afternoon person
C. She is a morning person
D. Mary Joy has no strong preference either way
134. According to survey research, most adults sleep between ____ hours a night.
A. 4-5
B. 5-6
C. 7-8
D. 9-10
135. As one-year-old Gabriella grows up through adolescence, the percentage of time spent in REM will:
A. dramatically fluctuate and stabilize around 25 years of age
B. remain the same
C. gradually increase
D. gradually decline
136. The local school board wants to change the high school’s schedule to be more consistent with the sleep
patterns of adolescents. What is their proposal?
A. require practice for sports and music to be held in the early morning
B. start high school classes one hour earlier
C. increase the time allowed between classes without being tardy
D. start high school classes one hour later
137. Which of the following age groups is most likely to nap during the day and experience difficulties in
sleeping through the night?
A. infants
B. children
C. adolescents
D. elderly adults
138. Why do elderly people tend to nap during the day?

A. They are typically bored.
B. Most experience sleep problems during the nights
C. These individuals are slowly withdrawing from activity and interaction.
D. They experience a lack of stimulation.
139. Who will spend the most time in REM sleep during the course of a 24-hour period?
A. a 60-year-old man
B. a 35-year-old woman
C. a 10-year-old boy
D. a 6-month-old girl
140. Who will spend about 6.5 hours a day sleeping?

141. The ____ argues that activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain that must be replenished by
sleeping.
A. adaptive theory
B. repair theory
C. deprivation theory
D. activation-synthesis theory
142. Which statement does not support the repair theory’s attempt to explain why we sleep?
A. during stage 4 sleep, the secretion of growth hormone increases
B. sleep deprivation leads to a marked desire to sleep
C. sleep deprivation lowers our body’s resistance to viruses and infections
D. sleep protects us from dangers that we cannot see at night
143. The finding that during sleep there is increased production of immune cells supports the ____ theory.
A. repair
B. adaptive
C. activation-synthesis
D. Freudian
144. Imagine that “sleep” can talk. As the person is falling asleep, “sleep” says, “Finally, I can get some work
done. Let’s see. I need to release some growth hormone later and look at the immune system. I think there’s
something wrong with it.” Odd as it may be, which theory of sleep is best reflected in these comments?
A. Freudian
B. repair
D. restorative
145. The ____ theory suggests that sleep evolved because it prevented energy waste and minimized exposure to
dangers.
A. repair
B. adaptive
D. Freudian
146. Which theory holds that sleep evolved and endured because it helped our ancestors survive?
A. restorative
B. adaptive
C. Freudian
D. REM
147. Why may you get really crabby when you don’t get enough sleep?
A. increased glycogen in the brain
B. increased serotonin in the brain
C. increased activity in the brain’s emotion centers
D. increased endorphins in the brain, in particular the limbic system
148. Sleep deprivation appears to negatively affect:

A. blood pressure
B. heart rate
C. immune system functioning
D. hormone secretions
149. According to a sleep deprivation study on sled dog racers described in your textbook, what amount of sleep
did racers have who experienced vivid hallucinations?
A. 1 hour
B. 2 hours
C. 3-4 hours
D. 7 hours
150. Which of the following adverse effects may be caused by sleep deprivation?
A. decrease in performance of tasks that require vigilance and concentration
B. autonomic functions such as heart rate becoming erratic
C. increased glycogen
D. reduced amount of the hormone insulin
151. In humans, sleep deprivation seems to have minimal effects on:
A. the immune system
B. physiological functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system
C. memory
D. production and release of insulin
152. Why does sleep deprivation increase the risk for obesity and diabetes?
A. Sleep deprivation reduces the amount of adenosine released.
B. Sleep deprivation turns off the VPN switch.
C. Sleep deprivation changes appetite-related hormones and increases the amount of insulin released.
D. Sleep deprivation disrupts the brain use of melatonin.
153. What role does the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VNP) play in consciousness?
A. focuses our attention during periods of intense awareness
B. influences the quality and quantity of dreams
C. paralyzes voluntary muscles
D. acts like a master switch for sleep
154. After the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus is turned on, the neurotransmitter ____ is secreted.
A. GABA
B. REM
C. dopamine
D. benzodiazepine
155. What happens when the VPN is turned on?

A. immune cells are produced
B. it creates hallucinations often seen in sleep deprivation
C. it secretes a neurotransmitter that turns off brain areas
D. it secretes a neurotransmitter that turns on brain areas
156. The VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) acts as a:

A. clue that makes it possible to tell if a sleeper is dreaming
B. master on-off switch for sleep
C. censor that disguises sexual and aggressive wishes in dreams
D. light enhancer that combats feelings of depression during the winter months
157. In rats, the VPN is turned on by:
A. messages from the thalamus
B. light
C. the neurotransmitter melatonin
D. the neurotransmitter adenosine
158. If George’s hypothalamus is damaged and he shows severe disruption in his circadian rhythms, what
specific part of his hypothalamus is malfunctioning?
A. lateral hypothalamus
B. ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
C. pons
D. reticular formation
159. Which of the following is responsible for keeping our forebrains awake and alert when needed?
A. the cognitive unconscious
B. the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. the reticular formation
D. sleep spindles
160. You are a psychology professor reviewing the outline of a student’s paper on the mechanisms of falling
asleep. As you read the outline, you notice that one of the steps is incorrect. Which one is it?
A. the time of falling asleep is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
B. the VPN turns off the reticular formation
C. melatonin secretions increase
D. go to sleep when body temperature rises
161. Depression typically beginning in fall and ending in the spring characterizes:
A. seasonal depression syndrome
B. bipolar disorder
C. dysthymia disorder
D. seasonal affective disorder
162. As sunlight decreases in the fall, the amount of serotonin released ____ and the amount of melatonin
____.
A. randomly fluctuates; decreases
B. randomly fluctuates; increases
C. decreases; increases
D. increases; decreases
163. Which substances seem to be influenced by a reduction in sunlight in the fall?
A. serotonin, melatonin
B. dopamine, acetylcholine
C. nitric oxide, anandamide
D. epinephrine, endorphins
164. Amanda seems to be developing SAD every fall. What substances may be triggering Amanda’s SAD?
A. nitric oxide, anandamide
C. serotonin, melatonin
165. “Around November, I started getting feelings of worthlessness and despair. It’s really bad in January. I
also gain lots of weight and overeat. But around April I start to feel much better, and I have a better outlook on
life.” This person is most likely suffering from:
A. seasonal affective disorder
B. somatoform disorder
C. dysthymic disorder
D. generalized anxiety disorder
166. What percentage of SAD sufferers reported less depression after exposure to bright light?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 70%
D. 95%
167. The role that light plays in SAD is important in triggering the disorder. During the winter months, about
____ of people living in Florida report having SAD compared to ____ of those living in New Hampshire
reporting it.
A. 1.4%; 3.9%
B. 1.4%; 7.3%
C. 23%; 12%
D. 12%; 23%
168. If you randomly pick 100 Icelanders, about how many of them would have SAD?
A. 1%
B. 3-4%
C. 7%
D. 11%
169. Researchers have found that SAD is ____ prevalent in Iceland than in the United States. The difference is
believed to be due to differences in ____.
A. less; latitude
B. more; culture
C. less; culture
D. more; latitude
170. What is a possible explanation for the difference in incidence of SAD in Iceland compared to the United
States?
A. emotional hardiness
B. population density
C. religious preferences
D. diet
171. Research in both Iceland and Canada showed that seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be related to:
A. an above average number of days of bright light
B. a combination of diminished light and low temperature
C. personal tragedy and family problems
D. cultural and genetic factors
172. The research finding that SAD is less frequent in Iceland than in New Hampshire suggests that:
A. researchers need to use consistent, reliable methods of study
B. cultural factors affect behavior
C. weather plays a small role in behavior
D. psychiatrists and psychologists are more competent in New York state
173. Dennis reports that he never dreams. Which of the following is the best explanation for why Dennis
believes this?
A. Dennis does dream, he just doesn’t remember
B. Dennis is experiencing REM rebound
C. Dennis has sleep spindles which prevent him from dreaming
D. Dennis has an abnormality in his reticular formation
174. Dreams from non-REM tend to be:

A. very life-like
B. related to waking life
C. sexual in nature
D. dull and contain repetitive thoughts
175. What is the general belief about dreams in India?
A. dreams have no deep meanings
B. they are not to be revealed or shared
C. sexual dreams are evil
D. dreams contain hidden messages
176. Which theory of dreams believes that we dream as a result of threatening wishes and desires being changed
into harmless symbols?
A. the activation-synthesis theory
B. Freud’s theory of dreams
C. the extension of waking life theory
D. spiritual world theory
177. In a recent study, researchers found that when subjects dreamt about a plane crash, their anxiety
A. was higher than just thinking about a plane crash
B. was lower than just thinking about a plane crash
C. randomly increased and decreased with no clear pattern
D. was repressed
178. Freud’s interpretation of dreams was based on the assumption that:

A. dream content was a continuation of the events in our daily lives
B. dream content reflected what worried us in our waking state
C. the content of dreams had to be considered symbolic
D. dreams were similar to the hallucinations experienced by schizophrenics
179. According to Freud’s famous theory, at the heart of every dream is a:

A. clue to the future
B. disguised wish
C. hate-filled thought
D. shameful sexual memory
180. Dr. Smithson is a Freudian therapist and asks his clients to remember their dreams. His task is to:
A. analyze the spiritual dimension of the dreams
B. analyze how the dreams relate to their waking lives since they reflect the same emotions we experience when
awake
C. simply carefully record the dreams
D. interpret the symbols in the dreams
181. Consider the following dream description: I am riding on a train that is going much too fast. We enter a
tunnel and suddenly everything goes dark. I wait and wait but we never come out of the tunnel. There is no light
at the end of it. At the height of my concern, I wake up. Which of the following may represent a Freudian
analysis of the above dream?
A. the person is very anxious about a trip that he must take
B. the person has had a very stressful day at work and wished to escape the pressure quickly
C. the train entering the tunnel represents intercourse and the concern expressed is indicative of sexual problems
D. the person may be a design engineer who has designed something that may not work and he is anxious about
it
182. Which theory of dream interpretation emphasizes that dreams are related to the same thoughts, problems
and emotions that we experience when awake?
A. Freud’s theory of dreams
B. extensions of waking life
D. spiritual world
183. Bob has a dream about running away from a monster. How would the notion of dreams as extensions of
waking life interpret Bob’s dream?
A. Bob has serious sexual difficulties
B. Bob wants to relive his childhood
C. Bob is running away from some problem
D. Bob needs intensive psychotherapy to deal with his mental disorder
184. According to the activation-synthesis theory:

A. dreams reflect unconscious desires and anxieties
B. dreams are a continuation of our waking thoughts
C. there is no reason to interpret dreams
D. it is necessary to dream for our psychological well-being
185. The activation-synthesis theory says that dreams result from:

A. a biological need to pull together and make sense of the day’s activities
B. “batch processing” of all the information gathered during the day
C. random and meaningless chemical and neural activity in the brain
D. the need to express hidden sexual and aggressive impulses
186. Dr. Van Winkle claims that dreams are nothing more than random activity in the brain. He believes in
which theory of dreams?
A. Freudian
B. restorative
D. behavioral
187. Which theory of dreaming suggests that there is no need to interpret dreams?
A. Freudian
B. restorative
C. extension of waking life
D. activation-synthesis
188. The activation-synthesis theory has been criticized for:

A. too much emphasis on cultural factors
B. ignoring useful and meaningful information that may be in dreams
C. placing too much emphasis on the neurology of the brain
D. gender differences in brain function
189. Which of the following areas of the brain has increased activity during REM?
A. pons
B. auditory cortex
C. prefrontal lobe
D. limbic system
190. You dream so that you can practice and rehearse how you might respond to a dangerous situation. This
best describes:
A. activation-synthesis theory
B. Freudian theory
C. circadian theory
D. threat simulation theory
191. Threat stimulation theory argues that:

A. REM allows us to organize our memories
B. dreaming gives us a change to prepare for dangerous situations
C. dreams are random and meaningless
D. dreams represent our most deepest, unconscious desires
192. The typical dream is likely to include themes or characteristics of:
A. sexual encounters, black and white, and take place outside
B. recurrent themes of being threatened and our intentions
C. several characters, visual sensations, and motion-like walking
D. one character, pain sensations, and joy
193. Research suggests that people seldom dream about:

A. more than one character
B. activities such as running or walking
C. sexual encounters and intercourse
D. being indoors
194. Insomnia is a sleep problem characterized by:

A. difficulty in going to sleep or staying asleep through the night
B. an excessive amount of lucid dreaming
C. night terrors and sleepwalking
D. irresistible attacks of sleepiness
195. Edward suffers from “Sunday night insomnia.” His insomnia is probably caused by:
A. disruption in his normal sleep schedule
B. anxiety about the upcoming week
C. respiratory problems
D. sleep apnea
196. Disrupting circadian rhythms, abusing alcohol or sedatives, and having medical problems or chronic pain
are all physiological causes of
A. sleep apnea
B. insomnia
C. night terrors
D. narcolepsy
197. Which of the following is not a step in establishing an optimal sleep pattern?
A. go to bed only when sleepy
B. do not read in bed
C. if you cannot sleep, stay in bed and focus on falling asleep
D. set the alarm for the same time each morning
198. Napping during the day for treating insomnia:
A. is to be avoided
B. will not disrupt your sleep schedule for that night
C. is effective
D. prepares you for a good sleep later than night
199. A person decides to try a non-drug treatment for insomnia. One idea is to:
A. get out of bed and go to another room if she does not fall asleep within 20 minutes
B. stay awake as long as possible until she inevitably becomes drowsy
C. imagine some exciting scenes at bedtime
D. persevere in bed no matter how awake she feels
200. The primary goal of all non-drug treatments for insomnia is to:
A. help the person to dream
B. is to focus on all of the good things in the person’s life
C. stop the person from worrying and to reduce tension
D. help the person to develop some solutions to whatever is bothering them
201. The best advice for combating insomnia is to:

A. get in bed at the same time every night and stay there no matter what happens
B. get out of bed, go to another room, and do something relaxing if you can’t fall asleep
C. review the problems of the day as you lie in bed trying to go to sleep
D. try sleeping in another room, or on the couch, if you can’t fall asleep in your bed
202. The continued use of benzodiazepines to treat insomnia may cause:

A. a reduction in anxiety
B. an increase in REM
C. REM rebound
D. dependency on the drug
203. When compared to benzodiapines, the newer sleeping pills:

A. are less likely to lead to dependence
B. cause an increase in REM
C. are less likely to cause REM rebound
D. are more likely to cause cognitive side effects
204. Sleep apnea refers to:
A. a disorder whereby a person falls asleep uncontrollably for 10 or more seconds
B. insomnia caused by anxiety
C. insomnia caused by the excessive use of sedatives during the day
D. a condition whereby a person stops breathing while asleep for 10 or more seconds
205. In severe cases of sleep apnea, the preferred treatment is:

A. cognitive behavioral therapy
B. wear a mask that blows air into the nose to keep the air passages open
C. one of the nonbenzodiazepines like Lunesta
D. to actually treat insomnia which is the cause of sleep apnea
206. “Your dad wears a mask to bed every night?” Which sleep disorder is he most likely to have?
A. insomnia
B. night terrors
C. sleepwalking
D. sleep apnea
207. After experiencing months of poor sleep, Ray is evaluated in a sleep laboratory. After his evaluation his
doctor tells him that he is suffering from sleep apnea. This means that Ray has:
A. a disorder in which he falls asleep uncontrollably during the day but not at night
D. a condition in which he stops breathing while he sleeps
208. Irresistible attacks of sleepiness and muscle paralysis are symptoms of a sleep disorder called:
A. insomnia
B. narcolepsy
C. sleep apnea
D. night terrors
209. The sleep attack of narcolepsy is accompanied by:

A. REM sleep
B. auditory hallucinations
C. cessation of breathing
D. outbursts of emotion
210. Narcoleptics describe their sleep attacks as:
A. gradual
B. calming
C. restful
D. irresistible
211. Recent research indicates that a type of neuron that does not develop normally may cause narcolepsy.
What type of neuron is it?
A. hypocretin
B. myelinated
C. nonmyelinated
D. afferent
212. A ____ is a sleep disturbance characterized by screaming and sudden wakening in a fearful state.
A. night terror
B. nightmare
C. sleep apnea
D. narcolepsy
213. A night terror consists of:

A. cessation of breathing while sleeping
B. a piercing scream, waking up in a panic state, and not remembering anything the next morning
C. a bad dream
D. difficulties staying asleep
214. Night terrors occur during ____ sleep, and nightmares occur during ____ sleep.
A. REM; theta
B. alpha; non-REM
C. delta; REM
D. theta; delta
215. Jason, a ten-year-old, is having a nightmare. In which stage of sleep is Jason most likely?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. REM
216. As Tanner and Patti sit in the living room one night, they watch four-year-old daughter Ellie come into the
living room, pick up a book, and say “Baggy dog needs some milk.” It is clear to her parents that Ellie is
sleepwalking. She must be in Stage ____ of sleep.
A. REM
B. 1
C. 2
D. 4
217. About ____ Americans have at least one or more of the sleep disorders presented in Module Seven.
A. 12 million
B. 35 million
C. 70 million
D. 120 million
218. Are there any dangers in going to sleep with your cell phone plugged into your ear?
A. no
B. yes, the constant feeling will influence your dreams
C. yes, when the phone rings it will disrupt your sleep
D. yes, it will damage your ear
219. Is texting or talking on a cell phone more dangerous when driving?

A. texting is more dangerous
B. talking is more dangerous
C. both are equally dangerous
D. it depends on the skill of driver
Module 7a--Sleep & Dreams Key
1. The purpose of isolating a person in a cave for many months without clocks, television, or radio was to
determine:
A. if people can live without such modern devices
B. how much the person sleeps with no time cues
C. how the devices’ electromagnetic waves affect memory
D. how many books the person could read
2. Stefania, the woman who spent 130 days underground, had a difficult time:
A. estimating the passage of time
B. keeping physically fit
C. being away from her family
D. with concentration near the end of her ordeal
3. The four months Stefania spent in a Plexiglas module taught researchers:

A. social deprivation has negative effects on mental health
B. blood sugar levels are linked to light cues
C. delusions are commonplace in light deprived settings
D. without cues of light, it becomes difficult to judge time
4. In the 1950s, which of the following gave researchers a method to study dreaming in the laboratory?
A. discovering that rapid eye movement signaled dreaming
B. development of the PET scan
C. asking subjects to spend days isolated from all time cues
D. locating the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in the human brain
5. What did the discovery of rapid eye movement and its association with dreaming give researchers?
A. a reliable method to study how the body uses light cues
B. a reliable method to identify and study dreaming in the laboratory
C. a reliable method to study the effects of hypnosis on dreams
D. a reliable method to study the role that vision plays in dreaming
6. Consciousness is defined as:
A. the process by which a sensation becomes a perception
B. different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings
C. cognitive reflection of the physical events one encounters
D. introspective thinking which results in mental experiences
7. Your different levels of awareness of thoughts and feelings is called:

A. apnea
B. perception
C. identity
D. consciousness
8. According to your textbook, what is the term that refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and
feelings?
A. self-actualization
B. meditation
C. consciousness
D. introspection
9. Dr. Barr is an authority on consciousness and wishes to set up a website that summarizes his research in the
area. Which of the following website addresses would be most descriptive?
A. WWW.awareness.edu
B. WWW.freud.edu
C. WWW.altered_states.edu
D. WWW.rem.edu
10. The continuum of consciousness ranges from:

A. acute awareness to total unawareness
B. limited awareness to fantasizing
C. automatic processes to altered states
D. unconsciousness to dreaming
11. We naturally think in terms of the two states called “conscious” and “unconscious,” but actually there:
A. are three states, including the “high” from drugs
B. are four states: conscious, drowsy, dreaming, and unconscious
C. is a continuum of consciousness
D. is no measurable difference between consciousness and unconsciousness
12. Activities, such as studying for an exam, which require full awareness and concentration are called:
B. conscious processes
C. focused processes
13. Using a hand-held cell phone while driving increases the risk of having an accident. Would you expect the
same problem with using a hands-free phone while driving?
A. Yes, since using a cell phone is an automatic process and helps to focus your attention on driving.
B. Yes, since talking on a cell phone is a controlled process and focuses your attention away from driving to the
phone.
C. No, driving and cell phone use are automatic processes.
D. Yes, but only in the case of inexperienced, young drivers.
14. Answering this question correctly is an example of a(n) ____ since it requires concentration and your full
attention.
A. controlled process
B. conscious process
C. introspective process
D. automatic process
15. Psychologists call activities that require full awareness, alertness, and concentration:
B. altered states
C. comas
16. Andy is learning how to juggle three balls. He is not very good at it; he keeps dropping them. But you can
see the concentration on his face. Juggling for Andy is a(n):
A. automatic process
B. controlled process
C. attentional process
D. introspective process
17. Why does using a car phone while driving increase the chance of having a car accident, according to your
textbook?
A. Automatic processes like using a car phone disrupts other ongoing activities like driving.
B. When talking on the phone, we tend to enter an altered state that disrupts consciousness.
C. Controlled processes like using a car phone disrupts other ongoing activities like driving.
D. Most of the conversations that take place on car phones tend to be highly emotional and this increases road
rage.
18. Although Christine is concentrating on reading her psychology book, she can also eat her breakfast, brush
her hair, and put on her nail polish without interfering with her studying. For Christine, these other activities are
called:
B. subliminal processes
C. uncontrolled processes
D. unconscious processes
19. Activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing
activities are called:
A. implicit activities
D. unconsciousness
20. “I can chew gum and walk at the same time.” This best illustrates:
A. controlled processes
D. daydreaming
21. Controlled process is to automatic process as ____ is to ____.

A. suprachiasmatic nucleus; basal ganglia
B. absolute threshold; JND
C. daydreaming; night dreaming
D. full awareness; little awareness
22. People generally daydream during situations which:
A. require a great deal of attention
B. are repetitious or boring
C. are controlled processes
D. immediately precede sleeping
23. What appears to be a function of daydreaming?

A. to act as a safety valve to release pent-up sexual desires
B. to facilitate the release of growth hormones
C. to remind us of important things in the future
D. to encode memories into the unconscious mind
24. Professor Clark is lecturing and notices a student in the back of the room who appears to be daydreaming.
Professor Clark startles the student by asking, “Excuse me. Can I be of service to you?” Given what we know
about daydreaming, the student is most likely to be daydreaming about:
A. “I was just imagining that I’m playing a championship game with seconds left.”
B. “I was thinking of the ordinary stuff I do in a day.”
C. a sexual fantasy
D. “I was just thinking what I would do if a won the Mega Lotto tonight—it’s up to $100 million dollars.”
25. Meditation, hypnosis, or drug use usually produces which type of consciousness?
B. altered states
C. sleep and dreams
D. cognitive unconscious
26. Young David is being wheeled into the operating room for surgery and the preoperative drugs are having an
effect. His eyes are open, but his perception of the world around him, the voices of the surgical team, and the
faces of his relatives are very different than normal. At what point along the continuum of consciousness is
David most likely to be?
A. daydreaming
B. unconsciousness
C. altered states
D. cognitive preconscious
27. Which of the following is the most distracting while driving?
A. use of a cell phone
B. listening to music
C. eating
D. talking to a passenger
28. As Jotham is praying, he experiences an awareness that is different from normal consciousness. Jotham is
most likely experiencing:
B. altered states
C. sleep and dreams
D. nondeclarative memory
29. ____ refers to awareness that differs from normal consciousness.

A. Automatic processes
B. Cognitive unconscious
C. Controlled processes
D. Altered states
30. Which type of consciousness involves passing through five different states of differing levels of
consciousness?
A. altered states
B. automatic processes
C. coma
D. sleep
31. Tim believes that sleep is one continuous state of consciousness. Is Tim right?
A. Yes—sleep is made up of non-REM consciousness
B. Yes—sleep is made up of REM consciousness
C. No—sleep is made up of several states of body arousal and consciousness
D. No—sleep is made up of REM and Non-REM consciousness
32. As we pass into the deepest stages of sleep, we may:

A. sleeptalk or sleepwalk
B. have nightmares
C. have very vivid and emotional dreams
D. enter REM
33. The individual most associated with the concept of the unconscious is:
A. B. F. Skinner
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Stephen LaBerge
34. According to Freud, where do we place threatening wishes or desires?

A. unconscious
C. conscious
D. unconsciousness
35. The term ____ refers to mental and emotional processes of which we are unaware but that influence our
conscious thoughts and behaviors.
A. unconsciousness
B. implicit or nondeclarative memory
C. coma
D. altered states
36. Can you describe the complex motor movements involved in riding a bicycle according to the cognitive
view of the unconscious?
A. Yes—since motor memories are automatic processes
B. Yes—motor memories are examples of controlled processes
C. No—these motor memories are implicit or nondeclarative memories
D. No—these motor memories are often associated with threatening wishes and desires & Therefore are stored
in the unconscious
37. Implicit memory is to ____ as unconscious is to ____.

A. subjective; objective
B. motor and emotional memories; threatening memories
C. primary; secondary
D. motor and emotional memories; primary memories
38. A hard blow to the head can produce a temporary state of:
A. cognitive unconscious
B. brain death
C. sleep
D. unconsciousness
39. A person who is classified as being in a vegetative state:
A. has no awareness or responsiveness
B. is temporarily unconscious
C. is considered to be in an altered state
D. is capable of mental processes
40. Professor Johnson views the unconscious as an active psychological process that protects us from
threatening thoughts and desires. Her views are most consistent with:
A. Czeisler
B. Kihlstrom
C. Freud
D. Mesmer
41. You have internal timing devices set for hours, a single day, and for many days. These are:
A. biological clocks
B. lunar clocks
C. biorhythms
42. Dr. Buckbee is studying biological clocks. He is most interested in the clock that is set for about a single
day. Dr. Buckbee studies:
A. suprachiasmatic rhythms
B. lunar rhythms
C. daily rhythms
43. What is the literal meaning of circadian?

A. “the mind’s clock”
B. “about a day”
C. “the mind’s day”
D. “time has no end”
44. Have you noticed that you often wake up just before the alarm clock goes off? Credit it to the fact that we
humans have a built-in:
A. aversion to jangling noise, which we try to avoid
B. biological clock
C. sense of responsibility
D. brain mechanism that is always monitoring the external environment, even during sleep
45. A researcher wishes to investigate the length of the sleep-wake cycle that is regulated by a subject’s
biological clock. The researcher can do this by:
A. letting the subject eat and sleep whenever he or she feels like it
B. asking the subject to estimate the time at certain intervals without the use of a clock
C. removing all cues to time and measuring when the subject sleeps and wakes
D. analyzing the cycle produced by brain wave patterns
46. A circadian rhythm is a(n):

A. naturally occurring cycle in the body set to about 24 hours
C. type of neurotransmitter involved in sleep
D. naturally occurring cycle in the body set to about 12 or 13 hours
47. Physiological cycles which are set for a one-day period are called:
A. REM cycles
B. theta movements
D. automatic processes
48. If left in a place with no time or light cues, your sleep-wake cycle would:
A. remain at 24 hours
B. change to about a little more than 24 hours
C. keep constant at 12 hours
D. remain unchanged at about 4 hours
49. Imagine that NASA conducts a study to find out the length of a person’s sleep-wake cycle if all time cues,
such as daylight and clocks, are removed. How long would you predict this cycle to be, given these conditions?
A. 16 hours and 32 minutes long
B. 20 hours long
C. 24 hours long
D. 24 hours and 18 minutes long
50. Each day ____ resets our circadian clock.

A. alarm clocks
B. morning sunlight
C. the feeling of hunger
D. evening sunlight
51. How would you explain that some blind individuals do not have sleep problems?
A. Light does not readjust their circadian rhythms.
B. These individuals are often prescribed sleeping pills to prevent any sleep disturbances.
C. Because of plasticity, the brain pathways to the SCN become rewired.
D. The pathway for light to the SCN is not damaged while the pathway required for vision is damaged.
52. The interval timing clock is located in the brain area known as the:
A. circadian
B. frontal lobe
C. basal ganglia
D. suprachiasmatic nucleus
53. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:

A. cerebellum
B. hippocampus
C. hypothalamus
D. basal ganglia
54. “I am pretty good at judging the passage of time. I don’t need to look at my watch or the clock on the wall
to know when I’ve studied for an hour.” This person takes advantage of:
A. circadian rhythms
B. her interval timing clock
C. melatonin
D. her activation-synthesis clock
55. If a rat’s interval timing clock is destroyed, it cannot:

A. know when to start or stop some activity
B. reset its suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. find food
D. remember where food is located
56. Zoe, who is obese, gets up in the middle of the night to eat. What is the most likely cause?
A. Her food-entrainable circadian clock is damaged.
B. Zoe is sleep walking.
C. Her patterns of REM and Non-REM are disrupted.
D. She is still experiencing jet lag.
57. You are writing an article for a newspaper on late night eating among obese people. Which of the following
is the most appropriate title for your article?
A. Using Light to Cure Late Night Snacking
B. Eating Becomes an Automatic Process for Some
C. Lack of Endorphins Causes Late Night Eating
D. Is Your Food-Entrainable Circadian Clock Broken?
58. “My husband’s food-entrainable circadian clock must be broken.” Which of the following behavior is the
most likely evidence of this statement?
A. He gets up late at night to eat.
B. He eats a very large breakfast.
C. He eats his meals at varying times throughout the day.
D. He craves high protein foods.
59. Harry can take a one-hour nap and wake up one hour later without an alarm clock. Which of the following is
the best explanation?
A. His optic nerve keeps track of the time.
B. The clock in his suprachiasmatic nucleus keeps track of the time.
C. His interval timing clock keeps track of the time.
D. The light in his dorm room awakens him.
60. After telling your friends about the role of light in the sleep-wake cycle, one of them asks about blind
people. You mention:
A. that nearly all blind people have serious problems with their sleep-wake cycle
B. all blind people must use auditory cues of time passage
C. the pathway for vision and for circadian rhythms are separate
D. blindness causes profound disturbances in sleeping which must be treated with hormone injections
61. How does the body reset its genetically preset sleep-wake circadian clock to the 24 hour day?
A. morning light enters the eye and is sent to the basal ganglia
B. morning light enters the eye and is sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. the sound of the clock alarm resets the circadian clock
D. eating breakfast in the morning resets hormonal levels
62. The fundamental problem underlying jet lag and accidents during graveyard shifts is that:
A. our circadian clock is preset for a little over 24 hours, but we live in a world set for 24 hours
B. corporate greed is inconsistent with the biological needs of people
C. we do not know how to reset circadian rhythms
D. we do not value good, quality sleep
63. Everyday our circadian clock gets reset by about:
A. 3 minutes
B. 18 minutes
C. 1 hour
D. 3 hours
64. Eric usually has problems with attention and alertness at work. Last week he was involved in a minor
accident at work. He talks about experiencing a “dead zone.” Since Eric does not abuse drugs, the most likely
reason for Eric’s problems at work is:
A. that he feels unfulfilled
B. he works the graveyard shift
C. family problems at home
D. his lack of confidence in management
65. Tom is working the graveyard shift at the mill. He has just reached the “dead zone” and is experiencing
problems with alertness. The clock on the wall reads:
A. 1:00 AM
B. 2:00 AM
C. 5:00 AM
D. 6:00 AM
66. If your circadian rhythm becomes out of step with clock time, you experience a phenomenon known as:
A. sleep spindles
B. activation-synthesis
D. jet lag
67. A frequent flier has problems with jet lag. He decides that he can control this by changing the seat he
normally occupies in the aircraft. This strategy is:
A. not likely to work because jet lag is caused by protein imbalances that result from having to eat at irregular
times
B. not likely to work because jet lag is caused by a lack of synchrony between biological and chronological
clocks
C. likely to work because jet lag is caused by the nature of movement in an aircraft and this is experienced
differently in different parts of the plane
D. not likely to work because jet lag is caused by the tiring nature of travel
68. The rule of thumb for recovering from jet lag is that it takes about ____ to reset the circadian clock for ____
of time change.
A. one hour; each hour
B. one day; each day
C. one day; each hour
D. two days; each hour
69. The most promising new treatment for jet lag appears to be:
A. periods of bright light
B. avoidance of food for 24 hours before a long flight
C. surgical resetting of the biological clock
D. drugs that induce sleep in the new time zone
70. Which of the following did Charles Czeisler find could reset the circadian rhythm of a night worker?
A. exposure to bright light
B. removing all clocks from the workplace
C. injecting high doses of melatonin
D. electroencephalogram tracing
71. What does light therapy do in resetting circadian rhythms?

A. light resets the internal timing clock
B. light resets the basal ganglia
C. light resets the suprachiasmatic nucleus
D. light resets the retina
72. According to Module Seven, light therapy has been recently used to treat:
A. night terrors
B. sleep apnea
C. narcolepsy
D. depression
73. What hormone is thought to play a role in circadian rhythms?

A. dopamine
B. melatonin
C. estrogen
D. prolixin
74. The sun is rising. The morning light is becoming brighter. What’s happening to your level of melatonin?
A. melatonin is not affected by light levels
B. stabilizing
C. decreases
D. increases
75. In people with normal circadian clocks, what effect does melatonin taken in pill form have on jet lag?
A. It helps people to adjust to jet lag.
B. It helps people to adjust to jet lag, but only if traveling east to west.
C. It helps people to adjust to jet lag, but only if traveling west to east.
D. It was no more effective than a placebo in reducing jet lag.
76. Your psychology professor is talking about the changes in the electrical activity of the brain and the
accompanying physiological bodily responses you experience as you sleep. What is your professor most likely
describing?
A. activation-synthesis stages
B. continuum of sleep
C. states of sleep
D. stages of sleep
77. Heidi wants to be an astronaut. As part of her medical exam she is hooked to an electroencephalograph. This
device is being used to monitor Heidi’s:
A. hypnotic susceptibility
B. blood alcohol level
C. hypothalamic activity in sleep
D. brain waves
78. Sleep is divided into stages by examining a person’s:

A. activity level during sleep
B. dream activity
D. EEG pattern
79. Sleep can be divided into ____ sleep and ____ sleep.
A. alpha; beta
B. REM; non-REM
C. REM; pre-REM
D. stage 1; stage 2
80. Brain waves are described by examining their:
A. frequency and altitude
B. frequency and amplitude
C. pitch and amplitude
D. size and depth
81. After time in ____ state, we enter stage 1 of non-REM.

A. alpha
B. beta
C. psi
D. theta
82. Whose brain is most likely to have alpha waves?

A. Fran—she is dreaming
B. Gary—he is in stage 1
C. Vi—she is very relaxed and drowsy
D. Erv—he is excited as he watches his favorite football team
83. In a typical night, we spend about ____ of our sleep time in non-REM.
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 80%
D. 95%
84. As we fall deeper into sleep, our brain waves tend to:
A. remain unaltered
B. slow down
C. flatten out
D. speed up
85. A commuter who takes the train daily from Connecticut to Manhattan is in his habit of sitting with his eyes
closed, but the motion and noise of the train keep him awake. He feels relaxed and is drowsy. The commuter’s
brain is probably emitting which type of waves?
A. beta
B. alpha
C. delta
D. theta
86. The phone rings and wakes you just when you first fall asleep. It is most likely you have been awakened
from:
A. non- REM sleep
B. REM sleep
C. SPID sleep
87. Thomas nudges Nancy who is on the couch sleeping. Nancy says, “I feel as if I wasn’t even sleeping.”
Nancy, most likely, woke from ____.
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
88. What is the lightest stage of sleep?

A. Stage alpha
B. Stage 1
C. Stage 2
D. Stage 3
89. Sleep spindles appear during what stage of sleep?

A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage delta
90. As a research assistant, you are monitoring the brain waves of a subject who is asleep. You notice that the
subject is entering real sleep. The subject is in what stage of sleep?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage delta
91. The deepest stage of sleep is characterized by ____ waves.

A. alpha
B. beta
C. theta
D. delta
92. Rip’s EEG indicates that he has entered delta sleep. We can expect that:
A. his brain will be emitting sleep spindles
B. he has just fallen asleep
C. he would be very difficult to awaken
D. he is about to wake up
93. A mother tells her son that if he doesn’t sleep he won’t grow. The mother is:
A. partly correct in that growth hormones are released during Non-REM sleep
B. relying on an old folk tale that has no support in science
C. partly correct in that a rested body grows faster
D. correct because we do most of our growing when we are asleep
94. In a typical night, we spend about ____ of our sleep time in REM.
A. 20%
B. 50%
C. 80%
D. 95%
95. REM brain waves have ____ frequency and ____ amplitude.
A. no; slow
B. slow; high
C. high; low
D. low; fast
96. Every night, we cycle into REM about:

A. 1-2 times
B. 3-4 times
C. 5-6 times
D. 7-8 times
97. REM sleep is sometimes referred to as:

A. daydreaming
B. rebound sleep
D. delta sleep
98. You are looking at two EEG profiles recorded from an individual’s full night of sleep. But you have a
difficult time telling apart two types of brain waves. What are the two waves that look identical to each other?
A. delta waves and alpha waves
B. beta waves and REM brain waves
C. sleep spindles & Theta waves
D. delta and REM brain waves
99. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because:

A. the body does not need REM sleep, but does need regular sleep
B. although asleep, the brain waves are identical to those recorded awake
C. dreams often make no sense to the individual once they are awake
D. REM sleep occurs immediately following Stage 1 sleep and immediately before Stage 2 sleep
100. Manuel suffers from REM behavior disorder. Because of the disorder, he:
A. acts out his dreams because his voluntary muscles are not paralyzed
B. experiences an increased percentage of time spent in REM
C. has an excess of Stage 2 sleep
D. has a paralysis of his legs during REM
101. Denise is watching Greg sleep. Denise notices that Greg’s eyes are rapidly moving back-and-forth behind
his closed eyelids. She also notes that his arms lack muscle tension. These suggest that Greg is:
A. experiencing sleep spindles
B. dreaming
C. in gamma sleep
D. emitting theta waves
102. According to an EEG, Rachel is in REM sleep. She is probably:

A. sleepwalking
B. in a light state of sleep
C. dreaming
D. just falling asleep
103. Emily is watching Mae sleep and concludes Mae is in REM. If Emily awakens Mae, what is the chance
Mae will report having had a vivid, well-organized dream?
A. 20-30%
B. 50%
C. 80-90%
D. 100%
104. Jayne wants a really creative name for her website on dreaming. What would be a good choice that is also
consistent with the research on dreaming?
A. WWW.stage1.edu
B. WWW.rem.edu
C. WWW.sleep_spindles.edu
D. WWW.alpha_waves.edu
105. A woman has just had a baby and is allowed to have the newborn in the hospital room with her at night.
On the third night, however, the nurses decide the woman needs her rest, since the baby has been waking up
often in the night. If the baby woke its mother during each of her REM sleep periods, what would we expect on
the night when the nurses looked after the baby and the mother was allowed to sleep through?
A. the mother would be very irritable
B. the mother would sleep but wake up depressed
C. the mother would increase her REM sleep that night
D. the mother would experience an increase in Stage 1 sleep
106. As a volunteer in a sleep experiment, Isaac was awakened each time he entered REM sleep for two nights.
On the third night he was allowed to sleep normally. We would expect that REM deprivation would:
A. have no effect on his normal sleeping pattern
B. cause a temporary depression
C. lead to REM rebound on the third night
D. cause him to be irritable for the next few days
107. REM rebound is caused by:

A. delta wave synchrony
B. REM deprivation
C. narcolepsy
D. sleep deprivation
108. Evidence that dreaming is a necessary biological process is provided by:

A. REM behavior disorder
B. REM rebound
C. stage 4 sleep
D. alpha stage sleep
109. Based upon the research cited in Module Seven, REM may help us to:
A. encode information into memory
B. restore and repair our physical bodies
C. reset our circadian clock
D. increase the accuracy of our perception of images
110. In a lecture on sleep, Professor Kaurala is using a metaphor to explain the cycles between NON-REM and
REM. Which of the following is most appropriate in describing the journey through the night?
A. someone hiking in the mountains going up and down hills and valleys
B. a caterpillar turning into a butterfly and then dying
C. an acorn growing to be an oak tree
D. a submarine diving to very deep depths
111. The transition between wakefulness and sleep is:

A. paradoxical sleep
B. REM
C. Non-REM stage 1
D. Non-REM stage 2
112. When in Stage 2, some people experience:

A. vivid life-like dreams
B. short, fragmented thoughts
C. hallucinations
D. REM rebound
113. We enter REM sleep from:

A. wakefulness
B. drowsiness
C. stage 4 sleep
D. stage 2 sleep
114. Sleepwalking and night terrors occur during:

A. Stage 1 sleep
B. REM sleep
C. sleep spindles
D. Stage 4 sleep
115. Of the following ordered stages, which most resembles the first hour or so of a typical night of sleep?
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, REM
B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM
C. 1, 2, 3, REM, 4, REM
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, REM
116. In the textbook, Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian compare a night’s sleep to:
A. riding a roller-coaster
B. boating on a calm lake
C. wading in deep water
D. driving a luxury automobile
117. Elaine is talking in her sleep. In what stage of sleep is she most likely?
A. Stage 1
B. REM sleep
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
118. Little Timmy has a problem with bedwetting. In what stage of sleep is this most likely to occur?
A. Stage 1
B. REM sleep
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
119. “When I was a kid I used to wet my bed all the time. Now I think I must have been dreaming that I was
going to the bathroom.” Is this person’s explanation correct?
A. No, bedwetting occurs in Non-REM Stage 4 and dreaming occurs in REM.
B. No, bedwetting occurs in REM and dreaming occurs in Non-REM.
C. Yes, bedwetting occurs in REM and that is when dreaming also occurs.
D. No, bedwetting occurs in Non-REM Stage 1 and dreaming occurs in Non-REM Stage 4.
120. The most difficult Non-REM stage to awaken someone from is:
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
121. A four-year-old has night terrors on a regular basis. In what stage of sleep is this most likely to occur?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
122. Why are early morning people less vulnerable to fatigue?

A. they have high levels of melatonin throughout the day
B. they don’t waste energy with entrainment
C. they have less activity in their suprachiasmatic nucleus
D. they have more activity in their suprachiasmatic nucleus
123. Your friend asks, “Why am I this way? I mean why do I like to get up early in the morning? I get really
tired in the afternoon.” The reason for your friend’s preference and energy in the morning is:
A. high levels of melatonin in the morning
B. the level of activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. she is experiencing the effects of jet lag
D. she has abnormally high levels of non-REM
124. Todd scored high on the morning-evening questionnaire. The score indicates Todd to be a ____. Todd’s
preference is ____.
A. morning person; genetic
B. morning person; learned
C. evening person; abnormal
D. evening person; learned
125. Dr. Ramez studies circadian clocks, specifically, the rhythm of body temperature. In her current study, she
needs to disrupt the body temperature rhythm in rats. What part of the rat’s brain regulates body temperature?
A. limbic system
B. brainstem
C. suprachiasmatic nucleus
D. hippocampus
126. Consider this case study: Paul eats a light breakfast, is a night worker, but sometimes works in the
afternoon. He often complains of being cold in the morning. Paul is most likely a(n):
A. early bird
B. afternoon person
C. morning person
D. evening person
127. What happens to body temperature from the time we get up in the morning?
A. declines throughout the day
B. rises throughout the day, peaks, and then declines
C. rises throughout the day but only in a morning person
D. rises throughout the day but only in an evening person
128. You and a group of friends are watching your favorite late-night television show. One of your friends, a
morning person, says that he is really tired and wants to go to bed, but you think it’s still early. You correctly
tell your friend that the reason for his wanting to sleep is his:
A. interval timing clock is sounding its alarm
B. melatonin level is decreasing
C. body temperature peaked before the rest of the group’s
D. REM behavior disorder is acting up again
129. Lou is a morning person. Adam is an evening person. Why is Lou going to bed earlier than Adam?
A. Lou’s body temperature peaks later in the evening.
B. Lou’s body temperature peaks earlier in the evening.
C. Adam’s body temperature rose more quickly.
D. Lou’s body temperature is more variable than Adam’s.
130. Based on Module Seven, who is most likely a conscientious introvert?

A. Taylor—a morning person
B. Bashir—an evening person
C. Garth—tends not to remember dreams
D. Tom—has chronic nightmares
131. Stacy is a very outgoing person, but often she makes poor decisions because of her impulsiveness. Stacy is
most likely to be:
A. an evening person
B. a morning person
C. suffering from jet lag
D. suffering from narcolepsy
132. What tends to happen to people as they age with regard to circadian preference?
A. People’s tendency for circadian preference remains unchanged until the late 70’s.
B. People tend to become more like evening persons after reaching 50.
C. People tend to become more like afternoon persons after reaching 50.
D. People tend to become more like morning persons after reaching 50.
133. Mary Joy is in her sixties and is in good health. In her twenties, she was most like an evening person. What
is her most likely status right now?
A. Mary Joy remains an evening person
B. She is a combination—an afternoon person
C. She is a morning person
D. Mary Joy has no strong preference either way
134. According to survey research, most adults sleep between ____ hours a night.
A. 4-5
B. 5-6
C. 7-8
D. 9-10
135. As one-year-old Gabriella grows up through adolescence, the percentage of time spent in REM will:
A. dramatically fluctuate and stabilize around 25 years of age
B. remain the same
C. gradually increase
D. gradually decline
136. The local school board wants to change the high school’s schedule to be more consistent with the sleep
patterns of adolescents. What is their proposal?
A. require practice for sports and music to be held in the early morning
B. start high school classes one hour earlier
C. increase the time allowed between classes without being tardy
D. start high school classes one hour later
137. Which of the following age groups is most likely to nap during the day and experience difficulties in
sleeping through the night?
A. infants
B. children
C. adolescents
D. elderly adults
138. Why do elderly people tend to nap during the day?

A. They are typically bored.
B. Most experience sleep problems during the nights
C. These individuals are slowly withdrawing from activity and interaction.
D. They experience a lack of stimulation.
139. Who will spend the most time in REM sleep during the course of a 24-hour period?
140. Who will spend about 6.5 hours a day sleeping?

141. The ____ argues that activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain that must be replenished by
sleeping.
A. adaptive theory
B. repair theory
C. deprivation theory
D. activation-synthesis theory
142. Which statement does not support the repair theory’s attempt to explain why we sleep?
A. during stage 4 sleep, the secretion of growth hormone increases
B. sleep deprivation leads to a marked desire to sleep
C. sleep deprivation lowers our body’s resistance to viruses and infections
D. sleep protects us from dangers that we cannot see at night
143. The finding that during sleep there is increased production of immune cells supports the ____ theory.
A. repair
B. adaptive
D. Freudian
144. Imagine that “sleep” can talk. As the person is falling asleep, “sleep” says, “Finally, I can get some work
done. Let’s see. I need to release some growth hormone later and look at the immune system. I think there’s
something wrong with it.” Odd as it may be, which theory of sleep is best reflected in these comments?
A. Freudian
B. repair
D. restorative
145. The ____ theory suggests that sleep evolved because it prevented energy waste and minimized exposure to
dangers.
A. repair
B. adaptive
D. Freudian
146. Which theory holds that sleep evolved and endured because it helped our ancestors survive?
A. restorative
B. adaptive
C. Freudian
D. REM
147. Why may you get really crabby when you don’t get enough sleep?
A. increased glycogen in the brain
B. increased serotonin in the brain
C. increased activity in the brain’s emotion centers
D. increased endorphins in the brain, in particular the limbic system
148. Sleep deprivation appears to negatively affect:

A. blood pressure
B. heart rate
C. immune system functioning
D. hormone secretions
149. According to a sleep deprivation study on sled dog racers described in your textbook, what amount of sleep
did racers have who experienced vivid hallucinations?
A. 1 hour
B. 2 hours
C. 3-4 hours
D. 7 hours
150. Which of the following adverse effects may be caused by sleep deprivation?
A. decrease in performance of tasks that require vigilance and concentration
B. autonomic functions such as heart rate becoming erratic
C. increased glycogen
D. reduced amount of the hormone insulin
151. In humans, sleep deprivation seems to have minimal effects on:
A. the immune system
B. physiological functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system
C. memory
D. production and release of insulin
152. Why does sleep deprivation increase the risk for obesity and diabetes?
A. Sleep deprivation reduces the amount of adenosine released.
B. Sleep deprivation turns off the VPN switch.
C. Sleep deprivation changes appetite-related hormones and increases the amount of insulin released.
D. Sleep deprivation disrupts the brain use of melatonin.
153. What role does the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VNP) play in consciousness?
A. focuses our attention during periods of intense awareness
B. influences the quality and quantity of dreams
C. paralyzes voluntary muscles
D. acts like a master switch for sleep
154. After the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus is turned on, the neurotransmitter ____ is secreted.
A. GABA
B. REM
C. dopamine
D. benzodiazepine
155. What happens when the VPN is turned on?

A. immune cells are produced
B. it creates hallucinations often seen in sleep deprivation
C. it secretes a neurotransmitter that turns off brain areas
D. it secretes a neurotransmitter that turns on brain areas
156. The VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) acts as a:

A. clue that makes it possible to tell if a sleeper is dreaming
B. master on-off switch for sleep
C. censor that disguises sexual and aggressive wishes in dreams
D. light enhancer that combats feelings of depression during the winter months
157. In rats, the VPN is turned on by:
A. messages from the thalamus
B. light
C. the neurotransmitter melatonin
D. the neurotransmitter adenosine
158. If George’s hypothalamus is damaged and he shows severe disruption in his circadian rhythms, what
specific part of his hypothalamus is malfunctioning?
A. lateral hypothalamus
B. ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
C. pons
D. reticular formation
159. Which of the following is responsible for keeping our forebrains awake and alert when needed?
A. the cognitive unconscious
B. the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. the reticular formation
D. sleep spindles
160. You are a psychology professor reviewing the outline of a student’s paper on the mechanisms of falling
asleep. As you read the outline, you notice that one of the steps is incorrect. Which one is it?
A. the time of falling asleep is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
B. the VPN turns off the reticular formation
C. melatonin secretions increase
D. go to sleep when body temperature rises
161. Depression typically beginning in fall and ending in the spring characterizes:
A. seasonal depression syndrome
B. bipolar disorder
C. dysthymia disorder
D. seasonal affective disorder
162. As sunlight decreases in the fall, the amount of serotonin released ____ and the amount of melatonin
____.
A. randomly fluctuates; decreases
B. randomly fluctuates; increases
C. decreases; increases
D. increases; decreases
163. Which substances seem to be influenced by a reduction in sunlight in the fall?
A. serotonin, melatonin
C. nitric oxide, anandamide
164. Amanda seems to be developing SAD every fall. What substances may be triggering Amanda’s SAD?
A. nitric oxide, anandamide
C. serotonin, melatonin
165. “Around November, I started getting feelings of worthlessness and despair. It’s really bad in January. I
also gain lots of weight and overeat. But around April I start to feel much better, and I have a better outlook on
life.” This person is most likely suffering from:
A. seasonal affective disorder
B. somatoform disorder
C. dysthymic disorder
D. generalized anxiety disorder
166. What percentage of SAD sufferers reported less depression after exposure to bright light?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 70%
D. 95%
167. The role that light plays in SAD is important in triggering the disorder. During the winter months, about
____ of people living in Florida report having SAD compared to ____ of those living in New Hampshire
reporting it.
A. 1.4%; 3.9%
B. 1.4%; 7.3%
C. 23%; 12%
D. 12%; 23%
168. If you randomly pick 100 Icelanders, about how many of them would have SAD?
A. 1%
B. 3-4%
C. 7%
D. 11%
169. Researchers have found that SAD is ____ prevalent in Iceland than in the United States. The difference is
believed to be due to differences in ____.
A. less; latitude
B. more; culture
C. less; culture
D. more; latitude
170. What is a possible explanation for the difference in incidence of SAD in Iceland compared to the United
States?
A. emotional hardiness
B. population density
C. religious preferences
D. diet
171. Research in both Iceland and Canada showed that seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be related to:
A. an above average number of days of bright light
B. a combination of diminished light and low temperature
C. personal tragedy and family problems
D. cultural and genetic factors
172. The research finding that SAD is less frequent in Iceland than in New Hampshire suggests that:
A. researchers need to use consistent, reliable methods of study
B. cultural factors affect behavior
C. weather plays a small role in behavior
D. psychiatrists and psychologists are more competent in New York state
173. Dennis reports that he never dreams. Which of the following is the best explanation for why Dennis
believes this?
A. Dennis does dream, he just doesn’t remember
B. Dennis is experiencing REM rebound
C. Dennis has sleep spindles which prevent him from dreaming
D. Dennis has an abnormality in his reticular formation
174. Dreams from non-REM tend to be:

A. very life-like
B. related to waking life
C. sexual in nature
D. dull and contain repetitive thoughts
175. What is the general belief about dreams in India?
A. dreams have no deep meanings
B. they are not to be revealed or shared
C. sexual dreams are evil
D. dreams contain hidden messages
176. Which theory of dreams believes that we dream as a result of threatening wishes and desires being changed
into harmless symbols?
A. the activation-synthesis theory
B. Freud’s theory of dreams
C. the extension of waking life theory
D. spiritual world theory
177. In a recent study, researchers found that when subjects dreamt about a plane crash, their anxiety
A. was higher than just thinking about a plane crash
B. was lower than just thinking about a plane crash
C. randomly increased and decreased with no clear pattern
D. was repressed
178. Freud’s interpretation of dreams was based on the assumption that:

A. dream content was a continuation of the events in our daily lives
B. dream content reflected what worried us in our waking state
C. the content of dreams had to be considered symbolic
D. dreams were similar to the hallucinations experienced by schizophrenics
179. According to Freud’s famous theory, at the heart of every dream is a:

A. clue to the future
B. disguised wish
C. hate-filled thought
D. shameful sexual memory
180. Dr. Smithson is a Freudian therapist and asks his clients to remember their dreams. His task is to:
A. analyze the spiritual dimension of the dreams
B. analyze how the dreams relate to their waking lives since they reflect the same emotions we experience when
awake
C. simply carefully record the dreams
D. interpret the symbols in the dreams
181. Consider the following dream description: I am riding on a train that is going much too fast. We enter a
tunnel and suddenly everything goes dark. I wait and wait but we never come out of the tunnel. There is no light
at the end of it. At the height of my concern, I wake up. Which of the following may represent a Freudian
analysis of the above dream?
A. the person is very anxious about a trip that he must take
B. the person has had a very stressful day at work and wished to escape the pressure quickly
C. the train entering the tunnel represents intercourse and the concern expressed is indicative of sexual
problems
D. the person may be a design engineer who has designed something that may not work and he is anxious about
it
182. Which theory of dream interpretation emphasizes that dreams are related to the same thoughts, problems
and emotions that we experience when awake?
A. Freud’s theory of dreams
B. extensions of waking life
D. spiritual world
183. Bob has a dream about running away from a monster. How would the notion of dreams as extensions of
waking life interpret Bob’s dream?
A. Bob has serious sexual difficulties
B. Bob wants to relive his childhood
C. Bob is running away from some problem
D. Bob needs intensive psychotherapy to deal with his mental disorder
184. According to the activation-synthesis theory:

A. dreams reflect unconscious desires and anxieties
B. dreams are a continuation of our waking thoughts
C. there is no reason to interpret dreams
D. it is necessary to dream for our psychological well-being
185. The activation-synthesis theory says that dreams result from:

A. a biological need to pull together and make sense of the day’s activities
B. “batch processing” of all the information gathered during the day
C. random and meaningless chemical and neural activity in the brain
D. the need to express hidden sexual and aggressive impulses
186. Dr. Van Winkle claims that dreams are nothing more than random activity in the brain. He believes in
which theory of dreams?
A. Freudian
B. restorative
D. behavioral
187. Which theory of dreaming suggests that there is no need to interpret dreams?
A. Freudian
B. restorative
C. extension of waking life
D. activation-synthesis
188. The activation-synthesis theory has been criticized for:

A. too much emphasis on cultural factors
B. ignoring useful and meaningful information that may be in dreams
C. placing too much emphasis on the neurology of the brain
D. gender differences in brain function
189. Which of the following areas of the brain has increased activity during REM?
A. pons
B. auditory cortex
C. prefrontal lobe
D. limbic system
190. You dream so that you can practice and rehearse how you might respond to a dangerous situation. This
best describes:
A. activation-synthesis theory
B. Freudian theory
C. circadian theory
D. threat simulation theory
191. Threat stimulation theory argues that:

A. REM allows us to organize our memories
B. dreaming gives us a change to prepare for dangerous situations
C. dreams are random and meaningless
D. dreams represent our most deepest, unconscious desires
192. The typical dream is likely to include themes or characteristics of:
A. sexual encounters, black and white, and take place outside
B. recurrent themes of being threatened and our intentions
C. several characters, visual sensations, and motion-like walking
D. one character, pain sensations, and joy
193. Research suggests that people seldom dream about:

A. more than one character
B. activities such as running or walking
C. sexual encounters and intercourse
D. being indoors
194. Insomnia is a sleep problem characterized by:

A. difficulty in going to sleep or staying asleep through the night
B. an excessive amount of lucid dreaming
C. night terrors and sleepwalking
D. irresistible attacks of sleepiness
195. Edward suffers from “Sunday night insomnia.” His insomnia is probably caused by:
A. disruption in his normal sleep schedule
B. anxiety about the upcoming week
C. respiratory problems
D. sleep apnea
196. Disrupting circadian rhythms, abusing alcohol or sedatives, and having medical problems or chronic pain
are all physiological causes of
A. sleep apnea
B. insomnia
C. night terrors
D. narcolepsy
197. Which of the following is not a step in establishing an optimal sleep pattern?
A. go to bed only when sleepy
B. do not read in bed
C. if you cannot sleep, stay in bed and focus on falling asleep
D. set the alarm for the same time each morning
198. Napping during the day for treating insomnia:
A. is to be avoided
B. will not disrupt your sleep schedule for that night
C. is effective
D. prepares you for a good sleep later than night
199. A person decides to try a non-drug treatment for insomnia. One idea is to:
A. get out of bed and go to another room if she does not fall asleep within 20 minutes
B. stay awake as long as possible until she inevitably becomes drowsy
C. imagine some exciting scenes at bedtime
D. persevere in bed no matter how awake she feels
200. The primary goal of all non-drug treatments for insomnia is to:
A. help the person to dream
B. is to focus on all of the good things in the person’s life
C. stop the person from worrying and to reduce tension
D. help the person to develop some solutions to whatever is bothering them
201. The best advice for combating insomnia is to:

A. get in bed at the same time every night and stay there no matter what happens
B. get out of bed, go to another room, and do something relaxing if you can’t fall asleep
C. review the problems of the day as you lie in bed trying to go to sleep
D. try sleeping in another room, or on the couch, if you can’t fall asleep in your bed
202. The continued use of benzodiazepines to treat insomnia may cause:

A. a reduction in anxiety
B. an increase in REM
C. REM rebound
D. dependency on the drug
203. When compared to benzodiapines, the newer sleeping pills:

A. are less likely to lead to dependence
B. cause an increase in REM
C. are less likely to cause REM rebound
D. are more likely to cause cognitive side effects
204. Sleep apnea refers to:
A. a disorder whereby a person falls asleep uncontrollably for 10 or more seconds
D. a condition whereby a person stops breathing while asleep for 10 or more seconds
205. In severe cases of sleep apnea, the preferred treatment is:

A. cognitive behavioral therapy
B. wear a mask that blows air into the nose to keep the air passages open
C. one of the nonbenzodiazepines like Lunesta
D. to actually treat insomnia which is the cause of sleep apnea
206. “Your dad wears a mask to bed every night?” Which sleep disorder is he most likely to have?
A. insomnia
B. night terrors
C. sleepwalking
D. sleep apnea
207. After experiencing months of poor sleep, Ray is evaluated in a sleep laboratory. After his evaluation his
doctor tells him that he is suffering from sleep apnea. This means that Ray has:
A. a disorder in which he falls asleep uncontrollably during the day but not at night
D. a condition in which he stops breathing while he sleeps
208. Irresistible attacks of sleepiness and muscle paralysis are symptoms of a sleep disorder called:
A. insomnia
B. narcolepsy
C. sleep apnea
D. night terrors
209. The sleep attack of narcolepsy is accompanied by:

A. REM sleep
B. auditory hallucinations
C. cessation of breathing
D. outbursts of emotion
210. Narcoleptics describe their sleep attacks as:
A. gradual
B. calming
C. restful
D. irresistible
211. Recent research indicates that a type of neuron that does not develop normally may cause narcolepsy.
What type of neuron is it?
A. hypocretin
B. myelinated
C. nonmyelinated
D. afferent
212. A ____ is a sleep disturbance characterized by screaming and sudden wakening in a fearful state.
A. night terror
B. nightmare
C. sleep apnea
D. narcolepsy
213. A night terror consists of:

A. cessation of breathing while sleeping
B. a piercing scream, waking up in a panic state, and not remembering anything the next morning
C. a bad dream
D. difficulties staying asleep
214. Night terrors occur during ____ sleep, and nightmares occur during ____ sleep.
A. REM; theta
B. alpha; non-REM
C. delta; REM
D. theta; delta
215. Jason, a ten-year-old, is having a nightmare. In which stage of sleep is Jason most likely?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. REM
Test Bank for Introduction to Psychology, 9th Edition: Plotnik
216. As Tanner and Patti sit in the living room one night, they watch four-year-old daughter Ellie come into the
living room, pick up a book, and say “Baggy dog needs some milk.” It is clear to her parents that Ellie is
sleepwalking. She must be in Stage ____ of sleep.
A. REM
B. 1
C. 2
D. 4
217. About ____ Americans have at least one or more of the sleep disorders presented in Module Seven.
A. 12 million
B. 35 million
C. 70 million
D. 120 million
218. Are there any dangers in going to sleep with your cell phone plugged into your ear?
A. no
B. yes, the constant feeling will influence your dreams
C. yes, when the phone rings it will disrupt your sleep
D. yes, it will damage your ear
219. Is texting or talking on a cell phone more dangerous when driving?

A. texting is more dangerous
B. talking is more dangerous
C. both are equally dangerous
D. it depends on the skill of driver
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3. The four months Stefania spent in a Plexiglas module taught researchers:

7. Your different levels of awareness of thoughts and feelings is called:

10. The continuum of consciousness ranges from:

21. Controlled process is to automatic process as ____ is to ____.

23. What appears to be a function of daydreaming?

29. ____ refers to awareness that differs from normal consciousness.

32. As we pass into the deepest stages of sleep, we may:

34. According to Freud, where do we place threatening wishes or desires?

37. Implicit memory is to ____ as unconscious is to ____.

43. What is the literal meaning of circadian?

46. A circadian rhythm is a(n):

50. Each day ____ resets our circadian clock.

53. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:

55. If a rat’s interval timing clock is destroyed, it cannot:

71. What does light therapy do in resetting circadian rhythms?

73. What hormone is thought to play a role in circadian rhythms?

78. Sleep is divided into stages by examining a person’s:

81. After time in ____ state, we enter stage 1 of non-REM.

82. Whose brain is most likely to have alpha waves?

88. What is the lightest stage of sleep?

89. Sleep spindles appear during what stage of sleep?

91. The deepest stage of sleep is characterized by ____ waves.

96. Every night, we cycle into REM about:

97. REM sleep is sometimes referred to as:

99. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because:

102. According to an EEG, Rachel is in REM sleep. She is probably:

107. REM rebound is caused by:

108. Evidence that dreaming is a necessary biological process is provided by:

111. The transition between wakefulness and sleep is:

112. When in Stage 2, some people experience:

113. We enter REM sleep from:

114. Sleepwalking and night terrors occur during:

122. Why are early morning people less vulnerable to fatigue?

130. Based on Module Seven, who is most likely a conscientious introvert?

138. Why do elderly people tend to nap during the day?

140. Who will spend about 6.5 hours a day sleeping?

148. Sleep deprivation appears to negatively affect:

155. What happens when the VPN is turned on?

156. The VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) acts as a:

174. Dreams from non-REM tend to be:

178. Freud’s interpretation of dreams was based on the assumption that:

179. According to Freud’s famous theory, at the heart of every dream is a:

184. According to the activation-synthesis theory:

185. The activation-synthesis theory says that dreams result from:

188. The activation-synthesis theory has been criticized for:

191. Threat stimulation theory argues that:

193. Research suggests that people seldom dream about:

194. Insomnia is a sleep problem characterized by:

201. The best advice for combating insomnia is to:

202. The continued use of benzodiazepines to treat insomnia may cause:

203. When compared to benzodiapines, the newer sleeping pills:

205. In severe cases of sleep apnea, the preferred treatment is:

209. The sleep attack of narcolepsy is accompanied by:

213. A night terror consists of:

219. Is texting or talking on a cell phone more dangerous when driving?

3. The four months Stefania spent in a Plexiglas module taught researchers:

7. Your different levels of awareness of thoughts and feelings is called:

10. The continuum of consciousness ranges from:

21. Controlled process is to automatic process as ____ is to ____.

21. Controlled process is to automatic process as is to .

37. Implicit memory is to as unconscious is to .

21. Controlled process is to automatic process as is to .

37. Implicit memory is to as unconscious is to .